Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| clinical quiz. an ileocolonic intussusception associated with c. difficile infection. | 2001 | 11601434 | |
| insulin stimulates actin comet tails on intracellular glut4-containing compartments in differentiated 3t3l1 adipocytes. | incubation of isolated glut4-containing vesicles with xenopus oocyte extracts resulted in a guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (gtp gamma s) and sodium orthovanadate stimulation of actin comet tails. the in vitro actin-based glut4 vesicle motility was inhibited by both latrunculin b and a dominant-interfering n-wasp mutant, n-wasp/delta vca. preparations of gently sheared (broken) 3t3l1 adipocytes also displayed gtp gamma s and sodium orthovanadate stimulation of actin comet tails on glut4 in ... | 2001 | 11606595 |
| pancreatic hyperamylasemia during acute gastroenteritis: incidence and clinical relevance. | many case reports of acute pancreatitis have been reported but, up to now, pancreatic abnormalities during acute gastroenteritis have not been studied prospectively. | 2001 | 11667952 |
| reduced susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole. | 2001 | 11679570 | |
| what is an appropriate control group to identify risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea? | 2001 | 11679574 | |
| [what is your diagnosis? pseudomembranous colitis]. | 2001 | 11680119 | |
| bacterial protein toxins inhibiting low-molecular-mass gtp-binding proteins. | the rho gtpases, which belong to the ras superfamily of low-molecular-mass gtp-binding proteins, are the preferred intracellular targets of bacterial protein toxins. the rho gtpases rhoa/b/c, rac1/2 and cdc42 are the master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. clostridium difficile toxins a and b, the causative agents of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, are intracellularly acting cytotoxins which mono-glucosylate the rho gtpases. clostridium botulinum c3 toxin, which is not r ... | 2001 | 11680784 |
| nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to a clindamycin-resistant enterotoxin a-negative strain. | a clindamycin-resistant toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strain caused an outbreak among 24 hospitalized patients at the department of surgery, the intensive care unit, and the department of internal medicine of an 800-bed academic hospital. nineteen patients had undergone a surgical intervention and all 24 patients received at least one dose of antibiotics prior to the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. twenty-seven episodes of clostridium diffici ... | 2001 | 11681431 |
| [recurrent fatal pseudomembranous colitis]. | clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis may trace a fulminent course and require surgery. | 2001 | 11688204 |
| human infections caused by glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus spp: are they a zoonosis? | following the detection of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (gre) in 1986 and their subsequent global dissemination during the 1990s, many studies have attempted to identify the reservoirs and lines of resistance transmission as a basis for intervention. the eradication of reservoirs and the prevention of gre spread is of major importance for two reasons: (i) the emergence of high-level glycopeptide resistance in invasive enterococcal clinical isolates that are already multiresistant, has left ... | 2001 | 11688531 |
| limitations of presently available glycopeptides in the treatment of gram-positive infection. | the glycopeptide antibacterial drugs vancomycin and teicoplanin are widely used in hospitals for therapy of severe or multiresistant gram-positive infections, notably staphylococcal, enterococcal and rarely pneumococcal. vancomycin has also been used in the management of clostridium difficile enteropathy. the incidence and potential for resistance differ between agents. the in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics and clinical use of glycopeptide, as well as epidemiology of glycopeptide resistance ar ... | 2001 | 11688535 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile colitis: an update. | c. difficile colitis ranges from mild diarrhea to life-threatening "toxic" illness with fever, severe diarrhea, and abdominal pain. a colitis, frequently with a pseudomembrone, is the characteristic finding on sigmoidoscopy and is caused by one of more toxins elaborated by the organism clostridium difficile. the clinical syndrome is not specific and can be mimicked by other colonic infections, inflammatory bowel disease, radiation colitis, or ischemic colitis. the diagnosis should be suspected i ... | 2001 | 11692783 |
| pathogenesis of infectious diarrhea. | a brief overview of some of the main features involved in normal physiological bi-directional absorption and secretion of fluid in the gut is given, including the nature and cellular location of key enzymes, ion pumps, symports, antiports and diffusion channels; the microanatomy of intestinal villous vasculature and the dynamics of villus blood flow, which together generate hypertonic zones in villus tip regions; and the production, differentiation, escalator movement (from crypt to villus tip) ... | 2001 | 11694903 |
| enhancement of survival by lpa via erk1/erk2 and pi 3-kinase/akt pathways in a murine hepatocyte cell line. | first published september 5, 2001; 10.1152/ajpcell.00077.2001.-protective mechanisms for lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) against cell death caused by clostridium difficile toxin, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) plus d-galactosamine, were investigated in a murine hepatocyte cell line aml12 expressing edg2 lpa receptor. in these models of hepatocellular injury, lpa prevented hepatocyte damage, suppressed apoptosis, and enhanced cell survival in a dose-dependent fashion. the protective effec ... | 2001 | 11698260 |
| factors associated with nosocomial diarrhea and clostridium difficile-associated disease on the adult wards of an urban tertiary care hospital. | a prospective survey of the adult inpatient population of an urban tertiary care hospital was conducted to determine factors associated with the development of nosocomial diarrhea and the acquisition of clostridium difficile-associated disease. during the 3-month survey, 98 patients with nosocomial diarrhea were enrolled, and 38 controls were recruited. the controls were patients without diarrhea lying in beds adjacent to the affected patients. factors significantly associated with nosocomial di ... | 2000 | 11699546 |
| rho inhibits camp-induced translocation of aquaporin-2 into the apical membrane of renal cells. | first published august 8, 2001; 10.1152/ajprenal.00091.2001.-we have recently demonstrated that actin depolymerization is a prerequisite for camp-dependent translocation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (aqp2) into the apical membrane in aqp2-transfected renal cd8 cells (29). the rho family of small gtpases, including cdc42, rac, and rho, regulates the actin cytoskeleton. in aqp2-transfected cd8 cells, inhibition of rho gtpases with clostridium difficile toxin b or with c. limosum c3 fusion toxi ... | 2001 | 11704560 |
| role of flic and flid flagellar proteins of clostridium difficile in adherence and gut colonization. | in vitro and in vivo adhesive properties of flagella and recombinant flagellin flic and flagellar cap flid proteins of clostridium difficile were analyzed. flic, flid, and crude flagella adhered in vitro to axenic mouse cecal mucus. radiolabeled cultured cells bound to a high degree to flid and weakly to flagella deposited on a membrane. the tissue association in the mouse cecum of a nonflagellated strain was 10-fold lower than that of a flagellated strain belonging to the same serogroup, confir ... | 2001 | 11705981 |
| analysis of expression of groel (hsp60) of clostridium difficile in response to stress. | our laboratory has previously shown that adherence of clostridium difficile to tissue culture cells is augmented by various stresses and that groel, a heat shock protein, serves an adhesive function in this bacterium. in this communication, rt-pcr, sds-page and immunoblotting were used to study the stress response in c. difficile following heat, acid or osmotic shock, iron deprivation or presence of a subinhibitory concentration of ampicillin in the culture medium. all these stresses increased t ... | 2001 | 11710845 |
| similar frequency of detection of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxins in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 2001 | 11714055 | |
| prospective evaluation of environmental contamination by clostridium difficile in isolation side rooms. | we determined prospectively the frequency, persistence and molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile environmental contamination after detergent-based cleaning in side rooms used to isolate patients with c. difficile diarrhoea. approximately one-quarter of all environmental sites in side rooms sampled over four-week periods were contaminated with c. difficile. the overall side room prevalence of environmental c. difficile declined from 35% initially, to 24% in week 2, 18% in week 3, and 16 ... | 2001 | 11716638 |
| the role of clostridium difficile in childhood nosocomial diarrhea. | the role of clostridium difficile was investigated in 100 children with nosocomial diarrhea. an etiologic agent was identified in 69 cases, 8 of whom had dual infection. c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was defined in 16 children (16%). the mean age of the patients with cdad was 5.4 y (range 2 months to 13 y) and the male:female ratio was 1.2. all cases with cdad were on antibiotic therapy. cdad occurred more frequently in the cases given combined antibiotic treatment than in those given ... | 2001 | 11728036 |
| protein kinase c signaling regulates zo-1 translocation and increased paracellular flux of t84 colonocytes exposed to clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile toxin a increases paracellular permeability in colonic epithelial t84 cells by mechanisms involving rhoa glucosylation and actin depolymerization. however, we previously observed that toxin a-mediated decline in transepithelial electrical resistance preceded changes in cell morphology and tight junction ultrastructure (hecht, g., pothoulakis, c., lamont, j. t., and madara, j. l. (1988) j. clin. invest. 82, 1516-1524). recent studies also showed that c. difficile toxins indu ... | 2002 | 11729192 |
| quinolone use as a risk factor for nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to determine modifiable risk factors for nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2001 | 11732787 |
| electroporation of dna sequences from the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of toxigenic clostridium difficile into a non-toxigenic strain. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhoea. the genes tcda and tcdb, which encode for the toxin a and b proteins, are part of the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of toxigenic c. difficile. genetic and virulence studies at the molecular level in c. difficile have been hindered by the lack of techniques for dna manipulation in this species. we describe the electroporation of dna fra ... | 2001 | 11735302 |
| intracolonic use of vancomycin for treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with a diverted colon: report of a case. | clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is a common affliction of postoperative patients. risk factors include antibiotic therapy, recent surgery, and hospitalization (1,2,3). we present a case of pmc in a diverted colon and its treatment using vancomycin enemas. | 2001 | 11742178 |
| phospholipase d stimulation is required for sphingosine-1-phosphate activation of actin stress fibre assembly in human airway epithelial cells. | in human airway epithelial cells, sphingosine-1-phosphate (spp) and lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) stimulated the production of phosphatidic acid (pa), which was inhibited by the primary alcohol butan-1-ol, but not by the inactive butan-2-ol, clearly indicating phospholipase d (pld) involvement. both spp and lpa stimulated actin stress fibre formation, which was also butan-2-ol-insensitive and inhibited by butan-1-ol. spp-induced pld activation and cytoskeletal remodelling were insensitive to brefe ... | 2002 | 11747992 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa as a potential cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | although pseudomonas aeruginosa is not generally considered as a cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, several cases of diarrhea caused by p. aeruginosa have been reported. we experienced seven cases of nosocomial diarrhea presumably caused by p. aeruginosa, which was the predominant organism isolated from stool cultures. clostridium difficile toxin was also positive in one patient. no other potential or recognized enteropathogens were identified from stools. all patients had underlying disea ... | 2001 | 11748355 |
| impact of quinupristin/dalfopristin (rp59500) on the faecal microflora in healthy volunteers. | the effect of 5 days' administration of quinupristin/dalfopristin (rp59500) on the faecal microflora was evaluated in healthy volunteers. twenty healthy volunteers received 7.5 mg/kg of quinupristin/dalfopristin infused over 1 h twice daily for 5 days and four received a matched placebo. faecal samples were collected before, during and after treatment (days -1/-2, 6, 8, 14/15, 35 +/- 2, 60 +/- 4, 90 +/- 4). in the treated volunteers, anaerobes, including sporulating and gram-negative bacteria, d ... | 2002 | 11751777 |
| [antagonistic activity of lactobacillus bacteria strains against anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens (helicobacter pylori, campylobacter coli, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile)]. | antagonistic activity of lactobacillus strains has been known for some time. this property is connected with production of many active substances by lactobacilli e.g., organic acids and bacteriocin-like substances which interfere with other indigenous microorganisms inhabiting the same ecological niche, including also anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens. growing interest of clinical medicine in finding new approaches to treatment and prevention of common inflammatory infections of the dig ... | 2001 | 11757422 |
| risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhoea: a pilot study. | this study was a pilot investigation of risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhoea and in particular the differential influence of antimicrobial agents. the study was a retrospective case-control design conducted at freeman hospital, newcastle upon tyne. cases were inpatients with stool positive c. difficile toxin diarrhoea and two controls were drawn for each case matched for age (+/- 5 years) and type of admission (emergency or elective). using conditi ... | 2001 | 11760491 |
| pcr ribotyping of clinically important clostridium difficile strains from hungary. | isolates of clostridium difficile from different hospital wards at the university hospital of szeged in hungary were typed by pcr amplification of rrna intergenic spacer regions (pcr ribotyping). a total of 15 different ribotypes was detected among the 65 isolates tested. the predominant type, pcr ribotype 087, accounted for 39% of all isolates, in contrast with an international typing study where ribotype 001 was the most common. two non-toxigenic c. difficile strains were found to exhibit the ... | 2001 | 11761193 |
| adp-ribosylating binary toxin genes of clostridium difficile strain ccug 20309. | the cdt genes that encode a binary adp-ribosylating toxin in clostridium difficile were first characterized from a toxigenic c. difficile strain cd196 in 1997. we report here c. difficile strain ccug 20309 (atcc 8864), a strain that produces toxin b but not toxin a, also carry a complete set of cdta and cdtb genes. these genes were sequenced by cycle sequencing method. the 2 orfs and the intergenic sequences of these 2 strains have a homology of 99.6%. interestingly, 9 extra bases were found wit ... | 2001 | 11761709 |
| molecular fingerprinting of clostridium difficile isolates: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis versus amplified fragment length polymorphism. | two molecular fingerprinting techniques, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), were used to investigate the epidemiological relatedness among clostridium difficile isolates from suspected outbreaks in three general hospitals. analysis by pfge yielded inconclusive data as a result of extensive dna degradation. although this degradation could be prevented to a certain extent by the inclusion of thiourea in the electrophoresis buffer, the weak dn ... | 2002 | 11773100 |
| the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. | probiotics are living microorganisms that can affect the host in a beneficial manner. prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and activity of probiotic bacteria already established in the colon. efficacy of probiotic compounds has been shown in a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. lactobacillus gg alone, or the combination of bifidobacterium bifidum and streptococcus thermophilus, is effective in the treatment of clostridium difficile, as well as in preventi ... | 2001 | 11773948 |
| health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to clostridium difficile. | a total of 271 patients were prospectively followed up to determine whether patients whose hospital stay is complicated by diarrhea due to clostridium difficile experience differences in cost and length of stay and survival rates when compared with patients whose stay is not complicated by c. difficile-associated diarrhea. forty patients (15%) developed nosocomial c. difficile-associated diarrhea. these patients incurred adjusted hospital costs of $3669--that is, 54% (95% confidence interval [ci ... | 2002 | 11774082 |
| [clostridium difficile bacteremia]. | extra-digestive manifestations of clostridium difficile infection are very uncommon. exceptional cases of c. difficile bacteremia or severe sepsis have been described in intensive care patients, demonstrating the capacity of this agent to generate generalized infection. | 2001 | 11776702 |
| osmotic stress activates rac and cdc42 in neutrophils: role in hypertonicity-induced actin polymerization. | hypertonicity inhibits a variety of neutrophil functions through poorly defined mechanisms. our earlier studies suggest that osmotically induced actin polymerization and cytoskeleton remodeling is a key component in the hypertonic block of exocytosis and cell movement. to gain insight into the signaling mechanisms underlying the hyperosmotic f-actin response, we investigated whether hypertonicity stimulates rac and cdc42 and, if so, whether their activation contributes to the hypertonic rise in ... | 2002 | 11788338 |
| evaluation of commercially available rapid assays: a manufacturer's perspective. | 2001 | 11797611 | |
| linkage between toxin production and purine biosynthesis in clostridium difficile. | the production of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile was greatly enhanced under biotin-limited conditions, in which a 140-kda protein was expressed strongly. gene cloning revealed that this protein was a homologue of formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide synthetase (fgam synthetase, ec 6.3.5.3), which is known as purl in escherichia coli and catalyses the fourth step of the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway. this enzyme consisted of a single polypeptide, although fgam synthetases of gram-pos ... | 2002 | 11800470 |
| preferential initiation of pc12 neurites in directions of changing substrate adhesivity. | when pc12 cells are grown on substrates showing a gradient of nonspecific adhesion, they preferentially initiate neurites in directions of changing adhesivity, whether that change is in the direction of increasing or decreasing adhesivity. this preference for changing adhesivity is ablated both by c. difficile toxin a, which inhibits all rho-family gtpases, and by c. botulinum c3 exoenzyme, which specifically inhibits rho. | 2002 | 11813236 |
| successful treatment of a colonic adenocarcinoma in a horse. | 2002 | 11817546 | |
| co-morbidity, not age predicts adverse outcome in clostridium difficile colitis. | aim:to examine whether age alone or co-morbidity is a risk factor for death in older adults who developed clostridium difficile (cd) colitis during hospitalization.methods:a retrospective, observational study design was performed in our lady of mercy medical center,a 650-bed, urban, community-based, university-affiliated teaching hospital. 121 patients with a positive diagnosis of cd colitis (aged 23-97 years) were studied, and data pertinent to demographic variables, medical history, co-morbidi ... | 2000 | 11819556 |
| images in clinical medicine. clostridium difficile colitis. | 2002 | 11821510 | |
| clinical practice. antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 2002 | 11821511 | |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with neutropenia. | 2002 | 11823965 | |
| marketing hand hygiene in hospitals--a case study. | hand hygiene of healthcare workers is frequently poor despite the efforts of infection control teams to promote hand decontamination as the most important method to prevent transmission of hospital-acquired infections. in this case study, we describe how principles of societal marketing were applied to improve hand hygiene. pre-marketing analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to implementation; attention to product, price, promotion and placement; and post-marketing 'custom ... | 2002 | 11825051 |
| the mushroom marasmius oreades lectin is a blood group type b agglutinin that recognizes the galalpha 1,3gal and galalpha 1,3galbeta 1,4glcnac porcine xenotransplantation epitopes with high affinity. | a blood group b-specific lectin from the mushroom marasmius oreades (moa) was investigated with respect to its molecular structure and carbohydrate binding properties. sds-page mass spectrometric analysis showed it to consist of an intact (h; 33 kda) and truncated (l; 23 kda) subunit in addition to a small polypeptide (p; 10 kda). isolation in the presence of edta produced only the h subunits, indicating that the latter two are formed by metalloprotease cleavage of the intact h subunit. tryptic ... | 2002 | 11836253 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in a large population of hospitalized us military veterans. | the patient treatment file (ptf) of the department of veterans affairs (va) comprises the computerized records of all inpatients treated at all va hospitals throughout the united states. the database was utilized to study the clinical epidemiology and impact of c. difficile colitis on health care among hospitalized us military veterans. the computerized medical records of 15,091 cases with c. difficile colitis and 61,931 controls without the diagnosis were extracted from the annual files between ... | 2002 | 11837725 |
| severe antibiotic-associated colitis in a patient with cystic fibrosis and colonic wall thickening. | 2002 | 11840045 | |
| interaction of the rho-adp-ribosylating c3 exoenzyme with rala. | rhoa, -b, and -c are adp-ribosylated and biologically inactivated by clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme and related c3-like transferases. we report that rala gtpase, which is not adp-ribosylated by c3, inhibits adp-ribosylation of rhoa by c3 from c. botulinum (c3bot), clostridium limosum (c3lim), and bacillus cereus (c3cer) but not from staphylococcus aureus (c3stau) in human platelet membranes and rat brain lysate. inhibition by rala occurs with the gdp- and guanosine 5'-3-o-(thio)triphosphate- ... | 2002 | 11847234 |
| rho and rho kinase modulation of barrier properties: cultured endothelial cells and intact microvessels of rats and mice. | previous experiments using cultured endothelial monolayers indicate that rho-family small gtpases are involved in modulation of endothelial monolayer permeability by regulating assembly of the cellular actin filament scaffold, activity of myosin-based contractility and junctional distribution of the ca2+-dependent endothelial cell adhesion molecule, ve-cadherin. we investigated these mechanisms using both cultured endothelial cells (from porcine pulmonary artery and mouse heart) and vascular end ... | 2002 | 11850521 |
| [resistance problems in gastrointestinal infections]. | a variety of world-wide resistance problems in bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens have emerged within the last decade. particularly, antibiotics used to treat salmonella, campylobacter and helicobacter pylori have lost their efficacy in a high proportion of isolates. of major clinical significance is the resistance of h. pylori to metronidazole and clarithromycin, of campylobacter spp. to fluoroquinolones and macrolides and of salmonella spp. to fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalospo ... | 2002 | 11851045 |
| should all stool specimens be routinely tested for clostridium difficile? | objective: to determine the frequency with which clostridium difficile was detected in stool specimens from outpatients and patients hospitalized for less than 4 days to assess the usefulness of routine laboratory screening for detecting this enteric pathogen. methods: seven hundred and forty-one specimens from 398 patients were cultured over a 6-month period for salmonella, shigella, yersinia, escherichia coli o157:h7, campylobacter and clostridium difficile. clostridium difficile culture-posit ... | 1999 | 11856253 |
| [5-fluorouracil-induced colitis--a review based upon consideration of 6 cases]. | at increasing use of high-dose 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal and gastric cancer complicated drug-induced colitis is observed more frequently. from may 1998 to november 2000 we observed 6 cases of 5-fluorouracil-induced colitis, in which we looked for involvement of small intestine. we report summing up on the 6 cases including both endoscopic and histological findings in both sites of the gut. | 2002 | 11857099 |
| clindamycin resistant strains of clostridium difficile isolated from cases of c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) in a hospital in sweden. | fifty three strains of c. difficile recovered from the stools of 13 patients with clinical c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) were analyzed for the presence of the ermb gene, for toxigenicity and fingerprinting profile by pcr based assays. forty five percent of the isolates were resistant to clindamycin and positive for the ermb gene. all clindamycin resistant isolates were ermb positive and belonged to the same fingerprinting group, suggesting clonal spread. these preliminary results sugge ... | 2002 | 11858913 |
| oral supplementation with lactic acid-producing bacteria during intake of clindamycin. | objective: to study the effect of administration of clindamycin with or without supplementation of the intestinal microflora with bifidobacterium bifidum and lactobacillus acidophilus. methods: twenty-three healthy subjects received clindamycin by mouth for 7 days. eleven of the subjects also received capsules containing lyophilized l. acidophilus and b. bifidum for 14 days. the other 12 subjects received placebo. results: there was a marked decrease in total numbers of anaerobic bacteria during ... | 1997 | 11864087 |
| rapid detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains by a nested pcr of the toxin b gene. | 1997 | 11864096 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin a detection on colonies. | 1997 | 11864143 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin a detection on colonies. | 1997 | 11864144 | |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxin a in stool specimens. | objective: to evaluate a rapid (15-min) enzyme immunoassay in the format of an individual cassette (immunocard toxin a, meridian, bmd, marne-la-vallée, france) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a in stool specimens. methods: we compared this new test with the cytotoxicity assay using mrc-5 cells, the toxa test (techlab, biowhittaker, fontenay-sous-bois, france) and toxigenic culture for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diseases (cdad). a total of 236 stool specimens collec ... | 1997 | 11864160 |
| antianaerobic activity of a cecropin---melittin peptide. | objective: several small, 15-residue peptides that contain portions of the amino acid sequences of both cecropin a and melittin have previously been shown to have broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against aerobic microorganisms, with no undesirable hemolytic properties. it would also be useful to know what effect these hybrid peptides have on anaerobic bacteria. methods: the minimum inhibitory concentrations of one hybrid, ca(1--7)m(2--9)nh2, were compared with those of seven other antimic ... | 1998 | 11864323 |
| toxin a detection on clostridium difficile colonies from 24-h cultures. | objective: performance of a combined approach for the detection of toxigenic strains in patients suspected of having clostridium difficile-associated disease was evaluated. methods: in this approach, stools were cultured for 24 h on a selective medium supplemented with sodium taurocholate (tccfa), in anaerobic conditions created with the martreg anoxomat system, and toxin a detection was performed directly on c. difficile colonies, by enzyme immunoassay (eia). this method was compared with three ... | 1996 | 11866811 |
| ecological effects of linezolid versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid on the normal intestinal microflora. | twelve healthy subjects (6 females, 6 males; age range 18-40 y) participated in this trial. linezolid was given as 600 mg tablets b.i.d. for 7 d and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as 1000 mg tablets o.d. for 7 d. the washout period between the administration of the 2 antibacterial agents was 4 weeks. faecal samples were collected prior to administration (days -2 and -1), during administration (days 4 and 8) and after administration (days 14, 21 and 35) for microbiological analyses. the samples were ... | 2001 | 11868762 |
| genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor ccr1 protects against acute clostridium difficile toxin a enteritis in mice. | the role of the cc chemokine receptor (ccr) 1 in acute enteritis was investigated by subjecting ccr1 knockout mice to clostridium difficile toxin a treatment. | 2002 | 11875005 |
| fulminant clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. | to review the epidemiology and characteristics of patients who died or underwent colectomy secondary to fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | 2002 | 11882758 |
| the cdc42 and rac1 gtpases are required for capillary lumen formation in three-dimensional extracellular matrices. | here we show a requirement for the cdc42 and rac1 gtpases in endothelial cell (ec) morphogenesis in three-dimensional extracellular matrices. cdc42 and rac1 specifically regulate ec intracellular vacuole and lumen formation in both collagen and fibrin matrices. clostridium difficile toxin b (which blocks all three rho gtpases) completely inhibited the ability of ecs to form both vacuoles and lumens, whereas c3 transferase, a selective inhibitor of rho, did not. expression of either dominant-nega ... | 2002 | 11884513 |
| microvilli-like structures are associated with the internalization of virulent capsulated neisseria meningitidis into vascular endothelial cells. | bacterial pathogens are internalized into non-phagocytic cells either by a zipper mechanism involving a direct contact between a bacterial ligand and a cellular receptor or a trigger mechanism secondary to the formation of membrane ruffles. here we show that internalization of capsulated neisseria meningitidis within endothelial cells following type iv pilus-mediated adhesion is associated with the formation of cellular protrusions at the site of bacterial attachment. these protrusions, like mic ... | 2002 | 11884522 |
| [clostridium difficile infection]. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic species consisting of bacilli with large, oval, subterminal spores, normally found in intestines. it uses two toxins, which produce cytopathic changes in the intestinal mucosae, causing diarrhea. patients can present a spectrum of disease that varies from uncomplicated antibiotic-associated diarrhea to life threatening antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. c. difficile is the only species. there are no defined sterotypes. toxigenic and nontox ... | 2002 | 11885130 |
| characterization of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from polish patients with suspected antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | the aim of our research was to investigate the role of enterotoxin- producing anaerobic bacteria other than clostridium difficile in the etiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. this article presents data related to c. perfringens. | 2002 | 11887023 |
| severe clostridium difficile colitis: the role of intracolonic vancomycin? | 2002 | 11893379 | |
| [what measures are necessary in the demonstration of clostridium difficile toxin?]. | 2002 | 11894182 | |
| gastrointestinal: clostridium difficile colitis. | 2002 | 11895561 | |
| mechanism of lovastatin-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. | we earlier showed that lovastatin potentiated the chemopreventive effects of sulindac against colon neoplasia in a rodent model and augments apoptosis induced by 5-fu and cisplatin in human colon cancer cells. in the present study, we investigated effects of lovastatin in spontaneously immortalized rat intestinal epithelial cells, iec-18 and their k-ras transformed clones. lovastatin induced morphologic changes (cell rounding and detachment) and apoptosis that were not influenced by k-ras mutati ... | 2002 | 11895868 |
| comparative in vitro activities of ertapenem (mk-0826) against 469 less frequently identified anaerobes isolated from human infections. | we studied the in vitro activity of ertapenem against 469 less frequently identified anaerobes from 11 genera and 52 species isolated from human infections. ertapenem was uniformly active against 460 of 469 (98%) strains at concentrations of < or = 4 microg/ml. only 4 of 14 clostridium difficile, 1 of 11 clostridium innocuum, and 4 of 6 lactobacillus sp. strains required ertapenem concentrations of > or = 8 microg/ml for inhibition. | 2002 | 11897608 |
| clostridium difficile infection associated with levofloxacin treatment. | nine cases of clostridium difficile (cd) infection were observed in the period of six months at a nursing home. eight of them occurred during or after antibiotic treatment. levofloxacin was used alone in three cases and in combination with another antibiotic in three other cases. cd infection occurred with other antibiotics in two cases. in one case, cd infection occurred without any antibiotic treatment. it is generally accepted that quinolones rarely cause cd infection. levofloxacin, a new ant ... | 2002 | 11898264 |
| phylogenetic analysis and pcr detection of clostridium chauvoei, clostridium haemolyticum, clostridium novyi types a and b, and clostridium septicum based on the flagellin gene. | the flagellin genes (flic) of clostridium chauvoei, clostridium haemolyticum, clostridium novyi types a and b, and clostridium septicum were analysed by pcr amplification and dna sequencing. the five clostridium species have at least two copies of the flagellin gene (flic) arranged in tandem on the chromosome. the deduced n- and c-terminal aminoacid sequences of the flagellin proteins (flics) of these clostridia are well conserved but their central region aminoacid sequences are not. phylogenic ... | 2002 | 11900959 |
| [probiotics in gastroenterology]. | probiotics are defined as live microorganisms of human origin. their use may favorably influence human health and ameliorate or prevent certain diseases. prebiotics are non-digestible foodstuffs (fiber, oligofructans - "colonic foods"), which enter the colon and are metabolized by the probiotics. probiotics should fulfill the following criteria: phenotypic and genotypic classification, no pathogenic properties, human origin, application in the living state, resistance to gastric acid and bile, a ... | 2002 | 11901455 |
| molecular typing methods for the epidemiological identification of clostridium difficile strains. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. cross-infection between patients and transmission through the environment and medical personnel are important factors in the acquisition of cdad. in order to understand differences in epidemiology and pathogenesis, a number of typing schemes have been developed. we will review the typing methods used to study the epidemiology of c. difficile infections ... | 2001 | 11901801 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a triggers human colonocyte il-8 release via mitochondrial oxygen radical generation. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in generation of oxygen radicals and adenosine triphosphate (atp) depletion. we investigated whether mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab) activation and interleukin (il)-8 release from toxin a-exposed enterocytes. | 2002 | 11910356 |
| incidence of pseudomembranous colitis after vancomycin-treated mrsa infection. | 2002 | 11913373 | |
| e test susceptibility testing of nosocomial clostridium difficile isolates against metronidazole, vancomycin, fusidic acid and the novel agents moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and linezolid. | 2002 | 11913510 | |
| morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in canadian hospitals. | to assess the healthcare burden, morbidity, and mortality of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (n-cdad) in canadian hospitals. | 2002 | 11918118 |
| binding of clostridium difficile to caco-2 epithelial cell line and to extracellular matrix proteins. | adhesion of clostridium difficile to caco-2 was examined as a function of monolayers polarization and differentiation. the number of adherent c. difficile c253 bacteria per cell strongly decreased when postconfluent 15-day-old monolayers were used (1.7 bacteria per cell versus 17.3 with 3-day-old monolayers). following disruption of intercellular junctions by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-n,n,n',n',-tetraacetic acid, a significant rise in the level of bacterial adhesion was observed ... | 2002 | 11934566 |
| emergence of cotrimoxazole- and quinolone-resistant campylobacter infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. | clinical and microbiological data were collected prospectively from 704 patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation (bmt) during an 11-year period (1991-2001), and the first two cases of campylobacter infection occurring in bmt recipients in the pre-engraftment period were identified. the two cases occurred on days 2 and 3 post-bmt, respectively. both patients had campylobacter jejuni enteritis, and one case was complicated by bacteraemia. in both cases the presenting symptoms were indist ... | 2002 | 11939393 |
| colorectal disease in liver allograft recipients -- a clinicopathological study with follow-up. | to determine the spectrum and outcome of colorectal diseases occurring in adult liver allograft recipients. | 2002 | 11953686 |
| effect of changes in surgical practice on the rate and detection of nosocomial infections: a prospective analysis. | the practice of surgery is being performed increasingly on an outpatient basis. how these changes have influenced the nosocomial infection rate and the ability of standard, center for disease control (cdc)-designed surveillance techniques to detect these infections is unknown. the goal of this study was to determine whether recent changes in surgical care have led to an increased nosocomial infection rate based on number of discharges and whether current surveillance techniques are adequate to d ... | 2002 | 11954823 |
| in vitro activity of linezolid against clostridium difficile. | we examined the in vitro activity of linezolid against clostridium difficile, including isolates with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole or vancomycin. the mic at which 50% of the isolates were inhibited (mic50) and mic90 were 0.5 and 2 microg/ml, respectively (range, 0.03 to 4 microg/ml). mics were always <or= 4 microg/ml, and thus, all isolates were considered susceptible. | 2002 | 11959617 |
| recurrent pseudomembranous colitis as a cause of recurrent severe sepsis. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) colitis accounts for nearly 15-20 % of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. manifestations include asymptomatic carriage, self-limited diarrhea, and pseudomembranous colitis, which is sometimes life-threatening. despite effective therapy with metronidazole and vancomycin relapse rates are 15-33 %. although colitis is seen in critically ill patients treated with combinations of broad-spectrum antibiotics, reports describing severe sepsis as a result of c. difficile ... | 2002 | 11961735 |
| non-antibiotic therapy for clostridium difficile infection. | treatment of clostridium difficile infection with metronidazole or vancomycin is successful in the majority of cases, but relapse occurs in 15% to 20% of patients, and in some the infection can remain chronic for months or years. the use of non-antibiotic therapies for this infection is theoretically attractive, as they would enable the normal colonic microflora to be reconstituted which is a requirement for permanent eradication of this pathogen. over the past decade a number of non-antibiotic ... | 2000 | 11964789 |
| diagnostic tests for healthcare epidemiology. | diagnostic tests are important tools for surveillance in healthcare epidemiology. recent studies regarding the use of diagnostic tests for detecting the following epidemiologically important conditions or pathogens are reviewed: vancomycin-resistant enterococci, legionella, influenza, ventilator-associated pneumonia, clostridium difficile, bloodstream infection, and tuberculosis. | 2001 | 11964863 |
| molecular characterization of phenyllactate dehydratase and its initiator from clostridium sporogenes. | the heterotrimeric phenyllactate dehydratase from clostridium sporogenes, fldabc, catalyses the reversible dehydration of (r)-phenyllactate to (e)-cinnamate in two steps: (i) coa-transfer from the cofactor cinnamoyl-coa to phenyllactate to yield phenyllactyl-coa and the product cinnamate mediated by flda, a (r)-phenyllactate coa-transferase; followed by (ii) dehydration of phenyllactyl-coa to cinnamoyl-coa mediated by heterodimeric fldbc, a phenyllactyl-coa dehydratase. phenyllactate dehydratase ... | 2002 | 11967068 |
| abdominal infections in patients with acute leukaemia: a prospective study applying ultrasonography and microbiology. | a prospective study of 62 chemotherapy-induced neutropenic episodes in patients with acute leukaemia was conducted to determine the incidence and causes of abdominal infections, and to assess the diagnostic value of the combined use of ultrasonography (us) and microbiology. each patient underwent us of liver, gallbladder and complete bowel before chemotherapy, on days 2-4 after the end of chemotherapy and in cases of fever, diarrhoea or abdominal pain. us was combined with a standardized clinica ... | 2002 | 11972517 |
| high-density microarray of small-subunit ribosomal dna probes. | ribosomal dna sequence analysis, originally conceived as a way to provide a universal phylogeny for life forms, has proven useful in many areas of biological research. some of the most promising applications of this approach are presently limited by the rate at which sequences can be analyzed. as a step toward overcoming this limitation, we have investigated the use of photolithography chip technology to perform sequence analyses on amplified small-subunit rrna genes. the genechip (affymetrix co ... | 2002 | 11976131 |
| nadph oxidase mediates tissue factor-dependent surface procoagulant activity by thrombin in human vascular smooth muscle cells. | tissue factor (tf) initiates the extrinsic coagulation cascade leading to thrombin formation. thrombin induces tf mrna in vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs), thereby contributing to the prolonged procoagulant activity and enhanced thrombogenicity at sites of vascular injury. however, the signaling mechanisms mediating this thrombogenic cycle are unclear. characteristically, vascular injury promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). because ros exert signaling functions, we inves ... | 2002 | 11980681 |
| etiology of diarrhea in patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in south india. | no studies so far have examined enteric infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (bmt) in developing countries where asymptomatic carriage and colonization with enteric pathogens is frequent. | 2002 | 11981416 |
| nonfunctional gut? try a probiotic food. | this month's nutrition column discusses the problem of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the overgrowth of the "good" bacteria, clostridium difficile, can cause severe abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea. this article examines the benefits of including probiotics in a meal plan when the use of antibiotics is medically indicated. | 2001 | 11982180 |
| pneumatosis intestinalis after pediatric thoracic organ transplantation. | to review and describe pneumatosis intestinalis (pi) in children who have undergone thoracic organ transplantation and evaluate potential risk factors. | 2002 | 11986484 |
| neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis) after pediatric bone marrow transplant. | neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis) is a common consideration after bone marrow transplantation. this study reviews the authors' experience with abdominal pain and typhlitis in an active pediatric bone marrow transplant program. | 2002 | 11987097 |
| changes in predominant bacterial populations in human faeces with age and with clostridium difficile infection. | the bacterial composition of human faeces can vary greatly with factors such as age and disease, although relatively few studies have monitored these events, particularly at species level. in this investigation, bacteria were isolated from faecal samples from healthy young adults and elderly subjects, and elderly patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). the organisms were identified to species level on the basis of their cellular fatty acid profiles with the midi system. ... | 2002 | 11990498 |
| case of the month. pseudomembranous colitis. | 2002 | 11990652 |