Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| capsaicin cough sensitivity in bronchiectasis. | bronchiectasis is a suppurative airway disease characterised by persistent cough and sputum production associated with bronchial dilatation. a study was undertaken to determine whether cough sensitivity is increased in bronchiectatic patients. | 2006 | 16601085 |
| tigecycline (tygacil): the first in the glycylcycline class of antibiotics. | 2006 | 16609746 | |
| diagnostic value of real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect viruses in young children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit with lower respiratory tract infection. | the aetiology of lower respiratory tract infections in young children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (picu) is often difficult to establish. however, most infections are believed to be caused by respiratory viruses. a diagnostic study was performed to compare conventional viral tests with the recently developed real-time pcr technique. | 2006 | 16611370 |
| macrolide-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae: clinical implications for the empiric treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. | 2005 | 16614685 | |
| effect of telithromycin and azithromycin on nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in patients with acute maxillary sinusitis. | to explore the efficacy of the ketolide telithromycin compared with azithromycin in eradicating s pneumoniae from the nasopharynx of adults with acute maxillary sinusitis. the growing resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin and macrolides brought about the development of a new class of antibiotics-the ketolides-that are effective against resistant pneumococci. | 2006 | 16618915 |
| expression of haemophilus ducreyi collagen binding outer membrane protein ncaa is required for virulence in swine and human challenge models of chancroid. | haemophilus ducreyi, the etiologic agent of the sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease chancroid, has been shown to associate with dermal collagen fibers within infected skin lesions. here we describe ncaa, a previously uncharacterized outer membrane protein that is important for h. ducreyi collagen binding and host colonization. an h. ducreyi strain lacking the ncaa gene was impaired in adherence to type i collagen but not fibronectin (plasma or cellular form) or heparin. the mutation had n ... | 2006 | 16622201 |
| quantitative detection of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in lower respiratory tract samples by real-time pcr. | the limitation of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis has been a distinguishing colonization from infection. we assess here the usefulness of real-time quantitative pcr (rq-pcr) performed on lower respiratory tract samples to overcome this problem. consecutive respiratory tract samples from patients with and without signs of infection (n = 203) were subject ... | 2006 | 16626914 |
| population distributions of minimum inhibitory concentration--increasing accuracy and utility. | to generate continuous minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) data that describes the discrete nature of experimentally derived population mic data. | 2006 | 16630000 |
| managing acute lower respiratory tract infections in an era of antibacterial resistance. | respiratory tract infections account for more than 116 million office visits and an estimated 3 million visits to hospital eds annually. patients presenting at eds with symptoms suggestive of lower respiratory tract infections of suspected bacterial etiology are often severely ill, thus requiring a rapid presumptive diagnosis and empiric antimicrobial treatment. traditionally, clinicians have relied on beta-lactam or macrolide antibiotics to manage community-acquired lower respiratory tract infe ... | 2006 | 16635707 |
| [a multicentre study on the pathogenic agents in 665 adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia in cities of china]. | to investigate the pathogenic causes of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in adult patients in china, the relation of previous antibiotic use and the pneumonia patient outcome research team (port) classification to microbial etiology, and the prevalence of drug resistance of common cap bacteria. | 2006 | 16638292 |
| activity of retapamulin against streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus evaluated by agar dilution, microdilution, e-test, and disk diffusion methodologies. | the in vitro activity of retapamulin against 106 staphylococcus aureus isolates and 109 streptococcus pyogenes isolates was evaluated by the agar dilution, broth microdilution, e-test, and disk diffusion methodologies. where possible, the tests were performed by using the clsi methodology. the results of agar dilution, broth microdilution, and e-test (all with incubation in ambient air) for s. aureus yielded similar mics, in the range of 0.03 to 0.25 microg/ml. these values corresponded to zone ... | 2006 | 16641442 |
| clinical and bacteriological efficacy in treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with cefditoren-pivoxil versus cefuroxime-axetil. | a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial was performed comparing 200 mg of cefditoren-pivoxil twice daily for 5 days versus standard cefuroxime-axetil treatment (250 mg twice daily for 10 days) of anthonisen type i or ii acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. the modified intention-to-treat population included 541 patients. patients were assessed during therapy, at the end of therapy (visit 3; primary evaluation time point), and at follow-up. clinical success was obtained in 79.9% of t ... | 2006 | 16641447 |
| new antimicrobial agents approved by the u.s. food and drug administration in 2005 and new indications for previously approved agents. | 2006 | 16641478 | |
| the other siblings: respiratory infections caused by moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae. | respiratory infections remain substantial causes of morbidity and mortality globally. in this paper, two substantial players in bacterial-associated respiratory disease are assessed as to their respective roles in children and adults and in the developed and developing world. moraxella catarrhalis, although initially thought to be a nonpathogen, continues to emerge as a cause of upper respiratory disease in children and pneumonia in adults. no vaccine is currently available to prevent m. catarrh ... | 2006 | 16643773 |
| eradication of common pathogens at days 2, 3 and 4 of moxifloxacin therapy in patients with acute bacterial sinusitis. | acute bacterial sinusitis (abs) is a common infection in clinical practice. data on time to bacteriologic eradication after antimicrobial therapy are lacking for most agents, but are necessary in order to optimize therapy. this was a prospective, single-arm, open-label, multicenter study to determine the time to bacteriologic eradication in abs patients (maxillary sinusitis) treated with moxifloxacin. | 2006 | 16646958 |
| study of upper respiratory tract bacterial flora: first report. variations in upper respiratory tract bacterial flora in patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection and healthy subjects and variations by subject age. | with the appearance of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, there has been increasing debate concerning antimicrobial treatments for acute upper respiratory tract infection (aurti) and acute otitis media in children. this study compares the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in patients with aurti (aurti group; 710 subjects) and healthy subjects (hs group; 380 subjects). the comparisons were made between subjects aged 6 years or younger (0-6 subgroup: 330 subjects), between 7 and 74 years ... | 2006 | 16648948 |
| effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization during acute otitis media. | the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) has been shown to reduce the incidence of acute otitis media (aom) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae by 34% and reduces the overall incidence of aom by 6% to 8%. more recent studies have shown increases in the proportion of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis in the middle-ear fluid of pcv7-immunized children. there has been no report on the effect of pcv7 on all 3 bacterial pathogens combined, either in the middle-ear fluid or ... | 2006 | 16651345 |
| characteristics of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nasopharynx of healthy children attending day-care centres in the czech republic. | nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens was studied in 425 healthy 3- to 6-year-old children attending 16 day-care centres (dccs) in nine czech cities during the winter 2004-2005. the overall carriage of pathogens was 62.8% (streptococcus pneumoniae, 38.1%; haemophilus influenzae, 24.9%; moraxella catarrhalis, 22.1%; staphylococcus aureus, 16%). an age-related downward trend was observed for colonization with respiratory pathogens in contrast to staph. aureus whose carriage was significan ... | 2006 | 16684402 |
| measuring nasal bacterial load and its association with otitis media. | nasal colonisation with otitis media (om) pathogens, particularly streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, is a precursor to the onset of om. many children experience asymptomatic nasal carriage of these pathogens whereas others will progress to otitis media with effusion (ome) or suppurative om. we observed a disparity in the prevalence of suppurative om between aboriginal children living in remote communities and non-aboriginal children attending child-care c ... | 2006 | 16686940 |
| otomicroscopic findings and systemic interleukin-6 levels in relation to etiologic agent during experimental acute otitis media. | the aim of the present study was to explore whether it was possible to differentiate the clinical course and the otomicroscopic appearance of acute otitis media (aom) caused by common otitis pathogens in an animal model. systemic interleukin (il)-6 levels as early markers for bacterial aom were also studied. four groups of rats were inoculated with either streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, non-typeable haemophilus influenzae or moraxella catarrhalis. the animals were monitored by ... | 2006 | 16689828 |
| differential genome contents of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae strains from adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | haemophilus influenzae is an important cause of otitis media in children and lower respiratory infection in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). patients with copd experience periodic exacerbations that are associated with acquisition of new bacterial strains. however, not every strain acquisition is associated with exacerbation. to test the hypothesis that genetic differences among strains account for differences in pathogenic potential, a microarray consisting of 4,992 ran ... | 2006 | 16714566 |
| the efficacy of cefdinir in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. | acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is a common infection resulting in substantial morbidity. cefdinir, an oral cephalosporin, has extended-spectrum, bactericidal activity against common acute bacterial rhinosinusitis pathogens, including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. cefdinir shows rapid oral absorption and good respiratory tissue penetration, and may be administered once daily. in randomised clinical trials, cefdinir showed efficacy similar to that of o ... | 2006 | 16722817 |
| activities of ceftobiprole, a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin, against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. | ceftobiprole, a broad-spectrum pyrrolidinone-3-ylidenemethyl cephem currently in phase iii clinical trials, had mics between 0.008 microg/ml and 8.0 microg/ml for 321 clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and between < or =0.004 microg/ml and 1.0 microg/ml for 49 clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis. ceftobiprole mic(50) and mic(90) values for h. influenzae were 0.06 microg/ml and 0.25 microg/ml for beta-lactamase-positive strains (n = 262), 0.03 microg/ml and 0.25 microg/ml for beta ... | 2006 | 16723565 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of dw-224a, a new fluoronaphthyridone. | dw-224a showed the most potent in vitro activity among the quinolone compounds tested against clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria. against gram-negative bacteria, dw-224a was slightly less active than the other fluoroquinolones. the in vivo activities of dw-224a against gram-positive bacteria were more potent than those of other quinolones. | 2006 | 16723601 |
| antibacterial activity of propolis and its active principles alone and in combination with macrolides, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones against microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections. | propolis is produced by bees and is reported to have several pharmaceutical properties. its antibacterial activity against strains causing upper respiratory tract infections is particularly important: propolis might be used as a therapeutic agent to prevent the bacterial infections that sometimes overlap viral infections. in this study the in vitro activity of both an alcoholic solution and a hydroglyceric extract of propolis, as well as its active principles, was tested against bacteria respons ... | 2006 | 16736885 |
| copd exacerbations.5: management. | a review of the most relevant evidence based therapeutic options currently available for the management of exacerbations of copd. | 2006 | 16738044 |
| in vitro activity of fluoroquinolones against common respiratory pathogens. | the treatment of respiratory infections is often empiric, necessitating the use of agents with a broad range of antimicrobial activity. the fluoroquinolones, having activity against common respiratory pathogens, fit this description. new fluoroquinolones have been developed in an attempt to improve the in vitro activity against a wide variety of respiratory tract pathogens. the objective of the study is to compare in vitro activity of newest fluoroquinolones, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, with ... | 2006 | 16755812 |
| plasmid pww115, a cloning vector for use with moraxella catarrhalis. | the plasmid shuttle vector pww102b is able to replicate in only a modest number of moraxella catarrhalis strains. plasmid pww115, a spontaneous deletion mutant of pww102b, was shown to lack both the pacyc184-derived origin of replication and the associated chloramphenicol-resistance gene but was able to replicate in every m. catarrhalis strain tested in this study, including one strain that had been previously refractory to all types of genetic manipulations. to test the utility of this plasmid, ... | 2006 | 16757025 |
| community-acquired pneumonia in shanghai, china: microbial etiology and implications for empirical therapy in a prospective study of 389 patients. | the aim of this multicenter study was to identify the causative pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in shanghai, china, and to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. pathogens obtained from 389 patients with documented cap during 2001-2003 were identified by multiple diagnostic tools that included bacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and specific immunological assays. susceptibility of the bacterial isolates was tested by the broth microdilution method ... | 2006 | 16767484 |
| frequency of recovery of pathogens causing acute maxillary sinusitis in adults before and after introduction of vaccination of children with the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine. | the objective of the study was to compare the proportions of the recovery of pathogens of acute maxillary sinusitis in adults in the 4-year period prior to the 5-year period that followed the introduction of vaccination of children with the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine (pcv7). cultures were obtained through endoscopy from 385 adults with acute maxillary sinusitis, 156 between 1997 and 2000, and 229 between 2001 and 2005. one hundred and seventeen potentially pathogenic organisms were isolated f ... | 2006 | 16772423 |
| in vitro activity of cefditoren: antimicrobial efficacy against major respiratory pathogens from asian countries. | in this study we evaluated the in vitro activities of cefditoren and 14 other comparator agents against 1025 isolates of major respiratory tract pathogens including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus. bacterial isolates were collected from 11 asian countries. the majority of s. pneumoniae isolates (98.8%) were susceptible to cefditoren. the mic(50) and mic(90) values (minimum inhibitory concentrations for 50% a ... | 2006 | 16777383 |
| microbial pathogens of adult community-acquired pneumonia in southern estonia. | prospective analysis of the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 209 inpatients (mean age 56.2+/-11.2 years) was performed at the lung hospital of tartu university, estonia. majority of the patients (87.6%) had at least one significant modifying or risk factor and 30.6% had severe community-acquired pneumonia. streptococcus pneumoniae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, klebsiella pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis were the most frequent pathogens (22.0, 12.2, 11.4, and 10.2%, respectively). ... | 2006 | 16778466 |
| beginning antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis and choosing the right treatment. | acute bacterial sinusitis (abs) is an extremely common problem in both children and adults. there are three clinical presentations of acute sinusitis: (1) onset with persistent symptoms (nasal symptoms or cough or both for > 10 but < 30 d without evidence of improvement); (2) onset with severe symptoms (high fever and purulent nasal discharge for 3-4 consecutive days); and (3) onset with worsening symptoms (respiratory symptoms, with or without fever, which worsen after several days of improveme ... | 2006 | 16785586 |
| phylogenomic and biochemical characterization of three legionella pneumophila polypeptide deformylases. | legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative facultative intracellular human pathogen that can cause fatal legionnaires' disease. polypeptide deformylase (pdf) is a novel broad-spectrum antibacterial target, and reports of inhibitors of pdf with potent activities against l. pneumophila have been published previously. here, we report the identification of not one but three putative pdf genes, pdfa, pdfb, and pdfc, in the complete genome sequences of three strains of l. pneumophila. phylogenetic anal ... | 2006 | 16816197 |
| evaluation of pyrrolidonyl arylamidase for the identification of nonfermenting gram-negative rods. | to evaluate the activity of pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (pyr) for the differentiation and identification of nonfermenting gram negative rods (nfgnr), 293 isolates were tested. a 24 h culture of each test organism was prepared. from this a 108-109 cfu/ml suspension was added to 0.25 ml of sterile physiologic solution. a pyr disk was then added and the test was incubated for 30 minutes at 35-37 degrees c, at environmental atmosphere. reading was done by adding 1 drop of cinnamaldehyde reagent. strain ... | 2007 | 16822636 |
| abc of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. acute exacerbations. | 2006 | 16825232 | |
| antibacterial activity of tosufloxacin against major organisms detected from patients with respiratory or otorhinological infections: comparison with the results obtained from organisms isolated about 10 years ago. | the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of tosufloxacin and other fluoroquinolone antimicrobials for streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, isolated, between january 2003 and july 2004, from patients suspected of having respiratory or otorhinological infections were determined. the results were compared with those for these organisms isolated in 1994, plus some h. influenzae strains isolated in 1998. tosufloxacin was the most potent of all ... | 2006 | 16826349 |
| direct detection of bacterial biofilms on the middle-ear mucosa of children with chronic otitis media. | chronic otitis media (om) is a common pediatric infectious disease. previous studies demonstrating that metabolically active bacteria exist in culture-negative pediatric middle-ear effusions and that experimental infection with haemophilus influenzae in the chinchilla model of otitis media results in the formation of adherent mucosal biofilms suggest that chronic om may result from a mucosal biofilm infection. | 2006 | 16835426 |
| [blood and respiratory diffusion of antibiotics. a critical analysis of predictive parameters for clinical effectiveness]. | the implementation of a treatment for lower respiratory tract infections must integrate a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk-pd) approach of antibiotic dosing. the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics is best predicted by the duration of time during which serum concentrations exceed the mic (t>mic). t>mic of 30-40% is sufficient to achieve clinical cure in immunocompetent patients. this threshold is achieved with amoxicillin for penicillin susceptible or resistant sreptococcus pneumoniae and wit ... | 2006 | 16837154 |
| [antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)]. | this study had for aim to evaluate the rationale and indications for antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of copd and to identify potential differences among various antibiotics available for the treatment of exacerbations in france. | 2006 | 16839731 |
| [use of transport medium in sputum bacterial culture examination of lower airway infection]. | our medical institution does not have a bacterial culture facility, requiring outsourcing of bacterial culture tests. due to the time elapsed from the time of specimen collection to culturing, the identification of causative bacteria in respiratory tract infections tends to be difficult. we therefore used transport medium for sputum bacteria examinations. expectorated purulent or purulent-mucous sputum specimens were collected from 32 patients with lower respiratory tract infection. we divided e ... | 2006 | 16841712 |
| the respiratory pathogen moraxella catarrhalis binds to laminin via ubiquitous surface proteins a1 and a2. | moraxella catarrhalis is one of the leading causes of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). in the present article, we show that moraxella (n=15) binds to the major basement-membrane glycoprotein laminin, which is thickened in the airways of smokers. using clinical strains of m. catarrhalis and their corresponding ubiquitous surface protein (usp) a1/a2 mutants, we demonstrate that uspa1 and uspa2 are important for the laminin interaction. binding assays with recombinant ... | 2006 | 16845633 |
| influence of sampling technique on detection of potential pathogens in the nasopharynx. | to determine the optimal approach for nasopharyngeal culture and to establish which approach children tolerate best. | 2006 | 16847184 |
| increased recovery of moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae in association with group a beta-haemolytic streptococci in healthy children and those with pharyngo-tonsillitis. | the inflamed tonsils harbour numerous types of bacteria, alone or in combination with group a beta-haemolytic streptococci (gabhs). the cohabitation of the tonsils by gabhs and certain other bacterial species may contribute to the inflammatory process and the failure of penicillin therapy. this study evaluated the recovery of moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae in association with gabhs in healthy children and those with acute pharyng ... | 2006 | 16849717 |
| comparison of throat swabs and nasopharyngeal suction specimens in non-sputum-producing patients with cystic fibrosis. | both throat swabs and nasopharyngeal suction (nps) specimens are used for microbiological assessment in non-sputum-producing patients with cystic fibrosis (cf), but studies comparing their diagnostic yield are lacking. we, therefore, conducted a prospective study in young cf patients, in which both techniques were performed in random order. forty-seven consecutive cf children aged 6 months to 10 years were studied during routine visits to the clinic. cf relevant pathogens were found in the major ... | 2006 | 16850448 |
| [antibiotic therapy for exacerbation]. | bacterial infections are involved in approximately 50% of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb). pneumococci, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are the main pathogens. studies using quantitative cultures and molecular typing suggest a causal relationship between bacterial infection and exacerbation. furthermore, an association between infection and bronchial inflammation has been demonstrated. in contrast to steroid therapy and non-invasive ventilation, the benefits of ... | 2006 | 16855849 |
| intranasal immunization with the cholera toxin b subunit-pneumococcal surface antigen a fusion protein induces protection against colonization with streptococcus pneumoniae and has negligible impact on the nasopharyngeal and oral microbiota of mice. | one of the candidate proteins for a mucosal vaccine antigen against streptococcus pneumoniae is psaa (pneumococcal surface antigen a). vaccines targeting mucosal immunity may raise concerns as to possible alterations in the normal microbiota, especially in the case of psaa, which was shown to have homologs with elevated sequence identity in other viridans group streptococci. in this work, we demonstrate that intranasal immunization with a cholera toxin b subunit-psaa fusion protein is able to pr ... | 2006 | 16861686 |
| polymorphism of the major surface epitope of the copb outer membrane protein of moraxella catarrhalis. | the copb outer membrane protein has been considered a vaccine candidate for the prevention of infections due to moraxella catarrhalis. monoclonal antibody 10f3 recognizes whole cells of about 70% of clinical isolates, suggesting that this epitope is reasonably conserved. to determine whether copb has other surface epitopes, we analyzed m. catarrhalis isolates using polyclonal sera against recombinant copb proteins from a 10f3 positive isolate and a 10f3 negative isolate, and polyclonal sera agai ... | 2006 | 16872370 |
| immunoglobulins and complement factor c4 in adult rhinosinusitis. | we assessed whether complement and its factor c4 or abnormal immunoglobulin levels are associated with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. we used multiple patient and control groups to obtain clinically meaningful data. adult chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis and acute purulent rhinosinusitis patients were compared with unselected adults and controls without previous rhinosinusitis. associated clinical factors were reviewed. levels of immunoglobulins, plasma c3, c4 and classical pathway haem ... | 2006 | 16879240 |
| pneumococcal surface protein a (pspa) is effective at eliciting t cell-mediated responses during invasive pneumococcal disease in adults. | humoral immune response is essential for protection against invasive pneumococcal disease and this property is the basis of the polysaccharide-based anti-pneumococcal vaccines. pneumococcal surface protein a (pspa), a cell-wall-associated surface protein, is a promising component for the next generation of pneumococcal vaccines. this pspa antigen has been shown to stimulate an antibody-based immunity. in the present study, we evaluated the capacity of pspa to stimulate cd4+ t cells which are nee ... | 2006 | 16879247 |
| a subfamily of dr adhesins of escherichia coli bind independently to decay-accelerating factor and the n-domain of carcinoembryonic antigen. | escherichia coli expressing the dr family of adhesins adheres to epithelial cells by binding to decay-accelerating factor (daf) and carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell surface proteins. the attachment of bacteria expressing dr adhesins to daf induces clustering of daf around bacterial cells and also recruitment of cea-related cell adhesion molecules. cea, ceacam1, and ceacam6 have been shown to serve as receptors for some dr adhesins (afae-i, afae-iii, drae, and daae). we demonstrate tha ... | 2006 | 16882658 |
| protein-translocating trimeric autotransporters of gram-negative bacteria. | 2006 | 16885434 | |
| identification of acinetobacter species and genotyping of acinetobacter baumannii by multilocus pcr and mass spectrometry. | members of the genus acinetobacter are ubiquitous in soil and water and are an important cause of nosocomial infections. a rapid method is needed to genotype acinetobacter isolates to determine epidemiology and clonality during infectious outbreaks. multilocus pcr followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (pcr/esi-ms) is a method that uses the amplicon base compositions to genotype bacterial species. in order to identify regions of the acinetobacter genome useful for this method, we ... | 2006 | 16891513 |
| evaluation of two new immunochromatographic assays (rapid u legionella antigen test and sd bioline legionella antigen test) for detection of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine. | we evaluated two new immunochromatographic assays for their abilities to detect legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine. the results were compared with those obtained by the binax now urinary antigen test. the sensitivities and specificities were estimated to be 71.2% and 96.6%, respectively, for the rapid u test; 31.5% and 98.9%, respectively, for the sd bioline test; and 91.8% and 100%, respectively, for the binax now test. | 2006 | 16891524 |
| association of cd14 promoter polymorphism with otitis media and pneumococcal vaccine responses. | innate immunity is of particular importance for protection against infection during early life, when adaptive immune responses are immature. cd14 plays key roles in innate immunity, including in defense against pathogens associated with otitis media, a major pediatric health care issue. the t allele of the cd14 c-159t polymorphism has been associated with increased serum cd14 levels. our objective was to investigate the hypothesis that the cd14 c-159t allele is protective against recurrent acute ... | 2006 | 16893989 |
| the riddle of the dual expression of igm and igd. | signalling through the b cell antigen receptor (bcr) is required for peripheral b lymphocyte maturation, maintenance, activation and silencing. in mature b cells, the antigen receptor normally consists of two isotypes, membrane igm and igd (migm, migd). although the signals initiated from both isotypes differ in kinetics and intensity, in vivo, the bcr of either isotype seems to be able to compensate for the loss of the other, reflected by the mild phenotypes of mice deficient for migm or migd. ... | 2006 | 16895553 |
| pneumonia and pleural effusion due to cryptococcus laurentii in a clinically proven case of aids. | non-neoformans cryptococci were previously considered to be saprophytes and nonpathogenic to humans. cryptococcus laurentii is frequently used as a biological means to control fruit rot. interestingly, c laurentii has recently been reported to be a rare cause of infection in humans. the authors report a case of pulmonary cryptococcosis caused by c laurentii in a diabetic aids patient who was on antituberculosis and antiretroviral treatments. the sputum smear revealed capsulated yeast cells that ... | 2006 | 16896431 |
| determinants of short and long term functional recovery after hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: role of inflammatory markers. | hospitalization for older patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is associated with functional decline. little is know about the relationship between inflammatory markers and determinants of functional status in this population. the aim of the study is to investigate the association between tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, c-reactive protein (crp) and activities of daily living, and to identify risk factors associated with one year mortality or hospital readmission. | 2006 | 16899118 |
| the igd ch1 region contains the binding site for the human respiratory pathogen moraxella catarrhalis igd-binding protein mid. | the moraxella catarrhalis igd-binding protein (mid) has a unique specificity for human igd, and the sequence with maximal igd binding is located within the amino acids mid962-1200. in the present paper, we examined the mid binding site on igd using a series of recombinant ig. full-length igd, igd f(ab')2, and an igd f(ab') c290r mutant lacking the inter-heavy-chain cysteine 290 were manufactured. furthermore, a series of igd/igg chimeras were constructed. elisa, dot blot and flow cytometry were ... | 2006 | 16906531 |
| unveiling electrotransformation of moraxella catarrhalis as a process of natural transformation. | the human respiratory tract pathogen moraxella catarrhalis is a naturally competent microorganism. however, electrotransformation has long been used to introduce foreign dna into this organism. this study demonstrated that electrotransformants obtained with linear or circular nonreplicating plasmid dna originated exclusively from natural transformation processes taking place during the recovery phase after the application of current. only replicating plasmid dna could be introduced into m. catar ... | 2006 | 16907741 |
| high allelic diversity in the methyltransferase gene of a phase variable type iii restriction-modification system has implications for the fitness of haemophilus influenzae. | phase variable restriction-modification (r-m) systems are widespread in eubacteria. haemophilus influenzae encodes a phase variable homolog of type iii r-m systems. sequence analysis of this system in 22 non-typeable h.influenzae isolates revealed a hypervariable region in the central portion of the mod gene whereas the res gene was conserved. maximum likelihood (ml) analysis indicated that most sites outside this hypervariable region experienced strong negative selection but evidence of positiv ... | 2006 | 16914439 |
| mouse models as a tool to unravel the genetic basis for human otitis media. | the pathogenesis of otitis media (om) is multifactorial and includes infection, anatomical factors, immunologic status, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors. om remains the most common cause of hearing impairment in childhood. genetic predisposition is increasingly recognized as an important factor. the completion of the mouse genome sequence has offered a powerful basket of tools for investigating gene function and can expect to generate a rich resource of mouse mutants for the elu ... | 2006 | 16917982 |
| comparison of in vitro activities of tigecycline with other antimicrobial agents against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in taiwan. | we compared the in vitro activities of tigecycline to those of other agents against 300 nonduplicate isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (194 isolates), haemophilus influenzae (60 isolates), and moraxella catarrhalis (46 isolates) recovered from patients treated in three major hospitals in taiwan from august through december, 2003. all of these isolates were inhibited at 0.5 mg/l of tigecycline. for s. pneumoniae isolates, 72% were not susceptible to penicillin (69% intermediate and 3% resistan ... | 2006 | 16922631 |
| surveillance bronchoscopy in children during the first year after lung transplantation: is it worth it? | since january 2002, routine surveillance bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy has been performed in all paediatric recipients of lung and heart-lung transplants at the great ormond street hospital for children, london, uk, using a newly revised treatment protocol. | 2006 | 16928706 |
| surveillance bronchoscopy in children during the first year after lung transplantation: is it worth it? | since january 2002, routine surveillance bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy has been performed in all paediatric recipients of lung and heart-lung transplants at the great ormond street hospital for children, london, uk, using a newly revised treatment protocol. | 2006 | 16928706 |
| bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulence in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | antibiotics are commonly prescribed in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). however, the role of bacteria in these exacerbations is controversial. | 2006 | 16928715 |
| bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulence in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | antibiotics are commonly prescribed in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). however, the role of bacteria in these exacerbations is controversial. | 2006 | 16928715 |
| comparisons of parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporins tested against bacterial isolates from pediatric patients: report from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (1998-2004). | a contemporary collection of 12737 strains from pediatric patients (<18 years) isolated over a 7-year period (1998-2004) from 52 sentinel hospitals in north america was tested to determine the comparative antimicrobial potency of broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporins and selected comparator agents. most of the strains (84.1%) were isolated from blood stream or respiratory tract infections. the rank order of the top 10 pediatric pathogens analyzed was streptococcus pneumoniae (15.5%) >haemophi ... | 2007 | 16930923 |
| comparison of susceptibility to antimicrobials of bacterial isolates from companion animals in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in canada between 2 time points 10 years apart. | the susceptibility to antimicrobials of bacterial species most frequently isolated from companion animals in a veterinary teaching diagnostic laboratory was evaluated retrospectively. a significant decrease between 1990-1992 and 2002-2003 was noted in the susceptibility of dog isolates to the following antimicrobials: escherichia coli to cephalothin (86% to 61%, p < 0.001); e. coli to ampicillin (85% to 67%, p < 0.001); proteus spp. to ampicillin (92% to 71%, p < 0.01); coagulase-positive staphy ... | 2006 | 16933555 |
| identification of a novel glycosyltransferase involved in los biosynthesis of moraxella catarrhalis. | moraxella catarrhalis is an important human mucosal pathogen that contributes to otitis media in infants and exacerbates conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly. this study describes the identification of a novel gene, lgt5 that encodes a glycosyltransferase involved in the los biosynthesis of m. catarrhalis. analysis of nmr data of los-derived oligosaccharide from a serotype a lgt5 mutant strain of m. catarrhalis indicate that lgt5 encodes an alpha-(1-->4)-galact ... | 2006 | 16934238 |
| upper respiratory tract bacterial carriage in aboriginal and non-aboriginal children in a semi-arid area of western australia. | streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are associated with otitis media (om). indigenous children experience particularly high rates of om. few studies worldwide have described upper respiratory tract (urt) carriage in indigenous and non-indigenous children living in the same area. | 2006 | 16940834 |
| [bacterial etiology of chronic bronchitis exacerbations treated by primary care physicians]. | few studies have been carried out to determine the prevalence of microorganisms causing exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in the community setting. the aim of the present study was to determine the bacterial etiology of chronic bronchitis exacerbations in patients not requiring hospitalization. | 2006 | 16948991 |
| in vitro activities of ertapenem against drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and other respiratory pathogens from 12 asian countries. | in vitro activities of ertapenem and 11 other comparator agents were tested against 1025 isolates of respiratory pathogens collected from 12 asian countries. resistance rate to ertapenem was 1.2% in 602 isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (mic(50), 0.06/mic(90), 1 microg/ml). ertapenem was also very active against penicillin-, ciprofloxacin-, erythromycin-, and multidrug-resistant pneumococcal isolates (resistance rate: 3.5%, 2.7%, 1.9%, and 2.7%, respectively). ertapenem-resistant pneumococcal ... | 2006 | 16949783 |
| mutational analysis of human ceacam1: the potential of receptor polymorphism in increasing host susceptibility to bacterial infection. | a common overlapping site on the n-terminal igv-like domain of human carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) is targeted by several important human respiratory pathogens. these include neisseria meningitidis (nm) and haemophilus influenzae (hi) that can cause disseminated or persistent localized infections. to define the precise structural features that determine the binding of distinct pathogens with ceacams, we have undertaken molecular modelling and mutation o ... | 2007 | 16953805 |
| short report: antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of haemophilus influenzae isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections between 1987 and 2000, including beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strains. | the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of five antibiotics and the presence of resistance genes was determined in 163 haemophilus influenzae isolates collected over 13 years (1987-2000) in four two-yearly sampling periods from patients with respiratory tract infections. the prevalence of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-susceptible strains was approximately 80% over the sampling period although fewer strains (65.9%) were recovered in the period 1995-1997. tem-1 type beta-lactamase-producin ... | 2007 | 16953950 |
| short report: antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of haemophilus influenzae isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections between 1987 and 2000, including beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strains. | the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of five antibiotics and the presence of resistance genes was determined in 163 haemophilus influenzae isolates collected over 13 years (1987-2000) in four two-yearly sampling periods from patients with respiratory tract infections. the prevalence of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-susceptible strains was approximately 80% over the sampling period although fewer strains (65.9%) were recovered in the period 1995-1997. tem-1 type beta-lactamase-producin ... | 2007 | 16953950 |
| identification and differentiation of legionella pneumophila and legionella spp. with real-time pcr targeting the 16s rrna gene and species identification by mip sequencing. | fluorescent resonance energy transfer probes targeting the 16s rrna gene were constructed for a sensitive and specific real-time pcr for identification and differentiation of legionella pneumophila from other legionella spp. for identification of non-l. pneumophila spp. by direct amplicon sequencing, two conventional pcr assays targeting the mip gene were established. | 2006 | 16957269 |
| isolation of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus from the surface and core of tonsils in children. | the rate of recovery methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) in tonsils that were removed because of recurrent group a-beta-hemolytic streptococci (gabhs) tonsillitis was not previously reported. mrsa may serve as a potential source for the spread of these organisms to other body sites as well to other individuals. this study investigated the rate of recovery of mrsa as well as other aerobic organisms from tonsils that were removed because of recurrent gabhs infection. | 2006 | 16962178 |
| a conserved tetranucleotide repeat is necessary for wild-type expression of the moraxella catarrhalis uspa2 protein. | the uspa2 protein has been shown to be directly involved in the serum-resistant phenotype of moraxella catarrhalis. the predicted 5'-untranslated regions (utr) of the uspa2 genes in several different m. catarrhalis strains were shown to contain various numbers (i.e., 6 to 23) of a heteropolymeric tetranucleotide (agat) repeat. deletion of the agat repeats from the uspa2 genes in the serum-resistant m. catarrhalis strains o35e and o12e resulted in a drastic reduction in uspa2 protein expression a ... | 2006 | 16963572 |
| mid and uspa1/a2 of the human respiratory pathogen moraxella catarrhalis, and interactions with the human host as basis for vaccine development. | moraxella catarrhalis igd-binding protein mid is a 200 kda autotransporter protein that exists as a oligomer and is governed at the transcriptional level. the majority of m. catarrhalis clinical isolates expresses mid. two functional domains have been attributed to mid; mid764-913 functions as an adhesin and promotes the bacteria to attach to epithelial cells, whereas the igd-binding domain is located within mid962-1200. in parallel, mid is stimulatory for b lymphocytes through the igd b cell re ... | 2006 | 16964325 |
| comparison of the serological responses to moraxella catarrhalis immunoglobulin d-binding outer membrane protein and the ubiquitous surface proteins a1 and a2. | moraxella catarrhalis immunoglobulin d-binding protein (mid) is a complex antigen with unique immunoglobulin d (igd)-binding, adhesion, and hemagglutination properties. previous studies have shown that antibodies raised against mid764-913 in rabbits inhibited m. catarrhalis adhesion to human alveolar epithelial cells, and immunization with mid764-913 resulted in an increased pulmonary clearance in a murine model. strong immune responses against mid have also consistently been shown in humans. he ... | 2006 | 16966403 |
| role of lgtc in resistance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae strain r2866 to human serum. | we are investigating a nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) strain, r2866, isolated from a child with meningitis. r2866 is unusually resistant to killing by normal human serum. the serum 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) for this strain is 18%, approaching that of encapsulated h. influenzae. r3392 is a derivative of r2866 that was found to have increased sensitivity to human serum (ic50, 1.5%). analysis of tetrameric repeat regions within lipooligosaccharide (los) biosynthetic genes in bo ... | 2006 | 16966407 |
| characterization of igab, a second immunoglobulin a1 protease gene in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae is an important respiratory pathogen, causing otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infection in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). immunoglobulin a1 (iga1) protease is a well-described protein and potential virulence factor in this organism as well as other respiratory pathogens. iga1 proteases cleave human iga1, are involved in invasion, and display immunomodulatory effects. we have identified a second iga1 protease gene, ... | 2006 | 16988265 |
| prospects for a vaccine against otitis media. | otitis media is a major cause of morbidity in 80% of all children less than 3 years of age and often goes undiagnosed in the general population. there is evidence to suggest that the incidence of otitis media is increasing. the major cause of otitis media is infection of the middle ear with microbes from the nasopharynx. the anatomical orientation of the eustachian tube, in association with a number of risk factors, predisposes infants and young children to the infection. bacteria are responsibl ... | 2006 | 16989632 |
| contemporary prevalence of bro beta-lactamases in moraxella catarrhalis: report from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (north america, 1997 to 2004). | a total of 7,860 community-acquired moraxella catarrhalis isolates (sentry antimicrobial surveillance program, 1997 to 2004) were tested by broth microdilution methods, and 399 randomly selected strains from north american sites were tested for bro-1 and bro-2 by pcr methods. several antimicrobials remained very active, including amoxicillin-clavulanate (mic90s, < or =0.25 microg/ml), azithromycin (mic90s, < or =0.12 microg/ml), ceftriaxone (mic90s, 0.5 microg/ml), and levofloxacin (mic90s, < or ... | 2006 | 17021108 |
| modelling the co-occurrence of streptococcus pneumoniae with other bacterial and viral pathogens in the upper respiratory tract. | otitis media (om) is a major burden for all children, particularly for australian aboriginal children. streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae and viruses (including rhinovirus and adenovirus) are associated with om. we investigated nasopharyngeal microbial interactions in 435 samples collected from 79 aboriginal and 570 samples from 88 non-aboriginal children in western australia. we describe a multivariate random effects model appropriate for analysis of longitu ... | 2007 | 17030494 |
| antibiotic resistance in respiratory pathogens. | antibiotic resistance in respiratory pathogens has dramatically increased during recent years. resistance to penicillin and multiple antimicrobial agents in pneumococci and resistance to ampicillin in moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae, as a result of betalactamase production, have become highly prevalent worldwide. the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis in different countries is of concern, and has become a therapeutic challenge. | 1998 | 17033379 |
| the role of quinolones in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a disease state characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. the airflow obstruction is generally progressive. in the past asthma was often confused with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but as the cellular inflammatory mechanisms are quite different to chronic bronchitis and emphysema it is prudent to separate this condition of airway hyper-responsiveness. exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmon ... | 1999 | 17035819 |
| characterization of the moraxella catarrhalis opa-like protein, olpa, reveals a phylogenetically conserved family of outer membrane proteins. | moraxella catarrhalis is a human-restricted pathogen that can cause respiratory tract infections. in this study, we identified a previously uncharacterized 24-kda outer membrane protein with a high degree of similarity to neisseria opa protein adhesins, with a predicted beta-barrel structure consisting of eight antiparallel beta-sheets with four surface-exposed loops. in striking contrast to the antigenically variable opa proteins, the m. catarrhalis opa-like protein (olpa) is highly conserved a ... | 2007 | 17041038 |
| bacteriology of chronic sinusitis and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis. | to establish the microbiological characteristics of acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis (aecs). | 2006 | 17043258 |
| discrepancy between antibiotics administered in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and susceptibility of isolated pathogens in respiratory samples: multicentre study in the primary care setting. | a national multicentre prevalence study was undertaken to determine the bacterial strains associated with mild-to-moderate acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) in the primary care setting and the susceptibility of isolated pathogens to different antimicrobials usually prescribed to these patients. all samples were processed by a central reference laboratory. microdilution tests were carried out to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of various antimicrobials. a doubl ... | 2006 | 17046209 |
| moraxella catarrhalis is internalized in respiratory epithelial cells by a trigger-like mechanism and initiates a tlr2- and partly nod1-dependent inflammatory immune response. | moraxella catarrhalis is an important pathogen in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (copd). while m. catarrhalis has been categorized as an extracellular bacterium so far, the potential to invade human respiratory epithelium has not yet been explored. our results obtained by electron and confocal microscopy demonstrated a considerable potential of m. catarrhalis to invade bronchial epithelial (beas-2b) cells, type ii pneumocytes (a549) and primary small airway epithelial cells (saec ... | 2007 | 17054439 |
| purification of igd from human serum--a novel application of recombinant m. catarrhalis igd-binding protein (mid). | moraxella catarrhalis igd-binding protein (mid) is a multimeric outer membrane protein belonging to the family of autotransporters. the igd-binding domain of mid is located between amino acids mid 962-1200 and binds to amino acids 198-224 of the igd c(h)1 region. in the present study, we describe a method to purify igd from serum with high levels of igd using a two-step affinity chromatography process. the first step involves depletion of mid-specific antibodies of all classes from serum using t ... | 2006 | 17056056 |
| novel surface structures are associated with the adhesion of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to collagen. | actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a gram-negative, facultative, anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the human oral cavity and the upper respiratory tract. this bacterium is strongly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis and adult periodontitis and is the causative agent for other serious systemic infections. recently, we have identified a protein, emaa (extracellular matrix protein adhesin a), that mediates the adhesion of a. actinomycetemcomitans to collagen. the conserved seq ... | 2006 | 17057091 |
| analysis of bartonella adhesin a expression reveals differences between various b. henselae strains. | bartonella henselae causes cat scratch disease and the vasculoproliferative disorders bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis in humans. one of the best known pathogenicity factors of b. henselae is bartonella adhesin a (bada), which is modularly constructed, consisting of head, neck/stalk, and membrane anchor domains. bada is important for the adhesion of b. henselae to extracellular-matrix proteins and endothelial cells (ecs). in this study, we analyzed different b. henselae strains for ba ... | 2007 | 17060468 |
| analysis of bartonella adhesin a expression reveals differences between various b. henselae strains. | bartonella henselae causes cat scratch disease and the vasculoproliferative disorders bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis in humans. one of the best known pathogenicity factors of b. henselae is bartonella adhesin a (bada), which is modularly constructed, consisting of head, neck/stalk, and membrane anchor domains. bada is important for the adhesion of b. henselae to extracellular-matrix proteins and endothelial cells (ecs). in this study, we analyzed different b. henselae strains for ba ... | 2007 | 17060468 |
| a fast real-time polymerase chain reaction method for sensitive and specific detection of the neisseria gonorrhoeae pora pseudogene. | ever since the advent of molecular methods, the diagnostics of neisseria gonorrhoeae has been troubled by false negative and false positive results compared with culture. commensal neisseria species and neisseria meningitidis are closely related to n. gonorrhoeae and may cross-react when using molecular tests comprising too-low specificity. we have devised a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), including an internal amplification control, that targets the n. gonorrhoeae pora pseudogene. dn ... | 2006 | 17065426 |
| selection of retapamulin, a novel pleuromutilin for topical use. | the in vitro activity of retapamulin was determined and compared to that of topical and community antibiotics. the mic(90)s of retapamulin against staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes were 0.12 microg/ml and 0.016 microg/ml, respectively. retapamulin has a low propensity to select resistance and produces an in vitro postantibiotic effect. | 2006 | 17065625 |
| effects of various media on the activity of nxl103 (formerly xrp 2868), a new oral streptogramin, against haemophilus influenzae. | the activity of nxl103 against 108 strains of haemophilus influenzae was tested using haemophilus test media (htm) obtained from various sources. with the exception of those obtained with stored htm, mics did not differ significantly, with mic(50) and mic(90) values of 0.5 and 0.5 to 1 microg/ml, respectively, in each medium. | 2006 | 17065630 |
| structure and immunological action of the human pathogen moraxella catarrhalis igd-binding protein. | several pathogens have acquired the capacity to bind immunoglobulins in a nonimmune manner, that is, the binding does not involve the normal antigen-binding sites of the antibodies. in contrast to gram-positive bacteria, for example staphylococus aureus, nonimmune binding to gram-negative bacteria is rare. moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane protein mid is the first to date known igd-binding protein. mid is a 200-kda autotransporter protein that exists as an oligomer and is governed at the tran ... | 2006 | 17073558 |