Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| dipterous haematophagous insects occurring in dehradun district and its adjoining areas in uttarakhand, india. | haematophagous dipterans belonging to 10 genera - aedes (12), anopheles (14), armigeres (01), culex (09), toxorhynchites (01), uranotaenia (01), sergentomyia (02), phlebotomus (01), atylotus (01) and tabanus (03) were encountered from 12 localities under 6 blocks of dehradun district (uttarakhand) during january 2011 to december 2012. the culicines (50.69%) were more dominant than the anophelines (38.9%), toxorhynchites (1.72%), horse flies (6.63%) and sandflies (2.01%). the following species vi ... | 2013 | 24522130 |
| kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, assam, india. | 0 | 24565057 | |
| introducing single dose liposomal amphotericin b for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in rural bangladesh: feasibility and acceptance to patients and health staff. | background. for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in bangladesh, single dose liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome) is supposed to be the safest and most effective treatment. specific needs for application and storage raise questions about feasibility of its implementation and acceptance by patients and health staff. methods. the study was carried out in the most endemic district of bangladesh. study population includes patients treated with ambisome or miltefosine, hospital staff, and a dire ... | 2014 | 24578710 |
| significantly lower anti-leishmania igg responses in sudanese versus indian visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), a widely distributed systemic disease caused by infection with the leishmania donovani complex (l. donovani and l. infantum), is almost always fatal if symptomatic and untreated. a rapid point-of-care diagnostic test for anti-leishmania antibodies, the rk39-immunochromatographic test (rk39-ict), has high sensitivity and specificity in south asia but is less sensitive in east africa. one of the underlying reasons may be continent-specific molecular diversity in the rk ... | 2014 | 24587456 |
| comparative analysis of salivary gland transcriptomes of phlebotomus orientalis sand flies from endemic and non-endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis. | in east africa, phlebotomus orientalis serves as the main vector of leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). phlebotomus orientalis is present at two distant localities in ethiopia; addis zemen where vl is endemic and melka werer where transmission of vl does not occur. to find out whether the difference in epidemiology of vl is due to distant compositions of p. orientalis saliva we established colonies from addis zemen and melka werer, analyzed and compared the t ... | 2014 | 24587463 |
| spatial distribution of p. argentipes in association with agricultural surrounding environment in north bihar, india. | phlebotomus argentipes is considered to be one of the major control measure targets in eradicating visceral leishmaniasis (vl). this study demonstrates the spatial association of p. argentipes abundance in relation to agricultural environment in the endemic area of north bihar. | 2014 | 24619268 |
| characterization of guinea pig antibody responses to salivary proteins of triatoma infestans for the development of a triatomine exposure marker. | salivary proteins of triatoma infestans elicit humoral immune responses in their vertebrate hosts. these immune responses indicate exposure to triatomines and thus can be a useful epidemiological tool to estimate triatomine infestation. in the present study, we analyzed antibody responses of guinea pigs to salivary antigens of different developmental stages of four t. infestans strains originating from domestic and/or peridomestic habitats in argentina, bolivia, chile and peru. we aimed to ident ... | 2014 | 24699441 |
| model-based investigations of different vector-related intervention strategies to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis on the indian subcontinent. | the elimination of infectious diseases requires reducing transmission below a certain threshold. the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) elimination initiative in southeast asia aims to reduce the annual vl incidence rate below 1 case per 10,000 inhabitants in endemic areas by 2015 via a combination of case management and vector control. using a previously developed vl transmission model, we investigated transmission thresholds dependent on measures reducing the sand fly density either by killing sand f ... | 2014 | 24762676 |
| strategies to overcome antileishmanial drugs unresponsiveness. | in the absence of effective vector control measures and vaccines against leishmaniasis, effective chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment. as the armoury of antileishmanial drugs is limited, strategies should be made to target the emergence of drug resistance. the loss of efficacy of antimonials such as sodium stibogluconate in the indian subcontinent which has been the mainstay of treatment for more than six decades has raised concern to save the other drugs. in the current review, we hi ... | 2014 | 24876851 |
| nucleosomal histone proteins of l. donovani: a combination of recombinant h2a, h2b, h3 and h4 proteins were highly immunogenic and offered optimum prophylactic efficacy against leishmania challenge in hamsters. | the present study includes cloning and expression of recombinant leishmania donovani histone proteins (rldh2b, rldh3, rldh2a and rldh4), assessment of their immunogenicity in leishmania infected cured patients/endemic contacts as well as in cured hamsters and finally evaluation of their prophylactic efficacy in hamsters against l. donovani challenge. all recombinant proteins were expressed and purified from the heterologous bacterial host system. leishmania infected cured patients/endemic contac ... | 2014 | 24926878 |
| the salivary secretome of the biting midge, culicoides sonorensis. | culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous insects with over 1400 species distributed throughout the world. many of these species are of particular agricultural importance as primary vectors of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses, yet little is known about culicoides genomics and proteomics. detailed studies of members from other blood-feeding dipteran families, including those of mosquito (culicidae) and black fly (simuliidae), have shown that protein components with ... | 2014 | 24949243 |
| antimony resistant leishmania donovani but not sensitive ones drives greater frequency of potent t-regulatory cells upon interaction with human pbmcs: role of il-10 and tgf-β in early immune response. | in india the sand fly, phlebotomus argentipes, transmitted parasitic disease termed kala-azar is caused by leishmania donovani (ld) in humans. these immune-evading parasites have increasingly developed resistance to the drug sodium antimony gluconate in endemic regions. lack of early diagnosis methods for the disease limits the information available regarding the early interactions of this parasite with either human tissues or cell lineages. we reasoned that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p ... | 2014 | 25032977 |
| accelerated active case detection of visceral leishmaniasis patients in endemic villages of bangladesh. | the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) elimination program in bangladesh is in its attack phase. the primary goal of this phase is to decrease the burden of vl as much as possible. active case detection (acd) by the fever camp method and an approach using past vl cases in the last 6-12 months have been found useful for detection of vl patients in the community. we aimed to explore the yield of accelerated active case detection (aacd) of non-self reporting vl as well as the factors that are associated w ... | 2014 | 25090412 |
| how far are we from visceral leishmaniasis elimination in bangladesh? an assessment of epidemiological surveillance data. | in 2005, bangladesh, india, and nepal joined forces to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (or kala-azar) from the region by 2015. in bangladesh the elimination target is set at less than one new case per 10,000 population per year at upazila (sub-district) level. as the deadline approaches, we review the status of the elimination initiative in this country. | 2014 | 25144317 |
| vector saliva in vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis: a brief encounter of high consequence? | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and remains the most serious form of the disease with no available human vaccine. repeatedly, studies have demonstrated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a number of sand fly salivary proteins against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. all leishmania species including agents of vl are co-deposited into the skin together with vector saliva. generally, the immune response to a protective sal ... | 2014 | 25152872 |
| exposure to phlebotomus argentipes (diptera, psychodidae, phlebotominae) sand flies in rural areas of bihar, india: the role of housing conditions. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a vector-borne infectious disease, caused by the protozoan leishmania donovani, which is transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. in an earlier study in bihar, india, we found an association between incidence of vl and housing conditions. in the current study we investigated the influence of housing structure and conditions in and around the house on the indoor abundance of phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of vl in this area. | 2014 | 25184542 |
| health & demographic surveillance system profile: the muzaffarpur-tmrc health and demographic surveillance system. | the muzaffarpur-tmrc health and demographic surveillance system (hdss), established in 2007, was developed as an enlargement of the scope of a research collaboration on the project visceral leishmaniasis in bihar, which had been ongoing since 2005. the hdss is located in a visceral leishmaniasis (vl)-endemic area in the muzaffarpur district of bihar state in india. it is the only hdss conducting research on vl, which is a vector-borne infectious disease transmitted by female phlebotomine sandfli ... | 2014 | 25186307 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in ethiopia: an evolving disease. | visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar) is classified as one of the most neglected tropical diseases. it is becoming a growing health problem in ethiopia, with endemic areas that are continually spreading. the annual burden of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in ethiopia is estimated to be between 4,500 and 5,000 cases, and the population at risk is more than 3.2 million. there has been a change in the epidemiology of vl in ethiopia. over the last decades, almost all cases and outbreaks of v ... | 2014 | 25188253 |
| emerging vector-borne zoonoses: eco-epidemiology and public health implications in india. | the diseases originating from animals or associated with man and animals are remerging and have resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality. the present review highlights the re-emergence of emerging mainly zoonotic diseases like chikungunya, scrub typhus, and extension of spatial distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis from western rajasthan to himachal pradesh, kerala, and haryana states; west nile virus to assam, and non-endemic areas of japanese encephalitis (je) like maharashtra and je ... | 2014 | 25325052 |
| multiorganismal insects: diversity and function of resident microorganisms. | all insects are colonized by microorganisms on the insect exoskeleton, in the gut and hemocoel, and within insect cells. the insect microbiota is generally different from microorganisms in the external environment, including ingested food. specifically, certain microbial taxa are favored by the conditions and resources in the insect habitat, by their tolerance of insect immunity, and by specific mechanisms for their transmission. the resident microorganisms can promote insect fitness by contribu ... | 2014 | 25341109 |
| susceptibility of the sandfly phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti (diptera: psychodidae) to insecticides in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in bihar, india. | we present the results of susceptibility tests conducted on the sandfly phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in india. adult p. argentipes insects were collected from 42 villages in 6 districts of the state of bihar, india, as follows: patna, vaishali, muzaffarpur, samastipur, sheohar, and sitamarhi. these adult insects were exposed to 4% ddt-, 5% malathion-, and 0.05% deltamethrin-impregnated papers using a who test kit by following the standard procedures. in 16 (38.1%) ... | 2015 | 25420660 |
| multi-modal analysis of courtship behaviour in the old world leishmaniasis vector phlebotomus argentipes. | the sand fly phlebotomus argentipes is arguably the most important vector of leishmaniasis worldwide. as there is no vaccine against the parasites that cause leishmaniasis, disease prevention focuses on control of the insect vector. understanding reproductive behaviour will be essential to controlling populations of p. argentipes, and developing new strategies for reducing leishmaniasis transmission. through statistical analysis of male-female interactions, this study provides a detailed descrip ... | 2014 | 25474027 |
| do size and insecticide treatment matter? evaluation of different nets against phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in nepal. | in the indian subcontinent, leishmania donovani, the parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is transmitted by the sand fly vector phlebotomus argentipes. long lasting insecticide treated nets (ln) have been postulated as alternative or complement to indoor residual spraying but there are few field studies evaluating the entomological efficacy of different nets against this vector. we conducted two crossover trials in a vl endemic area in nepal to compare the barrier effect of (1) ln with d ... | 2014 | 25494099 |
| effect of mouse antisera targeting the phlebotomus papatasi midgut chitinase ppchit1 on sandfly physiology and fitness. | in sandflies, the absence of the peritrophic matrix (pm) affects the rate of blood digestion. also, the kinetics of pm secretion varies according to species. we previously characterised ppchit1, a midgut-specific chitinase secreted in phlebotomus papatasi (ppis) that is involved in the maturation of the pm and showed that antibodies against ppchit1 reduce the chitinolytic activity in the midgut of several sandfly species. here, sandflies were fed on red blood cells reconstituted with naïve or an ... | 0 | 25591111 |
| paraphyly of the subgenus anaphlebotomus and creation of madaphlebotomus subg. nov. (phlebotominae: phlebotomus). | the systematic position of the malagasy phlebotomus (diptera: psychodidae) species was assessed in molecular phylogenetic studies. three molecular markers were sequenced: cytochrome b of the mitochondrial dna; its2, and the d8 domain of the ribosomal dna. the following species were studied: phlebotomus (anaphlebotomus) berentiensis, phlebotomus (anaphlebotomus) fertei, phlebotomus (anaphlebotomus) fontenillei, phlebotomus (anaphlebotomus) vaomalalae and phlebotomus (anaphlebotomus) vincenti from ... | 2015 | 25613531 |
| aerobic bacterial flora of biotic and abiotic compartments of a hyperendemic zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) focus. | identification of the microflora of the sand fly gut and the environmental distribution of these bacteria are important components for paratransgenic control of leishmania transmission by sand flies. | 2015 | 25630498 |
| arsenic exposure and outcomes of antimonial treatment in visceral leishmaniasis patients in bihar, india: a retrospective cohort study. | in the late twentieth century, emergence of high rates of treatment failure with antimonial compounds (ssg) for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused a public health crisis in bihar, india. we hypothesize that exposure to arsenic through drinking contaminated groundwater may be associated with ssg treatment failure due to the development of antimony-resistant parasites. | 2015 | 25730310 |
| new challenges in the epidemiology and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in periurban areas. | visceral leishmaniasis [vl] represents a major public health problem in many areas of the world. this review focuses on the impact of periurbanization on the epidemiology and treatment of vl, using brazil as an example. vl continues to be mostly a disease of poverty with impact on families. however, the disease has expanded in latin america, with foci reported as far south as argentina. there is an increasing overlap of leishmania infantum chagasi and hiv infections and other immunosuppressive c ... | 0 | 25821334 |
| long-lasting insecticidal nets to prevent visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent; methodological lessons learned from a cluster randomised controlled trial. | 2015 | 25856238 | |
| temporal distribution and behaviour of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of the kani tribe settlements in the western ghats, india. | the temporal distribution of sand flies in relation to environmental factors was studied in the kani tribe settlements located on the southernmost part of the western ghats, kerala, india, between june 2012 and may 2013. this area is known for occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) cases. employing hand-held aspirator, light trap and sticky-trap collection methods, a total of 7874 sand fly specimens, comprising 19 species was collected. sergentomyia baghdadis was predominant species, followe ... | 2015 | 25917713 |
| feasibility of a combined camp approach for vector control together with active case detection of visceral leishmaniasis, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, leprosy and malaria in bangladesh, india and nepal: an exploratory study. | we assessed the feasibility and results of active case detection (acd) of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) and other febrile diseases as well as of bednet impregnation for vector control. | 2015 | 25918216 |
| optimizing insecticide allocation strategies based on houses and livestock shelters for visceral leishmaniasis control in bihar, india. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is the most deadly form of the leishmaniasis family of diseases, which affects numerous developing countries. the indian state of bihar has the highest prevalence and mortality rate of vl in the world. insecticide spraying is believed to be an effective vector control program for controlling the spread of vl in bihar; however, it is expensive and less effective if not implemented systematically. this study develops and analyzes a novel optimization model for vl contro ... | 2015 | 25940194 |
| association of ficolin-2 serum levels and fcn2 genetic variants with indian visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), one of the neglected tropical diseases, is endemic in the indian subcontinent. ficolins are circulating serum proteins of the lectin complement system and involved in innate immunity. | 2015 | 25965808 |
| visceral leishmaniasis with roth spots. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of infected sandfly phlebotomus argentipes. the protozoa is obliged intracellularly and causes a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes: vl ('kala azar'), cutaneous leishmaniasis and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (espundia). kala azar is the most aggressive form and if untreated causes high mortality. here, we describe a case of vl that presented to us with high-grade fever and found to hav ... | 2014 | 25988048 |
| comparison of bloodmeal digestion and the peritrophic matrix in four sand fly species differing in susceptibility to leishmania donovani. | the early stage of leishmania development in sand flies is closely connected with bloodmeal digestion. here we compared various parameters of bloodmeal digestion in sand flies that are either susceptible (phlebotomus argentipes and p. orientalis) or refractory (p. papatasi and sergentomyia schwetzi) to leishmania donovani, to study the effects on vector competence. the volume of the bloodmeal ingested, time of defecation of bloodmeal remnants, timing of formation and degradation of the peritroph ... | 2015 | 26030610 |
| climate change and spatiotemporal distributions of vector-borne diseases in nepal--a systematic synthesis of literature. | despite its largely mountainous terrain for which this himalayan country is a popular tourist destination, nepal is now endemic for five major vector-borne diseases (vbds), namely malaria, lymphatic filariasis, japanese encephalitis, visceral leishmaniasis and dengue fever. there is increasing evidence about the impacts of climate change on vbds especially in tropical highlands and temperate regions. our aim is to explore whether the observed spatiotemporal distributions of vbds in nepal can be ... | 2015 | 26086887 |
| ddt-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in india. | indoor residual spraying (irs) is used to control visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in india, but it is poorly quality assured. quality assurance was performed in eight vl endemic districts in bihar state, india, in 2014. residual dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) was sampled from walls using bostik tape discs, and ddt concentrations [grams of active ingredient per square meter (g ai/m(2))] were determined using hplc. pre-irs surveys were performed in three districts, and post-irs surveys were per ... | 2015 | 26124110 |
| transmission of leishmania donovani in the hills of eastern nepal, an outbreak investigation in okhaldhunga and bhojpur districts. | in the indian subcontinent, visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in a geographical area coinciding with the lower gangetic plain, at low altitude. vl occurring in residents of hill districts is therefore often considered the result of leishmania donovani infection during travel. early 2014 we conducted an outbreak investigation in okhaldhunga and bhojpur districts in the nepal hills where increasing number of vl cases have been reported. | 2015 | 26252494 |
| techniques to improve the maintenance of a laboratory colony of nyssomyia neivai (diptera: psychodidae). | the most critical phase in sand fly colonization is the high mortality in the larval instars. in this study, we sought out strategies for improving the colonization of nyssomyia neivai, one of the vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis agent in south america. | 2015 | 26276040 |
| a proteomic map of the unsequenced kala-azar vector phlebotomus papatasi using cell line. | the debilitating disease kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. the parasite is transmitted by the hematophagous sand fly vector of the genus phlebotomus in the old world and lutzomyia in the new world. the predominant phlebotomine species associated with the transmission of kala-azar are phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus argentipes. understanding the molecular interaction of the sand fly and leishmania, during the developmen ... | 2015 | 26307495 |
| immunogenicity and serological cross-reactivity of saliva proteins among different tsetse species. | tsetse are vectors of pathogenic trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. components of tsetse saliva (sialome) are introduced into the mammalian host bite site during the blood feeding process and are important for tsetse's ability to feed efficiently, but can also influence disease transmission and serve as biomarkers for host exposure. we compared the sialome components from four tsetse species in two subgenera: subgenus morsitans: glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm) ... | 2015 | 26313460 |
| leptomonas seymouri: adaptations to the dixenous life cycle analyzed by genome sequencing, transcriptome profiling and co-infection with leishmania donovani. | the co-infection cases involving dixenous leishmania spp. (mostly of the l. donovani complex) and presumably monoxenous trypanosomatids in immunocompromised mammalian hosts including humans are well documented. the main opportunistic parasite has been identified as leptomonas seymouri of the sub-family leishmaniinae. the molecular mechanisms allowing a parasite of insects to withstand elevated temperature and substantially different conditions of vertebrate tissues are not understood. here we de ... | 2015 | 26317207 |
| assessing insecticide susceptibility of laboratory lutzomyia longipalpis and phlebotomus papatasi sand flies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae). | chemical insecticides are effective for controlling lutzomyia and phlebotomus sand fly (diptera: psychodidae) vectors of leishmania parasites. however, repeated use of certain insecticides has led to tolerance and resistance. the objective of this study was to determine lethal concentrations (lcs) and lethal exposure times (lts) to assess levels of susceptibility of laboratory lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and nieva) and phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) to 10 insecticides using a modified version of ... | 2015 | 26336231 |
| insecticide susceptibility of phlebotomus argentipes & assessment of vector control in two districts of west bengal, india. | kala-azar or visceral leishmanisis (vl) is known to be endemic in several states of india including west bengal (wb). only meager information is available on the vector dynamics of its vector species, phlebotomus argentipes particularly in relation to control measure from this state. hence, a pilot study was undertaken to assess the control strategy and its impact on vector in two endemic districts of wb, india. | 0 | 26354219 |
| treatment of livestock with systemic insecticides for control of anopheles arabiensis in western kenya. | despite the implementation of vector control strategies, including insecticide-treated bed nets (itn) and indoor residual spraying (irs) in western kenya, this area still experiences high level of malaria transmission. novel vector control tools are required which target such vector species, such as anopheles arabiensis, that feed outdoors and have minimal contact with itns and irs. | 2015 | 26377691 |
| quantification of the natural history of visceral leishmaniasis and consequences for control. | visceral leishmaniasis has been targeted for elimination as a public health problem (less than 1 case per 10,000 people per year) in the indian sub-continent by 2017. however, there is still a high degree of uncertainty about the natural history of the disease, in particular about the duration of asymptomatic infection and the proportion of asymptomatically infected individuals that develop clinical visceral leishmaniasis. quantifying these aspects of the disease is key for guiding efforts to el ... | 2015 | 26490668 |
| quantitative analyses and modelling to support achievement of the 2020 goals for nine neglected tropical diseases. | quantitative analysis and mathematical models are useful tools in informing strategies to control or eliminate disease. currently, there is an urgent need to develop these tools to inform policy to achieve the 2020 goals for neglected tropical diseases (ntds). in this paper we give an overview of a collection of novel model-based analyses which aim to address key questions on the dynamics of transmission and control of nine ntds: chagas disease, visceral leishmaniasis, human african trypanosomia ... | 2015 | 26652272 |
| development of a simple dipstick assay for operational monitoring of ddt. | indoor residual spraying (irs) of ddt is used to control visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in india. however, the quality of spraying is severely compromised by a lack of affordable field assays to monitor target doses of insecticide. our aim was to develop a simple ddt insecticide quantification kit (iqk) for monitoring ddt levels in an operational setting. | 2016 | 26760773 |
| detection of natural infection of leishmania donovani (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) in phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) from a forest ecosystem in the western ghats, india, endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. | a new focus of transmission of leishmania donovani causing cutaneous manifestations (cl) was reported by us earlier, in the western ghats region of thiruvananthapuram district, kerala, india. 12,253 sand fly specimens, comprising of three species belonging to the genus phlebotomus (24.7%) and 16 species belonging to the genus sergentomyia (57.3%) were collected from the region during 2012-2014. among phlebotomus species, phlebotomus argentipes was found predominant (77.3%), followed by phlebotom ... | 2016 | 26774685 |
| feasibility of eliminating visceral leishmaniasis from the indian subcontinent: explorations with a set of deterministic age-structured transmission models. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by sandflies. on the indian subcontinent (isc), vl is targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2017. in the context of vl, the elimination target is defined as an annual vl incidence of <1 per 10,000 capita at (sub-)district level. interventions focus on vector control, surveillance and on diagnosing and treating vl cases. many endemic areas have not yet achieved optimal control due to logistical, biological as ... | 2016 | 26787302 |
| understanding the transmission dynamics of leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in bihar, india. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a neglected vector-borne disease. in india, it is transmitted to humans by leishmania donovani-infected phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. in 2005, vl was targeted for elimination by the governments of india, nepal and bangladesh by 2015. the elimination strategy consists of rapid case detection, treatment of vl cases and vector control using indoor residual spraying (irs). however, to achieve sustained elimination of vl, an appropriate post elimination surveillanc ... | 2016 | 26812963 |
| characteristics of phlebotomine sandflies in selected areas of sri lanka. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is an endemic disease in sri lanka. studies on vector aspects, although important for better understanding of disease transmission dynamics, are still limited. the present study describes the species distribution and behavioral patterns of sandflies within selected disease-prevalent zones in the country. adult sandflies were collected from several field sites over a two-year duration in sri lanka using cattle-baited net traps, cdc light traps and manual methods. spec ... | 2015 | 26867357 |
| insecticidal effect of plant extracts on phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) in bihar, india. | phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae), the established vector for kala-azar is presently being controlled by indoor residual spray of ddt in kala-azar endemic areas in india. search for non-hazardous and non-toxic biodegradable active molecules from botanicals may provide cost-effective and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides. the present study was aimed at evaluating various plant extracts from endemic and non-endemic areas of bihar for their insecticidal activity agains ... | 0 | 26905249 |
| a historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of leishmania parasites and sandflies. | the aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events among leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance with the geographical evolution of the earth, which has not been previously discussed on a large scale. | 2016 | 26937644 |
| current challenges in treatment options for visceral leishmaniasis in india: a public health perspective. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a serious parasitic disease causing considerable mortality and major disability in the indian subcontinent. it is most neglected tropical disease, particularly in terms of new drug development for the lack of financial returns. an elimination campaign has been running in india since 2005 that aim to reduce the incidence of vl to below 1 per 10,000 people at sub-district level. one of the major components in this endeavor is reducing transmission through early case ... | 2016 | 26951132 |
| leishmaniasis: path toward elimination from the indian subcontinent. | 0 | 26998429 | |
| evaluation of different mesh sizes of long lasting insecticidal nets against phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti (diptera: psychodidae), in bihar state of india. | the study present result of long lasting insecticidal nets (llins) of different mesh sizes viz. permanet(r) 156mesh/inch(2), permanet(r) 196mesh/inch(2), permanet(r) 196mesh/inch2+75cm border of fine cloth in reducing phlebotomus argentipes population along with community acceptance in three intervention villages. entire experimental period of treatments maximum reduction 93.67% was observed in permanet(r) 196mesh/inch(2)+75cm border followed by permanet(r) 196mesh/inch(2) 91.90 and 74.29% in pe ... | 2016 | 27016015 |
| chandipura virus infection causing encephalitis in a tribal population of odisha in eastern india. | the sudden death of 10 children in a tribal village of kandhamal district, odisha in eastern india led to this investigation. | 2016 | 27132726 |
| plant-derived compounds in treatment of leishmaniasis. | leishmaniasis is a neglected public health problem caused by the protozoan species belonging to the genus leishmania affecting mostly the poor populations of developing countries. the causative organism is transmitted by female sandflies. cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral clinical manifestations are the most frequent forms of leishmaniasis. chemotherapy still relies on the use of pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin b, paromomycin, miltefosin and liposomal amphotericin b. however, the appl ... | 0 | 27175144 |
| the potential use of forensic dna methods applied to sand fly blood meal analysis to identify the infection reservoirs of anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis. | in the indian sub-continent, visceral leishmaniasis (vl), also known as kala azar, is a fatal form of leishmaniasis caused by the kinetoplastid parasite leishmania donovani and transmitted by the sand fly phlebotomus argentipes. vl is prevalent in northeast india where it is believed to have an exclusive anthroponotic transmission cycle. there are four distinct cohorts of l. donovani exposed individuals who can potentially serve as infection reservoirs: patients with active disease, cured vl cas ... | 2016 | 27192489 |
| measures to control phlebotomus argentipes and visceral leishmaniasis in india. | visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly parasitic disease that is transmitted via the bite of a female sand fly, phlebotomus argentipes. the highest burden of this disease is in northern india. in 2005, india embarked on an initiative with nepal, bangladesh, and the world health organization to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis by 2015. with the goal of 1 case in 10,000 people still unmet, it is prudent to evaluate the tools that have been used thus far to reduce vector numbers and cases of the diseas ... | 2016 | 27308270 |
| evaluation of a topical formulation of eprinomectin against anopheles arabiensis when administered to zebu cattle (bos indicus) under field conditions. | although vector control strategies, such as insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs) have been effective in kenya the transmission of malaria continues to afflict western kenya. this residual transmission is driven in part by anopheles arabiensis, known for its opportunistic blood feeding behaviour and propensity to feed outdoors. the objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the drug eprinomectin at reducing malaria vector density when applied to c ... | 2016 | 27317557 |
| implication of vector characteristics of phlebotomus argentipes in the kala-azar elimination programme in the indian sub-continent. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), also known as kala-azar in the indian sub-continent (isc), is a major public health concern in bangladesh, india, and nepal, where it is caused by leishmania donovani transmitted by the sand fly phlebotomus argentipes. various ecological parameters including air temperature, rainfall, wind speed, relative humidity, soil moisture, ph, and organic carbon are known to influence the oviposition of female sand flies, as well as the survival and development of larvae. howe ... | 0 | 27376500 |
| molecular diversity between salivary proteins from new world and old world sand flies with emphasis on bichromomyia olmeca, the sand fly vector of leishmania mexicana in mesoamerica. | sand fly saliva has been shown to have proteins with potent biological activities, salivary proteins that can be used as biomarkers of vector exposure, and salivary proteins that are candidate vaccines against different forms of leishmaniasis. sand fly salivary gland transcriptomic approach has contributed significantly to the identification and characterization of many of these salivary proteins from important leishmania vectors; however, sand fly vectors in some regions of the world are still ... | 2016 | 27409591 |
| selective factors associated with the evolution of codon usage in natural populations of arboviruses. | arboviruses (arthropod borne viruses) have life cycles that include both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts with substantial differences in vector and host specificity between different viruses. most arboviruses utilize rna for their genetic material and are completely dependent on host trnas for their translation, suggesting that virus codon usage could be a target for selection. in the current study we analyzed the relative synonymous codon usage (rscu) patterns of 26 arboviruses together with ... | 2016 | 27455096 |
| efficacy, safety and cost of insecticide treated wall lining, insecticide treated bed nets and indoor wall wash with lime for visceral leishmaniasis vector control in the indian sub-continent: a multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial. | we investigated the efficacy, safety and cost of lime wash of household walls plus treatment of sand fly breeding places with bleach (i.e. environmental management or em), insecticide impregnated durable wall lining (dwl), and bed net impregnation with slow release insecticide (itn) for sand fly control in the indian sub-continent. | 2016 | 27533097 |
| visceral leishmaniasis on the indian subcontinent: modelling the dynamic relationship between vector control schemes and vector life cycles. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a disease caused by two known vector-borne parasite species (leishmania donovani, l. infantum), transmitted to man by phlebotomine sand flies (species: phlebotomus and lutzomyia), resulting in ≈50,000 human fatalities annually, ≈67% occurring on the indian subcontinent. indoor residual spraying is the current method of sand fly control in india, but alternative means of vector control, such as the treatment of livestock with systemic insecticide-based drugs, are be ... | 2016 | 27537774 |
| proceedings of the ix international symposium on phlebotomine sandflies (isops ix), reims, france, june 28th-july 1st, 2016. | 2016 | 27677701 | |
| snowball vs. house-to-house technique for measuring annual incidence of kala-azar in the higher endemic blocks of bihar, india: a comparison. | visceral leishmaniasis, commonly known as kala-azar, is widely prevalent in bihar. the national kala-azar control program has applied house-to-house survey approach several times for estimating kala-azar incidence in the past. however, this approach includes huge logistics and operational cost, as occurrence of kala-azar is clustered in nature. the present study aims to compare efficiency, cost and feasibility of snowball sampling approach to house-to-house survey approach in capturing kala-azar ... | 2016 | 27681709 |
| entomological efficacy of durable wall lining with reduced wall surface coverage for strengthening visceral leishmaniasis vector control in bangladesh, india and nepal. | new methods for controlling sand fly are highly desired by the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) elimination program of bangladesh, india and nepal for its consolidation and maintenance phases. to support the program we investigated safety, efficacy and cost of durable wall lining to control sand fly. | 2016 | 27716091 |
| insecticide resistance in phlebotomine sandflies in southeast asia with emphasis on the indian subcontinent. | visceral leishmaniasis, commonly known as kala-azar in india, is a global public health problem. in southeast asia, bangladesh, bhutan, india, nepal, sri lanka and thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. the role of sandflies as the vector of kala-azar was first confirmed in 1942 in india. insecticide resistance in phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti, the vector of kala-azar in the indian subcontinent, was first reported in 1987 in bihar, india. this article provides a scoping ... | 2016 | 27817749 |
| epidemiologic correlates of mortality among symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis cases: findings from situation assessment in high endemic foci in india. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is highly prevalent in the indian state of bihar and, without proper diagnosis and treatment, is associated with high fatality. however, lack of efficient reporting mechanism had been an impediment in estimating the burden of mortality and its antecedents among symptomatic vl cases. the objectives of the current study were to generate a reliable estimate of symptomatic vl caseload and mortality in bihar, as well as to identify the epidemiologic and health infrastructu ... | 2016 | 27870870 |
| leishmania donovani development in phlebotomus argentipes: comparison of promastigote- and amastigote-initiated infections. | leishmania parasites alternate in their life cycle between promastigote stages that develop in the gut of phlebotomine sand flies and amastigotes residing inside phagocytic cells of vertebrate hosts. for experimental infections of sand flies, promastigotes are frequently used as this way of infection is technically easier although ingestion of promastigotes by sand flies is unnatural. here we aimed to answer a critical question, to what extent do promastigote-initiated experimental infections di ... | 2017 | 27876097 |
| epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis among children in gadarif hospital, eastern sudan. | since 1900s, visceral leishmaniasis (vl) has been among the most important health problems in sudan, particularly in the endemic areas such as eastern and central regions. | 2016 | 27927185 |
| longitudinal study of transmission in households with visceral leishmaniasis, asymptomatic infections and pkdl in highly endemic villages in bihar, india. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a neglected tropical disease that afflicts some of the poorest populations in the world including people living in the bihar state of india. due to efforts from local governments, ngos and international organizations, the number of vl cases has declined in recent years. despite this progress, the reservoir for transmission remains to be clearly defined since it is unknown what role post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) and asymptomatic infections play in trans ... | 2016 | 27974858 |
| the gut microbiome of the vector lutzomyia longipalpis is essential for survival of leishmania infantum. | the vector-borne disease leishmaniasis, caused by leishmania species protozoa, is transmitted to humans by phlebotomine sand flies. development of leishmania to infective metacyclic promastigotes in the insect gut, a process termed metacyclogenesis, is an essential prerequisite for transmission. based on the hypothesis that vector gut microbiota influence the development of virulent parasites, we sequenced midgut microbiomes in the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis with or without leishmania infant ... | 2017 | 28096483 |
| phlebotomine sandfly ecology on the indian subcontinent: does village vegetation play a role in sandfly distribution in bihar, india? | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a disease that results in approximately 50 000 human deaths annually. it is transmitted through the bites of phlebotomine sandflies and around two-thirds of cases occur on the indian subcontinent. indoor residual spraying (irs), the efficacy of which depends upon sandfly adults resting indoors, is the only sandfly control method used in india. recently, in bihar, india, considerable sandfly numbers have been recorded outdoors in village vegetation, which suggests t ... | 2017 | 28106262 |
| studying ddt susceptibility at discriminating time intervals focusing on maximum limit of exposure time survived by ddt resistant phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae): an investigative report. | extensive application of routine insecticide i.e., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) to control phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae), the proven vector of visceral leishmaniasis in india, had evoked the problem of resistance/tolerance against ddt, eventually nullifying the ddt dependent strategies to control this vector. because tolerating an hour-long exposure to ddt is not challenging enough for the resistant p. argentipes, estimating susceptibility by exposing sand flies to insec ... | 2017 | 28250251 |
| spatial distribution of phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) in eastern india, a case study evaluating multispatial resolution remotely sensed environmental evidence and microclimatic data. | remote sensing, a powerful tool for analyzing landscape factors, is being used to explore the spatial ecology of vectors of several diseases. this study aims to explore the role of buffer size in identification and quantification of geo-environmental factors from multispatial resolution satellite data and its application along with microclimatic data to kala-azar vector abundance modeling.sand fly abundance and microclimatic data were collected from 210 sample sites during the premonsoon and pos ... | 2017 | 28399209 |
| knockdown resistance mutations predict ddt resistance and pyrethroid tolerance in the visceral leishmaniasis vector phlebotomus argentipes. | indoor residual spraying (irs) with ddt has been the primary strategy for control of the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) vector phlebotomus argentipes in india but efficacy may be compromised by resistance. synthetic pyrethroids are now being introduced for irs, but with a shared target site, the para voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc), mutations affecting both insecticide classes could provide cross-resistance and represent a threat to sustainable irs-based disease control. | 2017 | 28414744 |
| environmental factors associated with the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas of bangladesh: modeling the ecological niche. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a parasitic infection (also called kala-azar in south asia) caused by leishmania donovani that is a considerable threat to public health in the indian subcontinent, including densely populated bangladesh. the disease seriously affects the poorest subset of the population in the subcontinent. despite the fact that the incidence of vl results in significant morbidity and mortality, its environmental determinants are relatively poorly understood, especially in banglad ... | 2017 | 28515660 |
| establishing, expanding, and certifying a closed colony of phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) for xenodiagnostic studies at the kala azar medical research center, muzaffarpur, bihar, india. | this pilot project was preliminary and essential to a larger effort to define the ability of certain human-subject groups across the infection spectrum to serve as reservoirs of leishmania donovani infection to sand flies in areas of anthroponotic transmission such as in bihar state, india. this is possible only via xenodiagnosis of well-defined subject groups using live vector sand flies. the objective was to establish at the kala azar medical research center (kamrc), muzaffarpur, bihar, india, ... | 2017 | 28525618 |
| indian visceral leishmaniasis with extensive lymphadenopathy - an unusual presentation: a case report with literature review. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), also known as kala-azar, is a life-threatening systemic disease caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan, leishmania, and transmitted to humans by the female phlebotomine sand fly (phlebotomus argentipes). the disease is fatal, if left untreated. we report a case of a patient clinically suspected of disseminated tuberculosis, but fine needle aspiration cytology of cervical and axillary lymph nodes yielded a diagnosis of leishmaniasis. diagnosis of vl was challe ... | 2017 | 28567110 |
| adaptation of a malaria surveillance system for use in a visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme. | successful public practice relies on generation and use of high-quality data. a data surveillance system (the disease data management system [ddms]) in use for malaria was adapted for use in the indian visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme. | 2017 | 28582562 |
| role of inhibitors of serine peptidases in protecting leishmania donovani against the hydrolytic peptidases of sand fly midgut. | in vector-borne diseases such as leishmaniasis, the sand fly midgut is considered to be an important site for vector-parasite interaction. digestive enzymes including serine peptidases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are secreted in the midgut are one of the obstacles for leishmania in establishing a successful infection. the presence of some natural inhibitors of serine peptidases (isps) has recently been reported in leishmania. in the present study, we deciphered the role of these isps ... | 2017 | 28645315 |
| efficacy and evaluation of environmental management system to control sandfly vector of kala-azar. | the established vector for visceral leishmaniasis, phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) breeds inside the human dwellings and cattle shed under crevices at the base of the wall. p. argentipes was controlled by plastering the base of wall (9″height × 9″base). the study was conducted in two phases: (i) screening of plastering materials (ii) validation of the most suitable material. during the first phase (2014); four intervention materials were evaluated in four different arms: (i) cement ... | 2017 | 28697379 |
| control of phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) sand fly in bangladesh: a cluster randomized controlled trial. | a number of studies on visceral leishmaniasis (vl) vector control have been conducted during the past decade, sometimes came to very different conclusion. the present study on a large sample investigated different options which are partially unexplored including: (1) indoor residual spraying (irs) with alpha cypermethrin 5wp; (2) long lasting insecticide impregnated bed-net (llin); (3) impregnation of local bed-nets with slow release insecticide k-o tab 1-2-3 (kotab); (4) insecticide spraying in ... | 2017 | 28873425 |
| on a herpetomonas found in the gut of the sandfly, phlebotomus argentipes, fed on kala-azar patients: a preliminary note. | 1924 | 29007563 | |
| transmission of kala-azar by phlebotomus argentipes. | 1951 | 29014536 | |
| transmission of kala-azar by phlebotomus argentipes. | 1951 | 29015108 | |
| transmission of kala-azar by phlebotomus argentipes. | 1951 | 29015136 | |
| notes on sand-flies: part iv-some important variations in the morphology of phlebotomus argentipes found in poona. | 1953 | 29015655 | |
| bionomics of phlebotomus argentipes in villages in bihar, india with insights into efficacy of irs-based control measures. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a deadly vector-borne disease. approximately 90% of indian vl cases occur in bihar, where the sand fly, phlebotomus argentipes, is the principal vector. sand fly control in bihar consists of indoor residual spraying (irs), the practice of spraying the inner walls of village dwellings with insecticides. prior researchers have evaluated success of irs-control by estimating vector abundance in village houses, but the number of sampling periods (n = 2-3) were minimal, ... | 2018 | 29324760 |
| leishmania mortality in sand fly blood meal is not species-specific and does not result from direct effect of proteinases. | leishmania development in sand flies is confined to the alimentary tract and is closely connected with blood meal digestion. previously, it has been published that activities of sand fly midgut proteases are harmful to leishmania, especially to amastigote-promastigote transition forms. however, our experiments with various leishmania-sand fly pairs gave quite opposite results. | 2018 | 29335002 |