Publications

the fate of the neanderthals.		1998	9783574
body height, body mass and surface area of the neanderthals.	body size, expressed as height or stature, is an important determinant of many other biological variables. thus, it is surprising that many textbooks portray a wrong picture of neanderthal height as being "very short" or "just over 5 feet". based on 45 long bones from maximally 14 males and 7 females, neanderthals' height averages between 164 and 168 (males) resp. 152 to 156 cm (females). this height is indeed 12-14 cm lower than the height of post-wwii europeans, but compared to europeans some ...	1998	9850627
neandertals: not so fast.		1998	9874646
towards a theory of modern human origins: geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution.	the origins of modern humans have been the central debate in palaeoanthropology during the last decade. we examine the problem in the context of the history of anthropology, the accumulating evidence for a recent african origin, and evolutionary mechanisms. using a historical perspective, we show that the current controversy is a continuation of older conflicts and as such relates to questions of both origins and diversity. however, a better fossil sample, improved dates, and genetic data have i ...	1998	9881525
south turkwel: a new pliocene hominid site in kenya.	new fossils discovered south of the turkwel river in northern kenya include an associated metacarpal, capitate, hamate, lunate, pedal phalanx, mandibular fragment, and teeth. these fossils probably date to around 3.5 m.y.a. faunal information suggests that the environment at south turkwel was predominantly bushland. the mandibular and dental remains are fragmentary, but the postcranial fossils are informative. comparisons with australopithecus, modern human, chimpanzee and gorilla hand bones sug ...	1999	9924134
silver-tongued neandertals?		1999	9925475
lumbar anomalies in the shanidar 3 neandertal.	recent examination of the shanidar 3 remains revealed the presence of anomalous bilateral arthroses in the lumbar region. this paper describes this developmental anomaly, as well as several degenerative changes and offers potential etiologies. the shanidar 3 remains represent an adult male neandertal, approximately 35-50 years of age, dating to the last glacial. although the partial skeleton is fragmentary, preserved elements include an almost complete set of ribs, portions of all thoracic verte ...	1998	9929171
neanderthal skeleton from tabun: u-series data by gamma-ray spectrometry.	the neanderthal hominid tabun c1, found in israel by garrod & bate, was attributed to either layer b or c of their stratigraphic sequence. we have used gamma-ray spectrometry to determine the 230th/234u and 231pa/235u ratios of two bones from this skeleton, the mandible and a femur. the ages calculated from these ratios depend on the uranium uptake history of the bones. assuming a model of early u (eu) uptake the age of the tabun c1 mandible is 34+/-5 ka. the eu age of the femur is 19+/-2 ka. th ...	1998	9929173
a new reconstruction of the le moustier 1 skull and investigation of internal structures using 3-d-muct data.	using the non-destructive technique of 3-d micro computed tomography (3-d-microct), we present a new, virtual reconstruction of the le moustier 1 neandertal skull. this new reconstruction corrects defects found in earlier reconstruction attempts by repositioning misaligned cranial fragments, addressing the problem of asymmetry caused by pressure during the fossilization process, and placing the basioccipital in its proper anatomical position. metric comparisons between le moustier 1 and juvenile ...	1998	9929174
hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech.	the mammalian hypoglossal canal transmits the nerve that supplies the motor innervation to the tongue. hypoglossal canal size has previously been used to date the origin of human-like speech capabilities to at least 400,000 years ago and to assign modern human vocal abilities to neandertals. these conclusions are based on the hypothesis that the size of the hypoglossal canal is indicative of speech capabilities. this hypothesis is falsified here by the finding of numerous nonhuman primate taxa t ...	1999	9990105
neandertal nasal structures and upper respiratory tract "specialization".	schwartz and tattersall [schwartz, j. h. & tattersall, i. (1996) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 93, 10852-10854] have argued for a previously unrecognized suite of autapomorphies in the internal nasal region of neandertals that make them unique, not only among hominids, but possibly among all other terrestrial mammals. these purported autapomorphies include (i) the development of an internal nasal margin bearing a well developed and vertically oriented medial projection; (ii) a pronounced medial swe ...	1999	9990106
neandertal knees and ankles: a comment on miller and gross.		1999	10052921
gibraltar and the neanderthals 1848-1998.		1999	10068069
seasonal variations of the middle-upper paleolithic transition at el castillo, cueva morín and el pendo (cantabria, spain).	with debate escalating in regard to the prolonged contemporaneity of neandertal and modern human groups in the franco-cantabrian region on the one hand, and the late persistence of neandertals (until ca. 28-30,000 b.p.) and mousterian industries in southern iberia on the other; sites with mousterian-upper paleolithic sequences from northern spain play a pivotal role in the ongoing investigation of the middle-upper paleolithic transition in western europe. an important line of inquiry into the na ...	1999	10074385
new evidence from le moustier 1: computer-assisted reconstruction and morphometry of the skull.	in this study, we present a new computerized reconstruction of the le moustier 1 neanderthal skull and discuss its significance for neanderthal growth and variability. because of the precarious state of preservation of the original material, we applied entirely noninvasive methods of fossil reconstruction and morphometry, using a combination of computed tomography, computer graphics, and stereolithography. after electronic restoration, the isolated original pieces were recomposed on the computer ...	1999	10203255
mitochondrial sequences show diverse evolutionary histories of african hominoids.	phylogenetic trees for the four extant species of african hominoids are presented, based on mtdna control region-1 sequences from 1,158 unique haplotypes. we include 83 new haplotypes of western chimpanzees and bonobos. phylogenetic analysis of this enlarged database, which takes intraspecific geographic variability into account, reveals different patterns of evolution among species and great heterogeneity in species-level variation. several chimpanzee and bonobo clades (and even single social g ...	1999	10220421
uranium-series dating of the tabun neanderthal: a cautionary note.		1999	10222173
dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii from the neandertal type specimen.	the dna sequence of the second hypervariable region of the mitochondrial control region of the neandertal type specimen, found in 1856 in central europe, has been determined from 92 clones derived from eight overlapping amplifications performed from four independent extracts. when the reconstructed sequence is analyzed together with the previously determined dna sequence from the first hypervariable region, the neandertal mtdna is found to fall outside a phylogenetic tree relating the mtdnas of ...	1999	10318927
the mandibular canal of a neanderthal: the la chapelle-aux-saints man anatomical-radiological study.	the radiological study by panoramic and ct scan methods of the neanderthal la chapelle-aux-saints mandible shows us that the mandibular canal very closely resembles that which we can see in modern man. the images obtained are of good quality and can be utilized for the analysis of the internal structure of fossils.	1999	10342152
a complete human pelvis from the middle pleistocene of spain.	the middle pleistocene site of sima de los huesos in sierra de atapuerca, spain, has yielded around 2,500 fossils from at least 33 different hominid individuals. these have been dated at more than 200,000 years ago and have been classified as ancestors of neanderthals. an almost complete human male pelvis (labelled pelvis 1) has been found, which we associate with two fragmentary femora. pelvis 1 is robust and very broad with a very long superior pubic ramus, marked iliac flare, and a long femor ...	1999	10353247
diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of the boxgrove 1 middle pleistocene human tibia.	cross-sectional geometric analysis of the early middle pleistocene human tibia from boxgrove, west sussex, u.k. reveals a mosaic pattern relative to other archaic homo tibiae. the specimen has relatively low percent cortical area within its cross sections. however, it exhibits the high mediolateral strength characteristic of archaic homo tibiae. scaled solely to tibial length it is robust, similar to those of the neandertals and above those of early modern and pre-late pleistocene african and as ...	1999	10375475
hominids and hybrids: the place of neanderthals in human evolution.		1999	10377375
the early upper paleolithic human skeleton from the abrigo do lagar velho (portugal) and modern human emergence in iberia.	the discovery of an early upper paleolithic human burial at the abrigo do lagar velho, portugal, has provided evidence of early modern humans from southern iberia. the remains, the largely complete skeleton of a approximately 4-year-old child buried with pierced shell and red ochre, is dated to ca. 24,500 years b.p. the cranium, mandible, dentition, and postcrania present a mosaic of european early modern human and neandertal features. the temporal bone has an intermediate-sized juxtamastoid emi ...	1999	10377462
neandertal knees and ankles: a comment on miller and gross.		1999	10400365
the evolution of human speech: the role of enhanced breathing control.	many cognitive and physical features must have undergone change for the evolution of fully modern human language. one neglected aspect is the evolution of increased breathing control. evidence presented herein shows that modern humans and neanderthals have an expanded thoracic vertebral canal compared with australopithecines and homo ergaster, who had canals of the same relative size as extant nonhuman primates. based on previously published analyses, these results demonstrate that there was an ...	1999	10407464
protein preservation and dna retrieval from ancient tissues.	the retrieval of dna from fossils remains controversial. to substantiate claims of dna recovery, one needs additional information on the preservation of other molecules within the same sample. flash pyrolysis with gc and ms was used to assess the quality of protein preservation in 11 archaeological and paleontological remains, some of which have yielded ancient dna sequences authenticated via a number of criteria and some of which have consistently failed to yield any meaningful dna. several sam ...	1999	10411891
a new look into neandertals' noses.		1999	10428696
the premaxilla in neandertal and early modern children: ontogeny and morphology.	this comparative study of maxillae in neandertals, qafzeh, and extant children examines two specific traits: the premaxillary suture (sutura incisiva) and the interincisive sinuses, proposing a new hypothesis about some features of the neandertal mid-face. morphologic study of the premaxillary suture at its different borders (i.e. the nasal aspect of the frontal process, nasal and palatal aspects of the palatal process of the maxilla) indicates a persistence of the suture among very young neande ...	1999	10444349
history of migraine treatment.	the history of the treatment of headache in general, and migraine in particular, spans the millennia, from the neanderthal era to the space age. beginning with a magical hypothesis of the cause of headache, which spawned a magical therapy, rational treatment for this ancient complaint evolved slowly and tortuously. now, in the age of molecular medicine, a knowledge of where headache treatment began, and how it got to its current stage, aids in the continuing quest for the safe, effective treatme ...	1999	10494005
the human cranial remains from gran dolina lower pleistocene site (sierra de atapuerca, spain).	in this article we study the cranial remains of the late lower pleistocene human fossils from gran dolina (sierra de atapuerca, spain), assigned to the new species homo antecessor. the cranial remains belong to at least five individuals, both juveniles and adults. the most outstanding feature is the totally modern human morphology of the very complete face atd6-69, representing the earliest occurrence of the modern face in the fossil record. the gran dolina fossils show in the face a suite of mo ...	1999	10496996
axial and appendicular skeleton of homo antecessor.	the human trunk and limb bones recovered from the gran dolina site, in the sierra de atapuerca (burgos, spain) are studied. all these fossils were excavated at the level called td6 between 1994 and 1995 and have been dated in excess of 780,000 years ago. these remains have been recently attributed to a new homo species named homo antecessor. axial (vertebrae and ribs) and part of the appendicular (clavicles, radii, femur and patellae) skeleton are studied here. hand and foot bones have been stud ...	1999	10496997
the atd6-5 mandibular specimen from gran dolina (atapuerca, spain). morphological study and phylogenetic implications.	metric and shape features of the lower pleistocene mandibular specimen atd605 from the level 6 of gran dolina site (atapuerca, spain) are compared with a large sample of fossil hominid mandibles. the analysis shows that atd6-5 displays a generalized morphology largely shared with both african and european lower and middle pleistocene samples. however, distinctive african traits, such as corpus robustness and strong alveolar prominence, are absent in the gran dolina specimen. at the same time, no ...	2006	10497000
neanderthal cannibalism at moula-guercy, ardèche, france.	the cave site of moula-guercy, 80 meters above the modern rhone river, was occupied by neanderthals approximately 100,000 years ago. excavations since 1991 have yielded rich paleontological, paleobotanical, and archaeological assemblages, including parts of six neanderthals. the neanderthals are contemporary with stone tools and faunal remains in the same tightly controlled stratigraphic and spatial contexts. the inference of neanderthal cannibalism at moula-guercy is based on comparative analys ...	1999	10506562
human evolution: origins of modern humans still look recent.	that modern humans have a relatively ancient origin has been suggested on the basis of fossil and genetic evidence. but dna sequences from an extinct neanderthal, and phylogenetic analyses of hundreds of human and ape sequences, continue to support a recent origin for modern humans.	1999	10508573
the anomalous archaic homo femur from berg aukas, namibia: a biomechanical assessment.	the probably middle pleistocene human femur from berg aukas, namibia, when oriented anatomically and analyzed biomechanically, presents an unusual combination of morphological features compared to other pleistocene homo femora. its midshaft diaphyseal shape is similar to most other archaic homo, but its subtrochanteric shape aligns it most closely with earlier equatorial homo femora. it has an unusually low neck shaft angle. its relative femoral head size is matched only by neandertals with stoc ...	1999	10516568
neanderthals were cannibals, bone show.		1999	10532879
direct radiocarbon dates for vindija g(1) and velika pecína late pleistocene hominid remains.	new accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates taken directly on human remains from the late pleistocene sites of vindija and velika pecina in the hrvatsko zagorje of croatia are presented. hominid specimens from both sites have played critical roles in the development of current perspectives on modern human evolutionary emergence in europe. dates of approximately 28 thousand years (ka) before the present (b.p.) and approximately 29 ka b.p. for two specimens from vindija g(1) establish them ...	1999	10535913
virtual reality and anthropology.	since the discovery of the tyrolean iceman in 1991 advanced imaging and post processing techniques were successfully applied in anthropology. specific techniques include spiral computed tomography and 3-dimensional reconstructions including stereolithographic and fused deposition modeling of volume data sets. the iceman's skull was the first to be reproduced using stereolithography, before this method was successfully applied in preoperative planning. with the advent of high-end graphics worksta ...	1999	10565508
neandertal knees: power lifters in the pleistocene?	it has been proposed (trinkaus, 1983 a; miller & gross, 1998) that the marked thickness of neandertal patellae and/or the posterior displacement of their tibial condyles increased their relative m. quadriceps femoris moment arms, thereby making their legs powerful in extension. however, it is necessary to compare these reflections of muscle moment arm length to appropriate measures of the body weight moment arm and body mass estimates, both of which are influenced by ecogeographically determined ...	1999	10600322
brief communication: bilateral aplasia of the condyles in a 1,400-year-old mandible from israel.	a rare pathological mandible, manifesting bilateral absence of the condyles, is discussed. the pathology was identified as hemifacial microsomia. the mandible, dated to the byzantine period in israel, manifests bilateral aplasia of the condyles and extreme shortness, but normal width, of the body. the extremely well-developed coronoid process, the grooved masseter insertion area, and the manifestation of a medial pterygoid tubercle (mpt) suggest hypertrophy of the occlusal muscles. the presence ...	2000	10618592
comparing frontal cranial profiles in archaic and modern homo by morphometric analysis.	archaic and modern human frontal bones are known to be quite distinct externally, by both conventional visual and metric evaluation. internally this area of the skull has been considerably less well-studied. here we present results from a comparison of interior, as well as exterior, frontal bone profiles from ct scans of five mid-pleistocene and neanderthal crania and 16 modern humans. analysis was by a new morphometric method, procrustes analysis of semi-landmarks, that permits the statistical ...	1999	10620751
dna from fossils: the past and the future.	the recovery of dna from archaeological and palaeontological remains has intrigued scientists for many years. the dna molecule is a relatively weak molecule compared with other biomacromolecules in tissues, but the sequence of its bases holds insights into questions that cannot be resolved by standard palaeontological methods. recent advances in the field, such as the recovery of dna sequences from coprolites found in the southwestern usa, as well as from the neanderthal-type specimen, have shed ...	1999	10626565
morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles.	adult mandibles of 317 modern humans and 91 great apes were selected that showed no pathology. adult mandibles of pan troglodytes troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and gorilla gorilla gorilla and from 2 modern human populations (zulu and europeans from spitalfields) were reliably sexed. thirteen measurements were defined and included mandibular height, length and breadth in representative positions. univariate statistical techniques and multivariate (principal component analysis and discrimin ...	1999	10634689
re-evaluation of the endocranial volume of the guattari 1 neandertal specimen (monte circeo).	the endocranial capacity of guattari 1 originally was estimated by sergi as approximately 1.550 cm3. using three different approaches, a physical endocast, a stereolithographic model, and a virtual endocast, we have estimated the endocranial capacity of guattari 1 as approximately 1.350 cm3. this paper explains our revision of the estimated endocranial volume of guattari 1, provides a cautionary case concerning other estimates of endocranial volume, and demonstrates and encourages the use of rec ...	1999	10646215
new methods and techniques in anthropology.	since the discovery of the tyrolean iceman in 1991, advanced imaging and post-processing techniques have been successfully applied to anthropological research. among the specific techniques are spiral computed tomography and 3-dimensional reconstructions, which include stereolithographic and fused deposition modeling of volume data sets. the iceman's skull was the first to be produced using stereolithography; subsequently, it has been successfully applied in preoperative planning. with the adven ...	1999	10646224
basicranial influence on overall cranial shape.	this study examines the extent to which the major dimensions of the cranial base (maximum length, maximum breadth, and flexion) interact with brain volume to influence major proportions of the neurocranium and face. a model is presented for developmental interactions that occur during ontogeny between the brain and the cranial base and neurocranium, and between the neurobasicranial complex (nbc) and the face. the model is tested using exocranial and radiographic measurements of adult crania samp ...	2000	10656780
a new morphometric analysis of the hominid pelvic bone.	this study is based upon a new morphometric technique providing both size and shape variables. it has been applied to 189 pelvic bones of extant humans and african apes as well as to 13 hominid pelvic bones of various taxonomic status. the main aim of this work is to include such fossil bones in the same study in order to set a synthetic comparison of their shape in the light of the yardstick given by the african ape/human pelvic bone comparison. to do so, ratio diagrams are chosen because they ...	2000	10683305
the human chin revisited: what is it and who has it?	although the presence of a "chin" has long been recognized as unique to homo sapiens among mammals, both the ontogeny and the morphological details of this structure have been largely overlooked. here we point out the essential features of symphyseal morphology in h. sapiens, which are present and well-defined in the fetus at least as early as the fifth gestational month. differences among adults in expression of these structures, particularly in the prominence of the mental tuberosity, are deve ...	2000	10683306
cranial discrete traits in the middle pleistocene humans from sima de los huesos (sierra de atapuerca, spain). does hypostosis represent any increase in "ontogenetic stress" along the neanderthal lineage?	cranial discrete traits may be regarded as markers of dynamic responses to general and local perturbations of the morphogenetic pattern, particularly when they are viewed and examined in terms of hypostosis vs. hyperostosis. there are indications, in fact, that the variation between these two opposite conditions relates to mechanical stress suffered by the bony structures during early stages of growth and development. in a previous comparison between neanderthals and modern humans, variable degr ...	2000	10683308
krapina 1: a juvenile neandertal from the early late pleistocene of croatia.	the juvenile a skull from krapina, croatia (krapina 1) has been the subject of considerable debate since b. skerlj first suggested that it might not be a neandertal. although widely known by its original designation, the krapina a skull was recatalogued, along with all of the krapina hominids, in the 1980's (radovcic, et al., [1988]. the krapina hominids: an illustrated catalog of skeletal collection. zagreb; mladost). it is now catalogued as krapina 1 in the archives of the hrvatski prirodoslov ...	2000	10685039
estimation of stature from the skeletal reconstruction of an immature neandertal from dederiyeh cave, syria.	skeletal reconstruction of a child neandertal unearthed at dederiyeh cave, syria in 1993, is undertaken and the acquired stature discussed. although the skeletal remains were well preserved, the reconstruction required several assumptions to be made because of the immature status of the specimen. the assumptions were mainly concerned with distances between bones in the inter-vertebral spaces and in the joints of the hip, knee, and ankle. these were estimated from x-ray films of modern children a ...	2000	10715192
the place of neandertals in the evolution of hominid patterns of growth and development.	this study uses the two developmental fields of dental maturation and femoral growth to determine if the pattern of growth and development in neandertals (archaic homo sapiens) was intermediate between that of homo erectus and recent modern humans. specimens used in the analysis included neandertals and upper palaeolithic early modern homo sapiens from europe and individuals from two recent modern human populations. ontogenetic data for the h. erectus adolescent knm-wt 15000 and for gorilla gori ...	2000	10715193
adults only. reindeer hunting at the middle palaeolithic site salzgitter lebenstedt, northern germany.	the middle palaeolithic site salzgitter lebenstedt (northern germany), excavated in 1952, is well known because of its well-preserved faunal remains, dominated by adult reindeer (rangifer tarandus). the archaeological assemblage accumulated in an arctic setting in an earlier part of the last (weichsel) glacial (ois5-3). the site is remarkable because of the presence of unique middle palaeolithic bone tools and the occurrence of the northernmost neanderthal remains, but this paper focuses on an a ...	2000	10715194
the song of the neanderthal		2000	10724146
detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data.	a debate of long-standing interest in human evolution centers around whether archaic human populations (such as the neanderthals) have contributed to the modern gene pool. a model of ancient population structure with recent mixing is introduced, and it is determined how much information (i.e., sequence data from how many unlinked nuclear loci) would be necessary to distinguish between different demographic scenarios. it is found that approximately 50-100 loci are necessary if plausible parameter ...	2000	10757768
neanderthal population genetics.		2000	10761902
molecular analysis of neanderthal dna from the northern caucasus.	the expansion of premodern humans into western and eastern europe approximately 40,000 years before the present led to the eventual replacement of the neanderthals by modern humans approximately 28,000 years ago. here we report the second mitochondrial dna (mtdna) analysis of a neanderthal, and the first such analysis on clearly dated neanderthal remains. the specimen is from one of the eastern-most neanderthal populations, recovered from mezmaiskaya cave in the northern caucasus. radiocarbon da ...	2000	10761915
genomic differentiation of neanderthals and anatomically modern man allows a fossil-dna-based classification of morphologically indistinguishable hominid bones.	southern blot hybridizations of genomic dna were introduced as a relatively simple fossil-dna-based approach to classify remains of neanderthals. when hybridized with genomic dna of either human or neanderthal origin, dna extracted from two neanderthal finds-the os parietale, from warendorf-neuwarendorf, germany, and a clavicula, from krapina, croatia-was shown to yield hybridization signals that differ by at least a factor of two compared to the signals obtained with the use of fossil dna of an ...	2000	10788336
who were the neandertals?		2000	10789253
a modern human humerus from the early aurignacian of vogelherdhöhle (stetten, germany).	implicit in much of the discussion of the cultural and population biological dynamics of modern human origins in europe is the assumption that the aurignacian, from its very start, was made by fully modern humans. the veracity of this assumption has been challenged in recent years by the association of neandertal skeletal remains with a possibly aurignacian assemblage at vindija cave (croatia) and the association of neandertals with distinctly upper paleolithic (but non-aurignacian) assemblages ...	2000	10813706
[growth and developmental patterns in neandertals].	growth and development in neandertals have been focused on in terms of the appearance of the human growth pattern in hominid evolution. recently, more attention has been drawn to the aspects of growth in human evolution, although their significance was recognized from long before. one recently refined method is to use the perikymata counts on the enamel surface, which provide an absolute duration time of tooth crown development and therefore make possible comparisons in timings of developmental ...	2000	10824515
human remains from blombos cave, south africa: (1997-1998 excavations).	the middle stone age (msa) layers at blombos cave contain abundant bifacial still bay points, formal and ad hoc bone artefacts, and an intentionally incised bone piece. these artefacts add weight to arguments that some aspects of modern human behavior developed earlier in sub-saharan africa than elsewhere. four human teeth were recovered from the msa strata at blombos during the 1997-1998 excavations. two are heavily worn deciduous teeth, and two are incomplete permanent premolar crowns. the blo ...	2000	10835260
neanderthal diet at vindija and neanderthal predation: the evidence from stable isotopes.	archeological analysis of faunal remains and of lithic and bone tools has suggested that hunting of medium to large mammals was a major element of neanderthal subsistence. plant foods are almost invisible in the archeological record, and it is impossible to estimate accurately their dietary importance. however, stable isotope (delta(13)c and delta(15)n) analysis of mammal bone collagen provides a direct measure of diet and has been applied to two neanderthals and various faunal species from vind ...	2000	10852955
population genetic implications from sequence variation in four y chromosome genes.	some insight into human evolution has been gained from the sequencing of four y chromosome genes. primary genomic sequencing determined gene smcy to be composed of 27 exons that comprise 4,620 bp of coding sequence. the unfinished sequencing of the 5' portion of gene uty1 was completed by primer walking, and a total of 20 exons were found. by using denaturing hplc, these two genes, as well as dby and dffry, were screened for polymorphic sites in 53-72 representatives of the five continents. a to ...	2000	10861003
endocranial capacity of the bodo cranium determined from three-dimensional computed tomography.	the 600,000-year-old cranium from bodo, ethiopia, is the oldest and most complete early middle pleistocene hominid skull from africa. "virtual endocast" models created by three-dimensional computed tomography (ct) techniques indicate an endocranial capacity of about 1,250 cc for this cranium (with a reasonable range between approximately 1,200-1,325 cc, depending on how missing portions of the basicranial region are reconstructed). from these determinations, several important implications emerge ...	2000	10954624
neanderthals, doctors, and computers.		2000	10954948
a view of neandertal genetic diversity.		2000	11017066
shape variation of the human pollical distal phalanx and metacarpal.	human distal pollical phalanx form has been associated with tool manufacture, and the broad tuft of this bone in neanderthals has been suggested to be a climatic adaptation and/or an aid to a tremendously powerful grip. a wide first metacarpal head has also been proposed to be useful in distinguishing tool-dependent hominids from those less reliant on tools. in order to contribute to an evaluation of these hypotheses variation in first metacarpal and distal phalanx shape is explored among sample ...	2000	11042536
inadequate use of molecular hybridization to analyze dna in neanderthal fossils.		2001	11115383
makers of the early aurignacian of europe.	despite intensive study and a number of remarkable discoveries in the last two decades of the 20th century, our understanding of the cultural and biological processes that resulted in the emergence of the upper paleolithic and the establishment of modern humans in interpleniglacial europe remains far from complete. there is active debate concerning the timing and location of the origins of the aurignacian, the nature of the origins of initial upper paleolithic industries (whether by autochthonou ...	2000	11123838
digital imaging of bone and tooth modification.	digital cameras are capable of producing images of cut marks and other three dimensional subjects comparable to those obtained from the scanning electron microscope (sem). until now, the sem has offered unparalleled depth of field and surface rendition. sem units are, however, expensive to acquire and maintain, and sem image production is time-intensive. furthermore, sem images lack color and are often incapable of imaging bone modifications because of magnification and chamber size limitations. ...	2000	11135185
occurrence of neanderthal features in mandibles from the atapuerca-sh site.	analysis of variation and distribution of evolutionary novelties is meaningful in understanding evolutionary processes. the mandible, as a morphological complex, comprises a large number of derived neanderthal features. the present study investigates whether the features usually considered as european lineage apomorphies evolved independently; the occurrence of these features is studied in the mandibles from the sima de los huesos (sh) site (atapuerca, spain). for comparative purposes, a large s ...	2001	11150054
brief communication: paleoanthropology and the population genetics of ancient genes.	the mezmaiskaya cave mtdna is similar in many ways to the feldhofer cave neandertal sequence and the more recently obtained vindija cave sequence. if we accept the contention that the mezmaiskaya cave specimen is a neandertal infant, its mtdna provides no new information about the fate of the european neandertals. however, there is reason to believe that the mezmaiskaya cave infant is not a neandertal, and this places its importance in another light, because it delimits the possible hypotheses o ...	2001	11241191
re-creating ancient hominid virtual endocasts by ct-scanning.	probably the first radiographic study of human fossils, that by d. gorganovic-kramberger on neandertal remains from krapina, croatia, was published in 1906, only 11 years after röntgen announced the discovery of x-rays. many subsequent studies on fossil hominids used regular clinical diagnostic radiological apparatus, as depicted in atlas of radiographs of early man by m.f. skinner and g.h. sperber (1982). some specimens such as crania filled with heavily calcified matrix proved intractable. ord ...	2001	11241748
hand morphology, manipulation, and tool use in neandertals and early modern humans of the near east.		2001	11248011
behavioral inferences from the skhul/qafzeh early modern human hand remains.	two groups of humans are found in the near east approximately 100,000 years ago, the late archaic neanderthals and the early modern skhul/qafzeh humans. observations that neanderthals were more heavily muscled, had stronger upper-limb bones, and possessed unusual shapes and orientations of some upper-limb joint complexes relative to the skhul/qafzeh hominids, have led some researchers to conclude that significant between-group upper-limb-related behavioral differences must have been present, des ...	2001	11248017
neanderthal dna. not just old but old and cold?		2001	11298436
absence of regional affinities of neandertal dna with living humans does not reject multiregional evolution.	the recent extraction of mitochondrial dna sequences from three european neandertal fossils has led many to the conclusion that ancient dna analysis supports the african replacement model of modern human origins and rejects models of multiregional evolution that propose some neandertal ancestry in living humans. this conclusion is based, in part, on the lack of regional affinity of neandertal dna to that from living europeans. consideration of migration matrix models shows that this conclusion i ...	2001	11309754
neandertal energetics and foraging efficiency.	mechanical interpretations of neandertal skeletal robusticity suggest extremely high activity levels compared to modern humans. such activity patterns imply high energy requirements; yet it has been argued that neandertals were also inefficient foragers. the present study addresses this apparent conflict by estimating energy needs in neandertals and then evaluating those estimates in the context of energetic and foraging data compiled for contemporary human foragers and nonhuman primates. energy ...	2001	11371151
new isotopic evidence for dietary habits of neandertals from belgium.		2001	11371152
stable isotope evidence for increasing dietary breadth in the european mid-upper paleolithic.	new carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values for human remains dating to the mid-upper paleolithic in europe indicate significant amounts of aquatic (fish, mollusks, and/or birds) foods in some of their diets. most of this evidence points to exploitation of inland freshwater aquatic resources in particular. by contrast, european neandertal collagen carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values do not indicate significant use of inland aquatic foods but instead show that they obtained the majority o ...	2001	11371652
nonhuman primate hybridization and the taxonomic status of neanderthals.	the present study examines the taxonomic status of middle paleolithic neanderthals by comparing their observed minimum genetic divergence from upper paleolithic modern humans in europe with that observed between macaque species from sulawesi that are known to hybridize and fully intergrade in the wild. the genetic divergence, and differentiation between neanderthals and upper paleolithic modern humans, as indicated by pairwise minimum genetic distances and f(st) values calculated from the estima ...	2001	11385602
bone and ivory points in the lower and middle paleolithic of europe.	the existence of shaped bone and ivory points, to be used as awls or with wooden hafts, has been suggested for the lower paleolithic sites of torralba and ambrona and for several middle paleolithic sites, such as vaufrey, combe grenal, pech de l'azé i and camiac. the use of hafted bone and ivory points would imply a spear armature technology similar to that well documented in the upper paleolithic, often considered an innovation introduced to europe by anatomically modern humans. the controversi ...	2001	11437521
hominid skull fragments from late pleistocene layers in leine valley (sarstedt, district of hildesheim, germany).	three cranial fragments were recovered from coarse-grained deposits dug up by a suction dredge from gravel pits on the leine river flats in the vicinity of sarstedt (northwestern germany). also recovered were a number of artefacts which, upon careful inspection, could be assigned to the middle paleolithic. the geological pattern of the leine valley in this region suggests that these fragments were deposited in the lower terrace during a yet undetermined warm period-possibly brörup or odderade-du ...	2001	11437523
neanderthal cranial ontogeny and its implications for late hominid diversity.	homo neanderthalensis has a unique combination of craniofacial features that are distinct from fossil and extant 'anatomically modern' homo sapiens (modern humans). morphological evidence, direct isotopic dates and fossil mitochondrial dna from three neanderthals indicate that the neanderthals were a separate evolutionary lineage for at least 500,000 yr. however, it is unknown when and how neanderthal craniofacial autapomorphies (unique, derived characters) emerged during ontogeny. here we use c ...	2001	11484052
the accretion model of neandertal evolution.	the accretion model of neandertal evolution specifies that this group of late pleistocene hominids evolved in partial or complete genetic isolation from the rest of humanity through the gradual accumulation of distinctive morphological traits in european populations. as they became more common, these traits also became less variable, according to those workers who developed the model. its supporters propose that genetic drift caused this evolution, resulting from an initial small european popula ...	2001	11525469
human presence in the european arctic nearly 40,000 years ago.	the transition from the middle to the upper palaeolithic, approximately 40,000-35,000 radiocarbon years ago, marks a turning point in the history of human evolution in europe. many changes in the archaeological and fossil record at this time have been associated with the appearance of anatomically modern humans. before this transition, the neanderthals roamed the continent, but their remains have not been found in the northernmost part of eurasia. it is generally believed that this vast region w ...	2001	11544525
comparative morphology and paleobiology of middle pleistocene human remains from the bau de l'aubesier, vaucluse, france.	the discovery of later middle pleistocene human remains from the bau de l'aubesier, france reinforces an evolutionary model of the gradual accumulation of neandertal-derived facial and dental features during the middle pleistocene of the northwestern old world. the pronounced maxillary incisor beveling of aubesier 4 helps to extend the antiquity of nondietary use of the anterior dentition. the interproximal "toothpick" groove on the aubesier 10 molar increases the sample for these lesions. the p ...	2001	11553766
paleoanthropology. what--or who--did in the neandertals?		2001	11557859
the expulsion of the neanderthals from human ancestry: marcellin boule and the social context of scientific research.		1982	11611000
activity, climate, and postcranial robusticity: implications for modern human origins and scenarios of adaptive change.	postcranial robusticity--the massiveness of the skeleton--figures prominently in the debate over the origin of modern humans. anthropologists use postcranial robusticity to infer the activity levels of prehistoric populations, and changes in robusticity are often used to support scenarios of adaptive change. these scenarios explain differences in morphology as the result of a change in lifestyle (habitual activity). one common scenario posits that early modern humans were more gracile than neand ...	2000	11624671
[death according to old-israeli beliefs].	in palestine the neanderthal men and fossil contemporary men treated the dead kinsmen in a special way which can be observed in his intentional burials. they are the evidence of the belief in life after death that probably was imagined as a continuation of earthly life. in the bible thanatology issues do not assume the crucial importance; the descriptions of dying and posthumous continuance of a man are brief and subject to a certain development. death is not glorified, the dead cult is forbidde ...	1999	11625734
[genetics and the origin of human races].	in the last decades, the concept of human races was considered scientifically unfounded as it was not confirmed by genetic evidence. none of the racial classifications, which strongly differ in the number of races and their composition, reflects actual genetic similarity and genealogy of human populations inferred from variability of classical markers and dna regions. moreover, intercontinental ("interracial") variability was shown to be far lower than that within populations: the former constit ...	2001	11642102
archaeology. those elusive neanderthals.		2001	11677590
human remains from valdegoba cave (huérmeces, burgos, spain).	systematic excavations, begun in 1987, at the valdegoba cave site in northern spain have yielded the remains of five individuals associated with a middle paleolithic stone tool technology and pleistocene fauna. a fragmentary mandible of an adolescent (vb1), preserving nearly a full set of teeth, exhibits a symphyseal tubercle and slight incurvatio mandibulae anterior on the external symphysis. both the superior and inferior transverse tori are present on the internal aspect. a second individual ...	2001	11681860
a proper study for mankind: analogies from the papionin monkeys and their implications for human evolution.	this paper's theme is that analogies drawn from the cercopithecine tribe papionini, especially the african subtribe papionina (baboons, mangabeys, and mandrills), can be a valuable source of insights about the evolution of the human tribe, hominini, to complement homologies found in extant humans and/or african apes. analogies, involving a "likeness of relations" of the form "a is to b, as x is to y," can be usefully derived from nonhomologous (homoplastic) resemblances in morphology, behavior, ...	2001	11786995
the evolution and development of cranial form in homosapiens.	despite much data, there is no unanimity over how to define homo sapiens in the fossil record. here, we examine cranial variation among pleistocene and recent human fossils by using a model of cranial growth to identify unique derived features (autapomorphies) that reliably distinguish fossils attributed to "anatomically modern" h. sapiens (amhs) from those attributed to various taxa of "archaic" homo spp. (ah) and to test hypotheses about the changes in cranial development that underlie the ori ...	2002	11805284
molecular paleontology.	molecular paleontology, i.e., the recovery of dna from ancient human, animal, and plant remains is an innovative research field that has received progressively more attention from the scientific community since the 1980s. in the last decade, the field was punctuated by claims which aroused great interest but eventually turned out to be fakes--the most famous being the sequence of dinosaur dna later shown to be of human origin. at present, the discipline is characterized by some certainties and m ...	2002	11846037
additional human remains from blombos cave, south africa: (1999-2000 excavations).	the uppermost middle stone age (msa) layers at blombos cave contain high densities of still bay bifacial points. information from other regional sites places the still bay prior to the howiesons poort industry, which has been dated at 65-70 ka. the blombos cave msa strata have yielded nine human teeth or dental fragments. four that were recovered during the 1997-1998 excavations have been published elsewhere. the remaining five were discovered during the 1999-2000 field seasons; these are descri ...	2002	11846532
the costal skeleton of shanidar 3 and a reappraisal of neandertal thoracic morphology.	for over a century, neandertal rib remains have engendered frequent discussions of "barrel-shaped" thoraces, largely in the absence of systematic comparison and hard data. we present here a description of the relatively complete ribcage of the near eastern shanidar 3 neandertal. we also furnish metric and non-metric comparisons of the shanidar 3 ribs with other near eastern and european neandertals, the nariokotome (homo erectus/ergaster) specimen, levantine archaic/early modern humans, early an ...	2002	11846533