Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| full-length genome sequence of a plaque-cloned virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolate (usa/iowa/18984/2013) from a midwestern u.s. swine herd. | porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) was recognized in u.s. swine for the first time in early 2013. a plaque-purified ped virus (pedv) isolate (usa/iowa/18984/2013) was obtained from a diarrheic piglet. the isolate is genetically close to other previously reported u.s. pedvs and recent chinese pedvs and was virulent when inoculated into neonatal pigs. | 2013 | 24356830 |
| genetic variability and phylogeny of current chinese porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains based on spike, orf3, and membrane genes. | since late 2010, the outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) in china has resulted in the deaths of millions of suckling piglets. the main cause of the disease outbreak was unknown. in this study, partial spike (s), orf3, and membrane (m) genes amplified from these variants were sequenced and analyzed. the results showed that the variants could be clustered into one to three subgroups and suggested that s genes were variable, while m genes were relatively conserved. moreover, in comparison w ... | 2014 | 24578626 |
| molecular characterizations of subcellular localization signals in the nucleocapsid protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. | the nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear structure, which is crucial to the normal operation of the eukaryotic cell. the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein, plays important roles in the process of virus replication and cellular infection. virus infection and transfection showed that n protein was predominately localized in the cytoplasm, but also found in the nucleolus in vero e6 cells. furthermore, by utilizing fusion proteins with green fluorescent protei ... | 2014 | 24632575 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) co-infection induced chlamydial persistence/stress does not require viral replication. | chlamydiae may exist at the site of infection in an alternative replicative form, called the aberrant body (ab). abs are produced during a viable but non-infectious developmental state termed "persistence" or "chlamydial stress." as persistent/stressed chlamydiae: (i) may contribute to chronic inflammation observed in diseases like trachoma; and (ii) are more resistant to current anti-chlamydial drugs of choice, it is critical to better understand this developmental stage. we previously demonstr ... | 2014 | 24660163 |
| triggering unfolded protein response by 2-deoxy-d-glucose inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus propagation. | the unfolded protein response (upr) is cyto-protective machinery elicited towards an influx of large amount of protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (er). extensive studies suggest that the upr can also be activated during virus infection. in the present studies, we first evaluated if porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection activated the upr pathways. electron microscopy analysis demonstrated the morphology changes of er post-pedv infection. western blot and real-time pcr ident ... | 2014 | 24681123 |
| viral metagenomics analysis demonstrates the diversity of viral flora in piglet diarrhoeic faeces in china. | to investigate the diversity of viral flora, we used metagenomics to study the viral communities in a pooled faecal sample of 27 diarrhoeic piglets from intensive commercial farms in china. the 15 distinct mammalian viruses identified in the pooled diarrhoeic sample were, in order of abundance of nucleic acid sequence, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), sapovirus, porcine bocavirus-4 (pbov-4), sapelovirus, torovirus, coronavirus, pbov-2, stool-associated single-stranded dna virus (poscv), a ... | 2014 | 24718833 |
| full-length genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus strain usa/ia/2014/8734. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was detected in feces from diarrheic sows during an epidemic of acute and transmissible diarrhea. no transmissible gastroenteritis virus or porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was detected. the pdcov usa/ia/2014/8734 from the herd was sequenced for full-length genomic rna to further characterize pdcov in u.s. swine. | 2014 | 24723718 |
| complete genome sequence of chyj130330, a highly virulent strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in south china. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) strain chyj130330 was isolated from southern china and shown to be highly virulent when inoculated into neonatal pigs. this report describes the complete genome sequence of chyj130330. these data will provide important insights into the variation of pedv in china. | 2014 | 24744324 |
| new variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, united states, 2014. | 2014 | 24750580 | |
| role of transportation in spread of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection, united states. | after porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was detected in the united states in 2013, we tested environmental samples from trailers in which pigs had been transported. pedv was found in 5.2% of trailers not contaminated at arrival, , suggesting that the transport process is a source of transmission if adequate hygiene measures are not implemented. | 2014 | 24750785 |
| bioinformatics insight into the spike glycoprotein gene of field porcine epidemic diarrhea strains during 2011-2013 in guangdong, china. | three strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) were isolated from dead or diseased pigs at different swine farms in guangdong during 2011-2013, and their s genes were sequenced. in the same period, seven pedv strains were also isolated in guangdong by other laboratories. the spike sequences of 10 guangdong isolates were compared with vaccine strains and reference pathogenic isolates using six bioinformatics tools. the results revealed that 10 guangdong strains, excluding strain gds03, h ... | 2014 | 24771495 |
| pathology of us porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain pc21a in gnotobiotic pigs. | to understand the progression of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection, we inoculated gnotobiotic pigs with a newly emerged us strain, pc21a, of the virus. at 24–48 hours postinoculation, the pigs exhibited severe diarrhea and vomiting, fecal shedding, viremia, and severe atrophic enteritis. these findings confirm that strain pc21a is highly enteropathogenic. | 2014 | 24795932 |
| whole-genome analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) from eastern china. | the complete genome sequence of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant, strain shqp/ym/2013, from china was determined and compared with those of other porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses. the full-length genome was 28,038 nucleotides (nt) in length without the poly (a) tail, and it was similar to that of other reported pedv strains, with the characteristic gene order 5'-replicase (1a/1b) -s-orf3-e-m-n-3'. nucleotide sequence analysis based on individual virus genes indicated a close relationsh ... | 2014 | 24818713 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nucleocapsid protein antagonizes beta interferon production by sequestering the interaction between irf3 and tbk1. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes lethal watery diarrhea in piglets and results in large economic losses in many asian and european countries. a large-scale outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea occurred in china in 2010, and the virus emerged in the united states in 2013 and spread rapidly, posing significant economic and public health concerns. previous studies have shown that pedv infection inhibits the synthesis of type i interferon (ifn), ... | 2014 | 24872591 |
| complete genome sequence of k14jb01, a novel variant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in south korea. | a novel variant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) emerged on pig farms in south korea during late 2013. genomic dna isolated from a k14jb01 strain identified in a diarrheal pig showed high sequence similarity to pedv strains prevailing in the united states in 2013. this is the first study to identify the complete genome sequence of a novel variant pedv in south korea. | 2014 | 24874682 |
| a phage-displayed peptide recognizing porcine aminopeptidase n is a potent small molecule inhibitor of pedv entry. | three phage-displayed peptides designated h, s and f that recognize porcine aminopeptidase n (papn), the cellular receptor of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were able to inhibit cell infection by tgev. these same peptides had no inhibitory effects on infection of vero cells by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). however, when pedv, tgev and porcine pseudorabies virus were incubated with peptide h (hvtttfappppr), only infection of vero cells by pedv was inhibited. immunofl ... | 2014 | 24889221 |
| us-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreaks in taiwan, 2013-2014. | since late 2013, several outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection have emerged in taiwan. suckling piglets under 2 weeks of age showed severe vomiting and watery yellowish diarrhea with morbidity and mortality ranging from 80 to 100% and 90 to 100%, respectively. a total of 68 samples from 25 pig farms were confirmed as positive for pedv and negative for rotavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus by reverse transcription pcr, and the partial s gene of pedv was analyze ... | 2014 | 24898162 |
| genome sequences of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: in vivo and in vitro phenotypes. | since the outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in may 2013, u.s. swine producers have lost almost five million baby pigs. in an attempt to understand the evolution of pedv in the united states and possibly develop a control strategy, we compared the genome sequences of a pedv strain isolated from an infected piglet against its in vitro adapted version. the original pedv strain was grown in vero cells and passed 10 times serially in a marc145 cell line. the sequence analysis of the ... | 2014 | 24926047 |
| development of a multiplex taqman probe-based real-time pcr for discrimination of variant and classical porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. | since october 2010, porcine diarrhea outbreaks have occurred widely, resulting in major losses in suckling piglets in china. a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), characterized by base deletion and insertion in the s gene, compared to classical pedv cv777, was shown to be responsible for this outbreak. in this study, a multiplex taqman probe-based real-time pcr was developed for detecting pedv and differentiating the variant from classical pedv, by using two sets of primers and probe ... | 2014 | 24928691 |
| oral administration of ec-12 increases the baseline gene expression of antiviral cytokine genes, ifn-γ and tnf-α, in splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells of weaning piglets. | weaning piglets are continuously exposed to various viruses. the antiviral effects of lactic acid bacteria (lab) have been confirmed mainly in humans and mice, while few studies have been conducted in livestock. in this study, we evaluated the effect of oral administration of enterococcus faecalis strain ec-12 (ec-12) on the gene expressions of antiviral cytokines in weaning piglets. piglets were allocated to the ec-12-administered group (e group) and the no-treatment control group (c group). th ... | 2013 | 24936371 |
| comparative genome analysis and molecular epidemiology of the reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains isolated in korea. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a member of the coronaviridae family, is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded rna virus, which causes severe diarrhea and dehydration in suckling pigs. we detected three pedv strains from ten small intestine samples from piglets with acute diarrhea and we determined the complete genome sequences of the reemerging korean pedv field isolates, except for the noncoding regions from both ends. the complete genome sequences of the strains were identical ... | 2014 | 24954514 |
| outbreak-related porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains similar to us strains, south korea, 2013. | in late 2013, outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection recurred in south korea. genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that isolates from the outbreaks were most closely related to emergent us strains of pedv. these us strain-like pedv variants are prevalent in south korea and responsible for recent outbreaks in the country. | 2014 | 24960370 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant s1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly contagious enteric pathogen of swine. acute pedv outbreaks have continually emerged in most swine-producing asian countries and, recently, in the united states, causing significant economic losses in the pig industry. the spike (s) protein of pedv is a type 1 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein and consists of the s1 and s2 domains, which are responsible for virus binding and fusion, respectively. since the s1 domain is involved in a specific hi ... | 2014 | 25008896 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces caspase-independent apoptosis through activation of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. | the present study sought to investigate whether porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) induces apoptosis and to elucidate the mechanisms associated with apoptotic cell death after pedv infection. pedv-infected cells showed evidence of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. however, experimental data indicated that the caspase cascade is not involved in pedv-induced apoptotic cell death. interestingly, mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (aif) was found to translocate to the nucleus during pedv infe ... | 2014 | 25010284 |
| evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral rna at long distances from infected herds. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) spread rapidly after being diagnosed in the usa in april 2013. in this study we assessed whether pedv could become airborne and if so, whether the virus was infectious. air samples were collected both from a room containing experimentally infected pigs and at various distances from the outside of swine farms experiencing acute pedv outbreaks. results indicated presence of infectious pedv in the air from experimentally infected pigs and genetic material of p ... | 2014 | 25017790 |
| development and evaluation of a duplex real-time rt-pcr for detection and differentiation of virulent and variant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses from the united states. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has caused significant economic losses in the us swine industry since may 2013. a new variant strain of pedv emerged in the us in the late december, 2013. this variant strain of pedv differs from the virulent strain of pedv currently circulating in the us in 1170nt of the 5'end of the s1 domain in the spike gene. importantly, the variant pedv caused significantly less mortality in piglets than the virulent pedv, based on clinical observations. this suggests ... | 2014 | 25019169 |
| clathrin- and serine proteases-dependent uptake of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into vero cells. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a member of the genus alphacoronavirus, is a causative agent of porcine enteric disease characterized by acute watery diarrhea and dehydration in sucking piglet. similar to other coronaviruses, pedv spike protein mediates its cell entry by binding to cellular receptors and inducing membrane fusion between viral envelopes and cellular membranes. however, the entry mechanism of pedv is not studied. here, we determined the entry mechanism of pedv into vero ce ... | 2014 | 25086180 |
| an evaluation of contaminated complete feed as a vehicle for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of naïve pigs following consumption via natural feeding behavior: proof of concept. | since its initial detection in may 2013, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has spread rapidly throughout the us swine industry. initially, contaminated feed was proposed as a risk factor for pedv; however, data were not available to support this theory. here we provide proof of concept of this risk by describing a novel means for recovering pedv-contaminated complete feed material from commercial swine sites and conducting an in vivo experiment to prove its infectivity. | 2014 | 25091641 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infects and replicates in porcine alveolar macrophages. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea; consequently, the small intestine was believed to be its only target organ. in this study, we found that pedv infected not only the small intestines, but also the respiratory tract. infection and replication of pedv in the respiratory tract from naturally pedv-infected piglets were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and virus re-isolation. our observations wer ... | 2014 | 25116392 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus rna present in commercial spray-dried porcine plasma is not infectious to naïve pigs. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus emerged in north america in april 2013 and has since been identified in 30 u.s. states, canada and mexico. the rapid spread of pedv has raised concerns about the role of feed and particularly pork-by-product components such as spray-dried porcine plasma (sdpp) in pedv transmission. the aim of this study was to determine the infectivity of pedv rna present in commercial sdpp. specifically, 40 3-week-old pedv naïve pigs were randomly assigned to one of five treatmen ... | 2014 | 25116479 |
| complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vietnam. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has emerged in vietnam since 2009. herein, full-length genome sequences are reported for three pedv isolates from pigs displaying severe diarrhea from farms located in northern and southern provinces of vietnam. the results provide more understanding of the molecular characteristics of pedv in vietnam. | 2014 | 25125639 |
| detection of antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in serum and colostrum by indirect elisa. | an indirect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) anti-immunoglobulin (ig) g elisa based on the s1 portion of the spike protein was validated and compared with an indirect immunofluorescence assay. in serum samples from experimentally infected pigs (n = 35), anti-igg pedv antibodies were detected as early as 7 days post-infection. in field serum samples (n = 239), the diagnostic sensitivity of the s1 elisa was 100% and the diagnostic specificity was 94%. the s1 elisa showed no cross-reactivity ... | 2014 | 25135339 |
| classification of emergent u.s. strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid and orf3 genes. | 2014 | 25143422 | |
| reply to "classification of emergent u.s. strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid and orf3 genes". | 2014 | 25143423 | |
| transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus infection induces dramatic changes in the tight junctions and microfilaments of polarized ipec-j2 cells. | viral infection converts the normal constitution of a cell to optimise viral entry, replication, and virion production. these conversions contain alterations or disruptions of the tight and adherens junctions between cells as part of their pathogenesis, and reorganise cellular microfilaments that initiate, sustain and spread the viral infections and so on. using porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and a model of normal intestinal epithelial cells ( ... | 2014 | 25173696 |
| cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse us porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene. | the highly contagious and deadly porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) first appeared in the us in april 2013. since then the virus has spread rapidly nationwide and to canada and mexico causing high mortality among nursing piglets and significant economic losses. currently there are no efficacious preventive measures or therapeutic tools to control pedv in the us. the isolation of pedv in cell culture is the first step toward the development of an attenuated vaccine, to study the biology of pe ... | 2014 | 25217400 |
| characterization of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus codon usage bias. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has been responsible for several recent outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) and has caused great economic loss in the swine-raising industry. considering the significance of pedv, a systemic analysis was performed to study its codon usage patterns. the relative synonymous codon usage value of each codon revealed that codon usage bias exists and that pedv tends to use codons that end in t. the mean enc value of 47.91 indicates that the codon usage b ... | 2014 | 25239728 |
| an evaluation of a liquid antimicrobial (sal curb®) for reducing the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of naïve pigs during consumption of contaminated feed. | since its initial detection in may 2013, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has spread rapidly throughout the us swine industry. recently, contaminated feed was confirmed as a vehicle for pedv infection of naïve piglets. this research provides in vivo data supporting the ability of a liquid antimicrobial product to reduce this risk. | 2014 | 25253192 |
| evidence of recombinant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, united states, 2013. | to investigate the evolutionary process by which porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in the united states hypothetically descended from strains in china, we analyzed pedv-positive samples collected in china during january 2012-july 2013. recombination in 2 strain sublineages was likely associated with identification of pedv in the united states in 2013. | 2014 | 25272273 |
| [investigation of etiology of massive infection with porcine pseudorabies virus in henan and neighboring provinces]. | in early 2011, the serious outbreak of porcine pseudorabies virus (prv) infection suddenly recurred in henan and neighboring provinces. to investigate the etiology of massive infection with prv, 16 800 serum samples, 905 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) back-feeding tissues, and 56 pr gene deleted live vaccines were colleted from january 2011 to may 2013 to detect prv field infection using a prv ge antibody test kit. the ge and tk genes of 11 new epidemic prv strains were sequenced by pcr, ... | 2014 | 25272601 |
| pathogenesis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolate (us/iowa/18984/2013) in 3-week-old weaned pigs. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is associated with clinical diarrhea in naïve swine of all ages. this report describes timing of antibody generation and disease progression following infection with a us pedv isolate by assessing fecal viral shedding, morphometric analysis of intestinal lesions, and magnitude of immunohistochemical staining. sixty-three, 3-week-old pigs were randomly allocated into control (n=27) and challenged (n=36) groups. challenged pigs were administered 1 ml of 1 × 1 ... | 2014 | 25278366 |
| distinct characteristics and complex evolution of pedv strains, north america, may 2013-february 2014. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), which emerged in the united states in 2013, has spread throughout north america. limited availability of pedv complete genomes worldwide has impeded our understanding of pedv introduction into the united states. to determine the relationship between the north american strains and global emerging and historic pedv strains, we sequenced and analyzed complete genomes of 74 strains from north america; the strains clustered into 2 distinct clades. compared with ... | 2014 | 25279722 |
| the spray-drying process is sufficient to inactivate infectious porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in plasma. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is considered an emergent pathogen associated with high economic losses in many pig rearing areas. recently it has been suggested that pedv could be transmitted to naïve pig populations through inclusion of spray-dried porcine plasma (sdpp) into the nursery diet which led to a ban of sdpp in several areas in north america and europe. to determine the effect of spray-drying on pedv infectivity, 3-week-old pigs were intragastrically inoculated with (1) raw po ... | 2014 | 25281254 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection: inhibition by polysaccharide from ginkgo biloba exocarp and mode of its action. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is the predominant cause of severe entero-pathogenic diarrhea in swine. until now there is no recorded clinically effective antiviral chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of diseases caused by pedv. this study aimed to investigate in vitro anti-pedv effect of polysaccharide from ginkgo biloba exocarp and mode of its action. the polysaccharide exhibited potent antiviral activity against pedv reducing the formation of a visible cpe [a 50% inhibitory concentra ... | 2015 | 25300802 |
| strategies for design and application of enteric viral vaccines. | enteric viral infections in domestic animals cause significant economic losses. the recent emergence of virulent enteric coronaviruses [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv)] in north america and asia, for which no vaccines are available, remains a challenge for the global swine industry. vaccination strategies against rotavirus and coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis virus) infections are reviewed. these vaccination principles are applicable against emerging enteric infections such as p ... | 2015 | 25387111 |
| evaluation of antibody response of killed and live vaccines against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in a field study. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an infectious, highly contagious virus, and is an etiological agent of acute entero-pathogenic diarrhea in swine. | 2014 | 25398090 |
| full-genome sequence analysis of a variant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in south korea. | in march of 2014, a variant of novel porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was first identified in south korea and found to be most closely related to the u.s. variant strain oh851. the complete genome of the kor/knu-1406/2014 strain was sequenced and analyzed to investigate the u.s.-strain-like variant circulating in south korea. | 2014 | 25414491 |
| comparison of serum neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on sera from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccinated pigs. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an economically important pathogen of swine. | 2014 | 25415042 |
| third strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, united states. | 2014 | 25417647 | |
| novel porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant with large genomic deletion, south korea. | since 1992, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has been one of the most common porcine diarrhea-associated viruses in south korea. we conducted a large-scale investigation of the incidence of pedv in pigs with diarrhea in south korea and consequently identified and characterized a novel pedv variant with a large genomic deletion. | 2014 | 25424875 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an important pathogen that causes vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration, leading to serious damage to the swine industry worldwide. the establishment of effective diagnostic methods is imperative. however, traditional methods are often unsuitable. in this study, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was combined with a vertical flow (vf) nucleic acid detection strip to detect pedv. parameters that affect the rt-lamp reactio ... | 2015 | 25444939 |
| survivability of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in bovine plasma submitted to spray drying processing and held at different time by temperature storage conditions. | bovine plasma was inoculated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) at an average final titer of 4.2 log10 tcid50/ml to determine the effect of spray drying on viral inactivation. using a laboratory scale drier, inoculated plasma was spray dried at 200 °c inlet temperature and either 70 or 80 °c throughout substance. both liquid and dried samples were subjected to three passages on vero cell monolayers to determine pedv infectivity. results indicated liquid samples contained infective virus ... | 2014 | 25465663 |
| full-length genome sequence of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain, ch/gdzq/2014, responsible for a severe outbreak of diarrhea in piglets in guangdong, china, 2014. | the full-length genome sequence of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) strain, ch/gdzq/2014, was determined. the isolate was a variant strain with a relatively far relationship with the pedv strains previously identified in the same area between 2011 and 2012 and was genetically distinct from the cv777-based vaccine strain currently being used in china. | 2014 | 25477403 |
| crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus main protease in complex with an inhibitor. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) mainly infects neonatal pigs, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. owing to problems such as long periods of virus shedding, existing vaccines cannot provide complete protection from pedv infection. the pedv genome encodes two polyprotein precursors required for genome replication and transcription. each polyprotein undergoes extensive proteolytic processing, resulting in functional subunits. this process is mainly mediated by its genome-encode ... | 2014 | 25484208 |
| genome sequence of torovirus identified from a pig with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from the united states. | porcine torovirus (ptov) strain ptov-npl/2013 was identified from a pig that tested positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). the spike protein-encoding gene from ptov-npl/2013 had 92% identity with ptov-sh1, suggesting that ptov circulating in the united states is slightly different from the isolates circulating in china. to our knowledge, this is the first report of ptov in the united states. | 2014 | 25523767 |
| development of transgenic mouse model expressing porcine aminopeptidase n and its susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. | porcine coronavirus infections have known as they are specific to pigs with predominantly enteric or respiratory diseases. no laboratory animal model is yet been developed in porcine coronaviruses study. here, we report that development of a transgenic mouse model expressing porcine apn which is susceptible to porcine coronavirus infection. the porcine apn transgene was constructed by fusing with mouse proximal apn promoter at 5' terminus and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site at its 3' ... | 2015 | 25550073 |
| oleanane triterpenes from the flowers of camellia japonica inhibit porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) replication. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infections have resulted in a severe economic loss in the swine industry in many countries due to no effective treatment approach. fifteen oleanane triterpenes (1-15), including nine new ones (1-4 and 10-14), were isolated from the flowers of camellia japonica, and their molecular structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods. these compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activity against pedv replication, and the structure-activity rel ... | 2015 | 25568928 |
| antigenic relationships among porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus strains. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) are economically important swine enteropathogenic coronaviruses. these two viruses belong to two distinct species of the alphacoronavirus genus within coronaviridae and induce similar clinical signs and pathological lesions in newborn piglets, but they are presumed to be antigenically distinct. in the present study, two-way antigenic cross-reactivity examinations between the prototype pedv cv777 strain, three d ... | 2015 | 25589635 |
| previous infection of sows with a "mild" strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus confers protection against infection with a "severe" strain. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infected approximately 50% of the us swine breeding herds from july 2013 to july 2014 as estimated by the swine health monitoring project. in the absence of effective vaccines or standard control protocols, there is an urgent need for evidence of cross-protective immune countermeasures. here, we evaluated the response of 3-day-old piglets born to sows exposed seven months earlier to a mild strain of pedv to challenge with a virulent pedv isolate. piglet sur ... | 2015 | 25601801 |
| proteome analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv)-infected vero cells. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes an acute, highly contagious, and devastating viral enteric disease with a high mortality rate in suckling pigs. a large-scale outbreak of ped occurred in china in 2010, with pedv emerging in the united states in 2013 and spreading rapidly, posing significant economic and public health concerns. in this study, lc-ms/ms coupled to itraq labeling was used to quantitatively identify differentially expressed cellular proteins in pedv-infected vero cells. ... | 2015 | 25604190 |
| development of an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for virus detection based on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus monoclonal antibodies. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a coronavirus, can cause acute diarrhea and dehydration in pigs. in the current study, two positive monoclonal cell lines (5d7 and 3h4) specific for pedv were established, and the immunoreactivity of the monoclonal antibodies was confirmed by immunofluorescence and dot-immunobinding assays. a method, termed antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa), which used the monoclonal antibody 5d7 as the detecting antibody and rabbit antiserum of ... | 2015 | 25658793 |
| genetic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in korea from 1998 to 2013. | the number of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) cases has increased over the past 20 years in korea, with a major outbreak in 2013. a total of 27 korean strains from 1998 to 2013 were analyzed (excluding the noncoding regions) and divided into two groups for comparison of the spike (s), orf3, envelope (e), membrane (m), and nucleocapsid (n) genes with those of reference strains, vaccine strains, and previously identified strains based on phylogenetic analysis. analysis of the selection patterns of ... | 2015 | 25666198 |
| genetic variation analyses of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolated in mid-eastern china from 2011 to 2013. | porcine diarrhea outbreaks caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has occurred in china with significant losses of piglets since 2010. in this study, the complete s and orf3 genes of 15 field pedv isolates in mid-eastern china from 2011 to 2013 were detected and compared with other reference strains. based on s gene, all of the pedv strains could be assigned to 3 genogroups. only 1 isolate, js120103, belonged to genogroup 1 and showed a close relationship with previous chinese strains ... | 2015 | 25673903 |
| porcine aminopeptidase n mediated polarized infection by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in target cells. | infection of polarized intestinal epithelial cells by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was characterized. indirect immunofluorescence assay, real-time pcr, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed pedv can be successfully propagated in immortalized swine small intestine epithelial cells (iecs). infection involved porcine aminpeptidase n (papn), a reported cellular receptor for pedv, transient expression of papn and sirna targeted papn increased and decreased the infectivity of pedv i ... | 2015 | 25681796 |
| genomic and epidemiological characteristics provide new insights into the phylogeographical and spatiotemporal spread of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in asia. | porcine epidemic diarrhea has become pandemic in the asian pig-breeding industry, causing significant economic loss. in the present study, 11 complete genomes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) field isolates from china were determined and analyzed. frequently occurring mutations were observed, which suggested that full understanding of the genomic and epidemiological characteristics is critical in the fight against pedv epidemics. comparative analysis of 49 available genomes clustered th ... | 2015 | 25694517 |
| the first case of porcine epidemic diarrhea in canada. | in january, 2014, increased mortality was reported in piglets with acute diarrhea on an ontario farm. villus atrophy in affected piglets was confined to the small intestine. samples of colon content were pcr-positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). other laboratory tests did not detect significant pathogens, confirming this was the first case of ped in canada. | 2015 | 25694663 |
| comparison of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses from germany and the united states, 2014. | since 2013, highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus has caused considerable economic losses in the united states. to determine the relation of us strains to those recently causing disease in germany, we compared genomes and found that the strain from germany is closely related to variants in the united states. | 2015 | 25695311 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication in duck intestinal cell line. | 2015 | 25695828 | |
| development of a hybridoma cell line secreting monoclonal antibody against s protein of a chinese variant of pedv. | gene encoding 22-380 aa of spike protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) isolate in china was cloned and expressed as a recombinant protein in escherichia coli bl21(de3). female balb/c mice were immunized with the purified recombinant s protein, and a monoclonal antibody (mab) designated as 2d1 against s protein was achieved by hybridoma technique. mab 2d1 reacted with s protein of pedv specifically. the monoclonal antibody 2d1 may provide a useful tool as a specific diagnostic reagent ... | 2015 | 25723278 |
| monoclonal antibody to n protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. | the n gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was amplified by rt-pcr using specific primers, and inserted into the expression vector pcold-i to construct a recombinant plasmid pcold-i-n. the recombinant plasmid was expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3) under iptg induction. then, female balb/c mice were immunized with the purified recombinant n protein and one strain of hybridoma cells named 2b8 secreting anti-n protein monoclonal antibodies (mab) was obtained by hybridoma technique. ... | 2015 | 25723284 |
| origin, evolution, and virulence of porcine deltacoronaviruses in the united states. | a novel porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcv) was first discovered in ohio and indiana in february 2014, rapidly spread to other states in the united states and canada, and caused significant economic loss in the swine industry. the origin and virulence of this novel porcine coronavirus are not known. here, we characterized u.s. pdcv isolates and determined their virulence in gnotobiotic and conventional piglets. genome analyses revealed that u.s. pdcv isolates possess unique genetic characteristics a ... | 2015 | 25759498 |
| impact of porcine epidemic diarrhea on performance of growing pigs. | the impact of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection on the us pork industry has mainly been attributed to the mortality that it causes in suckling piglets, and, consequently, much effort has been invested in the quantification of its effect in sow farms. however, no information on the performance of surviving pigs that were exposed to the pedv as piglets is available. here, a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection on growi ... | 2015 | 25768287 |
| analysis of protein expression changes of the vero e6 cells infected with classic pedv strain cv777 by using quantitative proteomic technique. | recent outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) have caused widespread concern. the identification of proteins associated with pedv infection might provide insight into pedv pathogenesis and facilitate the development of novel antiviral strategies. we analyzed the differential protein profile of pedv-infected vero e6 cells using mass spectrometry and an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification. a total of 126 proteins were identified that were differentially expressed bet ... | 2015 | 25783682 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses associated with outbreaks of severe diarrhea in piglets in jiangxi, china 2013. | porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped), caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), is a highly contagious, acute enteric viral disease of swine characterized by vomiting, watery diarrhea, dehydration and death. to identify and characterize the field pedvs associated with the outbreaks of severe diarrhea in piglets in jiangxi, 2013, the complete genome sequences of two representative strains of pedv, designated ch/jx-1/2013 and ch/jx-2/2013, were determined and analyzed. the genome sequences of b ... | 2015 | 25790462 |
| bat coronavirus in brazil related to appalachian ridge and porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses. | 2015 | 25811911 | |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection induces nf-κb activation through the tlr2, tlr3 and tlr9 pathways in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a coronavirus that induces persistent diarrhoea in swine, resulting in severe economic losses in swine-producing countries. insights into the interplay between pedv infection and the innate immune system are necessary for understanding the associated mechanism of pathogenesis. the transcription factor nf-κb plays an important role in regulating host immune responses. here, we elucidated for the first time to our knowledge the potential mechanism of pedv- ... | 2015 | 25814121 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection: etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunoprophylaxis. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a member of the genera alphacoronavirus in the family coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea/vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in seronegative neonatal piglets. for the last three decades, pedv infection has resulted in significant economic losses in the european and asian pig industries, but in 2013-2014 the disease was also reported in the us, canada and mexico. the ped epidemic in the us, from april 2013 to the present, has led to the loss of more ... | 2015 | 25841898 |
| structural alteration of tight and adherens junctions in villous and crypt epithelium of the small and large intestine of conventional nursing piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. | integrity of the intestinal epithelium is critical for proper functioning of the barrier that regulates absorption of water and restricts uptake of luminal bacteria. it is maintained mainly by tight junctions (tjs) and adherens junctions (ajs). we conducted immunofluorescence (if) staining for in situ identification of zonula occludin (zo)-1 proteins for tj and e-cadherin proteins for aj in the small and large intestinal villous and crypt epithelium of nursing pigs infected with porcine epidemic ... | 2015 | 25843943 |
| a novel strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vietnamese pigs. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes severe diarrhea and dehydration in suckling pigs and has caused high rates of death among piglets and substantial economic loss in vietnam since 2009. to investigate the genotypes of prevailing pedvs, intestinal and fecal samples from piglets from central and northern vietnam were collected and analyzed. phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of complete spike genes of pedvs from vietnam resulted in the identification of two divergent grou ... | 2015 | 25864174 |
| development and application of an elisa for the detection of porcine deltacoronavirus igg antibodies. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), also known as porcine coronavirus hku15, was first detected in north america in early 2014 and associated with enteric disease in pigs, resulting in an urgent need to further investigate the ecology of this virus. while assays detecting nucleic acids were implemented quickly, assays to detect anti-pdcov antibodies have not been available. in this study, an indirect anti-pdcov igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on the putative s1 portion of the s ... | 2015 | 25881086 |
| investigating the introduction of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into an ohio swine operation. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly transmissible coronavirus that causes a severe enteric disease that is particularly deadly for neonatal piglets. since its introduction to the united states in 2013, pedv has spread quickly across the country and has caused significant financial losses to pork producers. with no fully licensed vaccines currently available in the united states, prevention and control of pedv disease is heavily reliant on biosecurity measures. despite proven, effe ... | 2015 | 25881144 |
| an inactivated vaccine made from a u.s. field isolate of porcine epidemic disease virus is immunogenic in pigs as demonstrated by a dose-titration. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a highly pathogenic and transmissible virus in swine, was first detected in the u.s. in may, 2013, and has caused tremendous losses to the swine industry. due to the difficulty in isolating and growing this virus in cell culture, few vaccine studies using cell culture propagated pedv have been performed on u.s. strains in pigs. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response to the selected inactivated pedv vaccine candid ... | 2015 | 25881296 |
| development of a nanoparticle-assisted pcr assay for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an important pig pathogen that can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration, leading to serious damage to the swine industry worldwide. in this study, a nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) assay targeting the n gene of pedv was developed and the sensitivity and specificity were investigated. under the optimized conditions for detection of pedv rna, the nanopcr assay was 100-fold more sensitive than a conventional rt-pcr assay. the ... | 2015 | 25887451 |
| fatal disease associated with swine hepatitis e virus and porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in four weaned pigs in china. | in recent decades, porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection has been recognized as the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and has become a threat to the swine industry. hepatitis e virus (hev) is another high prevalent pathogen in swine in many regions of the world. pcv2 and hev are both highly prevalent in pig farms in china. | 2015 | 25889526 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus uses cell-surface heparan sulfate as an attachment factor. | it is well known that many viruses use heparan sulfate as the initial attachment factor. in the present study, we determined whether porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), an emerging veterinary virus, infects vero cells by attaching to heparan sulfate. western blot analysis, real-time pcr, and plaque formation assay revealed that pedv infection was inhibited when the virus was pretreated with heparin (an analogue of heparan sulfate). there was no inhibitory effect when the cells were pre-incub ... | 2015 | 25896095 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the spike (s) gene of the new variants of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in taiwan. | new variants of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), which emerged in taiwan in late 2013, have caused a high morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets. to investigate the molecular characteristics of the spike (s) gene of the emerging taiwan pedv strains for a better understanding of the genetic diversity and relationship among the taiwan new variants and the global pedvs, full-length s genes of pedvs from nine 1-7 day-old piglets from three pig farms in the central and southern taiwan we ... | 2017 | 25903998 |
| re-emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the global pig population. | 2015 | 25913224 | |
| comparative pathogenesis of us porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) strain pc21a in conventional 9-day-old nursing piglets vs. 26-day-old weaned pigs. | our study demonstrated potential mechanisms by which porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection induces greater disease severity of nursing vs. weaned conventional pigs. twenty-six-day-old weaned [pedv-inoculated (n=11); mock (n=9)] and 9-day-old nursing pigs [pedv-inoculated (n=9); mock (n=11)] were inoculated orally [8.9 log10 genomic equivalents (ge)/pig] with pc21a strain or mock (mem). pigs were monitored for clinical signs and pedv rna titers in feces and serum. for pathology and imm ... | 2015 | 25939885 |
| evaluation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus transmission and the immune response in growing pigs. | clinical disease associated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection in naïve pigs is well chronicled; however, information on endemic pedv infection is limited. to characterize chronic pedv infection, the duration of infectious virus shedding and development of protective immunity was determined. on day 0 (d0), a growing pig was challenged with pedv and 13 contacts were commingled. on d7, 9 contact pigs (principal virus group (pg)), were selected, moved to a separate room and commi ... | 2015 | 25943434 |
| development of a real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. | porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease characterized by severe enteritis, vomiting and watery diarrhea in swine. recently, the outbreak of the epidemic disease has been a serious problem in swine industry. the objective of this study is to develop a rapid, sensitive, and real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in less equipped laboratories. | 2015 | 25972083 |
| a single point mutation creating a furin cleavage site in the spike protein renders porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus trypsin independent for cell entry and fusion. | the emerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) requires trypsin supplementation to activate its s protein for membrane fusion and virus propagation in cell culture. by substitution of a single amino acid in the s protein, we created a recombinant pedv with an artificial furin protease cleavage site n terminal of the putative fusion peptide (pedv-sfcs). pedv-sfcs exhibited trypsin-independent cell-cell fusion and was able to replicate in culture cells independently of trypsin, though to low ... | 2015 | 25972540 |
| genetic manipulation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus recovered from a full-length infectious cdna clone. | porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) causes acute diarrhoea and dehydration in swine of all ages, with significant mortality in neonatal pigs. the recent rise of pedv outbreaks in asia and north america warrants an urgent search for effective vaccines. however, pedv vaccine research has been hampered by difficulties in isolating and propagating the virus in mammalian cells, thereby complicating the recovery of infectious pedv using a full-length infectious clone. here, we engineered veroe6 ce ... | 2015 | 25979733 |
| a novel pathogenic mammalian orthoreovirus from diarrheic pigs and swine blood meal in the united states. | since may 2013, outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea have devastated the u.s. swine industry, causing immense economic losses. two different swine enteric coronaviruses (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and delta coronavirus) have been isolated from the affected swine population. the disease has been reported from at least 32 states of the united states and other countries, including mexico, peru, dominican republic, canada, columbia, ecuador, and ukraine, with repeated outbreaks in previously ... | 2015 | 25991685 |
| complete genome sequence of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from a novel outbreak in belgium, january 2015. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a member of the family coronaviridae and can cause severe outbreaks of diarrhea in piglets from different age groups. here, we report the complete genome sequence (28,028 nt) of a pedv strain isolated during a novel outbreak in belgium. | 2015 | 25999551 |
| the use of convalescent sera in immune-electron microscopy to detect non-suspected/new viral agents. | negative staining electron microscopy methods can be employed for the diagnosis of viral particles in animal samples. in fact, negative staining electron microscopy methods are used to identify viruses, especially in minor species and wild animals, when no other methods are available and in cases of rare, emerging or re-emerging infections. in particular, immune-electron-microscopy with convalescent sera is employed to detect etiological agents when there are undiagnosed clinical outbreaks, when ... | 2015 | 26008707 |
| complete genome characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vietnam. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) first emerged in vietnam in 2009. in this study, the complete genomes of three vietnamese pedv isolates were characterized. these three isolates were isolated from 3-day-old pigs experiencing diarrhea. two isolates were from swine farms in the south, and the other was from northern vietnam. the whole genome sequences of these isolates are 28,035 nucleotides in length and have characteristics similar to those of other pedv isolates. all three vietnamese pedv ... | 2015 | 26026958 |
| complete genome sequence of a porcine epidemic diarrhea s gene indel strain isolated in france in december 2014. | we report the first and only case of a porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) outbreak occurring in december 2014 in northern france, and we show using the full-length genome sequence of the french ped virus (pedv) isolate that it was a pedv indel strain close to german pedv strains recently isolated. | 2015 | 26044419 |
| identification of the functional domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus receptor. | porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) is a functional receptor for porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv). although pedv is known to use the papn as the major receptor for cell entry, the crucial domain of the papn that interacts with the pedv is still unknown. in the present study, in order to determine the crucial domain of the papn, the extracellular domain of papn was divided into three subdomains named spa, spb and spc, based on its secondary structure. recombinant plasmid pcdna3.1 expressing sp ... | 2015 | 26044794 |
| identification and pathogenicity of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus field strain with reduced virulence. | since 2010, a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), which causes an acute, highly contagious, and devastating viral enteric disease with a high mortality rate in suckling pigs, broke out in china and spread rapidly to neighboring countries, even to the north america. this virus gradually became the main subtype of pedv worldwide. however, there were no reports of mild pathogenicity of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in china. | 2015 | 26063495 |
| effects of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells and intestinal dendritic cells. | infection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes damage to intestinal epithelial cells and results in acute diarrhea and dehydration with high mortality rates in swine. dendritic cells (dcs) are highly effective antigen-presenting cells widely distributed beneath the intestinal epithelium, thus making them an early target for virus contact. dcs uptake and present viral antigens to t cells, which then initiate a distinct immune response. in this study, we investigated how attenuated p ... | 2015 | 26065617 |