Publications

genetic basis for immunological aberrations in poliovirus sabin serotype 3 strains imported in the netherlands.	during the characterization of poliovirus type 3 strains imported in the netherlands, sabin serotype 3 strains that reacted with both specific antisera against sabin-like (vaccine) and non-sabin-like (wild-type) strains by the intratypic strain differentiation assay have been found. the present study was done to determine the pathogenic potential of these virus strains for humans. characterization of these so-called double-reactive strains with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against t ...	1999	10405373
immunization status of children enrolled in a hospital-based medicaid managed care practice: the importance of the timing of vaccine administration.	to evaluate the immunization status of children enrolled in a hospital-based medicaid managed care practice and to assess the impact of the timing of vaccine administration on measured immunization rates.	1999	10493338
a method to detect low levels of enteric viruses in contaminated oysters.	direct isolation and identification of pathogenic viruses from oysters implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks are hampered by inefficient methods for recovering viruses, naturally occurring pcr inhibitors, and low levels of virus contamination. in this study we focused on developing rapid and efficient oyster-processing procedures that can be used for sensitive pcr detection of viruses in raw oysters. poliovirus type 3 (pv3) sabin strain was used to evaluate the efficacy of virus recovery and t ...	1999	10543775
similar interactions of the poliovirus and rhinovirus 3d polymerases with the 3' untranslated region of rhinovirus 14.	we showed previously that a human rhinovirus 14 (hrv14) 3' untranslated region (3' utr) on a poliovirus genome was able to replicate with nearly wild-type kinetics (j. b. rohll, d. h. moon, d. j. evans, and j. w. almond, j. virol 69:7835-7844, 1995). this enabled the hrv14 single 3' utr stem-loop structure to be studied in combination with a sensitive reporter system, poliovirus flc/rep, in which the capsid coding region is replaced by an in-frame chloramphemicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene. us ...	1999	10559308
neurovirulence.	alternatives to the standard who neurovirulence test (nvt) in simians for live attenuated poliovirus vaccines are highly developed, at least for poliovirus type 3. the alternatives are maprec, a molecular biological assay, and transgenic mice that express the human cellular receptor for polioviruses (tgpvr mice). the maprec assay quantifies reversion of key mutations that may accumulate during vaccine manufacture. collaborative studies organised by who showed that the assay is sensitive, robust ...	1999	10566785
epidemiological analysis of immunity to poliovirus after termination of an era of vaccination with opv in germany. an analysis of the german association against viral diseases (dvv).	the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 is an objective of the world health organization (who). since 1998, after a period of 37 years of vaccination using live oral poliovirus vaccine (opv), single use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) has been recommended in germany. the present epidemiological analysis shows the immunity of 3474 patients to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 by using a microneutralization assay. a non-age-specific evaluation of antibodies seroprevalence to pol ...	1999	10603664
immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine in taiwan.	previous studies have shown that the immune response to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) varies widely from country to country. however, there has been no report on the immunogenicity of this vaccine in taiwanese children. in this study, 98 children were followed up for 17 months to study the antibody responses following four doses of trivalent opv. the results showed that, after two doses of vaccine, all children were protected against poliovirus type 1 and 2. all except two children als ...	1999	10634028
high prevalence of enteroviral genomic sequences in myocardium from cases of endemic cardiomyopathy (keshan disease) in china.	to verify the aetiological involvement of enterovirus and identify the viral genomic sequences in keshan disease.	2000	10814633
poliovirus-specific intestinal antibody responses coincide with decline of poliovirus excretion.	antibody responses to poliovirus type 3 were studied in fecal samples of 66 children immunized with 3 doses of enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine (e-ipv), followed by 1 dose of monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (opv, type 3 sabin). one fecal sample taken before opv vaccination and 9 collected thereafter were tested for neutralizing antibodies by a microneutralization assay and for class-specific responses by heavy chain-capture radioimmunoassays. both neutralizing antibody and iga ...	2000	10882574
genetic and biochemical studies of poliovirus cis-acting replication element cre in relation to vpg uridylylation.	in addition to highly conserved stem-loop structures located in the 5'- and 3'-nontranslated regions, genome replication of picornaviruses requires cis-acting rna elements located in the coding region (termed cre) (k. l. mcknight and s. m. lemon, j. virol. 70:1941-1952, 1996; p. e. lobert, n. escriou, j. ruelle, and t. michiels, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 96:11560-11565, 1999; i. goodfellow, y. chaudhry, a. richardson, j. meredith, j. w. almond, w. barclay, and d. j. evans, j. virol. 74:4590-460 ...	2000	11044081
[development of an alternative method to the monkey neurovirulence test for oral poliovirus vaccines]	each oral poliovirus vaccine lot contains attenuated and small amounts of wildtype viruses. vaccines containing more than a certain limit of wildtype viruses may cause a vaccine associated poliomyelitis. to provide safe vaccines for humans, each newly manufactured vaccine lot is tested in the monkey neurovirulence test. a certain point mutation on the poliovirus genome has been shown to be responsible for the attenuated phenotype of the vaccine virus. we developed a quantitative pcr method to de ...	1998	11178530
high level of immunity against poliomyelitis in albanian refugees in southern italy.	the apulia region (southern italy) may be considered a "border region" which, due to its position, has to face daily arrivals of refugees, especially from albania. when the exodus of albanians took place in 1991, a seroepidemiologic study revealed a low seroimmunity to poliomyelitis. in 1996, a large outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in albania. the aim of the study was to evaluate the poliomyelitis immunization level in a sample of albanian refugees who arrived in the apulia region b ...	2000	11179938
titres of specific antibodies to poliovirus type 3 and tetanus toxoid in saliva and serum of children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.	a study of antibody levels (in saliva and blood) against common vaccine antigens was performed in a population of 32 children suffering from recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (urti). none of the patients had primary or secondary immunodeficiency syndromes or other known predisposing factors for respiratory diseases. titres of the isotype-specific antibodies immunoglobulin a (iga), immunoglobulin m (igm), and immunoglobulin g (igg) against two vaccine antigens--poliovirus type 3 (p3) a ...	2001	11251864
antigenic sites of poliovirus type 3 eliciting iga monoclonal antibodies in orally immunized mice.	a panel of neutralizing iga monoclonal antibodies was produced from mice orally inoculated with poliovirus type 3 sabin and cholera toxin as adjuvant. low levels of neutralizing antibodies were elicited in mice after several boosts, but only in the presence of cholera toxin. characterization of iga mabs by neutralization-escape virus mutants showed that all but one neutralizing mabs against type 3 poliovirus were directed to antigenic site n-agiii, which was previously found by us to be the majo ...	2001	11277698
comparison of neuropathogenicity of poliovirus type 3 in transgenic mice bearing the poliovirus receptor gene and cynomolgus monkeys.	to clarify the similarities of poliovirus infection in cynomolgus monkeys and transgenic mice bearing the poliovirus receptor, tgpvr21, we compared the pathological changes of these animals following intraspinal inoculation of two strains of poliovirus type 3 using immunohistochemical detection of the capsid antigen. all of the monkeys inoculated with 10(6) tcid(50) viruses showed flaccid paralysis 2 or 3 days post-inoculation (p.i.). tgpvr21 mice showed paralysis starting from 2 to 3 days p.i. ...	2001	11312016
in vitro antiviral activity of the anthraquinone chrysophanic acid against poliovirus.	chrysophanic acid (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), isolated from the australian aboriginal medicinal plant dianella longifolia, has been found to inhibit the replication of poliovirus types 2 and 3 (picornaviridae) in vitro. the compound inhibited poliovirus-induced cytopathic effects in bgm (buffalo green monkey) kidney cells at a 50% effective concentration of 0.21 and 0.02 microgram/ml for poliovirus types 2 and 3, respectively. the compound inhibited an early stage in the viral replica ...	2001	11428243
report of the australian national polio reference laboratory, 1 july to 31 december 2000.	the australian national polio reference laboratory at the victorian infectious diseases reference laboratory (vidrl) is responsible for processing and testing samples for poliovirus from all australian patients with acute flaccid paralysis and for identifying and characterising polioviruses recovered from untyped enteroviruses submitted from australian laboratories. from 1 july to 31 december 2000, a total of 12 specimens from 7 patients with afp were referred to the nprl. poliovirus type 3 sabi ...	2001	11432528
poliovirus circulation among schoolchildren during the early phase of the 1992-1993 poliomyelitis outbreak in the netherlands.	during the 1992-1993 outbreak of poliomyelitis in the netherlands, we examined 866 childrenat 7 schools for evidence of infection with the outbreak virus, poliovirus type 3(pv3), to determine the extent of the outbreak and the protection of the herd immunity. seventy-seven children (8.9%) showed evidence of recent wild-type pv3 infection, as determined by virus isolation and/or poliovirus type-specific igm assay. most infected children lived in the same area as the index case patient, attended a ...	2001	11709788
the relationship between poliovirus multiplication, the siga antibody response and the serum neutralizing antibody titers after trivalent oral polio vaccination.	the time kinetics of poliovirus and secretory iga (siga) antibody titers were examined in fecal samples from four vaccinees immunized with two doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine (topv) from 1996 to 2000. poliovirus types 1 and 2 multiplied in the human intestine after the first vaccination, and poliovirus type 3 multiplied after the second vaccination. additionally, poliovirus type 3 multiplied for several days in two cases after the first vaccination, and poliovirus types 1 and 2 multiplied ...	2001	11806137
correlations between nuclear/cytoplasmic area ratio and classification of cervical smears.	the aim of this study was to assess the nuclear/cytoplasmic (n/c) ratio using computerized image analysis of cervical smears with intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) grade i to iii associated or not with cellular changes of human papillomavirus (hpv) in an attempt to determine if this method is more sensitive for the estimation of the grade of cin. one hundred and ten cervical smears from women with a mean age 35.03 years were studied. the cytological diagnosis was as follows: cin i + hpv (11), cin ...	2001	11876540
effect of vitamin a administered at expanded program on immunization contacts on antibody response to oral polio vaccine.	vitamin a supplementation to mothers in the postpartum period and to their infants at routine immunization contacts is being considered to reduce vitamin a deficiency in infancy. this study was conducted to determine the impact of maternal and infant vitamin a supplementation on antibody response to oral polio vaccine (opv).	2002	11965508
protean manifestations of human papillomavirus type 60 infection on the extremities.	human papillomavirus type 60 (hpv-60) induces a ridged wart or an epidermal cyst on the sole of the foot, exhibiting identical pathological changes, with a single refractile eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion body in infected cells. however, there is no information on the role of hpv-60 in the development of cutaneous lesions on other anatomical sites.	2002	12000390
antibody persistence in five-year-old children who received a pentavalent combination vaccine in infancy.	antibody persistence was studied in 5.5-year-old swedish children who in infancy completed a vaccine trial of a combined diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio and haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. three priming doses at ages 2-4-6 months induced higher geometric mean concentrations of antibodies for all antigens than did two doses at 3-5 months, but there were no differences in proportions with protective antibody concentrations. after the boost ...	2002	12182378
immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a novel hexavalent dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib vaccine compared to separate concomitant injections of dtpa-ipv/hib and hbv vaccines, when administered according to a 3, 5 and 11 month vaccination schedule.	in an open randomised trial, 312 eligible infants were enrolled to receive either a single injection of the hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis b virus-inactivated polio/ haemophilus influenzae b (dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib) vaccine, or concomitant injections of commercial dtpa-ipv/hib and hbv vaccines (comparator). vaccines were administered at 3, 5 and 11 months of age. the statistical approach for non-inferiority showed that the dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib vaccine was at least as immunogen ...	2002	12424582
detection of enteroviral rna (poliovirus types 1 and 3) in endomyocardial biopsies from patients with ventricular tachycardia and survivors of sudden cardiac death.	the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteroviral infection in the myocardium of consecutive patients with serious ventricular arrhythmias by using a reverse transcription nested pcr followed by direct dna sequencing. after exclusion of coronary heart disease, right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies were obtained from 32 consecutive patients with a history of ventricular tachycardia or sudden cardiac death. control biopsies were obtained from 36 subjects with no history ...	2002	12477325
human papillomavirus-associated digital squamous cell carcinoma: literature review and report of 21 new cases.	our aim was to review the clinical behavior of human papillomavirus (hpv)-associated digital squamous cell carcinoma (scc). specifically, we examined evidence for the tumor's (1) infectious origin and spread, (2) response to therapy, and (3) prognosis and metastatic risk.	2003	12637918
virological control of groundwater quality using biomolecular tests.	deep groundwater, even if generally protected, could be contaminated by surface or rain water infiltration through soil fractures, septic tanks, cesspits, land irrigation, disposal of wastewater and disposal of muds from depuration systems. the sanitary importance of such possible contamination is related to the different uses of the water and it is at the maximum level when it is intended for human use. routine microbiological analyses do not consider viruses, only bacterial parameters, as cont ...	2003	12639039
outbreak of poliomyelitis due to type 3 poliovirus, northern india, 1999-2000: injections a major contributing factor.	a large outbreak of poliomyelitis due to poliovirus type 3 (p3) occurred in india in 1999. this raised concerns about oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) effectiveness, particularly the type 3 component, in preventing clinical disease and offered an opportunity to describe the epidemiology of a p3 outbreak.	2003	12714548
environmental surveillance system to track wild poliovirus transmission.	eradication of poliomyelitis from large metropolis cities in india has been difficult due to high population density and the presence of large urban slums. three paralytic poliomyelitis cases were reported in mumbai, india, in 1999 and 2000 in spite of high immunization coverage and good-quality supplementary immunization activities. we therefore established a systematic environmental surveillance study by weekly screening of sewage samples from three high-risk slum areas to detect the silent tr ...	2003	12732567
direct extraction of sabin poliovirus genomes from human fecal samples using a guanidine thiocyanate extraction method.	to permit rapid and efficient detection of sabin poliovirus type 3 from human fecal samples, we developed a guanidine thiocyanate (guscn) extraction and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method. using 10-fold serial dilutions from stock sabin-leon 12 a1b poliovirus type 3 at 10(7) tcid(50) per 0.1 ml, genome was detected to a dilution of 10(3) tcid(50) per 0.1 ml. a total of 40 archived fecal samples were examined using this guscn extraction method followed by rt-pcr. four ...	2003	12798248
complete genomic sequencing shows that polioviruses and members of human enterovirus species c are closely related in the noncapsid coding region.	the 65 human enterovirus serotypes are currently classified into five species: poliovirus (3 serotypes), human enterovirus a (hev-a) (12 serotypes), hev-b (37 serotypes), hev-c (11 serotypes), and hev-d (2 serotypes). coxsackie a virus (cav) serotypes 1, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 24 constitute hev-c. we have determined the complete genome sequences for the remaining nine hev-c serotypes and compared them with the complete sequences of cav21, cav24, and the polioviruses. the viruses ...	2003	12885914
serotype-specific mucosal immune response and subsequent poliovirus replication in vaccinated children.	a total of 32 unimmunized children (median age 5 months) living in an orphanage in minsk, belarus, were vaccinated with three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) with a 60-day interval between the doses. blood samples were drawn before the immunizations and 45-50 days after each vaccine dose. excretion of the vaccine viruses was followed by examining fecal specimens collected weekly after each vaccine dose. all children seroconverted by the second dose of opv at the latest to all three seroty ...	2003	12938203
studies on attenuation of poliovirus. ii. attenuation of poliovirus (type 3, saukett strain) by modified passage in developing chick embryo and chick cell culture.		1962	13980305
[experiences with a new attenuated poliovirus type 3 usol-d bac developed in czechoslovakia].		1964	14241623
differentiation of poliovirus type 3 strains by chromatography on aluminiumhydroxide.		1964	14247357
properties of a new type 3 attenuated poliovirus. 3. a small scale trial with usol-d bac virus in a closed child community.		1965	14269257
[experiments on viral excretion and serum differentiation during a poliomyelitis epidemic following oral vaccination with poliovirus type-3].		1965	14304400
[autohistioradiographic research on "enterohepatic circulation" of attenuated poliovirus type 3 of sabin labelled with i-131. experimental findings].		1965	14341456
annual report of the australian national poliovirus reference laboratory, 2002.	acute flaccid paralysis is the main clinical manifestation of poliomyelitis. faecal specimens from cases of acute flaccid paralysis in australia are referred to the national poliovirus reference laboratory for virus culture to determine if poliovirus is the causative agent. isolations of poliovirus are tested to determine whether they have characteristics of the sabin oral polio vaccine virus strains or wild type polioviruses. in 2002, a poliovirus type 3, which tested as sabin vaccine-like, was ...	2003	14510060
isolation and characterization of circulating type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus from sewage and stream waters in hispaniola.	twenty-one cases of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) were reported on the island of hispaniola in 2000. laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cvdpv) type 1 in stool samples obtained from patients. as a complement to the active search for cases of afp, environmental sampling was conducted during november and december 2000, to test for cvdpv in sewage, streams, canals, and public latrines. fifty-five environmental samples were obtained and analyzed for ...	2004	15031784
characterization of a highly evolved vaccine-derived poliovirus type 3 isolated from sewage in estonia.	two types of vaccine-derived polioviruses have been recently designated to emphasize the different origins of the evolved viruses: circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cvdpv) associated with outbreaks of paralytic disease and strains isolated from chronically infected immunodeficient individuals (ivdpv). we describe here a type 3 vdpv (pv3/est/02/e252; later e252) isolated from sewage collected in tallinn, estonia, in october 2002. due to aberrant properties in subtyping, the virus was subj ...	2004	15078968
buthionine sulfoximine inhibits cytopathic effect and apoptosis induced by infection with human echovirus 9.	we studied the effect of buthionine sulfoximine (bso) on the replication of an isolate of human echovirus 9 (ev9) and the apoptosis induced by it in gmk cells. one hundred microm bso markedly inhibited the cytopathic effect (cpe) induced by ev9. bso also significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by ev9. bso did not influence replication of ev9 genome, but inhibited virion formation. these results suggest that the inhibition by bso of cpe and apoptosis induced by ev9 may be associated with the im ...	2004	15168199
shedding of sabin poliovirus type 3 containing the nucleotide 472 uracil-to-cytosine point mutation after administration of oral poliovirus vaccine.	a uracil-to-cytosine point mutation at nucleotide (nt) 472 of sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) type 3 is found in conjunction with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp). direct rna extraction and mutant analysis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme cleavage were used to identify this point mutation in clinical samples. a total of 238 stool samples were obtained from 28 healthy infants for 6 weeks after opv vaccination. more than 25% of infants shed opv3 in the week ...	2004	15216480
[the spread of the wild poliovirus in the rural environment, the case of the adzopé health district, côte d'ivoire].	wild poliovirus spreading in rural environment in adzopé, côte d'ivoire in order to determine the level of wild poliovirus spreading among rural children in an endemic poliomyelitis country 469 stools samples, from children aged between three weeks and twelve years old were processed according to who procedures for transportation, conservation, isolation and identification of poliovirus. intratypic differenciation was performed by an antigenic method using monoclonal antibodies and a genomic rfl ...	2004	15255346
win51711-resistant mutants of poliovirus type 3: capsid residues important in uncoating functions.	capsid-binding drugs that inhibit the first stage of picornaviral uncoating were used to select drug-resistant mutants of the sabin strain of poliovirus type 3. such mutants provide information about parts of the capsid that are important for functions blocked by the drugs, and also about pathways to drug resistance. amino-acid substitutions allowing virus to produce progeny in the presence of drug were mapped to 13 different residues occupying three distinct locations: (i) the canyon base; (ii) ...	1995	15299835
molecular mechanisms of attenuation of the sabin strain of poliovirus type 3.	mutations critical for the central nervous system (cns) attenuation of the sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus (pv) are located within the viral internal ribosome entry site (ires). we examined the interaction of the iress of pv type 3 (pv3) and sabin type 3 (sabin3) with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) and a neural cell-specific homologue, nptb. ptb and nptb were found to bind to a site directly adjacent to the attenuating mutation, and binding at this site was less efficient on the ...	2004	15452230
epi vaccines-induced antibody prevalence in 8-9 year-olds in the gambia.	we evaluated antibody prevalence to measles, polio 1 and 3, and tetanus toxoid antibodies in 8-9 year-old children in the gambia within the framework of the gambia hepatitis intervention study (ghis), a large vaccine trial aimed at evaluating vaccine efficacy against hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection, chronic carriage and primary liver cancer in a high risk population. the results of the present survey were compared with a previous survey performed with the same objectives and same methodology b ...	2004	15482396
virucidal activity presence in trichilia glabra leaves.	different immunomodulatory activities present in trichilia glabra (tg) leaf extracts have already been described. particularly, chloroform-methanol extracts were responsible for an in-vivo anti-inflammatory effect. the effect of such extracts on the infectivity of enveloped and naked viruses were investigated. methanolic fraction extracts were active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), while no activity against poliovirus type 3 was observed. vsv was ...	2004	15559196
presence of papillomavirus sequences in condylomatous lesions of the mamillae and in invasive carcinoma of the breast.	viruses including epstein-barr virus (ebv), a human equivalent of murine mammary tumour virus (mmtv) and human papillomavirus (hpv) have been implicated in the aetiology of human breast cancer. we report the presence of hpv dna sequences in areolar tissue and tumour tissue samples from female patients with breast carcinoma. the presence of virus in the areolar-nipple complex suggests to us a potential pathogenic mechanism.	2004	15642157
a seroprevalence study of poliovirus antibody in the population of northern greece.	this study assessed immunity to poliomyelitis in a representative sample of 1064 persons living in northern greece. antibody prevalences in the individuals tested were 91.1% (95% confidence interval (ci): 89.4-92.8), 92.1% (95% ci: 90.5-93.7) and 83.1% (95% ci: 80.8-85.4) for poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. for poliovirus type 3, a gap in immunity was found in individuals aged 10-29 years. re-vaccination of adolescents living in northern greece is suggested to ensure herd immunity and ...	2005	15649308
[genetic variability of poliovirus: typing of strains isolated in madagascar by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) assay].	the differentiation of the vaccine or wild origin of poliovirus at the laboratory is an important step towards the process of the poliomyelitis eradication. we report herein the results obtained from poliovirus types 3 and 2, isolated in madagascar in 1997 and 2002 from healthy children and cases of acute flaccid paralysis, respectively. the technique used is based on the amplification of genome (rt-pcr), followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (rflp), performed in 3 different ...	2003	15678812
poliovirus-specific memory immunity in seronegative elderly people does not protect against virus excretion.	dutch people born between 1925 and 1945 were ineligible for vaccination with the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) introduced in 1957 and may have escaped natural infection because of reduced poliovirus circulation. we examined whether people with low or undetectable antibody levels are susceptible to infection and whether memory immunity provides protection against virus excretion.	2005	15717277
a genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses detected by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing analysis in a large sample of common warts in japan.	there have been no large-scale epidemiological studies of human papillomavirus (hpv) genotype distribution of common warts in japan. a total of 213 patients with common warts (104 males and 109 females) in japan were studied to detect hpv genotype distribution by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and direct sequencing analysis. the results were as follows: 94 hpv-1a (44.1%), 35 hpv-4 (16.4%), 30 hpv-65 (14.1%), 13 hpv-27 (6.1%), 13 hpv-2a (6.1%), 9 hpv-57b (4.22%), 3 hpv-16 (1.41%), 2 hpv-6a (0.94 ...	2005	16032719
replication of respiratory viruses, particularly influenza virus, rhinovirus, and coronavirus in huh7 hepatocarcinoma cell line.	detection of viral antigens and isolation methods has long been used for the diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. the objective was to determine the ability of huh7 cells to support the replication of prototype and wild strains of respiratory viruses. the cell culture-adapted strains of influenza viruses a and b, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, respiratory syncytial viruses a and b, both strains of the human metapneumoviruses, numerous rhinoviruses, most of the adenoviruses, coronaviruses 229e ...	2005	16121382
[evaluation of the response to vaccination against poliomyelitis and measles in malnourished children in morocco].	we made a comparative survey of the poliovirus antibodies (anti-poliovirus type 1, anti-poliovirus type 2 and anti-poliovirus type 3) and the measles antibodies in malnourished but completely vaccinated children (37) and control children (34). the age range was 10 months to 5 years. immunization in children with protein-energy malnutrition was low for both vaccines. seroprevalence rates of the polio 1, polio 2, polio 3 antibodies and the measles antibodies in the control group were 94.1%, 97.1%, ...	2004	16335637
interchangeability of two diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines as a fourth dose in 15-20-month-old toddlers.	since 1998, all children in canada have been immunized with a pentavalent diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (dtap-ipv-hib) produced by one manufacturer (pentacel). recently, another dtap-ipv-hib (infanrix-ipv-hib) became available. data on the interchangeability of these products was lacking.	2006	16516357
vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis caused by contact infection.	we encountered an adult patient with acute anterior poliomyelitis (aap), whose monoparesis developed 28 days after his son's immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine (opv). neurological and electrophysiological examinations suggested that his muscular wasting of the left lower limb was due to a lower motor neuron disorder, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed the responsible lesion in the left anterior horn at the thoracolumbar junction. his stool was found to include poliovirus type 3, main ...	2006	16617188
evidence for a causal association between oral polio vaccine and transverse myelitis: a case history and review of the literature.	a 6-month-old boy developed transverse myelitis 7 days after the receipt of oral polio vaccine (opv). a paediatric neurologist confirmed the diagnosis when the boy was aged 9 years. the boy had received his first scheduled opv at the age of 4 months and had developed immunity to serotypes 1 and 2 but not to serotype 3. a poliovirus type 3 was isolated from stool and throat specimens collected from the boy in the first 2 days after symptom onset. this was shown, in a world health organization acc ...	2006	16630313
epidermodysplasia verruciformis and generalized verrucosis: the same disease?	we report a patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (ev) who had severe generalized verrucous skin lesions for 50 years without any immunological abnormality. microscopic examination showed two histopathological features, including seborrhoeic keratosis and common warts. the detected human papilloma virus (hpv) types were found to be hpv 3, 50, 5, and 76, using a degenerate pcr method. ev and generalized verrucosis are distinguished by slight differences in clinical symptoms or hpv types, s ...	2006	16681585
detection of enteroviruses and mammalian reoviruses in korean environmental waters.	using the standard total culturable virus assay-most probable number (tcva-mpn) method, we evaluated a total of 348 samples, including surface water, finished water, and tap water samples, collected from randomly selected water treatment plants in korea from august 2001 through july 2005 according to the information collection rule. all the tcva-positive samples were also subjected to integrated cell culture-pcr (icc-pcr) methods for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus, adenoviruse ...	2006	17053314
[evaluation of the immunity level achieved with the oral polio vaccine in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years of catalonia (spain)].	to evaluate the immunity level achieved with oral polio vaccine in schoolchildren aged 6-12 years of catalonia (spain).	2006	17145026
serologic response to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: a randomized clinical trial comparing 2 vaccination schedules in puerto rico.	the world health organization (who) recommends the discontinuation of oral poliovirus vaccine after eradication of wild poliovirus. studies assessing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) immunogenicity in tropical countries, using the who expanded programme on immunization (epi) schedule, have been limited.	2007	17152004
ultraviolet, chlorine and ozone disinfection of some enteroviruses in drinking water and treated effluents.	the inactivation efficiency of chlorine, ultraviolet light and ozone were determined for poliovirus type 3, coxsackievirus type b4 and hepatitis a virus in drinking water and treated effluent. ultraviolet was more efficient than the other two disinfectants at wave length 254 nm where no infective virus was detected after 4 min of uv irradiation in both drinking water and treated effluent. inactivation by chlorine dose more than 25 mg/l was sufficient for studied viruses in both drinking water an ...	1997	17216997
long-lasting poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies among argentinean population immunized with four or five oral polio vaccine doses 1 month to 19 years previously.	the persistence of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies was investigated in 297 individuals residing in argentina who had completed the vaccination cycle with four or five oral polio vaccine (opv) doses 1 mo to 19 yr before this study. seropositivity for the three polio types in individuals who had received four opv doses remained high and stable, showing rates not less than 94.6, 98.2, and 91.1% for types 1, 2, and 3, respectively, for a period of at least 6 yr. almost identical rates were found ...	2007	17425416
human rhinovirus type 14 gain-of-function mutants for orii utilization define residues of 3c(d) and 3dpol that contribute to assembly and stability of the picornavirus vpg uridylylation complex.	vpg linkage to the 5' ends of picornavirus rnas requires production of vpg-pupu. vpg-pupu is templated by an rna stem-loop (the cre or orii) found at different locations in picornavirus genomes. at least one adaptive mutation is required for human rhinovirus type 14 (hrv-14) to use poliovirus type 3 (pv-3) or pv-1 orii efficiently. one mutation changes leu-94 of 3c to pro; the other changes asp-406 of 3dpol to asn. by using an in vitro vpg uridylylation system for hrv-14 that recapitulates biolo ...	2007	17855535
annual report of the australian national poliovirus reference laboratory, 2006.	the australian national poliovirus reference laboratory (nprl), located within the victorian infectious diseases reference laboratory, is the national laboratory for australia, the pacific islands and brunei darussalam, and is accredited by the world health organization (who) as the regional reference laboratory for the who western pacific region. the nprl, in collaboration with the australian paediatric surveillance unit, co-ordinates surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (afp), the major cl ...	2007	17974218
seroprevalence of antibodies to poliovirus in individuals living in portugal, 2002.	the last case of poliomyelitis in portugal caused by indigenous wild poliovirus occurred in 1986 and the country was declared polio-free in 2002. high levels of immunity must be maintained to prevent the importation of wild poliovirus. in this study, we determined the immunity against poliomyelitis of the portuguese population in order to identify possible immunity gaps. a representative sample of 1,133 individuals older than two years residing in mainland portugal was studied. logistical diffic ...	2007	17991403
assessment of the stability of human viruses and coliphage in groundwater by pcr and infectivity methods.	to investigate the potential health hazard from infectious viruses where coliphages, or viruses by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), have been detected in groundwater. two aspects were investigated: the relationship between infectivity and detection by pcr and the stability of coliphage compared to human viruses.	2009	19298517
[hpv-associated cutaneous lesions].	more than 100 hpv genotypes are presently distinguished by comparing the dna sequence of the l1 orf of each hpv. two important aspects of the nature of this group of heterogeneous viruses are the way in which specific hpv genotypes are associated with distinct clinical and histological morphologies and the way specific hpv genotypes affect distinct anatomical sites. the former is best evidenced by the hpv type specific cytopathic or cytopathogenic effect (cpe), whereas the latter is suggested by ...	2008	19374195
[immunity to poliovirus after vaccination of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and rheumatic diseases].	to assess immunization coverage against poliomyelitis and level of immunity postvaccination in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (dm1) and rheumatic diseases.	2009	20063794
a seroprevalence study of poliovirus antibody against a collection of recombinant and non-recombinant poliovirus vaccine strains in the population of southern greece.	in this study, the serological status of the southern greek population in the 1–10-year, 11–20-year, 21–30-year and 31–40-year age groups with regard to sabin vaccine strains and a collection of 15 recombinant and four non-recombinant poliovirus vaccine strains was determined. for all three poliovirus types, the highest neutralization test (nt) titres were observed in the 1–10- year age group, indicating a good response to vaccination. in general, the serological status of the population of sout ...	2010	20148919
correlation between vaccine coverage against polio and circulation and genetic evolution of the poliovirus strains isolated in romania in the framework of the global polio eradication strategy.	until 2008 in romania poliomyelitis has been controlled by predominantly using trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (topv). the alternative vaccination schedule (formalin inactivated poliovirus vaccine ipv/opv) has been implemented starting september 2008 and at the begining of 2009 was decided only vaccination with ipv. between 1995-2006 the risk of the vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) decreased with an average of less than 2 vapp cases/year and no vapp case between 2007 - septemb ...	2009	20361534
recurrent isolation of poliovirus 3 strains with chimeric capsid protein vp1 suggests a recombination hot-spot site in vp1.	five oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) strains carrying an intertypic pv3/pv2 recombination in vp1 capsid protein were isolated during poliovirus surveillance. these five pv3 strains had altogether four diverse recombination crossover points near the 3' end of the vp1 coding region. the complete antigenic site iiia was replaced by pv2-specific amino acids in four of the studied pv3 strains. low overall number of nucleotide substitutions in vp1 indicated that the predicted replication time, "age", of ...	2010	20493912
high level immunity against poliomyelitis in african and asian refugees in southern italy.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the level of poliomyelitis immunization in refugees residing in the asylum seeker center in bari. the study was carried out during 2008 and involved 573 refugees. an antibody titer >or=1:8 was found in 99.6% for poliovirus 1, in 99.8% for poliovirus 2, and in 99.5% for poliovirus 3.	2010	20536893
two decades of battle against polio: opening a window to examine public health in china.	during a two-decade battle against polio, the chinese government has saved more than one million children from physical disability caused by wild poliovirus infection. today, the chinese government still faces an arduous task in (1) preventing the entry and transmission of wild poliovirus from surrounding polio-endemic countries, (2) finding and stopping the outbreak of polio caused by the recycling of vaccine-derived poliovirus, (3) reducing vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) cas ...	2010	20591714
human virus and bacteriophage inactivation in clear water by simulated sunlight compared to bacteriophage inactivation at a southern california beach.	few quantitative data exist on human virus inactivation by sunlight and the relationship between human and indicator viruses under sunlit conditions. we investigated the effects of sunlight on human viruses (adenovirus type 2, poliovirus type 3) and bacteriophages (ms2, q-beta sp, fi, m13, prd1, phi-x174, and coliphages isolated from avalon bay, california). viruses were inoculated into phosphate buffered saline or seawater, exposed to a laboratory solar simulator for ≤12 h, and enumerated by do ...	2010	20726507
determination of antigenic properties of vaccine derived poliovirus strains.	in this study, the immunity level of the southern greek population in the 1-10-year, 11-20-year, 21-30-year and 31-40-year age groups with regard to sabin vaccine strains and a collection of 11 recombinant and three non-recombinant poliovirus vaccine strains was determined. the results showed the lowest neutralization titre in the 21-30-year-age group against poliovirus type 3. moreover, the capsid coding region of opv (oral poliovirus vaccine) derivatives was sequenced in order to identify muta ...	2010	20974307
immunogenicity of bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial.	poliovirus types 1 and 3 co-circulate in poliomyelitis-endemic countries. we aimed to assess the immunogenicity of a novel bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine (bopv).	2010	20980048
retrospective molecular and phenotypic analysis of poliovirus vaccine strains isolated in greece.	clin microbiol infect abstract: the live oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) strains are genetically unstable, causing, in rare cases, vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. reversions of the known attenuating mutations in opv strains and intertypic recombination have been identified as the underlying causes of the increased neurovirulence of poliovirus isolates. in this study, three opv isolates (one non-recombinant and two recombinants) were tested in order to correlate phenotypic traits such a ...	2011	21375661
maprec assay for quantitation of mutants in a recombinant flavivirus vaccine strain using near-infrared fluorescent dyes.	mutant analysis by pcr and restriction enzyme cleavage (maprec) is a quantitative assay of revertants in batches of live viral vaccines. the assay is highly sensitive and reliable but requires radioactive isotopes, which complicates its use in quality control laboratories. to quantify mutants in the cdna of the west nile (wn)/dengue 4 chimera that was proposed as a new candidate of live vaccine against west nile disease, alternative maprec protocols using non-radioactive dyes were explored. to c ...	2011	21514323
impact of early life exposures to geohelminth infections on the development of vaccine immunity, allergic sensitization, and allergic inflammatory diseases in children living in tropical ecuador: the ecuavida birth cohort study.	geohelminth infections are highly prevalent infectious diseases of childhood in many regions of the tropics, and are associated with significant morbidity especially among pre-school and school-age children. there is growing concern that geohelminth infections, particularly exposures occurring during early life in utero through maternal infections or during infancy, may affect vaccine immunogenicity in populations among whom these infections are endemic. further, the low prevalence of allergic d ...	2011	21714922
randomized trial of type 1 and type 3 oral monovalent poliovirus vaccines in newborns in africa.	(see the editorial commentary by cochi and linkins, on pages 169-71.) background. the global polio eradication initiative aims to eradicate wild poliovirus by the end of 2012. therefore, more-immunogenic polio vaccines, including monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines (mopvs), are needed for supplemental immunization activities. this trial assessed the immunogenicity of monovalent types 1 and 3, compared with that of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (topv), in south africa. methods. we conducted ...	2012	22158680
low ph formulation of whole igg antivenom: impact on quality, safety, neutralizing potency and viral inactivation.	low ph treatment improves the tolerance to intravenous infusion, the stability, and the viral safety of various therapeutic immunoglobulins g preparations, but has never been evaluated for horse plasma-derived antivenoms. we have studied the impact of low ph formulation on the quality, safety, stability, potency and viral inactivation of a whole igg antivenom used to treat viperid snake bite envenoming. horse plasma-derived whole immunoglobulins purified by caprylic acid were incubated for 24 h ...	2012	22266304
are viruses associated with human breast cancer? scrutinizing the molecular evidence.	the three viruses most studied as possible causes of human breast cancer are mouse mammary tumor virus-like sequences (mmtv-ls), epstein-barr virus (ebv), and oncogenic (high risk) types of human papilloma virus (hpv). the first step in fulfilling traditional criteria for inferring that a cancer is caused by a virus is to demonstrate the virus in the affected tissue. molecular techniques, compared to host antibody assessment and immunohistochemistry, are the most definitive in establishing viral ...	2012	22274134
deficiency of immunity to poliovirus type 3: a lurking danger?	europe was certified to be polio-free in 2002 by the who. however, wild polioviruses remain endemic in india, pakistan, afghanistan, and nigeria, occasionally causing polio outbreaks, as in tajikistan in 2010. therefore, effective surveillance measures and vaccination campaigns remain important. to determine the poliovirus immune status of a german study population, we retrospectively evaluated the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies (na) to the poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 (pv1, 2, 3) in s ...	2012	22280025
evaluating associations between sources of information, knowledge of the human papillomavirus, and human papillomavirus vaccine uptake for adult women in california.	vaccines have the potential to reduce morbidity from hpv infections if age-eligible patients receive and parents know about them. content analyses have demonstrated significant range in the quality of hpv information obtained from different sources. the purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of associations between information source and level of knowledge about hpv and vaccine receipt/intention.	2012	22326776
immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus type 3 in infant, south africa, 2011.	patients with primary immunodeficiency are prone to persistently excrete sabin-like virus after administration of live-attenuated oral polio vaccine and have an increased risk for vaccine-derived paralytic polio. we report a case of type 3 immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus in a child in south africa who was born with x-linked immunodeficiency syndrome.	2012	22607733
investigation of quaternary ammonium silane-coated sand filter for the removal of bacteria and viruses from drinking water.	to develop an anti-microbial filter media using an attached quaternary ammonium compound (qac) and evaluate its performance under conditions relevant to household drinking water treatment in developing countries.	2012	22831552
development and evaluation of epa method 1615 for detection of enterovirus and norovirus in water.	the u.s. epa developed a sample concentration and preparation assay in conjunction with the total culturable virus assay for concentrating and measuring culturable viruses in source and drinking waters as part of the information collection rule (icr) promulgated in 1996. in an effort to improve upon this method, the u.s. epa recently developed method 1615: measurement of enterovirus and norovirus occurrence in water by culture and rt-qpcr. method 1615 uses a culturable virus assay with reduced e ...	2013	23087037
a dominant ev71-specific cd4+ t cell epitope is highly conserved among human enteroviruses.	cd4+ t cell-mediated immunity plays a central role in determining the immunopathogenesis of viral infections. however, the role of cd4+ t cells in ev71 infection, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), has yet to be elucidated. we applied a sophisticated method to identify promiscuous cd4+ t cell epitopes contained within the sequence of the ev71 polyprotein. fifteen epitopes were identified, and three of them are dominant ones. the most dominant epitope is highly conserved among ente ...	2012	23251663
environmental surveillance of enterovirus in northern india using an integrated shell vial culture with a semi-nested rt pcr and partial sequencing of the vp1 gene.	enteroviruses have been reported in epidemic form during last 10 years in northern india. environmental surveillance of sewage is the method of choice in limited resources countries for detection of enterovirus serotypes circulating in the community. twenty-four sewage samples collected between january, 2009 and december, 2010 were tested for enterovirus by using a new modified integrated shell vial culture (isvc) with a semi-nested rt-pcr of a partial vp1 gene and virus isolation integrated wit ...	2013	23341372
sabin and wild type polioviruses from children who presented with acute flaccid paralysis in nigeria.	sensitive poliovirus surveillance to detect vaccine-derived-polioviruses will continue to increase in importance.	2012	23382751
sunlight inactivation of human viruses and bacteriophages in coastal waters containing natural photosensitizers.	sunlight inactivation of poliovirus type 3 (pv3), adenovirus type 2 (hadv2), and two bacteriophage (ms2 and prd1) was investigated in an array of coastal waters to better understand solar inactivation mechanisms and the effect of natural water constituents on observed inactivation rates (k(obs)). reactor scale inactivation experiments were conducted using a solar simulator, and k(obs) for each virus was measured in a sensitizer-free control and five unfiltered surface water samples collected fro ...	2013	23384052
survey of poliovirus antibodies in kano, northern nigeria.	in 1988, the world health assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis. since then, much progress towards this goal has been made, but three countries including nigeria remain polio-endemic as of end 2012. to assess the immunity level against poliomyelitis in young children in northern nigeria, we conducted a seroprevalence survey in the kano metropolitan area (kma) in may 2011.	2014	24041545
immunity status against poliomyelitis in childbearing women in a province of northern italy. a cross-sectional analysis.	this cross-sectional seroprevalence study was carried out in 2007 to estimate the immunological status associated with poliomyelitis among fertile women , according to demographic changes. we consecutively enrolled 493 healthy mothers at the time of delivery in order to assess immunity against poliomyelitis by a neutralisation inhibition test. despite the lack of seronegative subjects, our investigation showed low gmts, which confirmed a reduction in the "booster effect". the gmts against poliov ...	2014	24048181
molecular cloning and characterisation of a novel type of human papillomavirus 160 isolated from a flat wart of an immunocompetent patient.	more than 150 types of human papillomaviruses (hpvs) have been isolated from numerous cutaneous and/or mucosal lesions. flat wart samples on the face from 36 immunocompetent patients were collected and screened for hpv. from one sample, we cloned a putative novel genotype. the novel type consisted of 7779 bp in length with a gc content of 47.1%, containing open reading frames for putative early proteins (e1, e2, e4, e6, and e7) and two late proteins (l1 and l2). homology searches and phylogeneti ...	2013	24282509
epidermodysplasia verruciformis in a young man with hiv since birth--case report.	epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a genodermatosis characterized by susceptibility to infection by specific hpv types (hpv 3/10 and beta-hpvs). it is considered to be the first model in human carcinogenesis induced by hpv. in this report we present a rare case of epidermodysplasia verruciformis associated with vertical transmission of hiv. although most patients with hiv present infections by hpv virus, the frequency of epidermodysplasia verruciformis is no greater in patients with hiv because ...	2015	24346916
effect of decision support on missed opportunities for human papillomavirus vaccination.	missed opportunities for human papilloma virus (hpv) vaccination are common, presenting a barrier to achieving widespread vaccine coverage and preventing infection.	2014	25455116
sunlight inactivation of viruses in open-water unit process treatment wetlands: modeling endogenous and exogenous inactivation rates.	sunlight inactivation is an important mode of disinfection for viruses in surface waters. in constructed wetlands, for example, open-water cells can be used to promote sunlight disinfection and remove pathogenic viruses from wastewater. to aid in the design of these systems, we developed predictive models of virus attenuation that account for endogenous and exogenous sunlight-mediated inactivation mechanisms. inactivation rate models were developed for two viruses, ms2 and poliovirus type 3; lab ...	2015	25664567
achieving high seroprevalence against polioviruses in sri lanka--results from a serological survey, 2014.	the immunization program in sri lanka consistently reaches >90% coverage with oral poliovirus vaccines (opv), and no polio supplementary vaccination campaigns have been conducted since 2003. we evaluated serological protection against polioviruses in children. a cross-sectional community-based survey was performed in three districts of sri lanka (colombo, badulla, and killinochi). randomly selected children in four age groups (9-11 months, 3-4 years, 7-9 years, and 15 years) were tested for poli ...	2015	26166424