Publications

serologic surveillance for vesicular stomatitis virus on ossabaw island, georgia.	seventeen species of mammals and seven species of birds from ossabaw island, georgia, were tested for vesicular stomatitis (vs) neutralizing antibodies. seropositive results were restricted to mammals with six of 17 species testing seropositive for vs (new jersey type) neutralizing antibodies. seropositive species included: raccoons (procyon lotor), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), feral swine (sus scrofa), cattle (bos taurus), horses (equus caballus), and donkeys (equus asinus). all ...	1985	2987546
opioid modulation of ingestive behaviors in woodchucks and racoons.	we have examined the effect on feeding of opioid blockade with naloxone in two species which demonstrate a marked seasonality in their feeding patterns, the racoon (procyon lotor) and the woodchuck (marmota monax). naloxone suppressed food intake in the woodchuck which is a true hibernator. naloxone failed to suppress food intake in the racoon and, in fact, enhanced intake of a preferred sucrose solution. in the racoon, ir-dynorphine concentrations were extremely high in the hypothalamus compare ...	1985	2987986
experimental transmission of aleutian disease virus (adv) to different animal species.	two animals from each of 8 different species (mink, finn raccoon, cat, dog, ferret, blue fox, mouse and rabbit) were inoculated with the highly virulent utah i strain of adv. only the mink developed hypergammaglobulinemia. all animals produced antibodies to adv antigens, but with different titres. mink sera had much higher antibody titres than the other animal sera. antibodies to the adv-coded, non-structural polypeptide (p71) were found in mink, finn raccoons and dogs only. presence of this kin ...	1985	2994362
orthopoxvirus dna: a comparison of restriction profiles and maps.	characteristic dna endonuclease digest fragment electropherograms and restriction site maps permitted differentiation and genome structure analysis of 38 orthopoxviruses that included isolates of monkeypox virus from humans and animals, monkeypox white variants, variola, vaccinia, ectromelia, tatera (gerbil) and raccoon poxviruses, and cowpox and camelpox viruses. hindiii cleavage sites mapped on the 38 virus genome dnas plus smai, bgli, saci, kpni, xhoi, and sali maps for variola (harvey) and m ...	1985	2998003
latex agglutination test for detecting feline panleukopenia virus, canine parvovirus, and parvoviruses of fur animals.	a latex agglutination (la) test for the detection of parvoviruses of fur animals, cats, and dogs was developed, and its sensitivity and specificity were compared with those of hemagglutination (ha) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). tissue culture isolation was used to confirm the specificity results. fecal samples from various sources were tested, including specimens from raccoon dogs and mink which were experimentally infected with parvoviruses by oral exposure. la compared fav ...	1986	3007568
non-overlapping thalamocortical projections for separate forepaw digits before and after cortical reorganization in the raccoon.	the fluorescent dye retrograde tracing technique was used to examine the projection from ventroposterior lateral thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex in the raccoon. results are presented from fifteen experiments using fast blue in combination with either nuclear yellow or diamidino yellow dihydrochloride. injections of two dyes into adjacent but separate digit regions of cortex produced single-labeling of thalamic neurons, suggesting that projections for each digit are separate and independ ...	1986	3011221
arbovirus infections in several ontario mammals, 1975-1980.	serological studies for arboviruses were conducted on 725 animal sera collected in 22 ontario townships between 1975 and 1980 including 44 coyote (canis latrans), 277 red fox (vulpes vulpes), 192 raccoon (procyon lotor) and 212 striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to two flaviviruses, namely st. louis encephalitis and powassan were found in 50% of coyote, 47% of skunk, 26% of fox and 10% of raccoon sera. similarly, hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to a ...	1986	3017527
demarcations of the mechanosensory projection zones in the raccoon thalamus, shown by cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, and nissl stains.	to determine anatomically the boundaries and internal organization of the kinesthetic and cutaneous mechanosensory regions of the ventrobasal thalamus, alternate section series from electrophysiologically mapped tissues from 14 raccoons were stained for cytochrome oxidase, myelinated fibers, acetylcholinesterase, and nissl substance. microelectrode tracks, along with electrolytic lesions placed as tissue markers, reveal that the mechanoreceptor projection zones have higher cytochrome oxidase and ...	1987	3034988
effect of mechanical stimulus spread across glabrous skin of raccoon and squirrel monkey hand on tactile primary afferent fiber discharge.	the role of spread of skin deformation in activating cutaneous mechanoreceptors at a distance from their threshold receptive fields (rfs) was examined in glabrous skin of the north american raccoon and the squirrel monkey. one feedback-controlled mechanical stimulus probe was used to indent the skin to a controlled depth at a constant velocity, at varying distances from a second probe, which was used to monitor vertical displacement depth and velocity at this distant site. in many instances, the ...	1987	3035680
indirect immunofluorescent detection of oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum in the feces of naturally infected raccoons (procyon lotor).	fecal samples from 100 wild raccoons were examined for the presence of oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum using a commercially available indirect immunofluorescent detection procedure. thirteen (13%) of the samples were positive for oocysts. all positive samples were from juvenile raccoons. over 61% of the infected samples contained moderate to large numbers of oocysts. raccoons may serve as potential reservoirs for transmission of c. parvum.	1988	3057164
the molecular phylogenic tree of the genus trichinella constructed from isozyme patterns.	six zymograms were compared for extracts of muscle-stage larvae of the seven trichinella isolates, using isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. the isozyme patterns of acid phosphatase among them fell into four types. t. pseudospiralis from a raccoon and the polar strain from a polar bear formed type 1 and type 2, respectively. the iwasaki strain from a japanese black bear and the yamagata strain from a raccoon dog, both from japan, were type 3. type 4 consisted of three remaining strains, ...	1988	3057491
the brain of the raccoon (procyon lotor) in stereotaxic coordinates. i. macroscopic studies.	comparative anatomical and physiological studies revealed that the different sensory modalities are represented in the neocortex in topographically determined areas. comparison of the representation field of the forepaw in different species of carnivores reveals an exceptional enlargement of these area in the somatosensory cortex of the raccoon. in this species the forepaws are of primary importance for the exploration of the environment and of the food. the peculiar structural organization of t ...	1988	3069907
highlights on rabies, including mid-atlantic states outbreak in raccoons.		1986	3080698
trypanosoma cruzi from wild raccoons in oklahoma.	trypomastigotes of trypanosoma cruzi were detected in the blood of 5 of 8 wild adult raccoons which were live-trapped in tulsa, okla. organisms were isolated in diphasic blood agar medium and maintained in vero cell cultures. inoculated mice exhibited transient parasitemias without tissue involvement. amastigote forms occurred within vero cells. this is the first report of naturally occurring t cruzi infection of wild mammals in oklahoma.	1986	3087247
trypanosoma cruzi infection in a dog from oklahoma.	a dog with signs of weakness, labored breathing, and generalized edema was examined. it was heavily infested with fleas and had wounds resulting from a recent fight. hematologic findings were not remarkable, except for parasites in the blood. the dog was treated for fleas and given antibiotics, but was euthanatized when it failed to respond. blood and tissue specimens were found to contain trypanosoma cruzi, and the serum contained antibodies to the organism. we believe this is the first confirm ...	1986	3098711
occurrence of baylisascaris procyonis in raccoon populations on military installations in the washington, d.c. area.		1987	3103024
organization of postcranial kinesthetic projections to the ventrobasal thalamus in raccoons.	to determine the presence and organization of kinesthetic, as compared with other mechanosensory projection zones in the thalamus of raccoons, unit-cluster responses to mechanical stimulation of the postcranial body were mapped electrophysiologically in the thalami of 14 raccoons anesthetized with dial-urethane. a distinct zone of kinesthetic projections (from receptive fields in muscles, tendons, and joints) was found in the rostral and dorsal aspects of the mechanosensory projection zone. thes ...	1987	3108336
biochemical and immunological systematics of some ascaridoid nematodes: genetic divergence between congeners.	vertical starch gel electrophoresis and trefoil immunodiffusion were used to study the systematics of some ascaridoid nematodes. within the ascarididae, the time scale of divergence was too great for intergeneric electrophoretic comparisons. congeneric electrophoretic comparisons of baylisascaris procyonis (host--raccoon) versus baylisascaris transfuga (host--black bear), and toxocara canis (host--domestic dog) versus toxocara cati (host--domestic cat) yielded nei genetic distance coefficients o ...	1987	3114467
sarcocystis in muscles of raccoons (procyon lotor l.).	sarcocysts of sarcocystis sp. were found in 26 (50%) of 52 raccoons (procyon lotor) from ohio, pennsylvania, florida, and maryland. although only 4 (7.7%) of 52 cardiac muscles specimens were found to contain sarcocysts, 25% to 36.5% of tongue, diaphragm, masseter muscle, and esophagus specimens were found infected. by light microscopy, sarcocyst walls were less than 3 micron thick and had no conspicuous projections; interior septa were indistinct. by transmission electron microscopy, sarcocyst ...	1987	3123650
tissue concentrations of heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls in raccoons in central new york.		1988	3133000
fragile sites, telomeric dna sequences, b chromosomes, and dna content in raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides, with comparative notes on foxes, coyote, wolf, and raccoon.	earlier studies of the genus nyctereutes disclosed two subspecies of differing chromosome numbers accompanied by b chromosomes. to further define the relationship of these subspecies to each other, and to other carnivores, and to learn more about the structure and function of their chromosomes, we characterized and compared the genomes in terms of dna content by flow cytometry, fragile sites induced by aphidicolin, and telomere sequences using biotinylated dna probes detected with fluorescence. ...	1988	3150325
canine host range and a specific epitope map along with variant sequences in the capsid protein gene of canine parvovirus and related feline, mink, and raccoon parvoviruses.	canine parvovirus (cpv) is a recently recognized pathogen of dogs that is similar to the long-recognized feline, mink, and raccoon parvoviruses. relationships between the viruses determined from dna sequences of the capsid protein genes of 10 virus isolates showed the cpv isolates to be closely related to the other viruses, although comprising a distinct group. no immediate ancestor of cpv was observed amongst the mink, cat, or raccoon viruses examined. three different directly repeated sequence ...	1988	3176341
projections from cortical area smii and claustrum to two functional subdivisions of smi forepaw digit cortex of the raccoon.	the retrograde hrp tracer method was used to study the projections from cortical area smii and the claustrum to two electrophysiologically defined, functionally distinct subdivisions of the smi forepaw cortex of the raccoon. individual smi cortical digit zones were found to receive ipsilateral projections from smii and immediately adjoining cortical regions; the projections to the "heterogeneous" (hairy skin and claw) functional subdivision of a given digit zone were considerably more extensive ...	1988	3191407
trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem. iii. epidemiological investigations of trichinella spiralis in resident wild and feral animals.	as part of a larger epidemiological study examining the transmission of trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem, resident wild and feral animals were trapped to determine the extent of their involvement in the natural, on-farm cycling of the parasite among swine. during a 21-mo-study, seven of 15 skunks (mephitis mephitis), one of three opossums (didelphis virginiana), two of two feral domestic cats and a raccoon (procyon lotor) were found to be infected, while five shrews (blarina bre ...	1988	3193554
capillaria procyonis (nematoda: trichuroidea) eggs from the tongue of the raccoon (procyon lotor).	during an investigation to determine the prevalence and intensity of larvae of trichinella spiralis in raccoons (procyon lotor), unembryonated capillariid-type eggs were found routinely in the sediment resulting from 1% pepsin-hcl acid digests of the tongue. the sediment from 36 (90%) of the 40 tongue digests examined contained these capillariid-type eggs. mean measurements of egg width and length were 25 +/- 2 microns and 62 +/- 2 microns, respectively. in addition, the surface of the egg shell ...	1988	3193575
sylvatic trichinosis in canada.	pepsin digestion of musculature from 2253 animals revealed that sylvatic trichinosis occurred in various species of mammals from the eastern to the western arctic and extended down into the rocky mountain and foothills regions of western canada. infections were demonstrated in arctic fox, red fox, wolf, raccoon, coyote, lynx, bobcat and dog.	1988	3196978
kinesthetic cortical area anterior to primary somatic sensory cortex in the raccoon (procyon lotor).	extracellular microelectrode recording of cortical unit activity, with subsequent histological examination, was used to determine the extent, organization, and cytoarchitecture of the zone of muscle afferent projections (kinesthetic cortex) anterior to the primary somatic sensory cortex in anesthetized raccoons. activity was evoked in response to mechanical stimulation of muscles from which the overlying skin had been dissected away. most kinesthetic responses were elicited in a contiguous corti ...	1988	3198797
skunk rabies.	in north america, the number of cases of rabies diagnosed in skunks generally exceeds that in either raccoons or foxes. enzootic skunk rabies occurs mainly in four geographic regions: (1) southern ontario and quebec and upper new york state; (2) the north central united states and the canadian provinces of manitoba, saskatchewan, and alberta; (3) california; and (4) south central united states (texas and several adjacent states). rabies in these areas (in skunks and, to a large extent, in other ...	1988	3206070
roles of the wolf and the raccoon dog in the ecology and epidemiology of rabies in the ussr.	at the end of the 1960s, the roles of the wolf and the raccoon dog in the ecology and epidemiology of rabies in the ussr increased rapidly. this increase was caused by a lack of attention to measures of wolf control and by the introduction of the raccoon dog into the european part of the ussr. the intensification of control measures led to a decrease in the role played by these animals in the ecology and epidemiology of rabies.	1988	3206072
an aerial baiting system for the distribution of attenuated or recombinant rabies vaccines for foxes, raccoons, and skunks.	an aerial baiting system was developed to deliver oral rabies vaccines to wild carnivore vectors of rabies, e.g., red fox, striped skunk, and raccoon. the bait consists of a polyethylene bag that contains either a 30-g hamburger ball or a 25-ml cube of polyurethane sponge coated with a wax-beef tallow mixture containing 100-150 mg of tetracycline as a biomarker. attractants used with the sponge were added to the bag (e.g., liver slurry, cheeses, fish oils, or fruits). baits (greater than 80,000) ...	2006	3206077
efficacy of a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine in raccoons (procyon lotor).	raccoon rabies exists in epizootic proportions in the southeastern and mid-atlantic regions of the united states, but efficacious oral vaccines for control of rabies in this important vector have not been previously demonstrated. alternatively, a vaccinia recombinant virus vaccine (v-rg) expressing the era (evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth) rabies virus glycoprotein was highly immunogenic for laboratory animals and raccoons by the intradermal, intramuscular, and oral routes. raccoons that ate a synthe ...	1988	3206091
[legal fundamentals and practical accomplishments of abattoir and meat research in mammalian game animals].	meat regulations also involve game inspection. the previous publication mainly dealt with the regulations and their practice concerning game intended for slaughter. the following publication deals with game hunted for food (deer: red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer; horned ungulates: european mufflon, chamois; wild boar; european hare; european rabbit) and also game such as the badger and the raccoon.	1988	3222786
corticonigral projections from area 6 in the raccoon.	the corticonigral projections from area 6 in the raccoon were investigated using the autoradiographic tracing method. injections of tritiated proline and leucine were made into either medial or lateral area 6 subdivisions. uniformly distributed silver grains were observed overlying the ipsilateral substantia nigra pars compacta (snc) while more restricted foci of label indicative of fiber labeling were present in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (snr). autoradiographic label was also present ...	2010	3224659
ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies.	two areas of the united states presently are experiencing epizootics of raccoon rabies, which have been followed by the development of an enzootic state. these include four southeastern and five mid-atlantic states. information was obtained from 1,610 raccoons submitted for rabies testing in four of the affected mid-atlantic states during 1982 and 1983 and from 798 raccoons from virginia during 1984 and 1985. analysis of the two sets of data provided an opportunity to characterize certain aspect ...	1988	3264616
measurement of rabies-specific antibodies in carnivores by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	we describe an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that utilizes anticanine immunoglobulin for the measurement of rabies-specific antibody in the sera of the major domestic and wildlife reservoirs of rabies in north america. sufficient cross-reactivity was found to exist between anticanine igg and serum antibody from all carnivores tested, including dogs, cats, foxes (vulpes vulpes), skunks (mephitis sp.) and raccoons (procyon lotor). with sera of most species, good correlation wa ...	1988	3286905
successful oral rabies vaccination of raccoons with raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.	two infectious raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants for expressing rabies virus surface spike glycoprotein (g) were produced by homologous recombination between raccoon poxvirus dna and chimeric plasmids previously used for production of vaccinia virus recombinants. expression of g protein was controlled by vaccinia virus promoter p7.5 (early/late class) or by p11 (late class). immunoprecipitation of infected cell extracts indicated that both of the rcn recombinants directed faithful expression o ...	1988	3291388
epidemiology of rabies virus variants. differentiation using monoclonal antibodies and discriminant analysis.	rabies virus was isolated by cell culture from the brains of 104 confirmed rabies cases diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody staining technique in the united states during 1974-1984. eighty-seven isolates were obtained from wild-life species, 10 from humans, and seven from domestic animals. these isolates were tested in virus neutralization and immunofluorescence assays using a panel of 34 monoclonal antibodies specific for rabies virus nucleocapsid protein, 44 monoclonal antibodies specific fo ...	1987	3300280
safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine bait containing era strain of attenuated rabies virus.	ninety percent of foxes fed commercial era vaccine in a specially designed bait developed rabies serum neutralizing antibodies. the vaccine bait did not cause clinical signs of rabies when consumed by foxes, raccoons, skunks, dogs, cats, cattle and monkeys. when presented, in the laboratory, to wild rodents of the species microtus, mus musculus and peromyscus, the vaccine baits caused vaccine-induced rabies only in mus musculus. laboratory mice of the cd-1 and cll strain were susceptible to vacc ...	1987	3330965
distribution of cells projecting to thalamus vs. those projecting to cerebellum in subdivisions of the dorsal column nuclei in raccoons.	to learn the distribution of cells projecting to the thalamus, as opposed to the cerebellum, in the mechanosensory nuclei of the dorsal medulla of raccoons, we analyzed the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus and from the cerebellum. we found six nuclear regions projecting heavily to the thalamus with very small projections to the cerebellum: bischoff's, central cuneate, central gracile, rostral cuneate, rostral gracile nuclei, and cell gro ...	1988	3343398
medullary sources of projections to the kinesthetic thalamus in raccoons: external and basal cuneate nuclei and cell groups x and z.	in raccoons and other mammals, a pathway for kinesthetic sensation (from muscles, fascia, tendons, and joints) reaches the anterodorsal cap of the ventrobasal thalamus and the anteriormost part of the somatic sensory cerebral cortex. to find the medullary component of this kinesthetic pathway in raccoons, small injections of horseradish peroxidase were made in the thalamus under guidance of simultaneous electrophysiological recording from kinesthetic projections. as determined by retrograde labe ...	1988	3343399
oral administration of an attenuated strain of canine adenovirus (type 2) to raccoons, foxes, skunk, and mongoose.	an attenuated strain of canine adenovirus type-2 (cav-2) was administered orally to 2 foxes (vulpes fulva), 6 raccoons (procyon lotor), a skunk (mephitis mephitis), and a mongoose (herpestus auropunctatus). blood was collected weekly from the animals to monitor cav-2 virus-neutralizing antibody titers. all animals had increases in titers. sera from 8 foxes, 30 mongooses, 52 raccoons, and 22 skunks trapped in the field had naturally occurring antibody to cav-2.	1988	3348527
possible association between dirofilaria tenuis infections in humans and its prevalence in raccoons in florida.	a study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of dirofilaria tenuis in raccoons from subtropical southern florida as compared to the northern part of the state. the results indicate that d. tenuis is more prevalent in southern florida and suggest that this might be why humans suffer from more d. tenuis infections in southern florida than in other parts of the state.	1988	3357101
pheochromocytomas in two raccoon dogs.		1988	3363798
sensory deafferentation fails to modify muscarinic receptor binding in raccoon somatosensory cortex.	the characteristics and distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine (mach) receptor binding in primary somatosensory (si) cortex and the caudate nucleus of raccoons were studied using [3h]-qnb, a muscarinic antagonist. the binding characteristics were similar to reported values in rat and cat. autoradiographs produced from tissue sections labeled with [3h]-qnb showed the distribution of mach receptors in the forebrain of the raccoon. [3h]-qnb binding was highest in cerebral cortex, neostriatum and ...	1988	3382965
thalamic connections of two functional subdivisions of the somatosensory forepaw cerebral cortex of the raccoon.	the purpose of this study was to compare the thalamic interconnectivities of 2 functionally distinct subdivisions of the somatosensory (sml) forepaw cortex of the raccoon--the somatotopic subdivision representing the glabrous skin of the digits and the more heterogeneous subdivision representing the hairy skin and claws. injections of hrp were made into one or the other functional subdivision of a specific digit subgyrus of sml cortex in 10 adult raccoons. the distribution of hrp-labeled neurons ...	1988	3385479
intracortical connections of two functional subdivisions of the somatosensory forepaw cerebral cortex of the raccoon.	the aim of this study was to compare the intrinsic intracortical connectivities of 2 functionally distinct subdivisions of the somatosensory (sml) forepaw cortex of the raccoon--the somatotopic glabrous skin representation and the more heterogeneous, hairy skin and claw representation of the digits. hrp was injected into one or the other functional subdivision of a particular digit subgyrus of sml cortex in 10 adult raccoons. the distribution of hrp-labeled neurons and axon terminals in the cort ...	1988	3385480
deep plantar arteries of some mammals, with special reference to the plantar metatarsal arteries.	the plantar metatarsal arteries of some mammals were studied. in the dog, raccoon dog and cat, the second proximal perforating branch was fully developed and produced the plantar metatarsal arteries. these plantar metatarsal arteries ran on the plantar surfaces of the interosseous muscles along the metatarsal bones or intermetatarsal spaces, and gave rise to the digital arteries of the second to fifth toes. in the rabbit, a branch of the medial plantar artery ran transversely on the plantar surf ...	1988	3389201
motor neuron organization and corticospinal fibers in the cervical intumescence of the raccoon (procyon lotor) spinal cord.		1988	3389524
effect of cage size on growth, feed intake, fur quality and activity pattern of farmed raccoon dogs.		1988	3400355
environmental contaminants in raccoons in kansas.		1987	3440148
oral immunization and protection of raccoons (procyon lotor) with a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine.	animal rabies control has been frustrated by the existence of multiple wildlife reservoirs and the lack of efficacious oral vaccines. in this investigation, raccoons fed a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus in a sponge bait developed rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (0.6-54.0 units) and resisted street rabies virus infection 28 and 205 days after feeding. additional raccoons immunized by oral infusion with attenuated antigenic variants of rabies virus strains cvs-11 and era failed ...	1986	3464010
induction of protective immunity against rabies by immunization with rabies virus ribonucleoprotein.	we have studied the ability of rabies virus ribonucleoprotein (rnp) to induce a protective immune response in animals against lethal challenge with rabies and rabies-related lyssa viruses. liposomes containing either rnp or the glycoprotein (g protein) of a variant virus with multiple alterations in the g antigenic structure conferred no or poor protection, respectively, against lethal intracerebral challenge with rabies virus. by contrast, liposomes containing rnp and the variant g protein indu ...	1987	3480536
descriptive epidemiology from an epizootic of raccoon rabies in the middle atlantic states, 1982-1983.	during 1982 and 1983, the centers for disease control and cooperating middle atlantic states and local health departments collected data on 1,610 raccoons that were submitted for rabies testing and on 133 persons who received rabies postexposure prophylaxis as a result of exposure to wild animals. raccoons were found most commonly in yards and residential areas. raccoons that were killed by private citizens, animal-control personnel, or dogs had the highest positivity rate (70%), and those that ...	1987	3497576
pseudorabies in free-ranging raccoons.		2012	3505966
absence of la crosse virus in the presence of aedes triseriatus on the delmarva peninsula.	between 1980 and 1984, field studies were conducted in 2 areas on the delmarva peninsula to identify the presence of la crosse (lac) virus. ovitraps were used to collect eggs of aedes triseriatus complex mosquitoes. no virus was obtained from 969 pools containing 22,370 adult mosquitoes reared from eggs. only 1 of 143 raccoon serum samples had neutralizing antibody to lac virus; 36 sentinel domestic goats, and 99 other wild mammal serum samples were negative. the apparent absence of lac virus ma ...	1986	3507467
rabies in rodents and lagomorphs in the united states, 1971-1984: increased cases in the woodchuck (marmota monax) in mid-atlantic states.	a review of surveillance data on animal rabies from the centers for disease control revealed 104 cases of rabies in rodents and lagomorphs for 1971 through 1984 in the united states; 80% of these were reported between 1980 and 1984. woodchucks (marmota monax) accounted for 64% of the cases. most of the cases of rabies in woodchucks were associated with an epizootic of rabies in raccoons (procyon lotor) in the mid-atlantic states. in rabies endemic areas, humans exposed to woodchucks should recei ...	1986	3520029
organization of intracortical and commissural connections in somatosensory cortical areas i and ii in the raccoon.	the organization of intracortical and callosal projecting cell bodies was examined in somatosensory representation areas i (si) and ii (sii) of the raccoon by use of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) or horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutin (hrp-wha). hrp and hrp-wha were injected into commissurally and noncommissurally connected subdivisions of si and sii. injection sites in sii were identified electrophysiologically. results were obtained from transverse sections in which the hrp was visualize ...	1987	3558894
chromosomal evolution of the canidae. ii. divergence from the primitive carnivore karyotype.	the giemsa-banding patterns of chromosomes from the arctic fox (alopex lagopus), the red fox (vulpes vulpes), the kit fox (vulpes macrotis), and the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) are compared. despite their traditional placement in different genera, the arctic fox and the kit fox have an identical chromosome morphology and g-banding pattern. the red fox has extensive chromosome arm homoeology with these two species, but has only two entire chromosomes in common. all three species share ...	1987	3568762
trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem. ii. evidence for natural transmission of trichinella spiralis spiralis from domestic swine to wildlife.	epidemiological investigations of an outbreak of trichinellosis were carried out in a domestic swine herd and it was established that the parasite also occurred in rats, and in skunks, opossums, and raccoons. because considerable uncertainty exists regarding the role of sylvatic trichinellosis as a reservoir for the synanthropic cycle, studies were conducted to determine the genetic nature of the various isolates from this ecosystem. pig infectivity trials, isoenzyme analyses, and repetitive dna ...	1987	3572642
lyme disease ecology in wisconsin: distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini, and prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in small mammals.	lyme disease recently has been recognized in wisconsin. trapping studies were conducted at four geographically separate and ecologically distinct regions in wisconsin to elucidate the distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini on small and medium sized mammals, and the occurrence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in these wild mammals. peak i. dammini larval activity occurred from june-september. nymphs were most active from may-august. white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and ch ...	1987	3605501
helminths of the raccoon (procyon lotor) in western kentucky.	seventy raccoons (procyon lotor) from western kentucky were examined for helminths from december 1985 through may 1986. twenty-three species of helminths were collected including 10 species of trematoda (brachylaima virginiana, euryhelmis squamula, eurytrema procyonis, fibricola cratera, gyrosoma singulare, maritreminoides nettae, mesostephanus appendiculatoides, metagonimoides oregonensis, paragonimus kellicotti, pharyngostomoides procyonis), 2 species of cestoda (atriotaenia procyonis, mesoces ...	1987	3625429
rabies prevention in primary care. a four-step approach.	although most physicians in the united states have not seen a person with rabies, the primary care physician is often confronted with a patient who has been bitten by an animal capable of transmitting rabies virus. rabies is almost always transmitted by a bite; licks and other nonbite exposures hardly ever cause the disease. the control of rabies in domestic animals has greatly reduced the risk of human disease following the bite of a dog or cat, but rabies in wild animals (especially skunks and ...	1987	3628129
sensory innervation of the raccoon forepaw: 3. cutaneous domains and organization of nerves innervating the raccoon forepaw.	this report summarizes single-fiber and multifiber data from the median, ulnar, dorsal ulnar, and superficial radial nerves innervating the raccoon forepaw with respect to the cutaneous domains innervated by each nerve. the median nerve was found to innervate the ventral surface of the first four digits and the radial two-thirds of the palm. its innervation extended onto digit 5 in some animals. the palmar branch of the ulnar nerve innervated digits 4 and 5 and the ulnar half of the palm. the su ...	1987	3685746
comparative cytogenetics of chinese and japanese raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides.	we investigated the relationships between subspecies of nyctereutes procyonoides from china (2n = 54 + b chromosomes) and japan (2n = 38 + b chromosomes). the chromosomes of chinese and japanese raccoon dogs were compared by means of conventional staining, g- and c-banding, and silver nitrate staining of nors. extensive g-banding homologies revealed karyotype evolution through chromosomal fusion. we believe the reduced diploid number in the japanese raccoon dogs was achieved by fusion of 16 acro ...	1987	3691184
survival of macracanthorhynchus ingens in swine and histopathology of infection in swine and raccoons.	animal husbandry aimed at preventing macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus infections in swine is not successful in preventing exposure to macracanthorhynchus ingens, and it is probable that pigs occasionally acquire acanthocephalans of that species. in some pigs, m. ingens survived 2 weeks and grew several millimeters. in such cases, destruction of villi, erosion of epithelium, leukocytic infiltration, and altered cytological structure at attachment sites accompanied the infection. penetration was l ...	1986	3734995
architecture of the masticatory apparatus in eastern raccoons (procyon lotor lotor).	the structure and function of the masticatory apparatus of raccoons resemble those found in carnivores. in this study, the architecture of the skull, dentition, and masticatory apparatus is described, and a model is proposed that suggests a mechanism used by raccoons to reduce different foods. the model suggests that jaw movements are similar to those of cats, the posterior regions of the superficial and deep parts of the temporalis and the anterior region of the medial pterygoid generate horizo ...	1986	3739955
survey of raccoon hunters for rabies antibody titers: pilot study.		1986	3746238
uncertainty in science: is the giant panda a bear or a raccoon?	the few remaining doubts that the giant panda is a bear depend on the belief that it ought to be closely related to the lesser panda, and on controversial interpretations of molecular sequence differences.	2004	3774006
an epizootic of rabies in maryland, 1982-84.	the number of reported rabid raccoons increased by 617 per cent in maryland from 1982 to 1984. the per cent of raccoons that tested positive for rabies increased from 7.9 per cent in 1982 to 57 per cent in 1984. during this period of time, more than 74 per cent of human exposures to rabid animals involved raccoons. reports of animal bites of humans, however, showed only a 2.6 per cent increase. the raccoon rabies epizootic has had significant public health impact in terms of human rabies postexp ...	1987	3789236
a chromosome-banding study in the finnish and the japanese raccoon dog.		1986	3793521
cerebrospinal nematodiasis in pheasants.	infection with larvae of baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon ascarid, was the cause of neurologic disease affecting young pheasants on a commercial pheasant ranch in wisconsin. the disease was chronic and insidious, affecting 1% to 2% of the birds over a period of 2 years. histologic lesions in the brain consisted of multifocal areas of necrosis and inflammation associated with baylisascaris larvae. onset of the disease at the farm correlated with introduction of chopped straw as bedding for th ...	1986	3793586
sensory innervation of the raccoon forepaw: 1. receptor types in glabrous and hairy skin and deep tissue.	electrophysiological recordings were made from the median, ulnar, radial, and dorsal ulnar nerves to determine the types of mechanosensory receptors serving glabrous and hairy skin surfaces of the raccoon forepaw. in addition to the cutaneous mechanoreceptors, fibers innervating deep tissues were also recorded from each of these nerves. these included sensory fibers innervating muscles, joints, claws, and the subcutaneous pulp. the array of receptors serving raccoon glabrous skin was the same as ...	1986	3797914
sensory innervation of the raccoon forepaw: 2. response properties and classification of slowly adapting fibers.	physiological recordings were made from 136 slowly adapting (sa) fibers in the median and ulnar nerves that innervate the glabrous skin of the raccoon. it was found that wetting the skin produced large increases in fiber responsiveness and decreases in threshold. their responses decreased rapidly with slight displacements of the stimulus away from the center of the receptive field. responses also decreased with increases in the diameter of the tip of the stimulus probe. the length of time that a ...	1986	3797915
effects of social competition for feed on growth of farmed raccoon dogs.	to test whether or not social competition influences food consumption and growth in farmed raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides, gray 1834), animals were placed singly, in pairs and by threes in standard cages and fed ad libitum or restricted feed portions. daily feed intake of single, ad libitum freely fed animals, 930 +/- 150 g, was significantly more than that of animals caged in pairs (750 +/- 45 g) or by threes (730 +/- 210 g). animals on restricted feeding consumed all the feed supplied, ...	1986	3803991
relations between stimulus force, skin displacement, and discharge characteristics of slowly adapting type i cutaneous mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin of squirrel monkey hand.	the contributions of viscoelastic properties of squirrel monkey glabrous skin to slowly adapting type i (sai) mechanoreceptive afferent fiber discharge were examined in the present study. individual fibers of the median and ulnar nerves were isolated by microdissection in six monkeys anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. utilizing mechanical stimulation and data analysis techniques identical to those of a previous study of raccoon glabrous skin and its mechanoreceptors (pubols, 1982a; pubols a ...	1986	3809832
seasonal changes in hepatic activity of g-6-phosphate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in farmed polecats and raccoon dogs.	liver weight of both male and female polecats was significantly higher in winter than in summer. there were no seasonal or sex differences in the liver weight of raccoon dogs. body weight of male polecats was highest in winter. no marked seasonal changes in body weight of female polecats, or raccoon dogs of both sexes were found. total hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of polecats and raccoon dogs was higher in winter than in summer. specific activity of alpha-glycerophosphate d ...	1987	3829624
rabies: a review and current approach for the clinician.	rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis with virtually a 100% case fatality rate. only three cases of human survival after rabies have been documented. the current epizootic of raccoon rabies in the united states centered over the south atlantic states mandates a working knowledge of rabies management and postexposure prophylaxis by health care professionals. recently, important advances in rapid and accurate diagnosis and improvements in homologous vaccines make rabies a preventable disease ...	1985	3901281
brucella abortus in wildlife on selected cattle farms in alabama.	two studies of brucellosis in wildlife on farms where the brucellosis infection prevalence in cattle was known are reported. on a research farm, 233 feral animals of 22 mammalian species and 12 of seven avian species were trapped during three time periods. sixty were studied before cattle were introduced, 128 were studied while 501 cattle infected with brucella abortus were calving and aborting, and 60 specimens were collected 20 mo after the last infected cow calved. selected tissues from 229 w ...	1985	3923213
monoclonal antibodies to metacyclic stage antigens of trypanosoma cruzi.	hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against the tulahuén strain of trypanosoma cruzi were produced by the fusion of sp2/o-ag 14 myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with irradiated metacyclic trypomastigotes. twenty of the monoclonals synthesized by the hybridomas were identified as igm, 2 as igg1, 10 as igg2a, 3 as igg2b, 4 as igg3, 1 as ige, and 1 as iga. twenty-three of these antibodies had kappa light chains and 18 showed delta chains. twelve of the monoclonal ...	1985	3927760
spotted fever group rickettsiae in immature and adult ticks (acari: ixodidae) from a focus of rocky mountain spotted fever in connecticut.	immature and adult ixodid ticks were collected during 1983 and 1984 in newtown, connecticut, an area endemic for rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), to determine prevalence of infection by spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae. direct fluorescent-antibody (fa) staining revealed sfg organisms in 6 (1.8%) of 332 dermacentor variabilis larvae, 5 (7.8%) of 64 d. variabilis nymphs, and in 2 (40%) of 5 ixodes cookei nymphs removed from small- and medium-sized mammals. hemolymph tests detected rickett ...	1985	3938341
rickettsia rickettsii and rickettsia montana from ixodid ticks in connecticut.	dermacentor variabilis, infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae, parasitized 8 of 70 raccoons captured in newtown, connecticut. the spotted fever agent, rickettsia rickettsii, was isolated and identified from 4 adult d. variabilis and from 1 nymphal ixodes texanus removed from raccoons. this verifies the presence of this etiologic agent in ticks in an area where 6 people had clinical signs and symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) and antibodies to r. rickettsii. these are the fi ...	1986	3946737
the somatosensory thalamus of the raccoon: properties of single neurons responsive to light mechanical stimulation of the forepaw.	these studies were undertaken to characterize the discharge properties of single neurons of the raccoon thalamic ventrobasal complex (vb) that respond to light mechanical stimulation of the glabrous surfaces of the forepaw. microelectrodes were used to record the extracellular activity of 146 cells in anesthetized raccoons, and all neurons were histologically verified as falling within or along the boundaries of vb. sixty-one neurons were tested for activation by electrical stimulaton of primari ...	1986	3950698
tyzzer's disease as a complication of canine distemper in a raccoon.	intercurrent canine distemper and tyzzer's disease were diagnosed in a mature raccoon (procyon lotor) submitted for necropsy. clinical, gross and microscopic findings characteristic of canine distemper virus (cdv), included ataxia, dyspnea, suppurative conjunctivitis, interstitial pneumonitis and generalized lymphocytolysis. inclusion bodies typical of cdv infection were present in many epithelial tissues. acute multifocal hepatic necrosis and acute segmental necrotizing enteritis were attribute ...	1986	3951062
electrocardiographic evaluation of the healthy raccoon (procyon lotor).	leads i, avf, v3, and v10 ecg were obtained from 12 healthy raccoons anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine. intervals and amplitudes of component deflections were remarkably uniform among the individuals. vector orientation of qrs mimicked that for the dog; but the relatively low voltages to qrs mimicked those of cats. the qt interval varied inversely with heart rate, whereas the pq interval varied directly with body weight. relationship between heart rate and body weight was not significant ( ...	1986	3963582
lipogenic hepatic enzyme activity of raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) fed various diets.	body weight, obesity and liver weights of male raccoon dogs fed diets of various energy content were higher than those of females. with increasing body weight and obesity the liver weight and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g-6-pd) decreased significantly in both sexes. the liver weight correlated very positively with the g-6-pd activity. the alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-gpd) correlated with the liver weight only in females.	1985	3967489
smooth muscle in the hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic vein within the liver of the raccoon and guinea pig.	the amount and arrangement of smooth muscle in the intrahepatic vessels suggests that the guinea pig would be a good animal model for studying mechanisms controlling intrahepatic portal vein blood flow, while the raccoon would be good for studying hepatic vein mechanisms of control.	1985	3972073
anatomy of raccoon (procyon lotor) and coati (nasua narica and n. nasua) forearm and leg muscles: relations between fiber length, moment-arm length, and joint-angle excursion.	muscle architecture, moment arms, and locomotor movements in the distal limb segments of the procyonids nasua (coati) and procyon (raccoon) are analyzed with reference to patterns of muscle fiber length. this study addresses the hypothesis that relative fiber lengths among muscles in a muscle group can be predicted on the basis of correlates of muscle tension. the results include the following: consistent patterns of fiber length of muscles in a muscle group exist within and between the two gene ...	2014	3973925
prevalence of presumed dirofilaria tenuis microfilariae in raccoons near vero beach, florida.		1985	3981342
quantitative morphology of the panda brain in comparison with the brains of the raccoon and the bear.	the quantitative development of brain and brain components with respect to body-size is discussed comparatively for the chinese giant panda, the canadian raccoon and the american black bear. the panda ranks highest in encephalization as well as in relative volumes of neocortex, cerebellum and six other parts. the raccoon exhibits the strongest development of olfactory elements. the bear stays below the other species, showing but a single index that is superior to the corresponding index in one o ...	1985	3989277
the distribution and topographical organization in the thalamus of anterogradely-transported horseradish peroxidase after spinal injections in cat and raccoon.	the distribution of anterogradely-transported horseradish peroxidase (hrp) was examined in the rostral mesencephalon and thalamus of cats and raccoons that had received injections of hrp in the cervical and/or lumbosacral enlargements of the spinal cord. labeling was consistently observed in a large number of loci. all regions previously identified as targets of spinomesencephalic or spinothalamic fibers were included. evidence of topographical organization was obtained in several regions. adjac ...	1985	3996495
corticostriate projections from area 6 in the raccoon.	corticostriate projections from area 6 in the raccoon were studied using the autoradiographic tracing method. following injections of tritiated amino acids into two different cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of area 6, widespread and dense anterograde label was found in both the ipsilateral and contralateral caudate nucleus and putamen. the densest label was located adjacent to the internal capsule in the lateral part of the head of the caudate nucleus. this bilateral projection pattern from area ...	1985	3996499
a descriptive epidemiological study of raccoon rabies in a rural environment.	a recent outbreak of rabies in raccoons, procyon lotor (l.), in loudoun county, virginia (1981-82), prompted a study of the epidemiology of the disease. parameters studied included the occurrence and movement of the disease over time, sex and age relationships, and behavior patterns of raccoons. during the 18 mo, 427 raccoons were tested, of which 75% were infected with rabies virus. interpretation of rainfall data and the subsequent spatial occurrence of infected raccoons within the county indi ...	1985	3999245
experimental studies of st. louis encephalitis virus in vertebrates.	serologically negative birds and mammals of species, known from other studies to be exposed naturally to st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus in memphis, tennessee, and other selected species were inoculated experimentally with strains of sle virus to determine their potential as natural hosts. mosquitoes (culex sp.) were allowed to feed on some of the inoculated vertebrate species, held for 14 days, and tested for sle infection. the cardinals (richmondena cardinalis), robins (turdus migratorius), ...	1985	3999258
unexpected reorganization of somatosensory cortex in a raccoon with extensive forelimb loss.	electrophysiological recordings were made from primary somatosensory cortex in a raccoon that had suffered a traumatic amputation of the forearm some time prior to its capture. neurons in the affected forepaw region of sensory cortex were not silent but responded to cutaneous or neuroma activation of the remaining forearm stump. in addition, cells at many sites were responsive to tactile stimulation of the glabrous skin of the hindpaw ipsilateral to the damage. this indicates that the cortical p ...	1985	4000544
response properties of raccoon cuneothalamic neurons.	microelectrodes were used to record the extracellular activity of 80 single neurons of the main cuneate nucleus (mcn) of raccoons anesthetized with either methoxyflurane or pentobarbital sodium. all 80 mcn neurons had peripheral receptive fields (rfs) that lay entirely on the glabrous surfaces of the forepaw and were responsive to light mechanical stimulation. neurons were characterized according to the nature of their response to mechanical stimulation of their rfs, as well as to their response ...	1985	4001677
experimental la crosse virus infection of red fox (vulpes fulva), raccoon (procyon lotor), opossum (didelphis virginiana), and woodchuck (marmota monax).	susceptibility to infection, resulting viremia and antibody responses, and potential to provide infectious blood meals for aedes triseriatus were determined and compared for the red fox (vulpes fulva), raccoon (procyon lotor), and opossum (didelphis virginiana) exposed to la crosse (lac) virus transmitted by mosquitoes, ae. triseriatus. woodchucks (marmota monax) were infected with lac virus by needle and syringe. all 5 red foxes became viremic following the bite of a single lac virus-infected f ...	1985	4003669
leptospirosis in wisconsin: report of a case associated with direct contact with raccoon urine.		1985	4013366
rabies virus in salivary glands of raccoons (procyon lotor).		1985	4032628
a molecular solution to the riddle of the giant panda's phylogeny.	although it is generally agreed that the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a member of the order carnivora, there has long been disagreement over whether it should be classified with bears, raccoons or as a single member of its own family. four independent molecular and genetic measures lead to a consensus phylogeny for the giant and lesser pandas. the lesser panda diverged from new world procyonids at approximately the same time as their departure from ursids, while ancestors of the giant ...	2003	4033795
macracanthorhynchus ingens from a child in texas.	nine acanthocephala recovered over a two-month period from the stools of a 10-month-old child in texas were identified as macracanthorhynchus ingens, a common intestinal parasite of the raccoon, procyon lotor.	1985	4037182