Publications

in vivoandin vitrotoxicity of nanogold conjugated snake venom protein toxin gnp-nkct1.	research on nanoparticles has created interest among the biomedical scientists. nanoparticle conjugation aims to target drug delivery, increase drug efficacy and imaging for better diagnosis. toxicity profile of the nanoconjugated molecules has not been studied well. in this communication, the toxicity profile of snake venom cytotoxin (nkct1), an antileukemic protein toxin, was evaluated after its conjugation with gold nanoparticle (gnp-nkct1). gold nanoparticle conjugation with nkct1 was done w ...	2014	28962228
use of split-free nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/high resolution mass spectrometry interface to improve the detection of α-cobratoxin in equine plasma for doping control.	cobra (naja naja kaouthia) venom contains a toxin called α-cobratoxin (α-cbtx) containing 71 amino acids (mw 7821 da) with a reported analgesic power greater than morphine. in 2013, the first analytical method for the detection of α-cbtx in equine plasma was developed by bailly-chouriberry et al, allowing the confirmation of the presence of α-cbtx at low concentrations (1-5 ng/ml or 130-640 fmol/ml) in plasma samples. to increase the method sensitivity and therefore to improve the detection of α ...	2017	29232492
analysis of the efficacy of taiwanese freeze-dried neurotoxic antivenom against naja kaouthia, naja siamensis and ophiophagus hannah through proteomics and animal model approaches.	in southeast asia, envenoming resulting from cobra snakebites is an important public health issue in many regions, and antivenom therapy is the standard treatment for the snakebite. because these cobras share a close evolutionary history, the amino acid sequences of major venom components in different snakes are very similar. therefore, either monovalent or polyvalent antivenoms may offer paraspecific protection against envenomation of humans by several different snakes. in taiwan, a bivalent an ...	2017	29244815
elucidating the biogeographical variation of the venom of naja naja (spectacled cobra) from pakistan through a venom-decomplexing proteomic study.	naja naja is a medically important species that is distributed widely in south asia. its venom lethality and neutralization profile have been reported to vary markedly, but the understanding of this phenomenon has been limited without a comprehensive venom profile for the pakistani n. naja. this study set to investigate the venom proteome of pakistani n. naja applying reverse-phase hplc, sds-page, mass spectrometry and data-mining approaches. the venom enzymatics and antigen binding activities w ...	2017	29278784
electro-physiology of coupling model and its impact on naja kaouthia venom treated sciatic nerves of toad.	demyelination in peripheral nerves causes dysfunction of slowing down and stoppage of nerve impulses causing many neurological diseases, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, guillain-barre syndrome, etc. this paper aims to develop a recovery model having interaction of a demyelinated nerve with a normal myelinated nerve. we validated the model by coupling between peripheral nerve of toad (demyelinated with naja kaouthia venom) and a normal nerve of toad. an increase in both ...	2018	29752233
whole snake venoms: cytotoxic, anti-metastatic and antiangiogenic properties.	currently, biological and organic substances are screened in order to find a new generation of therapeutics active against cancer. previous research has identified promising candidate peptides in snake venom. in this study, venoms from different snake species (naja annulifera, naja kaouthia, ophiophagus hannah and echis carinatus) were screened for potential anti-cancer properties using pancreatic tumour cells as the assay system. the cells were incubated with venom and then subjected to the fol ...	2018	29763628
an in vitro potency assay using nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding works well with antivenoms against bungarus candidus and naja naja.	in order to facilitate/expedite the production of effective and affordable snake antivenoms, a novel in vitro potency assay was previously developed. the assay is based on an antiserum's ability to bind to postsynaptic neurotoxin (psnt) and thereby inhibit the psnt binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr). the assay was shown to work well with antiserum against thai naja kaouthia which produces predominantly the lethal psnts. in this work, the assay is demonstrated to work well wi ...	2018	29946111
proteomics analysis to compare the venom composition between naja naja and naja kaouthia from the same geographical location of eastern india: correlation with pathophysiology of envenomation and immunological cross-reactivity towards commercial polyantivenom.	cobra bite is frequently reported across the indian subcontinent and is associated with a high rate of death and morbidity. in eastern india (ei) naja naja and naja kaouthia are reported to be the two most abundant species of cobra.	2018	30345852
incidence of snakebites in 3 different geographic regions in thua thien hue province, central vietnam: green pit vipers and cobras cause the majority of bites.	the annual incidence of snakebites in vietnam is not known and only few publications about snakebite envenoming and medically relevant snakes can be found in english language literature. the present community-based surveys provide data on incidence of snakebites in three different geographic regions of thua thien hue (tt hue) province, central vietnam and snake species responsible for bites in this region.	2018	30448540
human monoclonal scfvs that neutralize fribrinogenolytic activity of kaouthiagin, a zinc-metalloproteinase in cobra (naja kaouthia) venom.	snake venom-metalloproteinases (svmps) are the primary factors that disturb hemostasis and cause hemorrhage in the venomous snake bitten subjects. kaouthiagin is a unique svmp that binds and cleaves von willebrand factor (vwf) at a specific peptide bond leading to inhibition of platelet aggregation, which enhances the hemorrhage. kaouthiagin is a low abundant venom component of thai cobra (naja kaouthia); thus, most horse-derived antivenins used for cobra bite treatment do not contain adequate a ...	2018	30513883
chromosome map of the siamese cobra: did partial synteny of sex chromosomes in the amniote represent "a hypothetical ancestral super-sex chromosome" or random distribution?	unlike the chromosome constitution of most snakes (2n=36), the cobra karyotype shows a diploid chromosome number of 38 with a highly heterochromatic w chromosome and a large morphologically different chromosome 2. to investigate the process of sex chromosome differentiation and evolution between cobras, most snakes, and other amniotes, we constructed a chromosome map of the siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) with 43 bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) derived from the chicken and zebra finch libr ...	2018	30558533
malaysian cobra venom: a potential source of anti-cancer therapeutic agents.	cancer is a deadly disease and there is an urgent need for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents to treat it. snake venom is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins that represents an attractive source of novel and naturally-derived anticancer agents. malaysia is one of the world's most biodiverse countries and is home to various venomous snake species, including cobras. naja kaouthia, naja sumatrana, and ophiophagus hannah are three of the most common cobra species in malaysi ...	2019	30717096
distinctive distribution of secretory phospholipases a₂ in the venoms of afro-asian cobras (subgenus: naja, afronaja, boulengerina and uraeus).	the protein abundances of phospholipases a₂ in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. to determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases a₂ (svpla₂) in the cobras, the svpla₂ activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (noba) as the substrate. the colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svpla₂ enzymatic activities with the svpla₂ pr ...	2019	30769779
comparative analysis of naja kaouthia venom from north-east india and bangladesh and its cross reactivity with indian polyvalent antivenoms.	naja kaouthia is one of the most prevalent medically important snakes of north east india and bangladesh responsible for most of the bite cases. in this study, an attempt was made to decipher venom variation of naja kaouthia venom from north east india and bangladesh. using multidimensional methods including reverse phase hplc, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1d-page) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2d-page), the quantitative differences in venom composition h ...	2019	30953661
the survey of internal parasites of consumed - siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) in thailand.	in asia and africa, snake meat and organs are commonly prepared for consumption as traditional medicine or aphrodisiac regardless of the awareness of zoonotic diseases. parasitic zoonosis can be contracted from the consumption of raw reptile and amphibian meat. therefore to study this further, forty wild-caught siamese cobras (naja kaouthia) which were supplied to exotic restaurants in thailand were randomized for fecal and blood examination as well as necropsy to dissect for the presence of par ...	2017	31014849
recurrent neurotoxic envenoming of cobra bite.	recurrent systemic envenomation in patients who sustained viper bites, and who previously responded to antivenom, is well described in the literature. however, cases of recurrent neurotoxic envenoming after antivenom treatment are rarely reported. we present three patients who were envenomed by a cobra (naja kaouthia or n. siamensis) and experienced recurrent neurotoxic envenomation after they initially responded to antivenom treatments. these three patients, aged 13, 35 and 65 years, were consu ...	2019	31129162
dynamics of telomere length in captive siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) related to age and sex.	telomeres comprise tandem repeated dna sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration or fusion with neighboring chromosomes, and their lengths might vary with sex and age. here, age- and sex-related telomere lengths in male and female captive siamese cobras (naja kaouthia) were investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction based on cross-sectional data. a negative correlation was shown between telomere length and body size in males but not in females. ag ...	2019	31236227
proteomics of naja kaouthia venom from north east india and assessment of indian polyvalent antivenom by third generation antivenomics.	in the present study, venom composition, toxic effects, and immunological characteristics of naja kaouthia venom from north east india has been studied. using rp-hplc, venom components were separated and proteins in the fractions were identified using esi-lc ms/ms. proteins identified belong to 9 different snake venom protein families. three finger toxins and pla2 were the most abundant protein families detected by mass spectrometry analysis. the other minor proteins families identified in the v ...	2019	31344496
inhibition of snake venom induced sterile inflammation and pla2 activity by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in experimental animals.	sterile inflammation (si) is an essential process in response to snakebite and injury. the venom induced pathophysiological response to sterile inflammation results into many harmful and deleterious effects that ultimately leads to death. the available treatment for snakebite is antiserum which does not provide enough protection against venom-induced pathophysiological changes like haemorrhage, necrosis, nephrotoxicity and often develop hypersensitive reactions. in order to overcome these hindra ...	2019	31371738
diversity of pbi-ddei satellite dna in snakes correlates with rapid independent evolution and different functional roles.	to better understand pbi-ddei satellite dna located in the centromeric region of python, molecular evolution analysis was conducted on 40 snake species. a ladder-like pattern of dna bands with repetition of the 194-210 bp monomer was observed in 15 species using pcr. molecular cloning was performed to obtain 97 at-rich monomer sequences. phylogenetic and network analyses showed three pbi-ddei subfamilies with sequences grouped in species-specific clusters, suggesting rapid evolution. slow evolut ...	2019	31664097
clinical features, bacteriology, and antibiotic treatment among patients with presumed naja bites in vietnam.	clinical and bacteriological features of cobra (naja) bites are still relatively unknown in vietnam. this study aimed to characterize the clinical and bacteriological characteristics of local wounds in patients with presumed naja spp bite, as well as their antibiotic treatment.	2020	32335010
naja kaouthia venom protein, nk-crisp, upregulates inflammatory gene expression in human macrophages.	cysteine-rich secretory proteins (crisp) are widespread in snake venoms and known to target ion channels. more recently, crisps have been shown to mediate inflammatory responses. involvement of potential receptor in crisp-induced inflammatory reactions, however, remains unknown. a crisp protein named as nk-crisp, was isolated from the venom of naja kaouthia. the molecular mass of the purified protein was found to be ~25 kda and the primary sequence was determined by maldi tof-tof. the involvemen ...	2020	32470580
clinical importance of the mandalay spitting cobra (naja mandalayensis) in upper myanmar - bites, envenoming and ophthalmia.	examination of 18 cobras brought to three hospitals in the mandalay region by patients bitten or spat at by them distinguished 3 monocled cobras (naja kaouthia) and 15 mandalay spitting cobras (n. mandalayensis), based on their morphological characteristics. we confirm and extend the known distributions and habitats of both n. mandalayensis and n. kaouthia in upper myanmar. clinical symptoms of local and systemic envenoming by n. mandalayensis are described for the first time. these included loc ...	2020	32504626
three-finger proteins from snakes and humans acting on nicotinic receptors: old and new.	the first toxin to give rise to the three-finger protein (tfp) family was α-bungarotoxin (α-bgt) from bungarus multicinctus krait venom. α-bgt was crucial for research on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs), and in this review article we focus on present data for snake venom tfps and those of the ly6/upar family from mammalians (membrane-bound lynx1 and secreted slurp-1) interacting with nachrs. recently isolated from bungarus candidus venom, αδ-bungarotoxins differ from α-bgt: they bind ...	2020	32648941
an in vitro α-neurotoxin-nachr binding assay correlates with lethality and in vivo neutralization of a large number of elapid neurotoxic snake venoms from four continents.	the aim of this study was to develop an in vitro assay for use in place of in vivo assays of snake venom lethality and antivenom neutralizing potency. a novel in vitro assay has been developed based on the binding of post-synaptically acting α-neurotoxins to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), and the ability of antivenoms to prevent this binding. the assay gave high correlation in previous studies with the in vivo murine lethality tests (median lethal dose, ld50), and the neutralization o ...	2020	32857757
genome-wide snp analysis of siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) reveals the molecular basis of transitions between z and w sex chromosomes and supports the presence of an ancestral super-sex chromosome in amniotes.	elucidation of the process of sex chromosome differentiation is necessary to understand the dynamics of evolutionary mechanisms in organisms. the w sex chromosome of the siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) contains a large number of repeats and shares amniote sex chromosomal linkages. diversity arrays technology provides an effective approach to identify sex-specific loci that are epoch-making, to understand the dynamics of molecular transitions between the z and w sex chromosomes in a snake lineage. ...	2020	33002626
snake c-type lectin-like proteins inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.	venoms of viperid snakes affect mostly hemostasis, while c-type lectin-like proteins (ctlps), one of the main components of viperid venoms, act as anticoagulants, procoagulants, or agonists/antagonists of platelet activation. however, we have shown earlier that ctlps from the saw-scaled viper echis multisquamatus, called emunarecins em1 and em2, were able to inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) in neurons of a pond snail (lymnaea stagnalis). here we analysed the structure of the em ...	2020	33024544
species-specific and geographical variation in venom composition of two major cobras in indian subcontinent: impact on polyvalent antivenom therapy.	while snakebite is a severe problem for several countries throughout the world the indian subcontinent has witnessed the highest global incidence of snakebite which represents an occupational health hazard. belonging to the family elapidae, the indian spectacled cobra (naja naja), is one of the members of the "big four" venomous snakes found throughout the indian subcontinent. indian monocled cobra naja kaouthia is prevalent in eastern and north-eastern india as well as in bangladesh, nepal, and ...	2020	33127373