Publications

[weight gain of the predator podisus distinctus (heteroptera: pentatomidae) with combinations of the preys tenebrio molitor (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) and musca domestica (diptera: muscidae)].	little is known about podisus distinctus (stal) (heteroptera: pentatomidae) one of the asopinae species with good possibilities for mass rearing and releasing against defoliator caterpillars in eucalyptus reforested areas in brazil. we evaluated the impact of prey combinations on weight of nymphs and adults of p. distinctus. the prey were musca domestica l. (diptera: muscidae) and tenebrio molitor l. (coleoptera: tenebrionidae). the experiment was developed under 25 +/- 0.5 degrees c, 60 +/- 10% ...	2004	17357405
clustering of peptidoglycan recognition protein-sa is required for sensing lysine-type peptidoglycan in insects.	recognition of lysine-type peptidoglycan by peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp)-sa provokes the activation of the toll and prophenoloxidase pathways. here we reveal that a soluble fragment of lysine-type peptidoglycan, a long glycan chain with short stem peptides, is a potent activator of the drosophila toll pathway and the prophenoloxidase activation cascade in the beetle tenebrio molitor. using this peptidoglycan fragment, we present biochemical evidence that clustering of pgrp-sa molecul ...	2007	17409189
evolution of hyperactive, repetitive antifreeze proteins in beetles.	some organisms that experience subzero temperatures, such as insects, fish, bacteria, and plants, synthesize antifreeze proteins (afps) that adsorb to surfaces of nascent ice crystals and inhibit their growth. although some afps are globular and nonrepetitive, the majority are repetitive in both sequence and structure. in addition, they are frequently encoded by tandemly arrayed, multigene families. afp isoforms from the mealworm beetle, tenebrio molitor, are extremely potent and inhibit ice gro ...	2007	17443386
structure-based protein engineering for alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of plant defensin.	the structure of a novel plant defensin isolated from the seeds of the mung bean, vigna radiate, has been determined by (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. the three-dimensional structure of vrd2, the v. radiate plant defensin 2 protein, comprises an alpha-helix and one triple-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet stabilized by four disulfide bonds. this protein exhibits neither insecticidal activity nor alpha-amylase inhibitory activity in spite of showing a similar global fold to that of ...	2007	17444520
molecular cloning and developmental expression of the gene encoding juvenile hormone esterase in the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, psacothea hilaris.	juvenile hormone (jh) plays a key role in the regulation of growth, development, diapause and reproduction in insects. the regulation of jh titers in the insect body is therefore crucial throughout postembryonic development. one of the major pathways of jh metabolism is degradation by a highly selective enzyme, juvenile hormone esterase (jhe). we obtained a full-length cdna encoding jhe in psacothea hilaris (phjhe). the complete phjhe cdna sequence is comprised of 1989 bp with an open reading fr ...	2007	17456444
cpf and cpfl, two related gene families encoding cuticular proteins of anopheles gambiae and other insects.	cuticular proteins (cps) are structural proteins of insects as well as other arthropods. several cp families have been described, among them a small family defined by a 51 amino acid motif [andersen, s.o., rafn, k., roepstorff, p., 1997. sequence studies of proteins from larval and pupal cuticle of the yellow meal worm, tenebrio molitor. insect biochem. mol. biol. 27, 121-131]. we identified four proteins of this family in anopheles gambiae that we have named cpf. we have also identified cpfs fr ...	2007	17550824
localization of rna transcription sites in insect oocytes using microinjections of 5-bromouridine 5'-triphosphate.	in the present study we used 5-bromouridine 5'-triphosphate (brutp) microinjections to localize the transcription sites in oocytes of insects with different types of the ovarium structure: panoistic, meroistic polytrophic, and meroistic telotrophic. we found that in an insect with panoistic ovaries (acheta domesticus), oocyte nuclei maintain their transcription activity during the long period of oocyte growth. in insects with meroistic ovaries (tenebrio molitor and panorpa communis), early oocyt ...	2007	17597027
gregarina niphandrodes (eugregarinorida: septatorina): oocyst surface architecture.	the surface architecture of oocysts produced by gregarina niphandrodes (eugregarinorida) from tenebrio molitor adults (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy is reported. gametocysts were allowed to dehisce on 15-mm, round cover glasses; the cover glasses with their oocysts chains were then mounted on stubs without further processing, and sputter-coated with 20-nm gold palladium. scanning electron microscopy was performed at 10-15 kv with a hitachi 3000n sem. oocy ...	2007	17626372
transepithelial transport of salicylate by the malpighian tubules of insects from different orders.	the organic anion salicylate is a plant secondary metabolite that protects plants against phytophagous insects. in this study, a combination of salicylate-selective microelectrodes and a radioisotope tracer technique was used to study the transepithelial transport of salicylate by the malpighian tubules of 10 species of insects from five orders. our results show that salicylate is transported into the lumen of the malpighian tubules in all the species evaluated, except rhodnius prolixus. the tra ...	2007	17640663
identification of midgut microvillar proteins from tenebrio molitor and spodoptera frugiperda by cdna library screenings with antibodies.	the objective of this study was to identify midgut microvillar proteins in insects appearing earlier (coleoptera) and later (lepidoptera) in evolution. for this, cytoskeleton-free midgut microvillar membrane from spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera) and tenebrio molitor (coleoptera) were used to raise antibodies. these were used for screening midgut cdna expression libraries. positive clones were sequenced, assembled and searched for similarities with gene/protein databases. the predicted midgut ...	2007	17644107
the role of n-beta-alanyldopamine synthase in the innate immune response of two insects.	insects trigger a multifaceted innate immune response to fight microbial infections. we show that in the yellow mealworm, tenebrio molitor, septic injuries induce the synthesis of n-beta-alanyldopamine (nbad), which is known as the main sclerotization precursor of insect brown cuticles. we demonstrate that nbad synthase is induced in the epidermis of the mealworm and of the medfly, ceratitis capitata, by infection with escherichia coli. our results indicate that synthesis of nbad seems to be a n ...	2007	17706245
individual and population effects of eugregarine, gregarina niphandrodes (eugregarinida: gregarinidae), on tenebrio molitor (coleoptera: tenebrionidae).	gregarines are single-celled parasites in the phylum apicomplexa that infect invertebrates. they are highly abundant on three levels: among a large diversity of invertebrates, in the proportion of population of organisms they infect, and within individually infected organisms. because of their remarkable prevalence, we hypothesize that they play an important role in support of their hosts. however, studies done to date on the impact of gregarines on their host are conflicting. therefore, we stud ...	2007	17716459
lack of preference for infective faeces in hymenolepis diminuta-infected beetles (tenebrio molitor).	the beetle-tapeworm life cycle provides a convenient system to study how host behaviour influences the probability of re-infection because initial and secondary infections can be tracked. the beetle, tenebrio molitor, is infected with the tapeworm hymenolepis diminuta when it ingests rat faeces containing tapeworm eggs, which upon hatching undergo five morphologically distinct stages while developing inside the beetle. in a series of preference trials, both individual and groups of previously in ...	2007	17875228
an ultrastructural comparison of the attachment sites between gregarina steini and cryptosporidium muris.	early developmental stages of gregarina steini berndt, 1902 from the intestine of tenebrio molitor larvae were studied by transmission electron microscopy. the formation and structure of the eugregarine attachment site were compared with comparable features found on the feeder organelle of cryptosporidium muris tyzzer, 1907, from the stomach of experimentally infected rodents. the similarity of the attachment strategy between both organisms was revealed. the membrane fusion site in g. steini, fo ...	2007	18070327
synthesis, cardiostimulatory, and cardioinhibitory effects of selected insect peptides on tenebrio molitor.	the subject of these studies was a search for proctolin antagonists among peptides originating from insect species because the proctolin antagonists constantly pose a problem. during these studies we performed the synthesis of the following peptides: a native decapeptide from manduca sexta mas-mt-i and its 11 analogs with shortened sequences at the n-end as well as a growth suppressor, a pentapeptide isolated from antheraea yamamai, any-gs and its 10 analogs, modified at position 1 and with a sh ...	2008	18181232
the use of insects as a bioassay for penaeus merguiensis densovirus (pmergdnv).	the lack of available cell lines has hampered the study of viral diseases in crustaceans. this is particularly important for aquaculture which has been plagued by viral diseases since its rapid expansion to meet with the growing demand for seafood products. this study was designed to find an alternative bioassay to cell lines by investigating the use of insects as potential animal models for penaeus merguiensis densovirus (pmergdnv). acheta domesticus (house cricket) and tenebrio molitor (mealwo ...	2008	18191141
neuropeptides of the beetle, tenebrio molitor identified using maldi-tof mass spectrometry and deduced sequences from the tribolium castaneum genome.	four neuropeptides were identified from the brain and corpora cardiaca-corpora allata (cc-ca) of the mealworm beetle tenebrio molitor using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) and information derived from the genome of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum. leucomyosuppressin (a flrfamide), previously associated with cockroaches, but also subsequently identified from honey bee seen as a prominent peptide in both brain and cc-ca of t.mol ...	2008	18201799
structure, processing and midgut secretion of putative peritrophic membrane ancillary protein (pmap) from tenebrio molitor larvae.	a cdna coding for a tenebrio molitor midgut protein named peritrophic membrane ancillary protein (pmap) was cloned and sequenced. the complete cdna codes for a protein of 595 amino acids with six insect-allergen-related-repeats that may be grouped in a (predicted globular)- and b (predicted nonglobular)-types forming an ababab structure. the pmap-cdna was expressed in pichia pastoris and the recombinant protein (64kda) was purified to homogeneity and used to raise antibodies in rabbits. the spec ...	2008	18207083
cloning and expression of tenebrio molitor antifreeze protein in escherichia coli.	a novel antifreeze protein cdna was cloned by rt-pcr from the larva of the yellow mealworm tenebrio molitor. the coding fragment of 339 bp encodes a protein of 112 amino acid residues and was fused to the expression vectors pet32a and ptwin1. the resulted expression plasmids were transformed into escherischia coli strains bl21 (de3), er2566, and origami b (de3), respectively. several strategies were used for expression of the highly disulfide-bonded beta-helix-contained protein with the activity ...	2009	18256902
beauveria caledonica is a naturally occurring pathogen of forest beetles.	in new zealand, two introduced scolytid beetles, hylastes ater and hylurgus ligniperda (curculionidae: scolytinae) are pests in pine plantations. investigation of the naturally occurring pathogens of these exotic pests revealed that both are attacked by beauveria caledonica, a species originally isolated and described from soil in scotland. the isolates in new zealand were identical in morphology and conserved dna region (rdna, elongation factor alpha) sequence to isolates held in the usda-ars i ...	2008	18308525
predicted versus expressed adipokinetic hormones, and other small peptides from the corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum: a case study with beetles and moths.	this mass spectrometric study confines itself to peptide masses in the range of 500-1500da. adipokinetic hormones (akhs) that are predicted from the genome of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, and the silk moth, bombyx mori, are shown to exist as expressed peptides in the corpora cardiaca (cc) of the respective species as evidenced by various mass spectrometric methods. additionally, some related species were included in this study, such as the tenebrionid beetles tribolium brevicornis ...	2008	18448200
fine structure of the kinetochores in six species of the coleoptera.	kinetochore structure was examined in a total of 6 species from 5 different families of the coleoptera using transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin serial sections. metaphase spermatogonia and primary and secondary spermatocytes were studied in tenebrio molitor (tenebrionidae) to determine whether kinetochore structure varies depending on the cell type. in all three cell types, the kinetochore microtubules (mts) were in direct contact with the chromosomal surface, and kinetochore plates w ...	1997	18464835
temporal patterns in immune responses to a range of microbial insults (tenebrio molitor).	much work has elucidated the pathways and mechanisms involved in the production of insect immune effector systems. however, the temporal nature of these responses with respect to different immune insults is less well understood. this study investigated the magnitude and temporal variation in phenoloxidase and antimicrobial activity in the mealworm beetle tenebrio molitor in response to a number of different synthetic and real immune elicitors. we found that antimicrobial activity in haemolymph i ...	2008	18513740
role of symbiotic and non-symbiotic bacteria in carbon dioxide production from hosts infected with steinernema riobrave.	entomopathogenic nematodes of the family steinernematidae and their mutualistic bacteria (xenorhabdus spp.) are lethal endoparasites of insects. we hypothesized that growth of the nematode's mutualistic bacteria in the insect host may contribute to the production of cues used by the infective juveniles (ijs) in responding to potential hosts for infection. specifically, we tested if patterns of bacterial growth could explain differences in co2 production over the course of host infection. growth ...	2008	18621386
quantitative determination of catecholic degradation products from insect sclerotized cuticles.	acid hydrolysates of cuticle from various insect species were quantitatively analyzed for five catecholic amino acid adducts. four of the adducts are ketocatechols; in three of them the amino acid moiety, either lysine, glycine or beta-alanine, is connected via its amino group to the alpha-carbon atom of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone, in the fourth a tyrosine residue is connected to the same position via its phenolic group. the fifth adduct contains histidine linked via its imidazole-ring to the bet ...	2008	18675913
development of polyclonal antibodies for the detection of tribolium castaneum contamination in wheat grain.	two polyclonal antibodies (pab) were developed for the detection of tribolium castaneum, which is a stored product pest of medical and economical importance. selected pab anti- t. castaneumk51 showed low cross-reactivity to other stored product arthropods but revealed high reactivity to t. destructor, t. confusum, and partly to tenebrio molitor. pta-elisa was used to detect adults, larva, and feces of t. castaneum in artificially contaminated grain samples. calibration methods were applied to de ...	2008	18698788
observations on the role of tenebrio molitor as an intermediate host for hymenolepis nana var. fraterna.		1947	18917680
effects of physical and nutritional stress conditions during mycelial growth on conidial germination speed, adhesion to host cuticle, and virulence of metarhizium anisopliae, an entomopathogenic fungus.	growth under stress may influence pathogen virulence and other phenotypic traits. conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (isolate arsef 2575) were produced under different stress conditions and then examined for influences on in vitro conidial germination speed, adhesion to the insect cuticle, and virulence to an insect host, tenebrio molitor. conidia were produced under non-stress conditions [on potato-dextrose agar plus 1gl(-1) yeast extract (pday; contro ...	2008	18947989
quantity discrimination in tenebrio molitor: evidence of numerosity discrimination in an invertebrate?	numerosity discrimination, the ability to distinguish between sets with more and less items, is recognised as the foundation for higher numerical abilities. understanding numerosity discrimination from a comparative perspective is hence pivotal in tracing the evolution of numerical representation systems. however, numerosity discrimination has been well studied only in vertebrates, where two innate systems of number representation have been described: an 'analog magnitude system' used to discrim ...	2009	19118405
an ancestral luciferase in the malpighi tubules of a non-bioluminescent beetle!	the evolutionary origin of beetle bioluminescence is enigmatic. previously, weak luciferase activity was found in the non-bioluminescent larvae of tenebrio molitor (coleoptera: tenebrionidae), but the detailed tissular origin and identity of the luciferase-like enzyme remained unknown. using a closely related giant mealworm, zophobas morio, here we show that the luciferase-like enzyme is located in the malpighi tubules. cdna cloning of this luciferase like enzyme, showed that it is a short amp-l ...	2009	19247530
effects of host nutrition on virulence and fitness of entomopathogenic nematodes: lipid- and protein-based supplements in tenebrio molitor diets.	entomopathogenic nematodes, heterorhabditis indica and steinernema riobrave, were tested for virulence and reproductive yield in tenebrio molitor that were fed wheat bran diets with varying lipid- and protein-based supplements. lipid supplements were based on 20% canola oil, peanut, pork or salmon, or a low lipid control (5% canola). protein treatments consisted of basic supplement ingredients plus 0, 10, or 20% egg white; a bran-only control was also included. some diet supplements had positive ...	2008	19259513
repellence of plant essential oils to dermanyssus gallinae and toxicity to the non-target invertebrate tenebrio molitor.	with changes in legislation and consumer demand, alternatives to synthetic acaricides to manage the poultry red mite dermanyssus gallinae (de geer) in laying hen flocks are increasingly needed. these mites may cause losses in egg production, anaemia and even death of hens. it may be possible to use plant-derived products as d. gallinae repellents, especially if such products have a minimal impact on non-target organisms. an experiment was conducted with d. gallinae to assess the repellence of a ...	2009	19264408
persistence of four heterorhabditis spp. isolates in soil: role of lipid reserves.	infective juveniles of four heterorhabditis isolates (h. bacteriophora hi, h. megidis uk211 and hf85, and h. downesi m245) were stored in moist (pf 1.7) and dry (pf 3.3) loam soil at 20 degrees c for up to 141 days. survival, assessed by the number of nematodes extracted by centrifugal flotation, declined over time, reaching fewer than 18% alive by day 141 for all but one treatment (h. bacteriophora hi in dry soil). the infectivity of nematodes in soil for tenebrio molitor also declined over tim ...	2002	19265925
optimization of inoculation for in vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes.	entomopathogenic nematodes are potent biopesticides that can be mass-produced by in vitro or in vivo methods. for in vivo production, consistently high infection rates are critical to efficiency of the process. our objective was to optimize in vivo inoculation of steinernema carpocapsae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora in galleria mellonella and tenebrio molitor by determining effects of inoculation method, nematode concentration, and host density. we found immersing hosts in a nematode suspens ...	2002	19265954
persistence of heterorhabditis infective juveniles in soil: comparison of extraction and infectivity measurements.	the persistence of heterorhabditis megidis in soil was studied over a 4-week period. on days 0, 2, 14, and 28, infective juveniles (ij) were extracted by centrifugal flotation, baermann funnel, and baiting of soil with tenebrio molitor larvae, which were then dissected. extraction efficiencies on day 0 were 82% by centrifugal flotation, 56% by baermann funnel, and 19.8% by bait insect. the relative efficiency of the three methods changed over time. the relationship between the density of nematod ...	1999	19270923
fat body of the zoophytophagous predator brontocoris tabidus (het.: pentatomidae) females: impact of the herbivory and age.	the effect of different diets [tenebrio molitor l. (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) pupae; t. molitor pupae and eucalyptus cloeziana plant; t. molitor and eucalyptus urophylla plant and t. molitor pupae and guava plant (psidium guajava)] on the morpho-physiological features of the fat body of brontocoris tabidus (signoret) (heteroptera: pentatomidae) females was studied in the field. adult females of b. tabidus have trophocytes about twofold larger (966.32mum(2)) when fed on e. urophylla and t. molit ...	2009	19278855
evolutionary drivers of parasite-induced changes in insect life-history traits from theory to underlying mechanisms.	many hosts are able to tolerate infection by altering life-history traits that are traded-off one against another. here the reproductive fitness of insect hosts and vectors is reviewed in the context of theories concerning evolutionary mechanisms driving such alterations. these include the concepts that changes in host reproductive fitness are by-products of infection, parasite manipulations, host adaptations, mafia-like strategies or host compensatory responses. two models are examined in depth ...	2009	19289191
a novel tenebrio molitor cadherin is a functional receptor for bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa toxin.	cry toxins produced by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis are effective biological insecticides. cadherin-like proteins have been reported as functional cry1a toxin receptors in lepidoptera. here we present data that demonstrate that a coleopteran cadherin is a functional cry3aa toxin receptor. the cry3aa receptor cadherin was cloned from tenebrio molitor larval midgut mrna, and the predicted protein, tmcad1, has domain structure and a putative toxin binding region similar to those in lepidopt ...	2009	19416969
eugregarine trophozoite detachment from the host epithelium via epimerite retraction: fiction or fact?	eugregarines represent a diverse group of apicomplexa parasitising numerous invertebrates. their sporozoites generally develop into epicellular trophozoites attached to the host epithelium by a specialised attachment organelle known as an epimerite. they are considered peculiar protists due to their unique cell architecture and dimensions as well as their attachment strategy which is similar to that of cryptosporidia. using electron and fluorescence microscopy, the fine structure of the epimerit ...	2009	19460380
selection of improved beauveria bassiana (bals.) vuill. strains based on 2-deoxy-d-glucose resistance and physiological analysis.	a series of 2-deoxy-d-glucose resistant mutants was obtained from wild type beauveria bassiana 88 (bb 88) by uv irradiation. five mutants were characterized on sabouraud dextrose agar and chitin agar for both radial extension rate (v(r)) and specific growth rate (micro). these values were obtained after adjusting morphometric data to a mathematical model used for filamentous fungi. additionally, the protease and lipase potency index, conidial size, viability, and production levels were analyzed. ...	2009	19463827
proteolytic cascade for the activation of the insect toll pathway induced by the fungal cell wall component.	the insect toll signaling pathway is activated upon recognition of gram-positive bacteria and fungi, resulting in the expression of antimicrobial peptides via nf-kappab-like transcription factor. this activation is mediated by a serine protease cascade leading to the processing of spätzle, which generates the functional ligand of the toll receptor. recently, we identified three serine proteases mediating toll pathway activation induced by lysine-type peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria. howe ...	2009	19473968
gut bacteria are not required for the insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis toward the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta.	it was recently proposed that gut bacteria are required for the insecticidal activity of the bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticide, dipel, toward the lepidopterans manduca sexta, pieris rapae, vanessa cardui, and lymantria dispar. using a similar methodology, it was found that gut bacteria were not required for the toxicity of dipel or cry1ac or for the synergism of an otherwise sublethal concentration of cry1ac toward m. sexta. the toxicities of dipel and of b. thuringiensis hd73 cry(-) spor ...	2009	19525273
toxicity of hydrolyzed vicilins toward callosobruchus maculatus and phytopathogenic fungi.	studies have shown that vicilins (7s storage proteins) from seeds were able to bind to the surface of the callosobruchus maculatus larval midgut and to the peritrophic matrices of the midguts of diatraea saccharalis and tenebrio molitor , inhibiting larval development. vicilins were also shown to inhibit yeast growth and bind to yeast cells through the association with chitin-containing structures. the present work studies the association of peptides from vicilins of genotypes of vigna unguicula ...	2009	19658384
n-terminal gnbp homology domain of gram-negative binding protein 3 functions as a beta-1,3-glucan binding motif in tenebrio molitor.	the toll signalling pathway in invertebrates is responsible for defense against gram-positive bacteria and fungi, leading to the expression of antimicrobial peptides via nf-kappab-like transcription factors. gram-negative binding protein 3 (gnbp3) detects beta-1,3-glucan, a fungal cell wall component, and activates a three step serine protease cascade for activation of the toll signalling pathway. here, we showed that the recombinant n-terminal domain of tenebrio molitor gnbp3 bound to beta-1,3- ...	2009	19712587
nitrates and herbicides cause higher mortality than the traditional organic fertilizers on the grain beetle, tenebrio molitor.	we examined experimentally whether fertilizers or herbicides commonly used by farmers affect mortality of the adult grain beetle tenebrio molitor. after a period of 4 weeks in direct contact with all treatments, a higher percentage of mortality occurred in contact with nitrates than with pig manure or turkey litter. herbicides (a mixture of glyphosate and 2,4-d: ) caused 100% mortality. our results also indicate that more beetles escaped from the herbicides and nitrate treatments than from the o ...	2010	19809774
purification, characterization and sequencing of the major beta-1,3-glucanase from the midgut of tenebrio molitor larvae.	the major beta-1,3-glucanase from tenebrio molitor (tlam) was purified to homogeneity (yield, 6%; enrichment, 113 fold; specific activity, 4.4 u/mg). tlam has a molecular weight of 50 kda and a ph optimum of 6. it is an endoglucanase that hydrolyzes beta-1,3-glucans as laminarin and yeast beta-1,3-1,6-glucan, but is inactive toward other polysaccharides (as unbranched beta-1,3-glucans or mixed beta-1,3-1,4-glucan from cereals) or disaccharides. the enzyme is not inhibited by high substrate conce ...	2009	19840850
a coleopteran triosephosphate isomerase: x-ray structure and phylogenetic impact of insect sequences.	a coleopteran triosephosphate isomerase (tim) from tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm beetle) was recombinantly expressed in escherichia coli and characterized with respect to thermal stability, kinetic parameters and oligomeric state. the enzyme was successfully crystallized and the structure determined by x-ray analysis to 2.0 a resolution. this is the first example of an invertebrate tim. we compare structural features with known structures of tims from microorganisms, plants and vertebrates, ...	2010	19849721
effect of entomocidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis on ion permeability of apical membranes of tenebrio molitor larvae gut epithelium.	effects of entomocidal cry-type proteins, delta-endotoxins cry3a and cry11a produced by bacillus thuringiensis, on ion permeability of the apical membranes of intestinal epithelium from tenebrio molitor larvae midgut were studied. using potential-sensitive dyes safranine o and oxonol vi and deltaph indicator acridine orange, it was shown that placing brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) (loaded with mg2+ during their preparation) into a salt-free buffer medium resulted in spontaneous generation ...	2009	19916922
effects of a novel entomopathogenic nematode-infected host formulation on cadaver integrity, nematode yield, and suppression of diaprepes abbreviatus and aethina tumida.	an alternative approach to applying entomopathogenic nematodes entails the distribution of nematodes in their infected insect hosts. protection of the infected host from rupturing, and improving ease of handling, may be necessary to facilitate application. in this study our objective was to test the potential of a new method of formulating the infected hosts, i.e., enclosing the infected host in masking tape. tenebrio molitor l. cadavers infected with heterorhabditis indica poinar, karunakar and ...	2010	19932701
medium selection and effect of higher oxygen concentration pulses on metarhizium anisopliae var. lepidiotum conidial production and quality.	rice and oat flours were analyzed as media for the production of conidia by m. anisopliae var. lepidiotum. the presence of peptone increased conidia yield regardless of the substrate used; however, the highest yield was achieved on oat flour media. the effect of oxygen on conidia production using oat-peptone medium was also studied at two levels: normal atmosphere (21% o(2)) and oxygen-rich pulses (26% o(2)). maximum conidia production (4.25 x 10(7) conidia cm(-2)) was achieved using 26% o(2) pu ...	2010	20039138
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of a highly specific serpin from the beetle tenebrio molitor.	the toll signalling pathway, which is crucial for innate immunity, is transduced in insect haemolymph via a proteolytic cascade consisting of three serine proteases. the proteolytic cascade is downregulated by a specific serine protease inhibitor (serpin). recently, the serpin spn48 was found to show an unusual specific reactivity towards the terminal serine protease, spätzle-processing enzyme, in the beetle tenebrio molitor. in this study, the mature form of spn48 was overexpressed in escherich ...	2010	20124722
copulation enhances resistance against an entomopathogenic fungus in the mealworm beetle tenebrio molitor.	ecological immunology is based upon the notion that activation and use of the immune system is costly and should thus be traded off against other energy-demanding aspects of life history. most of the studies on insects that have examined the possibility that mating results in trade-offs with immunity have shown that mating has immunosuppressive effects. the connection between mating and immunity has traditionally been investigated using indirect measures of immunity. however, studies that have a ...	2010	20128944
[not available].		1947	20268189
an assessment of the antibacterial activity in larval excretion/secretion of four species of insects recorded in association with corpses, using lucilia sericata meigen as the marker species.	the relative antibacterial activities of excretion/secretion (es) from two carrion-feeding insects, calliphora vicina robineau-desvoidy and dermestes maculatus degeer, and a detritivore, tenebrio molitor linnaeus, were compared to that of lucilia sericata meigen, a species with es of known antibacterial capacity, in order to explore the antimicrobial potential of other carrion and detritivore species. viable counts were used to assess time-kill of es against five bacterial species, staphylococcu ...	2010	20307342
toxicity of plant essential oils to different life stages of the poultry red mite, dermanyssus gallinae, and non-target invertebrates.	seven essential oils with potential as acaricides for use against the poultry red mite, dermanyssus gallinae (de geer) (acari: dermanyssidae), were selected for study. these products (essential oils of manuka, cade, pennyroyal, thyme, garlic, clove bud and cinnamon bark) were deployed against different life stages of d. gallinae in laboratory tests at the (lethal concentration) lc(50) level for adult mites. for all essential oils tested, toxicity to d. gallinae juveniles was as high as toxicity ...	2010	20377726
the efficacy of neem seed extracts (tre-san, mitestop on a broad spectrum of pests and parasites.	the paper summarizes the acaricidal and insecticidal effects of a patented neem seed extract when diluted 1:10 with shampoo or 1:20, 1:30, 1:33, 1:40, respectively, 1:66 with tap water. it was shown that a broad range of pests and parasites, such as house dust mites, poultry mites, harvest mites, ixodes and rhipicephalus ticks, cat fleas (adults, larvae), bed bugs (all stages), head lice and mallophaga, cockroaches (genera blatta, blattella, gomphadorhina), raptor bugs (triatoma), and even food- ...	2010	20461406
structural and functional characterization of a highly specific serpin in the insect innate immunity.	the toll signaling pathway, an essential innate immune response in invertebrates, is mediated via the serine protease cascade. once activated, the serine proteases are irreversibly inactivated by serine protease inhibitors (serpins). recently, we identified three serpin-serine protease pairs that are directly involved in the regulation of toll signaling cascade in a large beetle, tenebrio molitor. of these, the serpin spn48 was cleaved by its target serine protease, spätzle-processing enzyme, at ...	2010	21047786
identification of myotropic neuropeptides from the brain and corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex of the beetle, zophobas atratus.	the neuropeptide profiles of the two major neuro-endocrinological organs, brain and retrocerebral complex corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum (cc/ca) of adult beetles, zophobas atratus fabricius (coleoptera:tenebrionidae) were analyzed by a combination of high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (maldi tof/tof ms). the homological semi-isolated heart bioassay was used to screen hplc fractions for myotropic a ...	0	21067424
the control of malpighian tubule secretion in a predacious hemipteran insect, the spined soldier bug podisus maculiventris (heteroptera, pentatomidae).	spined soldier bugs, podisus maculiventris, are heteropteran insects that feed voraciously on other insects, particular the soft bodied larval forms of lepidoptera and coleoptera. the response of p. maculiventris malpighian tubules (mts) to serotonin and known diuretic and antidiuretic peptides has been investigated, and is compared with that of mt from the hematophagous and phytophagous heteropteran bugs rhodnius prolixus and acrosternum hilare, respectively. a crf-related peptide diuretic horm ...	2010	21093508
melanization and pathogenicity in the insect, tenebrio molitor, and the crustacean, pacifastacus leniusculus, by aeromonas hydrophila ah-3.	aeromonas hydrophila is the most common aeromonas species causing infections in human and other animals such as amphibians, reptiles, fish and crustaceans. pathogenesis of aeromonas species have been reported to be associated with virulence factors such as lipopolysaccharides (lps), bacterial toxins, bacterial secretion systems, flagella, and other surface molecules. several mutant strains of a. hydrophila ah-3 were initially used to study their virulence in two animal species, pacifastacus leni ...	2010	21206752
an exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption.	greenhouse gas (ghg) production, as a cause of climate change, is considered as one of the biggest problems society is currently facing. the livestock sector is one of the large contributors of anthropogenic ghg emissions. also, large amounts of ammonia (nh(3)), leading to soil nitrification and acidification, are produced by livestock. therefore other sources of animal protein, like edible insects, are currently being considered.	2010	21206900
efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa protoxin and protease inhibitors against coleopteran storage pests.	environmental impacts and resistance to insecticides pose serious challenges to stored-product insect and other types of pest control. insect-resistant transgenic grain is a potential alternative to fumigants, but candidate control proteins are needed, especially for coleopterans. therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of a coleopteran-active toxin, bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa, with or without protease inhibitors, in laboratory feeding assays against coleopteran storage pests.	2011	21268232
effects of successive subculturing on stability, virulence, conidial yield, germination and shelf-life of entomopathogenic fungi.	to determine the stability and conidial yield of two strains of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae and one strain of m. brunneum, being developed for the control of insect pests.	2011	21395946
an investigation into the chemical composition of alternative invertebrate prey.	the aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of eight invertebrate species and evaluate their suitability as alternative prey. the species selected were rusty red cockroaches (blatta lateralis), six-spotted cockroaches (eublaberus distanti), madagascar hissing cockroaches (gromphadorhina portentosa), fruit flies (drosophila melanogaster), false katydids (microcentrum rhombifolium), beetles of the mealworm (tenebrio molitor), and superworm beetles (zophobas morio), as well as w ...	2013	21442652
biochemical characterization of evasion from peptidoglycan recognition by staphylococcus aureus d-alanylated wall teichoic acid in insect innate immunity.	we recently reported that d-alanylation of staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acid (wta) mitigates an induction of the toll-mediated humoral response in drosophila by interfering with peptidoglycan (pg) recognition by pg recognition protein-sa (pgrp-sa). here, we investigated the mode of this interference by using an in vitro cell free system from larvae of the coleoptran insect tenebrio molitor. wta modification on pg had a potent inhibitory effect on pgrp-sa-mediated toll proteolytic cascade ...	2011	21453720
increased toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa against crioceris quatuordecimpunctata, phaedon brassicae and colaphellus bowringi by a tenebrio molitor cadherin fragment.	background: biopesticides containing cry insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are effective against many lepidopteran pests, but there is a lack of bt-based pesticides for efficient control of important coleopteran pests. based on the reported increase in bt toxin oligomerization by a polypeptide from the cry3aa receptor cadherin in tenebrio molitor (coleoptera: tenebrionidae), it was hypothesized that this cadherin peptide, rtmcad1p, would enhance cry3aa toxicity ...	2011	21495115
occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi from agricultural and natural ecosystems in saltillo, méxico, and their virulence towards thrips and whiteflies.	abstract entomopathogenic fungi were collected from soil in four adjacent habitats (oak forest, agricultural soil, pine reforestation and chaparral habitat) in saltillo, méxico using the insect bait method with tenebrio molitor (l.) (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) larvae as bait. overall, of the larvae exposed to soil, 171 (20%) hosted beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuillemin (hypocreales: cordycipitaceae), 25 (3%) hosted metarhizium anisopliae (metschnikoff) sorokin (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) and ...	2011	21521145
effects of inbreeding on potential and realized immune responses in tenebrio molitor.	summaryalthough numerous studies on vertebrates suggest that inbreeding reduces their resistance against parasites and pathogens, studies in insects have found contradictory evidence. in this study we tested the effect of 1 generation of brother-sister mating (inbreeding) on potential and realized immune responses and other life-history traits in tenebrio molitor. we found that inbreeding reduced adult mass, pre-adult survival and increased development time, suggesting that inbreeding reduced th ...	2011	21524325
beetle immunity.	genetic studies have elegantly characterized the innate immune response in drosophila melanogaster. however, these studies have a limited ability to reveal the biochemical mechanisms underlying the innate immune response. to investigate the biochemical basis of how insects recognize invading microbes and how these recognition signals activate the innate immune response, it is necessary to use insects, from which larger amounts of hemolymph can be extracted. using the larvae from two species of b ...	2010	21528698
toxin-binding proteins isolated from yellow mealworm tenebrio molitor and wax moth galleria mellonella.	a 67-kda protein that can specifically bind the activated cry9a endotoxin under ligand-blotting conditions was purified from midgut epithelium apical membranes of wax moth galleria mellonella by affinity chromatography. n-terminal amino acid sequencing enabled identification of this protein as aminopeptidase n. in similar experiments, 66- and 58-kda proteins specific to endotoxin cry3a were isolated from the midgut epithelium apical membranes of tenebrio molitor larvae. mass spectrometry showed ...	2011	21568853
wci, a novel wheat chymotrypsin inhibitor: purification, primary structure, inhibitory properties and heterologous expression.	a novel chymotrypsin inhibitor, detected in the endosperm of triticum aestivum, was purified and characterized with respect to the main physical-chemical properties. on the basis of its specificity, this inhibitor was named wci (wheat chymotrypsin inhibitor). wci is a monomeric neutral protein made up of 119 residues and molecular mass value of 12,933.40 da. automated sequence and mass spectrometry analyses, carried out on several samples of purified inhibitor, evidenced an intrinsic molecular h ...	2011	21617989
the action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the isolated heart of insect and amphibia.	the action of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) on the isolated heart of the frog (rana ridibunda) and two insects, the honeybee (apis mellifera macedonica) and the beetle (tenebrio molitor), was investigated using basic electrophysiological methods. the results of this study showed that a concentration of 1 μm 2,4-d was required to reduce the force and the frequency of the isolated heart of the honeybee to about 70% of the initial contraction in less than 20 min. to cause the ...	2002	21782594
Reducing Sugar-Producing Bacteria from Guts of Tenebrio Molitor Linnaeus (Yellow mealworm) for Lignocellulosic Waste Minimization.	The guts of Tenebrio Molitor Linnaeus (yellow mealworm) were used as inocula to isolate reducing sugar-producing bacteria during bioconversion of lignocellulose to reducing sugars in this study. Three carbon sources, i.e., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), filter paper (FP), and lignocellulosic waste (LIG), were specifically selected; and two types of culturing media (M1 and M2) were used. After 6 months of sequential cultivation, lignocellulose (i.e., polysaccharides) degradation of enrichments M1 ...	2011	21869568
purification and characterization of tenecin 4, a new anti-gram-negative bacterial peptide, from the beetle tenebrio molitor.	the biochemical characterization of novel antimicrobial peptides (amps) and the determination of ligand molecules that induce amp production are essential for understanding the host innate immune response in insects. here, we purified a new 14-kda amp, named tenecin 4, from the larval hemolymph of the beetle tenebrio molitor. tenecin 4 contains 14% glycine residues and has moderate similarities both to the c-terminal region of drosophila attacin and to silk-moth gloverin proteins. purified tenec ...	2011	22001126
Cryoprotective effect of an insect antifreeze protein MpAFP 698 and its mutants from the desert beetle Microdera punctipennis.	An insect antifreeze protein, MpAFP698, from the desert beetle Microdera punctipennis, shares 77% similarity with TmTHP (YL-3) from Tenebrio molitor. The predicted tertiary structure for MpAFP698 was modeled as a regular A-helix with TCT motifs arrayed to form the putative ice-binding surface. This model was validated via site-directed mutagenesis. The results suggest that the desert beetle in central Asia has evolved antifreeze proteins similar to those from North America continent. In an addit ...	2011	22020466
Improving UV resistance and virulence of Beauveria bassiana by genetic engineering with an exogenous tyrosinase gene.	Insect pathogenic fungi like Beauveria bassiana have been developed as environmentally friendly biocontrol agents against arthropod pests. However, restrictive environmental factors, including solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation frequently lead to inconsistent field performance. To improve resistance to UV damage, we used Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to engineer B. bassiana with an exogenous tyrosinase gene. The results showed that the mitotically stable transformants produced larger amoun ...	2012	22024554
Rapid detection of vip1-type genes from Bacillus cereus and characterization of a novel vip binary toxin gene.	A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for identifying vegetative insecticidal protein (vip) 1-type genes from Bacillus cereus was developed by designing specific primers based on the conserved regions of the genes to amplify vip1-type gene fragments. PCR products were digested with endonuclease AciI, and four known vip1-type genes were identified. Vip1Ac and vip1Aa-type genes appeared in 17 of 26 B. cereus strains. A novel vip1-type gene, vip1Ac1, was identified from B ...	2011	22092859
a group iii histidine kinase (mhk1) upstream of high-osmolarity glycerol pathway regulates sporulation, multi-stress tolerance and virulence of metarhizium robertsii, a fungal entomopathogen.	the role of metarhizium robertsii group iii histidine kinase (mhk1) in regulating various phenotypes of the fungal entomopathogen and the transcripts of 25 downstream genes likely associated with the phenotypes were probed by constructing δmhk1 and δmhk1/mhk1 mutants. all examined δmhk1 phenotypes except unchanged sensitivity to fungicide (dimethachlon) differed significantly from those of wild type and δmhk1/mhk1, which were similar to each other. significant phenotypic changes in δmhk1 include ...	2011	22118192
[cloning, prokaryotic expression and antifungal assay of tenecin gene encoding an antibacterial peptide from tenebrio molitor].	to clone tenecin gene, an antibacterial peptide gene, from tenebrio molitor for its prokaryotic expression and explore the molecular mechanism for regulating the expression of antibacterial peptide in tenebrio molitor larvae.	2011	22200700
enhanced antifungal and insect α-amylase inhibitory activities of alpha-tvd1, a peptide variant of tephrosia villosa defensin (tvd1) generated through in vitro mutagenesis.	tvd1 is a small, cationic, and highly stable defensin from the weedy legume, tephrosia villosa with demonstrated in vitro antifungal activity. we show here peptide modifications in tvd1 that lead to enhanced antifungal activities. three peptide variants, s32r, d37r, and alpha-tvd1 (-g-m-t-r-t-) with variations in and around the β2-β3 loop region that imposes the two β-strands, β2 and β3 were generated through in vitro mutagenesis. alpha-tvd1 exhibited enhanced antifungal activity against the fun ...	2012	22244814
genetic basis of destruxin production in the entomopathogen metarhizium robertsii.	destruxins are among the most exhaustively researched secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi, yet definitive evidence for their roles in pathogenicity and virulence has yet to be shown. to establish the genetic bases for the biosynthesis of this family of depsipeptides, we identified a 23,792-bp gene in metarhizium robertsii arsef 2575 containing six complete nonribosomal peptide synthetase modules, with an n-methyltransferase domain in each of the last two modules. this domain arrangem ...	2012	22367459
transcriptome profiling of the intoxication response of tenebrio molitor larvae to bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa protoxin.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal (cry) proteins are effective against a select number of insect pests, but improvements are needed to increase efficacy and decrease time to mortality for coleopteran pests. to gain insight into the bt intoxication process in coleoptera, we performed rna-seq on cdna generated from the guts of tenebrio molitor larvae that consumed either a control diet or a diet containing cry3aa protoxin. approximately 134,090 and 124,287 sequence reads from the control and cry ...	2012	22558093
bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa protoxin intoxication of tenebrio molitor induces widespread changes in the expression of serine peptidase transcripts.	the yellow mealworm, tenebrio molitor, is a pest of stored grain products and is sensitive to the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry3aa toxin. as digestive peptidases are a determining factor in cry toxicity and resistance, we evaluated the expression of peptidase transcripts in the midgut of t. molitor larvae fed either a control or cry3aa protoxin diet for 24 h (rna-seq), or in larvae exposed to the protoxin for 6, 12, or 24 h (microarrays). cysteine peptidase transcripts (9) were similar to cath ...	2012	22640634
the 3d structure and function of digestive cathepsin l-like proteinases of tenebrio molitor larval midgut.	cathepsin l-like proteinases (cal) are major digestive proteinases in the beetle tenebrio molitor. procathepsin ls 2 (pcal2) and 3 (pcal3) were expressed as recombinant proteins in escherichia coli, purified and activated under acidic conditions. immunoblot analyses of different t. molitor larval tissues demonstrated that a polyclonal antibody to pcal3 recognized pcal3 and cathepsin l 3 (cal3) only in the anterior two-thirds of midgut tissue and midgut luminal contents of t. molitor larvae. furt ...	2012	22659439
a tenebrio molitor gpi-anchored alkaline phosphatase is involved in binding of bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa to brush border membrane vesicles.	bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins recognizes their target cells in part by the binding to glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (gpi) anchored proteins such as aminopeptidase-n (apn) or alkaline phosphatases (alp). treatment of tenebrio molitor brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) with phospholipase c that cleaves out gpi-anchored proteins from the membranes, showed that gpi-anchored proteins are involved in binding of cry3aa toxin to bbmv. a 68 kda gpi-anchored alp was shown to bind cry3aa by toxin o ...	2013	22743140
[isolation and identification of metarhizium from citrus grandis 'tomentosa' gap base].	a type of entomopathogenic fungus of soil in citrus grandis 'tomentosa' production base was isolated and identified with morphological and molecular biological methods, including pathogenesis, spore characteristic and its sequence analysis were conducted. the results showed that eighteen entomopathogenic fungi strains were isolated from the tenebrio molitor infected in the soil samples, which were identified as metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. based on results above, we concluded that the ...	2012	22792782
decapitation improves detection of wolbachia pipientis (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) in culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes by the polymerase chain reaction.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is often used to detect microorganisms, pathogens, or both, including the reproductive parasite wolbachia pipientis (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), in mosquitoes. natural populations of culex pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes are infected with one or more strains of w. pipientis, and crosses between mosquitoes harboring different wolbachia strains provide one of the best-known examples of cytoplasmic incompatibililty (ci). when we used pcr to monitor wo ...	0	23025192
identification of immunological expressed sequence tags in the mealworm beetle tenebrio molitor.	understanding the evolutionary ecology of immune responses to persistent infection could provide fundamental insight into temporal dynamics or interactive mechanisms that could be co-opted for antibiotic treatment regimes. additionally, identification of novel molecules involved in these processes could provide novel compounds for biotechnological development. the beetle tenebrio molitor displays a high level of induced antimicrobial activity coincident with persistent immuno-resistant staphyloc ...	2012	23041376
[effects of fermented cattle dung on the growth and development of tenebrio molitor larvae].	in order to make use of and industrialize the animal dung from large cattle farms, this paper explored the feasibility of using tenebrio molitor to digest and utilize cattle dung. cattle dung was mixed with the conventional feed (65% wheat bran, 30% corn flour, and 5% bean pulp) of t. molitor in definite proportions, and fermented with effective microorganisms (em). the fermented products containing 60% and 80% of cattle dung (fd1 and fd2, respectively) were selected to feed t. molitor larvae, a ...	2012	23173472
transcriptomic immune response of tenebrio molitor pupae to parasitization by scleroderma guani.	host and parasitoid interaction is one of the most fascinating relationships of insects, which is currently receiving an increasing interest. understanding the mechanisms evolved by the parasitoids to evade or suppress the host immune system is important for dissecting this interaction, while it was still poorly known. in order to gain insight into the immune response of tenebrio molitor to parasitization by scleroderma guani, the transcriptome of t. molitor pupae was sequenced with focus on imm ...	2013	23342153
proteome response of tribolium castaneum larvae to bacillus thuringiensis toxin producing strains.	susceptibility of tribolium castaneum (tc) larvae was determined against spore-crystal mixtures of five coleopteran specific and one lepidopteran specific bacillus thuringiensis cry toxin producing strains and those containing the structurally unrelated cry3ba and cry23aa/cry37aa proteins were found toxic (lc(50) values 13.53 and 6.30 µg spore-crystal mixture/µl flour disc, respectively). using itraq combined with lc-ms/ms allowed the discovery of seven novel differentially expressed proteins in ...	2013	23372850
optimization of a host diet for in vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes.	to facilitate improved in vivo culture of entomopathogenic nematodes, production of both insect hosts and nematodes should be optimized for maximum fitness, quality, and cost efficiency. in previous studies, we developed an improved diet for tenebrio molitor, a host that is used for in vivo nematode production, and we demonstrated that single insect diet components (e.g., lipids and proteins) can have a positive or negative impact on entomopathogenic nematode fitness and quality. in this study, ...	2012	23481558
activity of eight strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae) against five stored product pests.	stored product pests are responsible for losses that can amount 10% during cereal storage in the world. aiming to find an alternative method to the chemicals used for the stored-product pests, eight strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) were tested against five species of stored product pests. the bioassays were conducted in microtubes containing paper, inoculated with epns and insect diet. all the insect species were susceptible to the epns strains. anagasta kuehniella and tenebrio molit ...	2013	23567251
purine derivate content and amino acid profile in larval stages of three edible insects.	considering their high content of protein, insects are a valuable alternative protein source. however, no evaluation of their purine content has so far been done. high content of purine derivates may lead to the exclusion of such food from the diet of people with specific diseases. the aim of this study was to analyse the content of selected purine derivates and amino acid profile in the three insect species most often used for entomophagy in europe and compare them with the purine content in eg ...	2014	23633284
sodium solute symporter and cadherin proteins act as bacillus thuringiensis cry3ba toxin functional receptors in tribolium castaneum.	understanding how bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins interact with proteins in the midgut of susceptible coleopteran insects is crucial to fully explain the molecular bases of bt specificity and insecticidal action. in this work, aminopeptidase n (tcapn-i), e-cadherin (tccad1), and sodium solute symporter (tcsss) have been identified by ligand blot as putative cry3ba toxin-binding proteins in tribolium castaneum (tc) larvae. rna interference knockdown of tccad1 or tcsss proteins resulted in decr ...	2013	23645668
transformation of beauveria bassiana to produce egfp in tenebrio molitor for use as animal feed additives.	efforts are underway to develop more effective and safer animal feed additives. entomopathogenic fungi can be considered practical expression platforms of functional genes within insects which have been used as animal feed additives. in this work, as a model, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene was expressed in yellow mealworms, tenebrio molitor by highly infective beauveria bassiana erl1170. among seven test isolates, erl1170 treatment showed 57.1% and 98.3% mortality of mealworm ...	2013	23651432
how predictable are the behavioral responses of insects to herbivore induced changes in plants? responses of two congeneric thrips to induced cotton plants.	changes in plants following insect attack are referred to as induced responses. these responses are widely viewed as a form of defence against further insect attack. in the current study we explore whether it is possible to make generalizations about induced plant responses given the unpredictability and variability observed in insect-plant interactions. experiments were conducted to test for consistency in the responses of two congeneric thrips, frankliniella schultzei trybom and frankliniella ...	2013	23691075
identification and expression analysis of a novel r-type lectin from the coleopteran beetle, tenebrio molitor.	we have identified novel ricin-type (r-type) lectin by sequencing of random clones from cdna library of the coleopteran beetle, tenebrio molitor. the cdna sequence is comprised of 495 bp encoding a protein of 164 amino acid residues and shows 49% identity with galectin of tribolium castaneum. bioinformatics analysis shows that the amino acid residues from 35 to 162 belong to ricin-type beta-trefoil structure. the transcript was significantly upregulated after early hours of injection with peptid ...	2013	23962621
extraction and characterisation of protein fractions from five insect species.	tenebrio molitor, zophobas morio, alphitobius diaperinus, acheta domesticus and blaptica dubia were evaluated for their potential as a future protein source. crude protein content ranged from 19% to 22% (dumas analysis). essential amino acid levels in all insect species were comparable with soybean proteins, but lower than for casein. after aqueous extraction, next to a fat fraction, a supernatant, pellet, and residue were obtained, containing 17-23%, 33-39%, 31-47% of total protein, respectivel ...	2013	23993491
[expression optimization and characterization of tenebrio molitor antimicrobiol peptides tmamp1m in escherichia coli].	to improve the expression level of tmamp1m gene from tenebrio molitor in escherichia coli, we studied the effects of expression level and activity of the fusion protein his-tmamp1m by conditions, such as culture temperature, inducing time and the final concentration of inductor isopropyl beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg). we analyzed the optimum expression conditions by tricine-sds-page electrophoresis, meanwhile, detected its antibacterial activity by using agarose cavity diffusion method. th ...	2013	24063242