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a gene catalogue for post-diapause development of an anhydrobiotic arthropod artemia franciscana.diapause is a reversible state of developmental suspension and found among diverse taxa, from plants to animals, including marsupials and some other mammals. although previous work has accumulated ample data, the molecular mechanism underlying diapause and reactivation from it remain elusive.200919173719
virulence of luminescent and non-luminescent isogenic vibrios towards gnotobiotic artemia franciscana larvae and specific pathogen-free litopenaeus vannamei shrimp.this study was conducted to test the virulence of luminescent (l) and non-luminescent (nl) isogenic strains of vibrio campbellii lmg21363, vibrio harveyi bb120 (wild type) and quorum-sensing mutant strains derived from the wild type such as vibrio harveyi bb152, bb170, mm30 and bb886.200919187135
occurrence of mitochondria-targeted late embryogenesis abundant (lea) gene in animals increases organelle resistance to water stress.anhydrobiotic animals survive virtually complete loss of cellular water. the mechanisms that explain this phenomenon are not fully understood but often include the accumulation of low molecular weight solutes such as trehalose and macromolecules like late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins. here we report for the first time the occurrence of a mitochondria-targeted lea gene (afrlea3m) product in an animal species. the deduced molecular mass of the 307-amino acid polypeptide from the brine shr ...200919228698
ametabolic embryos of artemia franciscana accumulate dna damage during prolonged anoxia.encysted embryos of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana are able to survive prolonged periods of anoxia even when fully hydrated. during this time there is no metabolism, raising the question of how embryos tolerate spontaneous, hydrolytic dna damage such as depurination. when incubated at 28 degrees c and 40 degrees c for several weeks, hydrated anoxic embryos were found to accumulate abasic sites in their dna with k=5.8x10(-11) s(-1) and 2.8x10(-10) s(-1), respectively. in both cases this is ...200919251993
biological activity of neosergeolide and isobrucein b (and two semi-synthetic derivatives) isolated from the amazonian medicinal plant picrolemma sprucei (simaroubaceae).in the present study, in vitro techniques were used to investigate a range of biological activities of known natural quassinoids isobrucein b (1) and neosergeolide (2), known semi-synthetic derivative 1,12-diacetylisobrucein b (3), and a new semi-synthetic derivative, 12-acetylneosergeolide (4). these compounds were evaluated for general toxicity toward the brine shrimp species artemia franciscana, cytotoxicity toward human tumour cells, larvicidal activity toward the dengue fever mosquito vecto ...200919274376
activation of an amp-activated protein kinase is involved in post-diapause development of artemia franciscana encysted embryos.cysts of artemia can remain in a dormant state for long periods with a very low metabolic rate, and only resume their development with the approach of favorable conditions. the post-diapause development is a very complicated process involving a variety of metabolic and biochemical events. however, the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate this process are unclear.200919284883
high hydrostatic pressure tolerance of four different anhydrobiotic animal species.high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) can induce physical changes in dna, proteins, and lipids, causing lethal or sublethal damage to organisms. however, hhp tolerance of animals has not been studied sufficiently. in this study, hhp tolerance of four species of invertebrate anhydrobiotes (the tardigrade milnesium tardigradum, a nematode species in the family plectidae, larvae of polypedilum vanderplanki, and cysts of artemia franciscana), which have the potential to enter anhydrobiosis upon desiccatio ...200919341346
characterization of a group 1 late embryogenesis abundant protein in encysted embryos of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana.late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins are hydrophilic molecules that are believed to function in desiccation and low-temperature tolerance in some plants and plant propagules, certain prokaryotes, and several animal species. the brine shrimp artemia franciscana can produce encysted embryos (cysts) that enter diapause and are resistant to severe desiccation. this ability is based on biochemical adaptations, one of which appears to be the accumulation of the lea protein that is the focus of t ...200919370059
ingestion of bacteria overproducing dnak attenuates vibrio infection of artemia franciscana larvae.feeding of bacterially encapsulated heat shock proteins (hsps) to invertebrates is a novel way to limit vibrio infection. as an example, ingestion of escherichia coli overproducing prokaryotic hsps significantly improves survival of gnotobiotically cultured artemia larvae upon challenge with pathogenic vibrio campbellii. the relationship between hsp accumulation and enhanced resistance to infection may involve dnak, the prokaryotic equivalent to hsp70, a major molecular chaperone in eukaryotic c ...200919373565
conservation of arthropod midline netrin accumulation revealed with a cross-reactive antibody provides evidence for midline cell homology.although many similarities in arthropod cns development exist, differences in axonogenesis and the formation of midline cells, which regulate axon growth, have been observed. for example, axon growth patterns in the ventral nerve cord of artemia franciscana differ from that of drosophila melanogaster. despite such differences, conserved molecular marker expression at the midline of several arthropod species indicates that midline cells may be homologous in distantly related arthropods. however, ...200919469853
feeding artemia franciscana (kellogg) larvae with bacterial heat shock protein, protects from vibrio campbellii infection.among their numerous physiological effects, heat shock proteins (hsps) are potent immunomodulators, a characteristic reflecting their potential as therapeutic agents and which led to their application in combating infection. as an example, the up-regulation of endogenous hsp70 in the branchiopod crustacean artemia franciscana (kellogg) is concurrent with shielding against bacterial infection. to better understand this protective mechanism, gnotobiotic artemia were fed with escherichia coli treat ...200919515074
effect of aloe barbadensis miller juice on oxidative stress biomarkers in aerobic cells using artemia franciscana as a model.this study reports on the induction of oxidative stress in aerobic cell systems by aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera) juice using the salt water crustacean artemia franciscana as a model. a consistent pattern was observed in which artemia franciscana nauplii responded to aloe vera juice exposure with a decrease in the overall activity of redox related enzymes. exposure of artemia franciscana to sub-lethal levels of aloe vera juice resulted in a decreased activity of thioredoxin reductase, gluta ...201019610042
experimental exposure of artemia to hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus and subsequent transmission to post-larvae of penaeus monodon.the different life stages of artemia franciscana were experimentally exposed to hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus (hpv), in order to evaluate the possibility of artemia acting as reservoir or carrier for hpv. all the five developmental stages of artemia were challenged with hpv both by immersion and oral infection routes. the viral infectivity to artemia was studied by pcr but not much difference in mortality between control and challenge groups were observed. to confirm the vector status of art ...200919666028
development of paratransgenic artemia as a platform for control of infectious diseases in shrimp mariculture.to study the accumulation and retention of recombinant proteins in artemia gut for optimizing paratransgenic disease control in shrimp aquaculture.201019702854
how do animal mitochondria tolerate water stress?the vast majority of animal species do not tolerate severe water stress, but the encysted embryo of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana is an exceptionally useful organism to investigate physiological mechanisms for enduring extreme environmental insults. any substantial reduction in cellular water poses a threat to survival. nevertheless anhydrobiotic animals survive virtually complete loss of cellular water. the mechanisms that govern "life without water" (anhydrobiosis) are still not well un ...200919907709
cloning and sequencing of tubulin cdnas from artemia franciscana: evidence for differential expression of alpha- and beta-tubulin genes.tubulin is a heterodimeric protein composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin. in most organisms, they are encoded by multiple gene families whose members are subject to differential regulation. the objective of the work described herein was to better understand tubulin gene expression in the extremophile artemia franciscana to this end tubulin cdnas were cloned and sequenced. alphaat2, an alpha-tubulin cdna, differed by one nucleotide from alphaat1, a previously cloned artemia cdna. this change, possi ...200919935884
seawater ecotoxicity of monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine.monoethanolamine (mea), diethanolamine (dea) and triethanolamine (tea) are compounds with potential acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity effects towards aquatic species. a literature review highlighted the existence of a gap in the knowledge on their toxicity with saltwater testing species. a battery of toxicity tests including the alga phaeodactylum tricornutum bohlin, the bivalve molluscs crassostrea gigas (thunberg) and mytilus galloprovincialis (lmk), and the crustacean artemia franciscan ...201020022426
sharp phylogeographic breaks and patterns of genealogical concordance in the brine shrimp artemia franciscana.genealogical concordance is a critical overlay of all phylogenetic analyses, irrespective of taxonomic level. to assess such patterns of congruence we have compiled and derived sequence data for two mitochondrial (16s rrna, coi) and two nuclear (its1, p26) markers in 14 american populations of the hypersaline branchiopod artemia franciscana. cladistic analysis revealed three reciprocally monophyletic mitochondrial clades. for nuclear dna, incomplete lineage sorting was evident presumably as a re ...200920054480
protective efficacy of the antioxidants vitamin e and trolox against microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-lr in artemia franciscana nauplii.this study was undertaken to evaluate the protective efficacy of the antioxidants vitamin e and trolox (a water-soluble vitamin e derivative) against the toxicity of microcystin-lr (mc-lr), microcystis aeruginosa aqueous extract (ce), and a reference toxin, menadione sodium bisulfite (msb), in artemia franciscana nauplii. this was achieved by using the well-established brine shrimp bioassay. the experiment was conducted in 2 stages, with (1) 12-h mortality time course and (2) lc50 determination ...200920077231
expression and characterization of the jak kinase and stat protein from brine shrimp, artemia franciscana.in this study, we isolated and characterized both jak and stat genes from artemia, artemia franciscana. although afjak showed only 19% identity (33% similarity) to the drosophila hop protein, afjak contained the characteristic jak homology domain (jh domain) from jh1 to jh7. on the other hand, afstat showed higher identity (30%) to drosophila stat (stat92e). the low identities of afjak and afstat to drosophila hop and stat92e suggest that jak and stat proteins are unique in each different specie ...201020156563
multiple gamma-glutamylation: a novel type of post-translational modification in a diapausing artemia cyst protein.a highly hydrophilic, glutamate-rich protein was identified in the aqueous phenol extract from the cytosolic fraction of brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) diapausing cysts and termed artemia phenol soluble protein (psp). mass spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of many protein peaks around m/z 11,000, separated by 129 atomic mass units; this value corresponds to that of glutamate, which is strongly suggestive of heterogeneous polyglutamylation. polyglutamylation has long been known as ...201020170642
improving the long-term storage of a mammalian biosensor cell line via genetic engineering.the unique properties of mammalian cells make them valuable for a variety of applications in medicine, industry, and diagnostics. however, the utility of such cells is restricted due to the difficulty in storing them non-frozen for an extended time and still maintaining their stability and responsiveness. in order to extend the active life span of a mammalian biosensor cell line at room and refrigerated temperatures, we have over expressed genes that are reported to provide protection from apopt ...201020178117
unique chimeric composition of the trehalase gene from brine shrimp, artemia franciscana.to investigate the exon/intron structure of the artemia trehalase gene, four overlapping clones were isolated from a genome library derived from an inbred strain of crustacean artemia franciscana, and a 49 kb genetic area was re-constructed. the re-constructed area contained eight exons corresponding to the trehalase cdna sequence that we had previously reported [1]. comparative analysis of the artemia trehalase gene with other animal trehalase genes revealed the existence of conserved exon/intr ...201020232644
mining ests to determine the usefulness of snps across shrimp species.expressed sequence tag (est) libraries from members of the penaeidae family and brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) are currently the primary source of sequence data for shrimp species. penaeid shrimp are the most commonly farmed worldwide, but selection methods for improving shrimp are limited. a better understanding of shrimp genomics is needed for farmers to use genetic markers to select the best breeding animals. the ests from litopenaeus vannamei have been previously mined for single nucleot ...201020379886
evaluation of toxicity of polluted marine sediments from bahia salina cruz, mexico.bahia salina cruz, oaxaca, mexico is a major center of oil and refined product distribution on the mexican pacific coast. from the start of oil industry operations in 1979, negative effects from discharges of treated effluents in the bay have been a constant concern for local communities. we analyzed 28 surface sediment samples obtained in june, 2002 to evaluate the level of toxicity in the littoral zone, port-harbor, and la ventosa estuary in bahia salina cruz. the extractable organic matter co ...201020390851
biochemical studies on sphingolipid of artemia franciscana (i) isolation and characterization of sphingomyelin.sphingomyelin was isolated from cysts of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana using qae-sephadex a25, florisil and iatrobeads column chromatographies. the chemical structure was identified using thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. the ceramide moiety of sphingomyelin consisted of stearic, arachidic, and behenic acids as fatty acids, and hexadeca-4- and heptadeca-4-sphingenine ...201020571930
the application of bioflocs technology to protect brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) from pathogenic vibrio harveyi.to study the potential biocontrol activity of bioflocs technology.201020629797
efficacy of heterologous and homologous heat shock protein 70s as protective agents to artemia franciscana challenged with vibrio campbellii.the hsp70 class of heat shock proteins (hsps) has been implicated at multiple points in the immune response of both vertebrates and invertebrates. this class of chaperones is highly conserved in both sequence and structure, from prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes. in view of their high degree of homology, it was assumed that these hsp70 proteins derived either from the prokaryotes or eukaryotes would have similar functions, especially in relation to their protective ability in a challenge assay. t ...201020643210
evidence for multiple group 1 late embryogenesis abundant proteins in encysted embryos of artemia and their organelles.the presence of late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins in plants and animals has been linked to their ability to tolerate a variety of environmental stresses. among animals, encysted embryos of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana are among the most stress resistant eukaryotes, and for that reason it is considered to be an extremophile. the study presented here demonstrates that these embryos contain multiple group 1 lea proteins with masses of 21, 19, 15.5 and 13 kda. the lea proteins first ...201020719765
resorcinol degradation by a penicillium chrysogenum strain under osmotic stress: mono and binary substrate matrices with phenol.a phenol-degrading penicillium chrysogenum strain previously isolated from a salt mine was able to grow at 1,000 mg l(-1) of resorcinol on solid medium. the aerobic degradation of resorcinol by p. chrysogenum clona2 was studied in batch cultures in minimal mineral medium with 58.5 g l(-1) of sodium chloride using resorcinol as the sole carbon source. the fungal strain showed the ability to degrade up to 250 mg l(-1) of resorcinol. resorcinol and phenol efficiency degradation by p. chrysogenum cl ...201120859653
the structural stability and chaperone activity of artemin, a ferritin homologue from diapause-destined artemia embryos, depend on different cysteine residues.diapause-destined embryos of the crustacean, artemia franciscana, accumulate large amounts of an oligomeric, heat-stable, molecular chaperone termed artemin, a cysteine-enriched ferritin homologue. in this study, cysteines 22, 61, 166, and 172 of artemin were substituted with alanines, respectively yielding artc22a, artc61a, artc166a, and artc172a. wild-type and modified artemins were synthesized in transformed bacteria and purified. as measured by heat-induced denaturation of citrate synthase i ...201120878295
toxicity evaluation of xanthorrhoea johnsonii leaf methanolic extract using the artemia franciscana bioassay.the toxicity of xanthorrhoea johnsonii methanolic leaf extract was investigated using the artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. at 24 h, the extract produced an ec(50) of 361.0 ± 41.8 μg/ml, indicating that it was substantially more toxic than the pesticide mevinphos (1346.2 ± 80.1 μg/ml) and approximately 4 fold less toxic than potassium dichromate (87.1 ± 5.2 μg/ml). whilst potassium dichromate lc(50) values remained constant across the 72-h test period, these values decreased for the extract ...201020931073
in vitro and in vivo expression of virulence genes in vibrio isolates belonging to the harveyi clade in relation to their virulence towards gnotobiotic brine shrimp (artemia franciscana).vibrios belonging to the harveyi clade are pathogenic marine bacteria affecting both vertebrates and invertebrates, thereby causing a severe threat to the aquaculture industry. in this study, the expression of haemolysin, metalloprotease, serine protease, the quorum sensing master regulator luxr and the virulence regulator toxr in different harveyi clade isolates was measured with reverse transcriptase real-time pcr with specific primers. there was relatively low variation in the in vitro expres ...201020946530
stereology and computer assisted three-dimensional reconstruction as tools to study probiotic effects of aeromonas hydrophila on the digestive tract of germ-free artemia franciscana nauplii.validation of stereology and three-dimensional reconstruction for monitoring the probiotic effect of aeromonas hydrophila on the gut development of germ-free artemia franciscana nauplii.201021040270
biochemical studies on sphingolipids of artemia franciscana: novel neutral glycosphingolipids.neutral glycosphingolipids containing one to six sugars in their oligosaccharide chains have been isolated from cysts of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana. the structures of these glycolipids were identified by methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, gas-liquid chromatography, combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be glcβ1-cer, manβ1-4glcβ1 ...201121062954
predicted sub-populations in a marine shrimp proteome as revealed by combined est and cdna data from multiple penaeus species.abstract:201021067619
trophic transfer of lead through a model marine four-level food chain: tetraselmis suecica, artemia franciscana, litopenaeus vannamei, and haemulon scudderi.the objective of this investigation was to assess the transfer of lead (pb) along an experimental, four-level food chain: tetraselmis suecica (phytoplankton) → artemia franciscana (crustacean, brine shrimp) → litopenaeus vannamei (crustacean, white shrimp) → haemulon scudderi (fish, grunt). t. suecica was exposed to a sublethal dose of pb in solution and then used as the base of a marine food chain. significant differences in pb concentrations were found between exposed organisms of the differen ...201021082317
expression of virulence genes in luminescent and nonluminescent isogenic vibrios and virulence towards gnotobiotic brine shrimp (artemia franciscana).this study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of virulence gene regulators (luxr and toxr) and virulence factors (serine protease, metalloprotease and haemolysin) in luminescent and nonluminescent isogenic vibrio harveyi and vibrio campbellii.201021091862
truncation attenuates molecular chaperoning and apoptosis inhibition by p26, a small heat shock protein from artemia franciscana.the small heat shock proteins (shsps), which prevent irreversible protein denaturation and inhibit apoptosis, consist of an amino-terminus, the canonical α-crystallin domain, and a carboxy-terminal extension. it remains difficult, however, to define shsp structure-function relationships and with this in mind p26, an shsp from the crustacean artemia franciscana, was truncated by deletion mutagenesis. wild-type p26 cdna and three truncated variants inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pc ...201021102656
stress-related proteins compared in diapause and in activated, anoxic encysted embryos of the animal extremophile, artemia franciscana.previous work indicated similarities between diapause and anoxic quiescence in encysted embryos (cysts) of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana. that possibility was examined further in the present study through an immunochemical study of the following stress-related proteins in low speed supernatants and pellets: hsc70, artemin, p26, hsp21, lea group 1 protein and p8. changes in the amounts and locations of these proteins occurred during the initial period after release of diapause cysts from f ...201121147115
potential heterogeneity in crustacean zooplankton assemblages in southern chilean saline lakes.the chilean saline lakes are distributed mainly in the atacama desert in northern chile and the southern patagonian plains. the scarce studies are restricted mainly to northern chilean saline lakes, and these revealed that the main component in these ecosystems are the halophylic copepod boeckella poopoensis marsh 1906, or the brine shrimp artemia franciscana (kellog, 1906), and both species do not coexist. the present study consisted of field observations in zooplankton assemblages in southern ...201021180909
a distinct sequence in the adenine nucleotide translocase from artemia franciscana embryos is associated with insensitivity to bongkrekate and atypical effects of adenine nucleotides on ca2+ uptake and sequestration.mitochondria isolated from embryos of the crustacean artemia franciscana lack the ca(2+)-induced permeability transition pore. although the composition of the pore described in mammalian mitochondria is unknown, the impacts of several effectors of the adenine nucleotide translocase (ant) on pore opening are firmly established. notably, adp, atp and bongkrekate delay, whereas carboxyatractyloside hastens, ca(2+)-induced pore opening. here, we report that adenine nucleotides decreased, whereas car ...201121205213
possibilities of alternative generation ii biotests at artemia.the meaning of alternative biotests is described and discussed. the paper also deals with the possible application of the developmental studies of the sea artemia franciscana nauplinus. five-day biotests including the validation criteria are described. the possibilities of the biotests are very wide. additionally to the standard applications in ecotoxicology, there is a possibility of modelling pharmacological experiments or monitoring the effects of ionizing radiation and the interaction with o ...200921217845
a postexposure feeding assay using the marine polychaete neanthes arenaceodentata suitable for laboratory and in situ exposures.this study examined the suitability for the use of the polychaetous annelid neanthes arenaceodentata in a short-term sublethal bioassay based on postexposure feeding rate. quantification of feeding rate was determined by an approximately 1-h feeding period to artemia franciscana nauplii after a 48-h aqueous exposure. both lethality and feeding rate were assessed after exposure to cu and phenanthrene, with the cu results being compared with those available from similar studies that used the polyc ...201121298715
predictive modeling of selenium accumulation in brine shrimp in saline environments.great salt lake, utah, is a large, terminal, hypersaline lake consisting of a northern more saline arm and a southern arm that is less saline. the southern arm supports a seasonally abundant fauna of low diversity consisting of brine shrimp (artemia franciscana), 7 species of brine flies, and multiple species of algae. although fish cannot survive in the main body of the lake, the lake is highly productive, and brine shrimp and brine fly populations support large numbers of migratory waterfowl a ...201121309076
metabolic restructuring during energy-limited states: insights from artemia franciscana embryos and other animals.many life history stages of animals that experience environmental insults enter developmental arrested states that are characterized by reduced cellular proliferation, with or without a concurrent reduction in overall metabolism. in the case of the most profound metabolic arrest reported in invertebrates, i.e., anaerobic quiescence in artemia franciscana embryos, acidification of the intracellular milieu is a major factor governing catabolic and anabolic downregulation. release of ions from intr ...201121335009
embryonic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of pcb126 affect prey capture ability of fundulus heteroclitus larvae.early life stages from a marine fish species, fundulus heteroclitus, were exposed to sublethal doses of 3,3',4,4',5 pentachlorobiphenyl (pcb126) to evaluate its effects on ecologically relevant responses: growth and behavior. a few hours after fertilisation, eggs were treated topically with pcb126 (2.5-50 pg egg⁻¹). four days post-hatching (dph), morphological changes (body length and malformations), spontaneous locomotor activity (active swimming speed, rate of travel, % inactivity), prey captu ...201121349578
toxigenicity of enniatins from western australian fusarium species to brine shrimp (artemia franciscana).the high prevalence (14 of 24 isolates) of enniatin-producing isolates from western australian fusarium species isolated from pasture legumes associated with sheep feed refusal and rat deaths, and the high toxicity of their crude extracts to brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) from a previous study warranted further investigation of this class of mycotoxin. crude extracts from fusarium acuminatum, fusarium avenaceum, fusarium tricinctum and fusarium sambucinum, along with enniatins a, a1, b and b ...201121352844
biological responses of a simulated marine food chain to lead addition.this investigation sought to assess the biological responses to pb along a simplified four-level food chain, from the primary producer, the microalgae tetraselmis suecica, grown in a control medium with < 1 µg/l of pb and exposed to a sublethal dose (20 µg/l of pb) and used as the base of a simulated food chain, through the primary-, secondary-, and tertiary-level consumers, namely, the brine shrimp, artemia franciscana; the white-leg shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei; and the grunt fish, haemulon sc ...201121442651
influence of heat shock proteins induction in different yeast cell wall mutants on the protection against vibrio campbellii infection in gnotobiotically grown artemia franciscana (kellogg). 201021504084
effects of salinity on growth and survival in five artemia franciscana (anostraca: artemiidae) populations from mexico pacific coast.salinity is an important factor influencing growth and survival of aquatic organisms such as artemia, a valuable aquaculture species. this study evaluated the effects of salinity on a. franciscana populations from different water bodies in mexico's pacific coast. with this purpose, five autochthonous bisexual artemia populations were tested to assess their survival and growth values against salinities of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g/l, under laboratory conditions (25 +/- 2 degrees c; ph 8-10; const ...201121513197
mechanisms associated with cellular desiccation tolerance in the animal extremophile artemia.using differential scanning calorimetry, we demonstrated the presence of biological glasses and measured the transition temperatures in dry encysted embryos (cysts) of the brine shrimp, artemia franciscana. cysts from the following three geographic locations were studied: san francisco bay (sfb); the great salt lake, utah (gsl); and the mekong delta, vietnam (vn; these cysts were produced from previous sequential inoculations of sfb cysts into growth ponds). values for the glass transition tempe ...201321527815
priming the prophenoloxidase system of artemia franciscana by heat shock proteins protects against vibrio campbellii challenge.like other invertebrates, the brine shrimp artemia franciscana relies solely on innate immunity, which by definition lacks adaptive characteristics, to combat against invading pathogens. one of the innate mechanisms is melanisation of bacteria mediated by the activation of the prophenoloxidase (propo) system. the 70 kda heat shock proteins (hsp70) derived from either prokaryote (escherichia coli) or eukaryote (artemia), well conserved and immune-dominant molecules, protect artemia against vibrio ...201121554959
characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the brine shrimp artemia (branchiopoda, anostraca).the brine shrimp artemia is a complex genus containing sexual species and parthenogenetic lineages. artemia franciscana is native to america and its cysts (diapausing eggs) are used worldwide as a food source in aquaculture. as a consequence, this anostracan has become an invasive species in many hypersaline aquatic ecosystems of other continents. parthenogenetic artemia lineages occur only in the old world. ten and five microsatellite markers were developed to characterize two populations for a ...200921564689
species-specific rflp pattern in the heat shock protein26 gene (hsp26): a single-locus tool for species identification and experimental testing of habitat-induced isolation in the new world artemia species.the brine shrimp artemia (crustacea, branchiopoda), a paradigmatic inhabitant of hypersaline lakes, has molecular features to survive under stressful conditions, such as the p26 heat shock protein. we report the rflp fingerprinting pattern (four restriction enzymes) of a 217 bp fragment of exon2 of the hsp26 gene in six artemia franciscana and four artemia persimilis populations, the most genetically divergent artemia species co-occurring in latitudinal extremes of chile. the species-specific rf ...201021565017
diverse lea (late embryogenesis abundant) and lea-like genes and their responses to hypersaline stress in post-diapause embryonic development of artemia franciscana.from post-diapause cysts of artemia franciscana, we defined fourteen lea (late embryogenesis abundant) and lea-like genes, including four novel members (afrlea1-5, afrlea3-5, afrlea3-like1 and afrlea3-like2), which were classified into four groups: g1, g3, g3-like (lea group3-like), and smp-like (seed-maturation-protein-like), based on their conserved and diversified sequence motifs and amino acid compositions among bacteria, plants, and animals. we also validated six representative genes based ...201121620991
water-structuring technology with the molecular chaperone proteins: indicated application of the ╬▒-crystallin domains and imidazole-containing peptidomimetics in cosmetic skin care systems or dermatological therapeutic drug carrier formulations.changes in structural proteins and hydration during aging are responsible for altered skin morphologic and mechanical properties manifested as wrinkling, sagging, loss of elasticity, and apparent dryness. impairment in protein hydration may add to the ultrastructural, mechanical, and biochemical changes in structural proteins in the aged skin. at innovative vision products, inc., we have pioneered a molecular chaperone protein-activated therapeutic or cosmetic platform to enable simultaneous ana ...201121663576
mechanisms associated with cellular desiccation tolerance of artemia encysted embryos from locations around the world.using differential scanning calorimetry we demonstrated the presence of biological glasses and measured the glass transition temperatures (tg) in dry encysted gastrula embryos (cysts) of the brine shrimp, artemia, from eleven different locations, two of which provided cysts from parthenogenetic animals. values for tg were highest, by far, in artemia franciscana cysts from the mekong delta, vietnam (vn), these cysts having been produced from previous sequential inoculations into growth ponds of c ...201121664479
desiccation tolerance in encysted embryos of the animal extremophile, artemia.encysted embryos (cysts) of the primitive crustacean, artemia franciscana, are among the most resistant of all animal life history stages to extremes of environmental stress. these embryos, extremophiles of the animal kingdom, are the main focus of this paper. previous work has revealed the importance of biochemical and biophysical adaptations that provide a significant part of the basis of their resistance, and i consider some of these here. in the present paper the critical role played by the ...200521676822
high hatching rates after cryopreservation of hydrated cysts of the brine shrimp a. franciscana.cysts of artemia franciscana are known to be extremely tolerant to uv and ionizing radiation, hypoxia, dryness, osmotic pressure, and temperatures. however, when cysts are hydrated, their resistance to extreme environmental conditions is markedly reduced, and they subsequently enter a developmental sequence. the hatching rate of hydrated cysts declined when they were rapidly frozen after a short period of hydration but slow freezing improved hatching rates after 6-h hydration (1.4 g h2o per g dr ...201321766150
bioactivity of syzygium jambos methanolic extracts: antibacterial activity and toxicity.methanol extracts from s. jambos leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity and toxicity. s. jambos leaf extract inhibited the growth of 4 of the 14 bacteria tested (29%). both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial growths were inhibited by s. jambos leaf extract, although gram-positive bacteria appeared more susceptible. two of the 10 gram-negative bacteria (20%) and 2 of the 4 gram-positive bacteria (50%) tested had their growths inhibited by the extract. the leaf extract also proved to ...201021808530
male-female coevolution in the wild: evidence from a time series in artemia franciscana.sexual conflicts are ubiquitous in nature and are expected to lead to an antagonistic coevolution between the sexes. this coevolutionary process is driven by selection on sexually antagonistic traits that can either be directional or fluctuating. in this study, we used dormant cysts of artemia franciscana, collected in the same population in three different years over a 23-year period (corresponding to ∼160 generations in this system), to investigate male-female coevolution in natural conditions ...201121967429
Effects of a new photoactivatable cationic porphyrin on ciliated protozoa and branchiopod crustaceans, potential components of freshwater ecosystems polluted by pathogenic agents and their vectors.The increasing use of photosensitized processes for disinfection of microbiologically polluted waters requires a precise definition of the factors controlling the degree of photosensitivity in target and non-target organisms. In this regard, tests with protozoa and invertebrates which have a natural habitat in such waters may be used as first screening methods for the assessment of possible hazards for the ecosystem. A new cationic porphyrin, namely meso-tri(N-methyl-pyridyl)mono(N-dodecyl-pyrid ...201122011789
a freshwater amphipod toxicity test based on postexposure feeding and the population consumption inhibitory concentration.consumption inhibition in natural populations, namely due to contaminants, may have direct and immediate effects on ecosystems, by hampering ecosystem key functions (e.g., organic matter decomposition, grazing), long before effects at the individual level (e.g., reproduction, growth, emergence) have time-delayed consequences at successively higher levels of biological organization. the present study aimed at developing a cost-effective (short and easy) toxicity test based on the postexposure fee ...201222189376
toxicity evaluation of diethylene glycol and its combined effects with produced waters of off-shore gas platforms in the adriatic sea (italy): bioassays with marine/estuarine species.diethylene glycol (deg) is commonly used to dehydrate natural gas in off-shore extraction plants and to prevent formation of gas hydrates. it may be released into the sea accidentally or in discharged produced waters (pws). pws samples from off-shore gas platforms in the adriatic sea (italy) have been used in this study. the objectives of the study were: a) to evaluate the toxicity of deg for marine organisms; b) to evaluate if a high deg content in pws may alter their toxicity; c) to verify whe ...201222245535
kinase inhibitory, haemolytic and cytotoxic activity of three deep-water sponges from north western australia and their fatty acid composition.the c-amp dependent protein kinase (pka) inhibition, haemolytic activity, and cytoxicity of 21 extracts obtained from north western australian sponges collected from depths of 84-135 m were investigated. hexane extracts from ircinia/sarcotragus sp. and geodia sp. displayed pka inhibitory activities of 100 and 97% respectively (at 100 microg/ml), while aq. methanol extracts from haliclona sp. exhibited potent haemolytic activity (75%) and hexane extracts from geodia sp. were highly toxic (88%) to ...201122312740
light and transmission electron microscopy of vibrio campbellii infection in gnotobiotic artemia franciscana and protection offered by a yeast mutant with elevated cell wall glucan.luminescent vibrios are amongst the most important pathogens in aquaculture, affecting almost all types of cultured organisms. vibrio campbellii is one of these most important pathogens. in this study, the effects of feeding mnn9 yeast cell wall mutant and wild type yeast strain were investigated in the digestive tract of brine shrimp nauplii, artemia franciscana, after experimental infection with v. campbellii (lmg 21363). gnotobiotic a. franciscana nauplii were fed daily with dead aeromonas hy ...201222464490
long-term lethal toxicity test with the crustacean artemia franciscana.our research activities target the use of biological methods for the evaluation of environmental quality, with particular reference to saltwater/brackish water and sediment. the choice of biological indicators must be based on reliable scientific knowledge and, possibly, on the availability of standardized procedures. in this article, we present a standardized protocol that used the marine crustacean artemia to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals and/or of marine environmental matrices. scientist ...201222525984
recreating the seawater mixture composition of hocs in toxicity tests with artemia franciscana by passive dosing.the toxicity testing of hydrophobic organic compounds (hocs) in aquatic media is generally challenging, and this is even more problematic for mixtures. the hydrophobic properties of these compounds make them difficult to dissolve, and subsequently to maintain constant exposure concentrations. evaporative and sorptive losses are highly compound-specific, which can alter not only total concentrations, but also the proportions between the compounds in the mixture. therefore, the general aim of this ...201222609739
the early bird gets the shrimp: confronting assumptions of isotopic equilibrium and homogeneity in a wild bird population.1. because stable isotope distributions in organic material vary systematically across energy gradients that exist in ecosystems, community and population structures, and in individual physiological systems, isotope values in animal tissues have helped address a broad range of questions in animal ecology. it follows that every tissue sample provides an isotopic profile that can be used to study dietary or movement histories of individual animals. interpretations of these profiles depend on the a ...201222631029
treatment of vibriosis in european sea bass larvae, dicentrarchus labrax l., with oxolinic acid administered by bath or through medicated nauplii of artemia franciscana (kellogg): efficacy and residual kinetics.european sea bass larvae were challenged by bath with listonella anguillarum strain 332a, 2.5×10(7) cfuml(-1) for 1h. fish either received no treatment or oral treatment with artemia franciscana (kellog) nauplii enriched with oxolinic acid, or bath treatments with oxolinic acid. medication commenced 1day following challenge and was performed on days 1, 3 and 5 post-challenge at a dosage of 20mgl(-1) for 2h for bath treatments, while two doses each of 750 nauplii per fish were administered daily ...201222670590
monitoring of vibrio harveyi quorum sensing activity in real time during infection of brine shrimp larvae.quorum sensing, bacterial cell-to-cell communication, has been linked to the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. indeed, in vitro experiments have shown that many bacterial pathogens regulate the expression of virulence genes by this cell-to-cell communication process. moreover, signal molecules have been detected in samples retrieved from infected hosts and quorum sensing disruption has been reported to result in reduced virulence in different host-pathogen systems. however, data on in vivo quoru ...201222673627
selected morphological changes in artemia franciscana after ionizing radiation exposure.nauplii of artemia franciscana were irradiated by the doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 kgy (60)co. dimensions of the body length, body width, intestine width, intestine epithelium width, and intestine lumen width, as well as the mutual ratios of dimensions were determined in 126 specimens. ratios of the body length/body width (3.98, 3.60, 3.59, and 3.45 vs. 4.13 of control group), and ratios of the intestine epithelium width/intestine lumen width (0.64, 0.52, 0.51, and 0.45 vs. 0.85 of control g ...201222673764
[evaluation of psilocybe cubensis (agaricales, basidiomycota) toxicity over artemia franciscana (crustacea, anostraca)].psilocybe cubensis is a species with psychodysleptic action that grows on cattle dung in pastures in the tropics and subtropics. this fungus has been widely used in mexico since ancient times both for ceremonies and rituals, as well as for healing or medicinal purposes. artemia franciscana is a crustacean frequently used as a model organism for toxicity testing.201322728109
decoupling elongation and segmentation: notch involvement in anostracan crustacean segmentation.repeated body segments are a key feature of arthropods. the formation of body segments occurs via distinct developmental pathways within different arthropod clades. although some species form their segments simultaneously without any accompanying measurable growth, most arthropods add segments sequentially from the posterior of the growing embryo or larva. the use of notch signaling is increasingly emerging as a common feature of sequential segmentation throughout the bilateria, as inferred from ...201222765208
absence of ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition but presence of bongkrekate-sensitive nucleotide exchange in c. crangon and p. serratus.mitochondria from the embryos of brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) do not undergo ca(2+)-induced permeability transition in the presence of a profound ca(2+) uptake capacity. furthermore, this crustacean is the only organism known to exhibit bongkrekate-insensitive mitochondrial adenine nucleotide exchange, prompting the conjecture that refractoriness to bongkrekate and absence of ca(2+)-induced permeability transition are somehow related phenomena. here we report that mitochondria isolated fro ...201222768139
bacteriostatic anti-vibrio parahaemolyticus activity of pseudoalteromonas sp. strains dit09, dit44 and dit46 isolated from southern chilean intertidal perumytilus purpuratus.we characterised the anti-vibrio parahaemolyticus (anti-v. parahaemolyticus) marine bacteria dit09, dit44 and dit46 isolated from the intertidal mussel perumytilus purpuratus. the 16s rrna gene sequences identify a pseudoalteromonas sp. that form a clade with p. prydzensis and p. mariniglutinosa. the strains produced bacteriostatic anti-v. parahaemolyticus agents during the exponential growth phase, which were also active against v. cholerae and v. anguillarum, but not on other gram positive and ...201222806110
evaluation of the probiotics bacillus subtilis and lactobacillus plantarum bioencapsulated in artemia nauplii against vibriosis in european sea bass larvae (dicentrarchus labrax, l.).two potential probiotics bacillus subtilis and lactobacillus plantarum were evaluated for use in aquaculture as preventive measures against vibriosis. in vitro evaluation of the probiotics using co-culture assays with the pathogen vibrio anguillarum and testing for the production of antibacterial substances showed the presence of antagonism and confirmed the production of antibacterial substances. both potential probiotics were administered to the live fish feed artemia franciscana nauplii, offe ...201222806117
seasonal alterations of landfill leachate composition and toxic potency in semi-arid regions.the present study investigates seasonal variations of leachate composition and its toxic potency on different species, such as the brine shrimp artemia franciscana (formerly artemia salina), the fairy shrimp thamnocephalus platyurus, the estuarine rotifer brachionus plicatilis and the microalgal flagellate dunaliella tertiolecta. in specific, leachate regularly collected from the municipal landfill site of aigeira (peloponissos, greece) during the year 2011, showed significant alterations of alm ...201222819480
biochemical studies on sphingolipids of artemia franciscana: complex neutral glycosphingolipids.brine shrimp are primitive crustacean arthropodal model organisms, second to daphnia, which can survive in high-salinity environments. their oviposited cysts, cuticle-covered diapausing eggs, are highly resistant to dryness. to elucidate specialties of brine shrimp, this study characterized glycosphingolipids, which are signal transduction-associated material. a group of novel and complex fucosyl glycosphingolipids were separated and identified from cysts of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana ...201322890904
moisture source and diet affect development and reproduction of orius thripoborus and orius naivashae, two predatory anthocorids from southern africa.the effect of moisture source and diet on the development and reproduction of the pirate bugs, orius thripoborus (hesse) and orius naivashae (poppius) (hemiptera: anthocoridae) was examined in the laboratory. both species had been collected in and around sugarcane fields in south africa. supplementing eggs of the flour moth ephestia kuehniella (zeller) (lepidoptera: pyralidae) with a green bean pod as a moisture source yielded better nymphal survival and faster development, as compared with free ...201222935002
the small heat shock protein p26 aids development of encysting artemia embryos, prevents spontaneous diapause termination and protects against stress.artemia franciscana embryos enter diapause as encysted gastrulae, a physiological state of metabolic dormancy and enhanced stress resistance. the objective of this study was to use rnai to investigate the function of p26, an abundant, diapause-specific small heat shock protein, in the development and behavior of encysted artemia embryos (cysts). rnai methodology was developed where injection of artemia females with dsrna specifically eliminated p26 from cysts. p26 mrna and protein knock down wer ...201222952748
chlorine disinfection by-products in wastewater effluent: bioassay-based assessment of toxicological impact.the potential ecological impact of disinfection by-products (dbps) present in chlorinated wastewater effluents is not well understood. in this study, the chlorinated effluent of traditional wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) and advanced water reclamation plants (awrps) supplying highly-treated recycled water were analyzed for nitrosamines and trihalomethanes (thms), and a battery of bioassays conducted to assess effluent toxicity. an increase in general toxicity from dbps was revealed for all ...201222981491
a revision of artemia biodiversity in macaronesia.in a biogeographical context, the term macaronesia broadly embraces the north atlantic archipelagos of the azores, madeira, selvagens, the canary islands, and cape verde. the peculiar arid climatic conditions in some of these places have led to the development of marine salt exploitations, which can be counted among the hypersaline habitats of the brine shrimp artemia (branchiopoda, anostraca). parthenogenetic populations of this anostracan were described in the canary islands during the last de ...201223075404
feeding truncated heat shock protein 70s protect artemia franciscana against virulent vibrio campbellii challenge.the 70 kda heat shock proteins (hsp70s) are highly conserved in evolution, leading to striking similarities in structure and composition between eukaryotic hsp70s and their homologs in prokaryotes. the eukaryotic hsp70 like the dnak (escherichia coli equivalent hsp70) protein, consist of three functionally distinct domains: an n-terminal 44-kda atpase portion, an 18-kda peptide-binding domain and a c-terminal 10-kda fragment. previously, the amino acid sequence of eukaryotic (the brine shrimp ar ...201323092733
[isolation and identification of brine shrimp lethal activities from derris trifoliata].to study the brine shrimp lethal activities of the roots and stems from derris trifoliata.201223213734
toxic risk associated with sporadic occurrences of microcystis aeruginosa blooms from tidal rivers in marine and estuarine ecosystems and its impact on artemia franciscana nauplii populations.microcystis aeruginosa is a species of freshwater cyanobacteria which can form harmful algal blooms in freshwater water bodies worldwide. however, in spite its sporadic occurrences for short periods of time in estuarine waters, their influence on zooplankton populations present in these ecosystems has not been extensively studied. in this work, artemia franciscana was used as test organism model, studying mortality against several strains of m. aeruginosa with different degrees of toxigenicity, ...201323246722
metabolic downregulation and inhibition of carbohydrate catabolism during diapause in embryos of artemia franciscana.diapause embryos were collected from ovigerous females of artemia franciscana at the great salt lake, utah, and were synchronized to within 4 h of release. respiration rate for these freshly released embryos across a subsequent 26-d time course showed a rapid decrease during the first several days followed thereafter by a much slower decline. the overall metabolic depression was estimated to be greater than 99%. however, proton conductance of mitochondria isolated from diapause and postdiapause ...201323303325
butyltins degradation by cunninghamella elegans and cochliobolus lunatus co-culture.organotin compounds are ubiquitous in environment. however, biodegradation of tributyltin (tbt) and dibutyltin (dbt) to non toxic metabolites by fungi has been seldom observed. in this study we constructed a fungal co-culture with an efficient ability of tbt and its metabolites removal. the microscopic fungus strain cunninghamella elegans degraded tbt via hydroxybutyldibutyltin (ohbudbt) to its metabolites: dbt and monobutyltin (mbt), which were then transformed by cochliobolus lunatus. the sequ ...201223314396
why join groups? lessons from parasite-manipulated artemia.grouping behaviours (e.g. schooling, shoaling and swarming) are commonly explicated through adaptive hypotheses such as protection against predation, access to mates or improved foraging. however, the hypothesis that aggregation can result from manipulation by parasites to increase their transmission has never been demonstrated. we investigated this hypothesis using natural populations of two crustacean hosts (artemia franciscana and artemia parthenogenetica) infected with one cestode and two mi ...201323351125
improved tolerance to salt and water stress in drosophila melanogaster cells conferred by late embryogenesis abundant protein.mechanisms that govern anhydrobiosis involve the accumulation of highly hydrophilic macromolecules, such as late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins. group 1 lea proteins comprised of 181 (aflea1.1) and 197 (aflea1.3) amino acids were cloned from embryos of artemia franciscana and expressed in drosophila melanogaster cells (kc167). confocal microscopy revealed a construct composed of green fluorescent protein (gfp) and aflea1.3 accumulates in the mitochondria (aflea1.3-gfp), while aflea1.1-gfp ...201323376561
differential responses of sexual and asexual artemia to genotoxicity by a reference mutagen: is the comet assay a reliable predictor of population level responses?the impact of chronic genotoxicity to natural populations is always questioned due to their reproductive surplus. we used a comet assay to quantify primary dna damage after exposure to a reference mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate in two species of crustacean with different reproductive strategies (sexual artemia franciscana and asexual artemia parthenogenetica). we then assessed whether this predicted individual performance and population growth rate over three generations. artemia were exposed t ...201323414719
a first aflp-based genetic linkage map for brine shrimp artemia franciscana and its application in mapping the sex locus.we report on the construction of sex-specific linkage maps, the identification of sex-linked markers and the genome size estimation for the brine shrimp artemia franciscana. overall, from the analysis of 433 aflp markers segregating in a 112 full-sib family we identified 21 male and 22 female linkage groups (2n = 42), covering 1,041 and 1,313 cm respectively. fifteen putatively homologous linkage groups, including the sex linkage groups, were identified between the female and male linkage map. e ...201323469207
molecular identification of microorganisms associated with the brine shrimp artemia franciscana.prior research on the microorganisms associated with the brine shrimp, artemia franciscana, has mainly been limited to culture-based identification techniques or feeding studies for aquaculture. our objective was to identify bacteria and archaea associated with artemia adults and encysted embryos to understand the role of microbes in the artemia life cycle and, therefore, their importance in a hypersaline food chain.201323497541
the apparent quorum-sensing inhibitory activity of pyrogallol is a side effect of peroxide production.there currently is more and more interest in the use of natural products, such as tea polyphenols, as therapeutic agents. the polyphenol compound pyrogallol has been reported before to inhibit quorum-sensing-regulated bioluminescence in vibrio harveyi. here, we report that the addition of 10 mg · liter(-1) pyrogallol protects both brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) and giant river prawn (macrobrachium rosenbergii) larvae from pathogenic vibrio harveyi, whereas the compound showed relatively low ...201323545532
mycotoxins produced by fusarium spp. associated with fusarium head blight of wheat in western australia.an isolated occurrence of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat was detected in the south-west region of western australia during the 2003 harvest season. the molecular identity of 23 isolates of fusarium spp. collected from this region during the fhb outbreak confirmed the associated pathogens to be f. graminearum, f. acuminatum or f. tricinctum. moreover, the toxicity of their crude extracts from czapek-dox liquid broth and millet seed cultures to brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) was associate ...201223606046
selenium biotransformations in an engineered aquatic ecosystem for bioremediation of agricultural wastewater via brine shrimp production.an engineered aquatic ecosystem was specifically designed to bioremediate selenium (se), occurring as oxidized inorganic selenate from hypersalinized agricultural drainage water while producing brine shrimp enriched in organic se and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for use in value added nutraceutical food supplements. selenate was successfully bioremediated by microalgal metabolism into organic se (seleno-amino acids) and partially removed via gaseous volatile se formation. furthermore, filter- ...201323621086
cytological, molecular and life cycle characterization of anostracospora rigaudi n. g., n. sp. and enterocytospora artemiae n. g., n. sp., two new microsporidian parasites infecting gut tissues of the brine shrimp artemia.two new microsporidia, anostracospora rigaudi n. g., n. sp., and enterocytospora artemiae n. g., n. sp. infecting the intestinal epithelium of artemia parthenogenetica bowen and sterling, 1978 and artemia franciscana kellogg, 1906 in southern france are described. molecular analyses revealed the two species belong to a clade of microsporidian parasites that preferentially infect the intestinal epithelium of insect and crustacean hosts. these parasites are morphologically distinguishable from oth ...201323731593
a laboratory and in situ postexposure feeding assay with a freshwater snail.contaminant-driven feeding inhibition has direct and immediate consequences at higher levels of biological organization, by depressing the population consumption and thus hampering ecosystem functioning (e.g., grazing, organic matter decomposition). the present study aimed at developing a short-term laboratory and in situ assay based on the postexposure feeding of the freshwater snail theodoxus fluviatilis. a method to precisely quantify feeding rates was first developed, consisting of a 3-h fee ...201323733247
the distribution of fruit and seed toxicity during development for eleven neotropical trees and vines in central panama.secondary compounds in fruit mediate interactions with natural enemies and seed dispersers, influencing plant survival and species distributions. the functions of secondary metabolites in plant defenses have been well-studied in green tissues, but not in reproductive structures of plants. in this study, the distribution of toxicity within plants was quantified and its influence on seed survival was determined in central panama. to investigate patterns of allocation to chemical defenses and shift ...201323843965
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