Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| wry neck in rabbits. | 1997 | 9040828 | |
| simple diagnosis of encephalitozoon sp. microsporidial infections by using a panspecific antiexospore monoclonal antibody. | microsporidia (phylum microsproa) have recently become recognized as common opportunistic protozoans in the united states and worldwide, particularly affecting immunodeficient patients. microsporidian organisms within the genus encephalitozoon are the cause of nephrologic, ophthalmic, pneumologic, gastroenteric, and systemic infections. however, diagnosis of the small spores by light microscopy is difficult, even with newly developed and improved staining techniques. we have developed an anti-en ... | 1997 | 9041420 |
| western blot and immunofluorescence analysis of a human isolate of encephalitozoon cuniculi established in culture from the urine of a patient with aids. | microsporidia spores, identified as encephalitozoon cuniculi (cdc: v282), were isolated from the urine of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and disseminated microsporidiosis, established in continuous culture on monkey kidney cells (e6), and antiserum was produced in rabbits. immunoblot studies that used the patient serum and the rabbit sera against cdc:v282, encephalitozoon hellem (cdc:0291:v213), and encephalitozoon intestinalis (cdc:v297) revealed that cdc:v282 and the rabbit ... | 1997 | 9057698 |
| comparison of polymerase chain reaction with light microscopy for detection of microsporidia in clinical specimens. | the detection of microsporidial dna by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been suggested as an alternative or supplement to conventional microscopic methods. however, the relative merits of these techniques remain uncertain. in the present study, clinical specimens of different origin (stool, urine, sputum, nasal discharge, and cerebrospinal fluid) containing four different microsporidial species were blinded after microscopic examination and analyzed by pcr and subsequent restriction fragm ... | 1997 | 9063665 |
| [encephalitozoon cuniculi--clinical and epidemiologic significance. results of a preliminary serologic study in humans]. | recently attention in human medicine has been drawn to encephalitozoonoses. increased liability to develop the infection is found in particular in people with an impaired immunobiological condition. evidence of this are more numerous infections in aids patients. however, the impact of encephalitozoonoses cannot be ruled out in other groups of patients. this calls however for specific aimed investigations. the authors examined 98 sera of employees of a slaughterhouse for encephalitozoonosis. five ... | 1997 | 9162454 |
| identification of enterocytozoon bieneusi spores in respiratory samples from an aids patient with a 2-year history of intestinal microsporidiosis. | enterocytozoon bieneusi, a microsporidian parasite, has been recognized since 1985 as an agent of intestinal microsporidiosis leading to malabsorption syndrome, diarrhea, and weight loss in aids patients. recently, however, we have identified e. bieneusi spores in the sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and stool samples of an aids patient with a 2-year history of intestinal microsporidiosis. the spores were characterized by weber's chromotrope-based staining, immunofluorescence tests, and pcr. no m ... | 1997 | 9196210 |
| mapping of repetitive and non-repetitive dna probes to chromosomes of the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi. | the molecular karyotype of a murine isolate of encephalitozoon cuniculi, a microsporidian with a wide range of mammalian hosts, comprises eleven chromosomes ranging in size between 217 and 315 kb. to determine specific chromosomal markers, a partial genomic library was constructed and cloned dna fragments were hybridized to chromosomal bands separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. most probes were assigned to single chromosomes, indicating prevalence of low-copy number nucleotide sequence ... | 1997 | 9210586 |
| species-specific identification of microsporidia in stool and intestinal biopsy specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. | in view of the increasing number of cases of human microsporidiosis, simple and rapid methods for clear identification of microsporidian parasites to the species level are required. in the present study, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used for species-specific detection of encephalitozoon cuniculi. encephalitozoon hellem, encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis, and enterocytozoon bieneusi in both tissue and stool. using stool specimens and intestinal biopsies of patients infected with e ... | 1997 | 9228477 |
| a serological indication of the existence of a guineapig poliovirus. | attempts were made to clarify whether laboratory guineapigs may harbour a poliovirus which, in 1911, was described as the cause of a disease called guineapig lameness. by the use of elisa for antibodies against the poliovirus, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev), it was shown that two pet shop guineapigs suffering from lameness had extremely high titres against poliovirus, while healthy guineapigs from the same pet shop were negative. clearly positive results were also found in 35 ou ... | 1997 | 9230501 |
| cerebral microsporidiosis due to encephalitozoon cuniculi. | 1997 | 9280839 | |
| microsporidia (encephalitozoon cuniculi) in wild rabbits in australia. | to determine the prevalence of infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi in wild rabbit populations in western australia, and to isolate the organism from seropositive rabbits. | 1997 | 9404614 |
| bovine leukemia virus-induced clinical signs and morphological changes of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. | fourteen three-month-old rabbits spontaneously-infected with the microsporidium encephalitozoon cuniculi levaditi, nicolau et schoen, 1923 were inoculated intravenously with lymphocytes (ly) from seropositive bovine leukemia virus infected cattle (ly/blv) or with fetal lamb kidney cells infected with bovine fetal leukemia (flk/blv). thirteen rabbits were seropositive to blv at least for a period of three months. six rabbits died of pulmonary lesions. chronic inflammatory lesions of encephalitozo ... | 1997 | 9437837 |
| tnp-470 is an effective antimicrosporidial agent. | therapy for microsporidia, which cause diarrhea and a wasting syndrome in persons with aids, has had limited success. fumagillin, a naturally secreted water-insoluble antibiotic, has in vitro activity against microsporidia and has been used successfully in the treatment of superficial keratitis in patients with aids, but systemic therapy has been limited by toxicity of the currently available fumagillin salt. tnp-470, a semisynthetic analogue of fumagillin, was studied in vitro and in the athymi ... | 1998 | 9466552 |
| catecholamines and encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. | twenty four rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica) were used to detect specific anti-encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies. to identify microsporidian infection, a haemolytic test in agar gel was carried out. blood samples of animals with and without spontaneous encephalitozoonosis were evaluated, and compared for the presence of epinephrine (epi), norepinephrine (ne), and dopamine (da). rabbits infected spontaneously with e. cuniculi had significantly lower levels of catecholamines than hea ... | 1997 | 9477503 |
| identification of the microsporidian encephalitozoon hellem using immunoglobulin g monoclonal antibodies. | microsporidia isolated from clinical specimens so far have been identified to level of species by electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence (iif), western blot (wb), and genetic analysis. recent studies, however, indicate extensive serologic cross-reactions among microsporidian species involved in human disease. | 1998 | 9499364 |
| the rdna unit of encephalitozoon cuniculi (microsporidia): complete 23s sequence and copy number. | 1997 | 9508456 | |
| first complete amino acid sequence of a polar tube protein in a microsporidian species, encephalitozoon cuniculi. | 1997 | 9508457 | |
| immunocytochemical identification of spore proteins in two microsporidia, with emphasis on extrusion apparatus. | microsporidia can form small spores with a unique invasive apparatus featuring a long polar tube whose extrusion allows entry of infectious sporoplasm into a host cell. the reactivity of mouse polyclonal antibodies raised against sporal proteins from two microsporidian species belonging to different genera (glugea atherinae and encephalitozoon cuniculi) was studied by western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. whole protein antisera provided a few cross-reactions relatable to some protein ... | 1998 | 9561775 |
| microsporidia, amitochondrial protists, possess a 70-kda heat shock protein gene of mitochondrial evolutionary origin. | an intronless gene encoding a protein of 592 amino acid residues with similarity to 70-kda heat shock proteins (hsp70s) has been cloned and sequenced from the amitochondrial protist encephalitozoon cuniculi (phylum microsporidia). southern blot analyses show the presence of a single gene copy located on chromosome xi. the encoded protein exhibits an n-terminal hydrophobic leader sequence and two motifs shared by proteobacterial and mitochondrially expressed hsp70 homologs. phylogenetic analysis ... | 1998 | 9615449 |
| microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi, a unicellular eukaryote with an unusual chromosomal dispersion of ribosomal genes and a lsu rrna reduced to the universal core. | microsporidia are eukaryotic parasites lacking mitochondria, the ribosomes of which present prokaryote-like features. in order to better understand the structural evolution of rrna molecules in microsporidia, the 5s and rdna genes were investigated in encephalitozoon cuniculi . the genes are not in close proximity. non-tandemly arranged rdna units are on every one of the 11 chromosomes. such a dispersion is also shown in two other encephalitozoon species. sequencing of the 5s rrna coding region ... | 1998 | 9671812 |
| the serological surveillance of several groups of patients using antigens of encephalitozoon hellem and e. cuniculi antibodies to microsporidia in patients. | this study was undertaken to attempt to identify correlations between microsporidial seroprevalence data in man, clinical diseases and groups of people at the risk of hiv/aids infection. groups of patients were selected according to the predilection of members of the genus encephalitozoon for nervous and kidney tissue. female prostitutes and alcohol and intravenous drug abusers were selected as groups at risk of hiv/aids infections. a total of 401 samples of human sera were examined for the pres ... | 1998 | 9684320 |
| characterization and function of the microsporidian polar tube: a review. | microsporidia are eukaryotic, obligate intracellular organisms defined by their small spores containing a single polar tube that coils around the interior of the spore. after appropriate stimuli the germination of spores occurs. conditions that promote germination vary widely among species, presumably reflecting the organism's adaptation to their host and external environment as well as preventing accidental discharge in the environment. it appears that calcium may be a key ion in this process. ... | 1998 | 9684322 |
| detection of microsporidia spore-specific antigens by monoclonal antibodies. | microsporidia (phylum microspora) are unicellular parasites commonly found in invertebrates, fish, and laboratory animals; however, microsporidiosis is an emerging problem in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the infective stage of these parasites is the spore, which possesses a rigid cell wall that protects the parasite outside its host. little is known about their antigenic composition. sensitive, reliable, and easily performed methods for identification and speciati ... | 1998 | 9708825 |
| on proteins of the microsporidian invasive apparatus: complete sequence of a polar tube protein of encephalitozoon cuniculi. | the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi is an obligate intracellular parasite that can cause opportunistic infections in aids patients. spore invasion of host cells involves extrusion of a polar tube. after immunocytochemical identification of several polar tube proteins (ptps) in e. cuniculi, a major ptp was isolated from two-dimensional gels and two peptide fragments were sequenced. the complete nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene was obtained using a combination of pcr amplifica ... | 1998 | 9723921 |
| immunologic, microscopic, and molecular evidence of encephalitozoon intestinalis (septata intestinalis) infection in mammals other than humans. | encephalitozoon intestinalis (septata intestinalis) is the second most prevalent microsporidian species infecting humans, but it has not been described in other animal species. this investigation examined 10 domestic animal stool samples (8 mammalian, 2 avian) containing spores detected by anti-encephalitozoon monoclonal antibody immunofluorescence (fa). the presence of e. intestinalis but not encephalitozoon hellem or encephalitozoon cuniculi was confirmed in 6 of 8 mammalian stool samples by s ... | 1998 | 9728552 |
| a small spliceosomal-type intron occurs in a ribosomal protein gene of the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi. | 1998 | 9747977 | |
| identification of a human isolate of encephalitozoon cuniculi type i from italy. | a microsporidial strain, obtained from a person with aids living in italy was isolated and cultivated on rk13 (rabbit kidney) cell monolayers. identification at the species level was performed by immunological and molecular methods. western blot analysis showed that the human isolate and the encephalitozoon cuniculi reference strain had similar banding patterns. the small subunit rrna sequence analysis confirmed the identification of the isolate as e. cuniculi, which is a widespread microsporidi ... | 1998 | 9770621 |
| in vitro susceptibilities of the microsporidia encephalitozoon cuniculi, encephalitozoon hellem, and encephalitozoon intestinalis to albendazole and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites. | in vitro comparisons demonstrated that the efficacy of albendazole, albendazole-sulfoxide, and albendazole-sulfone against pathogenic encephalitozoon species was proportional to the degree of oxidation at a concentration of >10(-3) microgram/ml. furthermore, at a concentration of <10(-2) microgram/ml, benzimidazoles were more effective against encephalitozoon cuniculi and encephalitozoon hellem than against encephalitozoon intestinalis. | 1998 | 9835533 |
| effects of an anti-exospore monoclonal antibody on microsporidial development in vitro. | in this study we evaluated the effects of the anti-microsporidial exospore monoclonal antibody 3b6, recognizing 3 encephalitozoon species, encephalitozoon intestinalis (syn. septata intestinalis), encephalitozoon cuniculi, and encephalitozoon hellem on microsporidial growth in vitro. pre-treatment of spores for 24 h with mab 3b6 resulted in 21-29% fewer infected host cells 4 days after inoculation of the cultures compared to cultures pre-treated with medium or an irrelevant isotype control mab ( ... | 1998 | 9881374 |
| flow cytometric analysis of microsporidia belonging to the genus encephalitozoon. | flow cytometry was used in the identification of human microsporidia belonging to the genus encephalitozoon. microsporidian spores of encephalitozoon hellem, e. cuniculi, and e. intestinalis were propagated in axenic cultures of monkey kidney e6 cells, purified with percoll, and exposed to homologous and heterologous rabbit antiserum and monoclonal antibody prepared against e. hellem spores. after reaction to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin g (igg) or goat anti-mouse igg conjugated to fluorescei ... | 1999 | 9889221 |
| resolution of microsporidial sinusitis and keratoconjunctivitis by itraconazole treatment. | to report successful treatment of ocular infection caused by the microsporidium encephalitozoon cuniculi in a person with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and nasal and paranasal sinus infection. | 1999 | 10030568 |
| role of gamma interferon in cellular immune response against murine encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that cause a wide variety of opportunistic infection in patients with aids. because it is able to grow in vitro, encephalitozoon cuniculi is currently the best-studied microsporidian. t cells mediate protective immunity against this parasite. splenocytes obtained from infected mice proliferate in vitro in response to irradiated parasites. a transient state of hyporesponsiveness to parasite antigen and mitogen was observed at day 17 pos ... | 1999 | 10085032 |
| animal models of human microsporidial infections. | two new models have been described for enterocytozoon bieneusi, non-human primates and immuno-suppressed gnotobiotic pigs, but there still is no successful cell culture system. the intestinal xenograft system holds promise as an animal model for encephalitozoon intestinalis. encephalitozoon hellem is easily propagated in mice, and also may be an important cause of spontaneous disease of psittacine birds. encephalitozoon cuniculi occurs spontaneously in a wide variety of animals and can be induce ... | 1998 | 10090081 |
| polar tube proteins of microsporidia of the family encephalitozoonidae. | encephalitozoonidae are microsporidia associated with human infections including hepatitis, encephalitis, conjunctivitis, and disseminated disease. microsporidia produce a small resistant spore containing a polar tube which serves as a unique vehicle of infection. polar tube proteins (ptps) from encephalitozoon hellem. encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis, and encephalitozoon cuniculi were purified to homogeneity by hplc. by sds-page, the mr of e. hellem ptp was 55 kda, while the mr of e. inte ... | 1999 | 10188255 |
| lethal encephalitozoonosis in cyclophosphamide-treated rabbits. | encephalitozoonosis is an opportunistic infection in animals and humans. its clinical form is observed in immunosuppressed hosts. we studied the occurrence of the manifest form of rabbit microsporidiosis under cyclophosphamide immunomodulation in 40 new zealand rabbits. the experimental animals were intraperitoneally infected with 5 x 10(7) encephalitozoon cuniculi spores. two weeks after infection the animals were treated intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide, first with 50 mg/kg and then wit ... | 1999 | 10213932 |
| cd8+ ctls are essential for protective immunity against encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. | encephalitozoon cuniculi is a protozoan parasite that has been implicated recently as a cause of opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals. protective immunity in the normal host is t cell-dependent. in the present study, the role of individual t cell subtypes in immunity against this parasite has been studied using gene knockout mice. whereas cd4-/- animals resolved the infection, mice lacking cd8+ t cells or perforin gene succumbed to parasite challenge. the data obtained in the ... | 1999 | 10229850 |
| immune response to encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in laboratory mice. | the study was performed to determine the immune response to encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in immunocompetent mice during 120 days of experiment. mice infected with e. cuniculi had an increased number of cd4+ t cells up to day 20 post infection (p.i.), but counts of cd8+ t lymphocytes were significantly lower up to day 90 p.i. in peripheral blood. blood monocytes were significantly increased on the day 60 and day 120 of infection. a lack of significant decrease of cd4+ t cells may be conside ... | 1999 | 10321585 |
| the first finding of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi in cows in slovakia. | the presence of antibodies against encephalitozoon cuniculi in cows was observed by the method of indirect immunofluorescence (ifat). the animals reacting at the titre 1:64 and more were considered positive. of the total number of 55 sera examined, 20 were positive at the titre 1:64, from which four were positive at the titre 1:256 also. our results indicate that it is very important to carry out screening examinations in large-scale breeding of cattle due to the persistent high percentage of bo ... | 1999 | 10321588 |
| rabbit intestinal xenograft model for human encephalitozoon infections in mice. | the gastrointestinal tract is a common portal of entry for encephalitozoon cuniculi, one of several microsporidial organisms emerging as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised humans. although most human microsporidial pathogens can be propagated in vitro and in a variety of laboratory animals, an experimental animal system to specifically study intestinal uptake and systemic spread of these organisms does not exist. | 1999 | 10331549 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi: light and electron microscopic evidence for di-, tetra-, and octosporous sporogony and a note on the molecular phylogeny of encephalitozoonidae. | we demonstrate, based on the light, electron microscopic, and immunofluorescence studies carried out on two isolates of encephalitozoon cuniculi established in culture, that e. cuniculi exhibits di-, tri-, tetra- and octosporous sporogony. we therefore propose that the generic characters of encephalitozoon should be amended to include tetra-sporous sporogony as generic features. additionally, the molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that e. cuniculi, e. hellem, and e. (septata) intestinalis ... | 1999 | 10361732 |
| molecular karyotype diversity in the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi. | the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi can infect numerous mammals, including man. three strains of e. cuniculi have been identified so far, the major marker being the number of a tetranucleotide repeats in the rdna internal transcribed spacer. we investigated diversity at the chromosomal level through the electrophoretic karyotypes obtained from 15 e. cuniculi isolates from 5 different host species. all preparations provided patterns with 9-12 bands within a narrow molecular size range. si ... | 1999 | 10363276 |
| detection by an immunofluorescence test of encephalitozoon intestinalis spores in routinely formalin-fixed stool samples stored at room temperature. | of the several microsporidia that infect humans, enterocytozoon bieneusi is known to cause a gastrointestinal disease whereas encephalitozoon intestinalis causes both a disseminated and an intestinal disease. although several different staining techniques, including the chromotrope technique and its modifications, uvitex 2b, and the quick-hot gram-chromotrope procedure, detect microsporidian spores in fecal smears and other clinical samples, they do not identify the species of microsporidia. a n ... | 1999 | 10364604 |
| cytokine response to infection with the microsporidian, encephalitozoon cuniculi. | the production of three cytokines, interferon gamma (ifn-gamma), interleukin 10 (il-10) and interleukin 12 (il-12), was measured after intraperitoneal infection of immunocompetent balb/c mice and immunodeficient scid mice with the microsporidian, encephalitozoon cuniculi levaditi, nicolau et schoen, 1923. high levels of ifn-gamma were detected in ex vivo cultures of peritoneal exudate cells (pec) of balb/c mice, a lower, but earlier ifn-gamma response was observed in pec from scid mice. the earl ... | 1999 | 10425742 |
| fractionation of sporogonial stages of the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi by percoll gradients. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that are increasingly recognized as a cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. encephalitozoon cuniculi has been identified in humans with aids and infects a wide range of mammalian hosts. little is known about the metabolic processes that regulate growth and replication of microsporidia. examination of the individual stages of development will facilitate such studies and reveal possible targets for drug therapy. the p ... | 1999 | 10461385 |
| detection of septata intestinalis (microsporidia) cali et al. 1993 using polymerase chain reaction primers targeting the small submit subunit ribosomal rna coding region. | background: the microsporidian septata intestinalis, recently suggested to be reclassified as encephalitozoon intestinalis, is probably the second most common microsporidian isolated from aids patients after enterocytozoon bieneusi. s. intestinalis causes a disseminated disease, including infections of the gastointestinal tract, whereas e. bieneusi is confined strictly to the gastrointestinal tract. it is important to differentiate between these two microsporidians, as only infections caused by ... | 1997 | 10462591 |
| isolation of a highly divergent gene encoding cdc2-related protein kinase from encephalitozoon cuniculi (microspora). | 1999 | 10519230 | |
| application of differential display rt-pcr to the analysis of gene expression in a host cell-microsporidian e. cuniculi interaction. | 1999 | 10519232 | |
| sequencing of several protein-coding genes of the chromosome x from the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi. | 1999 | 10519233 | |
| analysis of the major microsporidian polar tube proteins. | 1999 | 10519234 | |
| polyamine synthesis in encephalitozoon cuniculi. | 1999 | 10519235 | |
| evidence of actin in the cytoskeleton of microsporidia. | using transmission electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy, and biochemical techniques such as 2-d electrophoresis and immunoblotting, actin was found in all biological stages of the microsporidia encephalitozoon hellem and encephalitozoon cuniculi. | 1999 | 10532801 |
| effect of low and high temperatures on infectivity of encephalitozoon cuniculi spores suspended in water. | the survival of encephalitozoon cuniculi levaditi, nicolau et schoen, 1923 spores suspended in distilled water and exposed at defined temperatures was investigated. infectivity of e. cuniculi spores was tested by inoculation of scid mice. there was no marked loss of infectivity of spores stored at 4 degrees c for two years or frozen at -12 degrees c and -24 degrees c for 1, 8, and 24 h. although there was a remarkable loss of infectivity, spores remained infective after freezing at -70 degrees c ... | 1999 | 10553650 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi strain iii is a cause of encephalitozoonosis in both humans and dogs. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic organisms found in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. encephalitozoon cuniculi is commonly found in domestic rabbits and rodents and also occurs in dogs, other canids, and primates, including humans. dna sequencing of the ribosomal rna genes has been used to identify these parasites to a species level and to define e. cuniculi strains i, ii, and iii. eight new dog isolates were characterized as e. cuniculi strain iii by use of m ... | 1999 | 10558977 |
| strain differentiation in microsporidia. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular, spore-forming protozoa and are regarded as newly emerging pathogens . enterocytozoon spp. as well as encephalitozoon spp. are recognized as major aetiological agents in chronic diarrhoea of immnunocompromised patients. the detection and differentiation of strains within microsporidial species is a prerequisite for the elucidation of their hitherto unknown reservoirs and their mode of transmission . in enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most prevalent human-pat ... | 1998 | 10622643 |
| inter- and intra-species karyotype variations among microsporidia of the genus encephalitozoon as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | disseminated infections due to microsporidia of the genus encephalitozoon are detected increasingly, especially in patients with aids. identification of microsporidia can be achieved by a variety of immunological and molecular methods. this study evaluates the feasibility of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) for the analysis of karyotypes of the 3 known species of this genus (encephalitozoon cuniculi, encephalitozoon hellem and encephalitozoon intestinalis) and of 2 of the 3 known e. cunic ... | 1999 | 10680984 |
| mammalian microsporidiosis. | the phylum microspora contains a diverse group of single-celled, obligate intracellular protozoa sharing a unique organelle, the polar filament, and parasitizing a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate animals, including insects, fish, birds, and mammals. encephalitozoon cuniculi is the classic microsporidial parasite of mammals, and encephalitozoonosis in rabbits and rodents has been and continues to be recognized as a confounding variable in animal-based biomedical research. although con ... | 2000 | 10714640 |
| developmental expression of a tandemly repeated, glycine- and serine-rich spore wall protein in the microsporidian pathogen encephalitozoon cuniculi. | microsporidia are intracellular organisms of increasing importance as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients. host cells are infected by the extrusion and injection of polar tubes located within spores. the spore is surrounded by a rigid spore wall which, in addition to providing mechanical resistance, might be involved in host cell recognition and initiation of the infection process. a 51-kda outer spore wall protein was identified in encephalitozoon cuniculi with the aid of a mo ... | 2000 | 10722629 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi (microspora) genome: physical map and evidence for telomere-associated rdna units on all chromosomes. | a restriction map of the 2.8-mb genome of the unicellular eukaryote encephalitozoon cuniculi (phylum microspora), a mammal-infecting intracellular parasite, has been constructed using two restriction enzymes with 6 bp recognition sites (bss hii and mlu i). the fragments resulting from either single digestions of the whole molecular karyotype or double digestions of 11 individual chromosomes have been separated by two-dimensional pulsed field gel electrophoresis (2d-pfge) procedures. the average ... | 2000 | 10773069 |
| microsporidia: emerging advances in understanding the basic biology of these unique organisms. | microsporidia are long-known parasites of a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. the emergence of these obligate intracellular organisms as important opportunistic pathogens during the aids pandemic and the discovery of new species in humans renewed interest in this unique group of organisms. this review summarises recent advances in the field of molecular biology of microsporidia which (i) contributed to the understanding of the natural origin of human-infecting microsporidia, (ii ... | 2000 | 10899524 |
| occurence of subtelomeric rearrangements in the genome of the microsporidian parasite encephalitozoon cuniculi, as revealed by a new fingerprinting procedure based on two-dimensional pulsed field gel electrophoresis. | in microsporidia, mitochondria-lacking eukaryotic intracellular parasites, genomic comparisons were so far based on molecular karyotyping. the mammal-infecting species encephalitozoon cuniculi is characterized by a very low haploid genome size (approximately 2.8 mbp) and rather high karyotype variability. recently, we developed a two-dimensional pulsed field gel electrophoresis (2-d pfge) fingerprinting technique useful for constructing a restriction map fo the genome of a mouse e. cuniculi isol ... | 2000 | 10939475 |
| chitinolytic activity in viable spores of encephalitozoon species. | by employing 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-nn',n"-triacetylchitotriose substrate in a semi quantitative assay, chitinolytic activity in viable spores of encephalitozoon cuniculi and e. intestinalis was detected and dependence on reaction time, spore concentration, concentration of substrate and temperature were demonstrated. it was possible to block the chitinolytic activity by chitin hydrolysate. by incubation at 80 degrees c for 10 min or at 55 degrees c for 20 min the spores were loosing the ch ... | 2000 | 10998219 |
| first report on the systematic sequencing of the small genome of encephalitozoon cuniculi (protozoa, microspora): gene organization of a 4.3 kbp region on chromosome i. | belonging to a large group of parasitic amitochondrial protozoans (microspora), encephalitozoon cuniculi infects humans and other mammals. because of its medical importance and small genome size (2.9 mbp), we are systematically sequencing its smallest (217 kbp) chromosome. the shotgun cloning strategy now has produced the sequence of randomly dispersed contigs representing more than 180 kbp of this chromosome. the present report describes analysis of the 4.3 kbp contig, which includes the comple ... | 1998 | 11013707 |
| discrimination between viable and dead encephalitozoon cuniculi (microsporidian) spores by dual staining with sytox green and calcofluor white m2r. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites, recognized as causing chronic diarrhea and systemic disease in aids patients, organ transplant recipients, travelers, and malnourished children. species of microsporidia that infect humans have been detected in drinking-water sources, and methods are needed to ascertain if these microsporidia are viable and capable of causing infections. in this study, calcofluor white m2r and sytox green stains were used in combination to differentiate between ... | 2000 | 11015407 |
| identification and characterization of three encephalitozoon cuniculi strains. | microsporidia are increasingly recognized as causing opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. encephalitozoon cuniculi is probably the most studied mammalian microsporidian that infects insects and mammals, including man. in this study, 8 e. cuniculi isolates were compared and were found to fall into 3 strains. strain type i includes the rabbit type isolate, as well as isolates from an additional rabbit, a dwarf rabbit, and a mouse. strain type ii includes 2 murine isolates and ... | 1995 | 11023405 |
| lack of cd4(+) t cells does not affect induction of cd8(+) t-cell immunity against encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. | cell-mediated immunity has been reported to play an important role in defense against encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. previous studies from our laboratory have underlined the importance of cytotoxic cd8(+) t lymphocytes (ctl) in survival of mice infected with e. cuniculi. in the present study, immune response against e. cuniculi infection in cd4(+) t-cell-deficient mice was evaluated. similar to resistant wild-type animals, cd4(-/-) mice were able to resolve e. cuniculi infection even at a v ... | 2000 | 11035729 |
| comparison of assays for antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. | two indirect immunofluorescence (iif) assays, two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) and the carbon immunoassay (cia) for determination of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi were compared using 210 sera of rabbits, 135 of which originated from seven infected colonies, while 75 originated from four uninfected colonies. there was no evidence of a difference between the different assays with respect to the number of positive sera. there was a clear correlation between the quantitative ... | 2000 | 11037122 |
| towards the minimal eukaryotic parasitic genome. | microsporidia are well-known to infect immunocompromised patients and are also responsible for clinical syndromes in immunocompetent individuals. in recent years, evidence has been obtained in support of a very close relationship between microsporidia and fungi. in some species, the compaction of the genome and genes is remarkable. thus, a systematic sequencing project has been initiated for the 2.9 mbp genome of encephalitozoon cuniculi, which will be useful for future comparative genomic studi ... | 2000 | 11050443 |
| phagocytic uptake of encephalitozoon cuniculi by nonprofessional phagocytes. | encephalitozoon cuniculi is an obligate intracellular, spore-forming parasite belonging to the microsporidia that can cause disseminated infection in immunocompromised persons. e. cuniculi spores infect host cells by germination, i.e., by explosively everting the polar filament, through which the spore contents (sporoplasms) are subsequently injected into the cytoplasm. in addition, we observed intracellular, nongerminated spores in various nonprofessional phagocytes. in mrc5 cells, the number o ... | 2000 | 11083817 |
| sequence and analysis of chromosome i of the amitochondriate intracellular parasite encephalitozoon cuniculi (microspora). | a dna sequencing program was applied to the small (<3 mb) genome of the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi, an amitochondriate eukaryotic parasite of mammals, and the sequence of the smallest chromosome was determined. the approximately 224-kb e. cuniculi chromosome i exhibits a dyad symmetry characterized by two identical 37-kb subtelomeric regions which are divergently oriented and extend just downstream of the inverted copies of an 8-kb duplicated cluster of six genes. each subtelomeric ... | 2001 | 11157783 |
| microsporidian invasion apparatus: identification of a novel polar tube protein and evidence for clustering of ptp1 and ptp2 genes in three encephalitozoon species. | microsporidia are unicellular eukaryotes occurring as obligate intracellular parasites which produce resistant spores. a unique motile process is represented by the sudden extrusion of the sporal polar tube for initiating entry of the parasite into a new host cell. the complete sequence of an acidic proline-rich polar tube protein (renamed ptp1) has been previously reported for encephalitozoon cuniculi and e. hellem. our immunological investigations provided evidence for an additional ptp in e. ... | 2001 | 11159998 |
| the microsporidian encephalitozoon. | encephalitozoon cuniculi is an attractive model system for amitochondriate intracellular eukaryotic parasites. it is characterized by a very small genome (below 3 mbp) and a unique invasion apparatus. furthermore, as an infectious agent, it is important in human and veterinary medicine. the compactness of its genome involves the reduction of rdna sequences as well as of some protein-coding genes and intergenic regions. its highly differentiated apparatus to penetrate the host cell, an extrusome- ... | 2001 | 11169593 |
| [microsporidiosis]. | opportunistic parasites: microsporidia are primitive eukaryotic parasites widespread in a large range of animal species. these opportunistic parasites can cause infections in humans, mainly in immunocompromised patients. pathogenic species: four microsporidian species are important in human pathology, enterocytozoon bieneusi, encephalitozoon intestinalis, encephalitozoon cuniculi and encephalitozoon hellem. laboratory diagnosis: a difficult task, laboratory diagnosis is based on direct microscop ... | 2001 | 11225488 |
| in vitro culture, ultrastructure, antigenic, and molecular characterization of encephalitozoon cuniculi isolated from urine and sputum samples from a spanish patient with aids. | in this report we describe the cultivation of two isolates of microsporidia, one from urine and the other from sputum samples from a spanish aids patient. we identified them as encephalitozoon cuniculi, type strain iii (the dog genotype), based on ultrastructure, antigenic characteristics, pcr, and the sequence of the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer region. | 2001 | 11230434 |
| microsporidia: emerging pathogenic protists. | microsporidia are eukaryotic spore forming obligate intracellular protozoan parasites first recognized over 100 years ago. these organisms infect all of the major animal groups and are now recognized as opportunistic pathogens of humans. microsporidian spores are common in the environment and microsporidia pathogenic to humans have been found in water supplies. the genera nosema, vittaforma, brachiola, pleistophora, encephalitozoon, enterocytozoon, septata (reclassified to encephalitozoon) and t ... | 2001 | 11230819 |
| isolation of encephalitozoon cuniculi using primary tissue culture techniques from a rabbit in a colony showing encephalitozoonosis. | encephalitozoon spores were isolated in a primary tissue culture of the kidneys from an encephalitozoonosis-suspected rabbit in a municipal zoo in hokkaido. the isolated spores were morphologically characteristic of microsporidial ones in chromotrope stain, and proven to be e. cuniculi by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with a species-specific primer set and by direct dna sequencing of the pcr products. | 2001 | 11258462 |
| prevention and treatment of encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits with fenbendazole. | the efficacy of fenbendazole for preventing an experimental infection of encephalitozoon cuniculi and for eliminating the spores from the central nervous system of naturally infected rabbits was investigated. fenbendazole (20 mg/kg bodyweight daily) was administered from seven days before until two or 21 days after rabbits had been infected orally with 10(6) spores of e. cuniculi. both regimens were effective in preventing the establishment of the parasites, as demonstrated by negative parasitic ... | 2001 | 11334074 |
| cd8+ t lymphocytes protect scid mice against encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. the role of two main t cell subsets in anti-microsporidial immunity has been studied using an encephalitozoon cuniculi-severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mouse model. whereas scid mice reconstituted with cd4+ t lymphocyte-depleted naive balb/c splenocytes resolved the infection, adoptive transfer of cd8+ t cell-depleted splenocytes failed to protect the animals against a leth ... | 2001 | 11336749 |
| immune response to encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites, which can cause complications in immunocompromised individuals. very little is known about the host immune response generated against these infectious agents. encephalitozoon cuniculi is the best studied microsporidian and the protective immune response against this parasite is mediated by cytotoxic cd8(+) t cells. | 2001 | 11369277 |
| molecular characteristics and physiology of microsporidia. | a survey of the molecular features of microsporidia is presented which attempts to comment on unresolved questions concerning the physiology of these amitochondrial intracellular parasites. various transports of host-derived molecules can be predicted and trehalose appears as a potential reserve of glucose for energy metabolism. significant insights into membrane lipids, polyamine metabolism and sporogony-specific proteins have been gained. some species, such as encephalitozoon cuniculi, are het ... | 2001 | 11369278 |
| genotyping encephalitozoon cuniculi by multilocus analyses of genes with repetitive sequences. | encephalitozoon cuniculi infects a wide range of mammalian hosts. three genotypes based on the number of gttt repeats in the internal transcribed spacer (its) of the rrna have been described, of which genotypes i and iii have been identified in humans. in this study, the genetic diversity of e. cuniculi was examined at the polar tube protein (ptp) and spore wall protein i (swp-1) loci. nucleotide sequence analysis of the ptp gene divided 11 e. cuniculi isolates into three genotypes in congruence ... | 2001 | 11376065 |
| gamma delta t cell-deficient mice have a down-regulated cd8+ t cell immune response against encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. | gamma(delta) t cells have been reported to play an essential effector role during the early immune response against a wide variety of infectious agents. recent studies have suggested that the gamma(delta) t cell subtype may also be important for the induction of adaptive immune response against certain microbial pathogens. in the present study, an early increase of gamma(delta) t cells during murine infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi, an intracellular parasite, was observed. the role of gam ... | 2001 | 11390490 |
| polyamine synthesis and interconversion by the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi. | polyamines are small cationic molecules necessary for growth and differentiation in all cells. although mammalian cells have been studied extensively, particularly as targets of polyamine antagonists, i.e. antitumor agents, polyamine metabolism has also been studied as a potential drug target in microorganisms. since little is known concerning polyamine metabolism in the microsporidia, we investigated it in encephalitozoon cuniculi, a microspordian associated with disseminated infections in huma ... | 2001 | 11411847 |
| novel alkylpolyamine analogues that possess both antitrypanosomal and antimicrosporidial activity. | a novel series of alkyl- or aralkyl-substituted polyamine analogues was synthesized containing a 3-7-3 polyamine backbone. these analogues were evaluated in vitro, and in one case in vivo, for activity as antitrypanosomal agents, and for activity against opportunistic infection caused by microsporidia. compound 21 inhibits trypanosomal growth with an ic(50) as low as 31nm, while compound 24 shows promising activity in vitro against trypanosomes, and against microsporidia in vitro and in vivo. | 2001 | 11412992 |
| lipids of three microsporidian species and multivariate analysis of the host-parasite relationship. | sporal lipids of 3 microsporidia, encephalitozoon cuniculi from mammals and glugea atherinae and spraguea lophii from fishes, were investigated. high phospholipid levels were found (54.8-64.5% of total lipids), which is in agreement with the presence of highly developed internal membranes in microsporidian spores. sphingomyelin was not detected in g. atherinae. triglycerides (less than 10% of total lipids), cholesterol, and free fatty acids were identified in all species. analysis of fatty acids ... | 2001 | 11426718 |
| dual microsporidial infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi and enterocytozoon bieneusi in an hiv-positive patient. | this report describes the first dual microsporidial infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi and enterocytozoon bieneusi in an hiv-positive patient. in view of clinical and epidemiological findings, our e. cuniculi isolate was deduced to be of the dog strain. the patient's occupational involvement with dogs indicates that canines should be considered as a reservoir of human infections for both microsporidial species. furthermore, our report provides detailed clinical and radiological information ... | 2001 | 11545489 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi (microspora): characterization of a phospholipid metabolic pathway potentially linked to therapeutics. | phospholipid metabolism of the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi, an obligate intracellular parasite, has been investigated. labeled precursor incorporation experiments have shown that phosphatidylserine decarboxylase and phosphatidylethanolamine n-methyltransferase are more active in cells infected by e. cuniculi than in uninfected cells. in contrast, no difference was observed in the activity of kennedy pathway's enzymes, the mammalian pathway. this suggests the occurrence in microsporid ... | 2001 | 11560410 |
| characterization of the mrna capping apparatus of the microsporidian parasite encephalitozoon cuniculi. | a scheme of eukaryotic phylogeny has been suggested based on the structure and physical linkage of the enzymes that catalyze mrna cap formation. here we show that the intracellular parasite encephalitozoon cuniculi encodes a complete mrna capping apparatus consisting of separate triphosphatase (eccet1), guanylyltransferase (ecceg1), and methyltransferase (ecm1) enzymes, which we characterize biochemically and genetically. the triphosphatase eccet1 belongs to a metal-dependent phosphohydrolase fa ... | 2002 | 11687593 |
| speciation of human microsporidia by polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism. | we describe the application of single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis to the speciation of human microsporidia after polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification with the panmicrosporidian primers pmp1 and pmp2. we compared the dna extracted and amplified from different genotypes or isolates of enterocytozoon bieneusi, encephalitozoon cuniculi, e. hellem, and e. intestinalis plus an isolate of vittaforma corneae. the pcr-sscp, when performed at 20 degrees c, generated 2 bands i ... | 2001 | 11693891 |
| parasites go the full monty. | 2001 | 11719785 | |
| genome sequence and gene compaction of the eukaryote parasite encephalitozoon cuniculi. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites infesting many animal groups. lacking mitochondria and peroxysomes, these unicellular eukaryotes were first considered a deeply branching protist lineage that diverged before the endosymbiotic event that led to mitochondria. the discovery of a gene for a mitochondrial-type chaperone combined with molecular phylogenetic data later implied that microsporidia are atypical fungi that lost mitochondria during evolution. here we report the dna sequenc ... | 2001 | 11719806 |
| disseminated infection due to encephalitozoon cuniculi in a patient with aids: case report and review. | infections due to microsporidia are increasingly recognized as opportunistic infections in patients with aids. we describe here a case of disseminated infection due to encephalitozoon cuniculi and review the literature on this microsporidial infection. | 2000 | 11737344 |
| prevalence of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi (microsporidia) in angora goats--a potential risk of infection for breeders. | the presence of antibodies against encephalitozoon cuniculi in angora goats was detected by the method of indirect immunofluorescence (ifat). the animals reacting at the titre 1: 64 and more were considered positive. of the total number of 48 sera examined, 4 were positive at the titre 1: 32 and 2 were positive at the titre 1: 64. the occurrence of antibodies against e. cuniculi indicates that one of the causes of disorders in the reproductive cycle in angora goats may be microsporidia encephali ... | 2001 | 11748890 |
| novel synthetic polyamines are effective in the treatment of experimental microsporidiosis, an opportunistic aids-associated infection. | microsporidia are eukaryotic obligate intracellular protists that are emerging pathogens in immunocompromised hosts, such as patients with aids or patients who have undergone organ transplantation. we have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that synthetic polyamine analogs are effective antimicrosporidial agents with a broad therapeutic window. cd8-knockout mice or nude mice infected with the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi were cured when they were treated with four different novel polya ... | 2002 | 11751111 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. | 2001 | 11765335 | |
| experimental infection of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice with encephalitozoon cuniculi. | an experimental infection with the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi levaditi, nicolau et schoen, 1923 was studied using a model of immunocompetent balb/c mice and immunodeficient scid mice. the course of infection after intraperitoneal inoculation of e. cuniculi spores was evaluated using the presence of spores in peritoneal macrophages as a criterion. first significant decrease in the proportion of infected cells was recorded on day 9 post infection (p.i.) in balb/c mice. from day 14 p.i ... | 2001 | 11817447 |
| human microsporidiosis: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of an increasing infection. | human microsporidiosis is a parasitic infection due to species of four different genera: encephalitozoon; enterocytozoon; nosema; and pleistophora. although well known as a cause of disease in animals, microsporidiosis was only occasionally reported in humans. recently, in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients, microsporidia belonging to encephalitozoon and enterocytozoon species have proved to be important opportunistic pathogens. enterocytozoon bieneusi is associated with chroni ... | 1995 | 11866734 |
| [encephalitozoon cuniculi and encephalitozoon intestinalis--causes of opportunistic infections]. | microsporidia (phylum microsporidia) are intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of protozoa, invertebrates and vertebrate hosts. over a 1000 species have been classified into approximately 100 genera. historically, microsporidial infections in silkworms, honey bees, and salmonid fish have been responsible for significant economic losses. more recently, microsporidiosis has been recognized as an important opportunistic infection in immunologically compromised patients. in this review th ... | 2002 | 11881297 |
| inter-strain variability of insertion/deletion events in the encephalitozoon cuniculi genome: a comparative kard-pfge analysis. | we applied a two-dimensional pulsed-field gel electrophoresis procedure to the genomes of two karyotype variants assigned to two different strains of the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi, termed d (strain iii) and f (strain ii). data obtained for bsshii and mlui restriction fragment length polymorphisms in each chromosome are compiled and compared to the reference strain i variant a. six insertion/deletion (indels) are found in subterminal position, some of these being characteristic of e ... | 2001 | 11906078 |
| the identification of rrna maturation sites in the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi argues against the full excision of presumed its1 sequence. | in encephalitozoon cuniculi like in other microsporidia, the primary transcript for ssu and lsu rrnas includes only one internal transcribed spacer (its1) which separates ssu rrna from the 5.8s region associated with lsu rrna. the extraction of total rna from e. cuniculi-infected mrc5 cells using a hot phenol/chloroform procedure enabled us to perform primer extension and s1 nuclease protection experiments in the aim of identifying rrna maturation sites. our data support a simple processing (fou ... | 2001 | 11906080 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in mice with the chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) disorder. | 2001 | 11906088 |