Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| analysis of expressed sequence tags from gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum). | gibberella zeae is a broad host range pathogen that infects many crop plants, including wheat and barley, and causes head blight and rot diseases throughout the world. to better understand fungal development and pathogenicity, we have generated 7996 ests from three cdna libraries. two libraries were generated from carbon-(c-) and nitrogen- (n-) starved mycelia and one library was generated from cultures of maturing perithecia (p). in other fungal pathogens, starvation conditions have been shown ... | 2003 | 12620255 |
| effect of individual sumai 3 chromosomes on resistance to scab spread within spikes and deoxynivalenol accumulation within kernels in wheat. | two sets of substitution lines were developed by crossing individual monosomic lines of chinese spring (recipient) with scab (fusarium graminearum) resistant cultivar sumai 3 (donor) and then using the monosomics as the recurrent male parent for four backcrosses (without selfing after each backcross). the disomic substitution lines were separated from selfed bc4f2 plants. chromosome specific ssr markers were analyzed for polymorphism between sumai 3 and chinese spring. polymorphic markers were u ... | 2002 | 12627831 |
| immunological detection of fusarium species in cornmeal. | an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect fusarium species in foods. antibodies to proteins extracted from the mycelia of fusarium graminearum and fusarium moniliforme (verticillioides) were produced in new zealand white rabbits. these antibodies detected 13 fusarium species in addition to the producer strains. levels of fusarium semitectum and fusarium tricinctum strains were below the detection threshold. the specificity of the assay was tested against 70 mo ... | 2003 | 12636300 |
| development of a method for the determination of fusarium fungi on corn using mid-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection and chemometrics. | a novel method, which enables the determination of fungal infection with fusarium graminearum on corn within minutes, is presented. the ground sample was sieved and the particle size fraction between >250 and 100 microm was used for mid-infrared/attenuated total reflection (atr) measurements. the sample was pressed onto the atr crystal, and reproducible pressure was applied. after the spectra were recorded, they were subjected to principle component analysis (pca) and classified using cluster an ... | 2003 | 12641243 |
| mycoflora of freshly harvested flint corn from northwestern provinces in argentina. | a mycological survey was carried out for the first time, on red flint corn samples from the northwestern andinian region of argentina in the 1999 and 2000 harvest seasons. species of the genus fusarium were the most prevalent component of the flint corn mycoflora present in all provinces. f. verticillioides was the predominant fusarium isolated in the 1999 harvest season in the the region, and was found at higher incidence level than those observed on commercial semident corn hybrids harvested i ... | 2002 | 12650597 |
| the trichothecene biosynthesis gene cluster of fusarium graminearum f15 contains a limited number of essential pathway genes and expressed non-essential genes. | we report for the first time the complete structure and sequence of the trichothecene biosynthesis gene cluster (i.e. tri5-cluster) from fusarium graminearum f15, a strain that produces 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adon). a putative tyrosinase and polysaccharide deacetylase gene flank the tri5-cluster: the number of pathway genes between them is less than half the total number of steps necessary for 3-adon biosynthesis. in comparison with partial tri5-cluster sequences of strains with 15-acetyldeox ... | 2003 | 12650935 |
| detection of qtl linked to fusarium head blight resistance in sumai 3-derived north dakota bread wheat lines. | during the past decade fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe has resulted in severe grain yield and quality losses of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) in the northern great plains of the u.s. given the complexity of breeding for fhb resistance, molecular markers associated with this trait will be valuable in accelerating efforts to breed resistant cultivars. the objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci (qtl) for fhb resis ... | 2003 | 12671750 |
| mating, conidiation and pathogenicity of fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of the head-blight disease of wheat, are regulated by the map kinase gpmk1. | to date, only very little is known about the molecular infection mechanisms of the head-blight pathogen of wheat, fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae). here, we report on the isolation and characterization of the fus3/pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase homologue gpmk1 from f. graminearum. disruption of the gpmk1 gene in f. graminearum results in mutants that are reduced in conidial production, are sexually sterile and are fully apathogenic. this leads to the conclusion that gpmk1 ... | 2003 | 12695848 |
| possible role of plant phenolics in the production of trichothecenes by fusarium graminearum strains on different fractions of maize kernels. | four trichothecene-producing strains of fusarium graminearum were grown on three maize grain fractions, whole grain, degermed grain, and the germ, to determine the effect of natural substrates on mycotoxin production. monitoring the ergosterol content after 25 days of incubation indicated that fungal growth on all grain fractions was comparable. trichothecene (tct) production was highest on degermed grain, less on whole grain, and very low or nondetectable on the germ; similar results were found ... | 2003 | 12696980 |
| occurrence and distribution of fusarium species in maize fields in new zealand. | fusarium populations were investigated in maize grains and their husks about six weeks before harvest in three maize fields in the manawatu region of new zealand. the role of litter and soil as reservoirs for these fungi was also examined. two techniques were used to examine populations, dilution plating and direct plating. using the dilution plating technique the highest overall populations were found in husks (mean 2.2 x 10(5)/g) and litter (mean 1.4 x 10(5)/g), while similar lower numbers of ... | 2002 | 12715944 |
| a novel class of gene controlling virulence in plant pathogenic ascomycete fungi. | insertional mutants of the fungal maize pathogen cochliobolus heterostrophus were screened for altered virulence. one mutant had 60% reduction in lesion size relative to wt but no other detectable change in phenotype. analysis of sequence at the insertion site revealed a gene (cps1) encoding a protein with two amp-binding domains. cps1 orthologs were detected in all cochliobolus spp. examined, in several other classes of ascomycete fungi, and in animals but not in basidiomycete fungi, bacteria, ... | 2003 | 12730371 |
| cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize. | infection of maize kernels by toxigenic fungi remains a challenging problem despite decades of research progress. cultural practices, including crop rotation, tillage, planting date, and management of irrigation and fertilization, have limited effects on infection and subsequent mycotoxin accumulation. current infrastructure and grain storage practices in developed countries can prevent postharvest development of mycotoxins, but this aspect remains a threat in developing countries, especially in ... | 2003 | 12730397 |
| fungi associated with food and feed commodities from ecuador. | freshly harvested soybean, rice and corn from farms and corn-based pelleted feeds were collected from ranches from the coastal and mountain regions in ecuador during 1998, and assessed for fungal contamination. the most prevalent fungi on pelleted feed were aspergillus flavus and fusarium graminearum. the prevalent fungi recovered from soybean were f. verticillioides, f. semitectum, aspergillus flavus and a. ochraceus. in rice, f. oxysporum was the most prevalent toxigenic fungal species recorde ... | 2003 | 12733629 |
| identification of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in galactose oxidase-producing isolates of fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum strains are well known for their role as plant pathogens and for their production of mycotoxins, and less known for their secretion of galactose oxidase, a well-studied and useful enzyme. three galactose oxidase-producing isolates of f. graminearum were grown on rice to identify the production of zearalenone and trichothecenes through the use of thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass fragmentation. detection and identification of deoxynivalenol, 3-a ... | 2003 | 12746857 |
| polymorphism of trichothecene biosynthesis genes in deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-producing fusarium graminearum isolates. | diversity in trichothecene mycotoxin production by 167 isolates of fusarium graminearum was examined by chemical and molecular methods. isolates from barley, corn, and wheat grown in korea produced either deoxynivalenol (don) or nivalenol (niv), whereas isolates from corn grown in the united states produced don only. southern blotting of msei-digested genomic dna's from these isolates was performed using a 0.6-kb fragment of tri5, a key enzyme for trichothecene production, as a probe. this techn ... | 2003 | 12747330 |
| molecular mapping of qtls for fusarium head blight resistance in spring wheat. ii. resistance to fungal penetration and spread. | fusarium head blight (fhb, scab) causes severe yield and quality losses, but the most serious concern is the mycotoxin contamination of cereal food and feed. the cultivation of resistant varieties may contribute to integrated control of this fungal disease. breeding for fhb resistance by conventional selection is feasible, but tedious and expensive. the aim of this work was to detect qtls for combined type i and type ii resistance against fhb and estimate their effects in comparison to the qtls ... | 2003 | 12768240 |
| abc transporters of the wheat pathogen mycosphaerella graminicola function as protectants against biotic and xenobiotic toxic compounds. | we have studied the role of five abc transporter genes (mgatr to mgatr5) from the wheat pathogen mycosphaerella graminicola in multidrug resistance (mdr). complementation of saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with the abc transporter genes from m. graminicola showed that all the genes tested encode proteins that provide protection against chemically unrelated compounds, indicating that their products function as multidrug transporters with distinct but overlapping substrate specificities. their su ... | 2003 | 12768412 |
| expression in cereal plants of genes that inactivate fusarium mycotoxins. | trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase (encoded by tri101) inactivates the virulence factor of the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. zearalenone hydrolase (encoded by zhd101) detoxifies the oestrogenic mycotoxin produced by the same pathogen. these genes were introduced into a model monocotyledon rice plant to evaluate their usefulness for decontamination of mycotoxins. the strong and constitutive rice act1 promoter did not cause accumulation of tri101 protein in transgenic rice plants. in cont ... | 2003 | 12784641 |
| characterization of six wheat x thinopyrum intermedium derivatives by gish, rflp, and multicolor gish. | restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and multicolor genomic in situ hybridization (gish) are useful tools to precisely characterize genetic stocks derived from crosses of wheat (triticum aestivum) with thinopyrum intermedium and thinopyrum elongatum. the wheat x th. intermedium derived stocks designated z1, z2, z3, z4, z5, and z6 were initially screened by multicolor gish using aegilops speltoides genomic dna for blocking and various combinations of genomic dna from th. inter ... | 2003 | 12834067 |
| characterization of an antifungal soil bacterium and its antagonistic activities against fusarium species. | bacteria were isolated from a cultivated soil and screened for antagonistic activity against fusarium graminearum, a predominant agent of ear rot and head blight in cereal crops. based on its in vitro effectiveness, isolate d1/2 was selected for characterization and identified as a strain of bacillus subtilis by phenotypic tests and comparative analysis of its 16s ribosomal rna gene (rdna) sequence. it inhibited the mycelial growth of a collection of common fungal phytopathogens, including eight ... | 2003 | 12897834 |
| molecular mapping of novel genes controlling fusarium head blight resistance and deoxynivalenol accumulation in spring wheat. | fusarium head blight of wheat is an extremely damaging disease, causing severe losses in seed yield and quality. the objective of the current study was to examine and characterize alternate sources of resistance to fusarium head blight (fhb). ninety-one f1-derived doubled haploid lines from the cross triticum aestivum 'wuhan-1' x triticum aestivum 'maringa' were examined for disease reaction to fusarium graminearum by single-floret injection in replicated greenhouse trials and by spray inoculati ... | 2003 | 12897863 |
| mining microorganism est databases in the quest for new proteins. | microorganisms with large genomes are commonly the subjects of single-round partial sequencing of cdna, generating expressed sequence tags (ests). usually there is a great distance between gene discovery by est projects and submission of amino acid sequences to public databases. we analyzed the relationship between available ests and protein sequences and used the sequences available in the secondary database, clusters of orthologous groups (cog), to investigate ests from eight microorganisms of ... | 2003 | 12917813 |
| [genetics of resistance to carbendazim in gibberella zeae]. | according to the ability of the field isolates of gibberella zeae to grow on the psa with varying carbendazim(mbc) concentrations, three sensitivity levels of isolates were determined in vitro. the sensitive isolates(s) could grow at 0.5 microgram/ml, but were completely inhibited at 1.4 micrograms/ml. the moderate resistant isolates (mr) could grow fast at 1.4 micrograms/ml and slow at 50 micrograms/ml, but could not grow at 100 micrograms/ml. the high resistant isolates(hr) could grow faster t ... | 2003 | 12924164 |
| protective effect of modified glucomannans against aurofusarin-induced changes in quail egg and embryo. | the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of modified glucomannans (mycosorb) on egg yolk and liver of the day-old quail after aurofusarin inclusion in the maternal diet. fifty-four 45-day-old japanese quail were divided into three groups and were fed ad libitum a corn-soya diet balanced in all nutrients. the diet of the experimental quail was supplemented with aurofusarin at the level of 26.4 mg/kg feed in the form of fusarium graminearum culture enriched with aurofusarin or with aurofusari ... | 2003 | 12927908 |
| isolation of an anabolic, uterotrophic compound from corn infected with gibberella zeae. | 1962 | 13984207 | |
| shifting fungal reproductive mode by manipulation of mating type genes: obligatory heterothallism of gibberella zeae. | fungi capable of sexual reproduction use heterothallic (self-sterile) or homothallic (self-fertile) mating strategies. in most ascomycetes, a single mating type locus, mat, with two alternative forms (mat1-1 and mat1-2) called idiomorphs, controls mating ability. in heterothallic ascomycetes, these alternative idiomorphs reside in different nuclei. in contrast, most homothallic ascomycetes carry both mat1-1 and mat1-2 in a single nucleus, usually closely linked. an example of the latter is gibbe ... | 2003 | 14507370 |
| a comparative study of mid-infrared diffuse reflection (dr) and attenuated total reflection (atr) spectroscopy for the detection of fungal infection on rwa2-corn. | an investigation into the rapid detection of mycotoxin-producing fungi on corn by two mid-infrared spectroscopic techniques was undertaken. corn samples from a single genotype (rwa2, blanks, and contaminated with fusarium graminearum) were ground, sieved and, after appropriate sample preparation, subjected to mid-infrared spectroscopy using two different accessories (diffuse reflection and attenuated total reflection). the measured spectra were evaluated with principal component analysis (pca) a ... | 2004 | 14551669 |
| identification of qtls associated with fusarium head blight resistance in zhedar 2 barley. | fusarium head blight (fhb) in barley and wheat, caused by fusarium graminearum, is a continual problem worldwide. primarily, fhb reduces yield and quality, and results in the production of the toxin deoxynivalenol (don), which can affect food safety. identification of qtls for fhb severity, don level and related traits heading-date (hd) and plant-height (ht) with consistent effects across a set of environments, would provide the basis for marker-assisted selection (mas) and potentially increase ... | 2003 | 14556050 |
| long chain alkanes in silk extracts of maize genotypes with varying resistance to fusarium graminearum. | the alkane content of the silks of nine maize genotypes was analyzed to investigate the role of silk wax in resistance to fusarium graminearum. silk samples were collected 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after silk emergence and divided into three sections: exposed silk, silk channel silk, and silk that is under the husk and overlying the kernels. four major unbranched alkanes (c(25), c(27), c(29), and c(31)) and three isoalkanes (c(27i), c(29i), and c(31i)) were identified. total alkane contents were highe ... | 2003 | 14582963 |
| microscopic pathology of the liver in rats fed a fusarium graminearum-inoculated diet. | fusarium graminearum is a fungus frequently isolated from cereal grains. this study investigates the histopathological effects of dietary f. graminearum on rat liver. treatment and control group rats were fed f. graminearum-inoculated and non-inoculated rice, respectively. after 14 days, all rats were sacrificed, and their livers analysed by electron and light microscopy. electron microscopy of treatment group livers identified hepatocytes with well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, swolle ... | 2003 | 14587306 |
| cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the genetic region relevant to biosynthesis of the lipopeptides iturin a and surfactin in bacillus subtilis. | bacillus subtilis b3 was found to produce lipopeptides iturins and fengycin that have activity against several plant pathogens such as fusarium graminearum, rhizoctonia solani, rhizoctonia cerealis, and pyricularia grisea. a 3642-bp genomic region of b. subtilis b3 comprising srfdb3, aspb3, lpab3, and yczeb3 genes that resulted in biosynthesis of surfactin in b. subtilis 168 was cloned, sequenced, and characterized. among them, the srfdb3 gene encodes thioesterase, which is required for biosynth ... | 2003 | 14629006 |
| genetic analysis and molecular mapping of maize (zea mays l.) stalk rot resistant gene rfg1. | one single pathogen fusarium graminearum schw. was inoculated to maize inbred lines 1,145 (resistant) and y331 (susceptive), and their progenies of f(1), f(2) and bc(1)f(1) populations. field statistical data revealed that all of the f(1) individuals were resistant to the disease and that the ratio of resistant plants to susceptive plants was 3:1 in the f(2) population, and 1:1 in the bc(1)f(1 )population. the results revealed that a single dominant gene controls the resistance to f. graminearum ... | 2004 | 14647897 |
| characterization of a fusarium 2-gene cluster involved in trichothecene c-8 modification. | the fusarium trichothecenes t-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (don) are potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis and are a significant agricultural problem. three coregulated loci are required for t-2 toxin synthesis by fusarium sporotrichioides. the core-trichothecene gene cluster consists of 12 genes (tri3-tri14) while the second locus consists of a single gene (tri101). the third locus was recently partially described and encodes 1-2 biosynthetic enzymes and a putative regulatory gene. he ... | 2003 | 14690377 |
| [effect of deoxynivalenol on action potentials of cultured cardiomyocytes and the protective effects of selenium]. | to study the effect of deoxynivalenol (don), a mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum, on action potentials of cultured cardiomyocytes and the possible protective effects of sodium selenite. | 2003 | 14703497 |
| kidney damage by dietary fusarium graminearum in rats: a microscopic study. | fusarium graminearum is a fungus frequently isolated from cereal grants. in this study, the histopathological effects of dietary f. graminearum on rat kidneys were examined. treated rats and controls were fed f. graminearum-inoculated and non-inoculated rice, respectively. after 14 days, all the rats were killed and their kidneys were removed and examined using light microscopy. the kidneys of the rats in the treatment group were characterized by the following histopathological findings: patch-l ... | 2003 | 14708418 |
| complexity of dsrna mycovirus isolated from fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of a serious scab disease of small grains in korea. we screened 827 isolates of f. graminearum from diseased barley and maize and tested for the presence of double-stranded rna (dsrna) mycovirus. of them, 19 isolates contained various sizes of dsrnas. a dsrna associated with pronounced morphological changes including reduction in mycelial growth, increase in dark orange to red pigmentation, reduced sporulation and virulence was previously observed in nine ... | 2004 | 14739658 |
| population differentiation and recombination in wheat scab populations of gibberella zeae from the united states. | in limited previous studies of the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae in north america, the populations examined were genetically and phenotypically diverse and could be viewed as subsamples of a larger population. our objective in this study was to test the hypothesis that a homogeneous, randomly mating population of g. zeae is contiguous throughout the central and eastern united states across a span of several years. we analysed presence/absence alleles based on amplified fragment length polymo ... | 2004 | 14871361 |
| cloning a dna marker associated to wheat scab resistance. | wheat head blight caused mainly by fusarium graminearum, is an important wheat disease, causing yield and quality losses. the breeding of resistant varieties is the key measure to control this disease, but the conventional breeding method is of low efficiency. the marker-assisted selection (mas) can significantly improve the breeding efficiency. in this study, four rapd (randomly amplified polymorphic dna) markers linked to fhb resistance were obtained and one was cloned and sequenced. f7 recomb ... | 2004 | 14960764 |
| use of headspace solid-phase microextraction and headspace sorptive extraction for the detection of the volatile metabolites produced by toxigenic fusarium species. | an efficient methodology was developed to determine the growth of toxigenic fusarium spp., based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (spme) and stir bar sorptive extraction of the fungal volatile metabolites produced. spme and headspace sorptive extraction (hsse) were used to monitor the de novo production of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, such as trichodiene, a volatile marker and intermediate in the biosynthesis of trichothecenes. on growth media such as malt extract agar and potato dextrose ... | 2004 | 14971496 |
| functional demarcation of the fusarium core trichothecene gene cluster. | many fusarium species produce toxic sesquiterpenoids known as trichothecenes, including deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by fusarium graminearum and t-2 toxin by fusarium sporotrichioides. these toxins are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis and are a significant agricultural problem due to their adverse affect on human, animal, and plant health. previously, 10-12 co-regulated orthologous genes within a 26-kb region were identified in f. graminearum and f. sporotrichioides, respectively. a majori ... | 2004 | 14998528 |
| analysis of fusarium graminearum mycotoxins in different biological matrices by lc/ms. | the purpose of this study was to develop an lc/ms assay to accurately detect three mycotoxins produced by fusarium graminearum in various matrices. using different lc conditions, deoxynivalenol (don), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-adon), and zearalenone (zen) were detected in four different matrices (fungal liquid cultures, maize grain, insect larvae and pig serum). the sensitivity of ms detection allowed us to detect concentrations as low as 8 ppb of don and 12 ppb of zen. a very small quantity o ... | 2004 | 15008354 |
| impact of essential oils on growth rate, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol production by fusarium graminearum under different temperature and water activity conditions in maize grain. | the effect of five essential oils (oregano, cinnamon, lemongrass, clove and palmarose) on growth rate, zearalenone (zea) and deoxynivalenol (don) production by fusarium graminearum strains was assessed. | 2004 | 15012810 |
| multiplex real-time pcr detection of fumonisin-producing and trichothecene-producing groups of fusarium species. | some species of fusarium can produce mycotoxins during food processing procedures that facilitate fungal growth, such as the malting of barley. the objectives of this study were to develop a 5' fluorogenic (taqman) real-time pcr assay for group-specific detection of trichothecene- and fumonisin-producing fusarium spp. and to identify fusarium graminearum and fusarium verticillioides in field-collected barley and corn samples. primers and probes were designed from genes involved in mycotoxin bios ... | 2004 | 15035370 |
| influence of the interactions among ecological variables in the characterization of zearalenone producing isolates of fusarium spp. | to carry out the physiological characterization of fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum isolates with regard to its zearalenone producing ability, an in-depth experiment with a full factorial design was conducted. the effects and mutual interactions of temperature, moisture, substrate and isolate on the production of the toxin were studied. the study was done with twelve isolates of fusarium (7 of f. graminearum and 5 of f. culmorum). the analysis of variance shows that there is a complex intera ... | 2004 | 15046314 |
| tri1 in fusarium graminearum encodes a p450 oxygenase. | gibberella zeae (asexual state fusarium graminearum) is a major causal agent of wheat head blight and maize ear rot in north america and is responsible for contamination of grain with deoxynivalenol and related trichothecene mycotoxins. to identify additional trichothecene biosynthetic genes, cdna libraries were prepared from fungal cultures under trichothecene-inducing conditions in culture and in planta. a gene designated lh1 that was highly expressed under these conditions exhibited only mode ... | 2004 | 15066795 |
| deletion and complementation of the mating type (mat) locus of the wheat head blight pathogen gibberella zeae. | gibberella zeae, a self-fertile, haploid filamentous ascomycete, causes serious epidemics of wheat (triticum aestivum) head blight worldwide and contaminates grain with trichothecene mycotoxins. anecdotal evidence dating back to the late 19th century indicates that g. zeae ascospores (sexual spores) are a more important inoculum source than are macroconidia (asexual spores), although the fungus can produce both during wheat head blight epidemics. to develop fungal strains to test this hypothesis ... | 2004 | 15066842 |
| genealogical concordance between the mating type locus and seven other nuclear genes supports formal recognition of nine phylogenetically distinct species within the fusarium graminearum clade. | species limits were investigated within the fusarium graminearum clade (fg clade) through phylogenetic analyses of dna sequences from portions of 11 nuclear genes including the mating-type (mat) locus. nine phylogenetically distinct species were resolved within the fg clade, and they all possess contiguous mat1-1 and mat1-2 idiomorphs consistent with a homothallic reproductive mode. in contrast, only one of the two mat idiomorphs was found in five other species, four of which were putatively ase ... | 2004 | 15121083 |
| fungal isolation and enumeration in foods. | humans have now been growing and storing enough food for a long enough time that some rapidly evolving organisms, such as fungi, are moving into niches created by the exploitation of certain plants as food. food is expected to be nutritious. the most important of the physicochemical conditions that affects fungal growth is related to the biological state of the food. living foods, particularly fresh fruits, vegetables, and also grains and nuts before harvest, possess powerful defense mechanisms ... | 2004 | 15156024 |
| chemical constituents, antifungal and antioxidative effects of ajwain essential oil and its acetone extract. | gc and gc-ms analysis of ajwain essential oil showed the presence of 26 identified components which account for 96.3% of the total amount. thymol (39.1%) was found as a major component along with p-cymene (30.8%), gamma-terpinene (23.2%), beta-pinene (1.7%), terpinene-4-ol (0.8%) whereas acetone extract of ajwain showed the presence of 18 identified components which account for 68.8% of the total amount. the major component was thymol (39.1%) followed by oleic acid (10.4%), linoleic acid (9.6%), ... | 2004 | 15161185 |
| chemical composition, plant genetic differences, antimicrobial and antifungal activity investigation of the essential oil of rosmarinus officinalis l. | the chemical composition of the essential oil of the sardinian rosmarinus officinalis l. obtained by hydro distillation and steam\hydro distillation was studied using gc-fid and ms. samples were collected at different latitude and longitude of sardinia (italy). the yields ranged between 1.75 and 0.48% (v/w, volume/dry-weight). a total of 30 components were identified. the major compounds in the essential oil were alpha-pinene, borneol, (-) camphene, camphor, verbenone, and bornyl-acetate. multiv ... | 2004 | 15161226 |
| [influences on fermentation and thiamine metabolism in bovine rumen fluid (in vitro)--part 3: effects of artificially contaminated hay with cladosporium herbarum and fusarium graminearum, respectively]. | the influence of contaminated hay [cladosporium herbarum (cl) and fusarium graminearum (fu), respectively] on fermentation and thiamine metabolism of bovine rumen content was investigated using the longterm rumen simulation technique (rusitec). six investigation periods 25 days long each were carried out. a nine days feeding period with normal hay was followed by the testphase i (five days) with a mixture of normal and mouldy hay and testphase ii (five days) with additive an 0.3 mg thiamine per ... | 2004 | 15171596 |
| influence of environmental factors on the biosynthesis of type b trichothecenes by isolates of fusarium spp. from spanish crops. | various species of fusarium can produce trichothecene mycotoxins that contaminate food commodities and can represent a risk for human and animal health. in this paper, a full factorial design was applied to study the influence of incubation temperature, water activity (a(w)) and type of isolate on the production of deoxynivalenol (don), nivalenol (niv) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-acdon) in corn kernel cultures by three isolates of fusarium graminearum and three isolates of fusarium culmorum fr ... | 2004 | 15172484 |
| differential antifungal and calcium channel-blocking activity among structurally related plant defensins. | plant defensins are a family of small cys-rich antifungal proteins that play important roles in plant defense against invading fungi. structures of several plant defensins share a cys-stabilized alpha/beta-motif. structural determinants in plant defensins that govern their antifungal activity and the mechanisms by which they inhibit fungal growth remain unclear. alfalfa (medicago sativa) seed defensin, msdef1, strongly inhibits the growth of fusarium graminearum in vitro, and its antifungal acti ... | 2004 | 15299136 |
| bistability and hysteresis of the 'secteur' differentiation are controlled by a two-gene locus in nectria haematococca. | bistability and hysteresis are increasingly recognized as major properties of regulatory networks governing numerous biological phenomena, such as differentiation and cell cycle progression. the full scope of the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to bistability and hysteresis remains elusive. nectria haemaotcocca, a saprophytic or pathogenic fungus with sexual reproduction, exhibits a bistable morphological modification characterized by a reduced growth rate and an intense pigmentation. bi ... | 2004 | 15312233 |
| quantification of fusarium graminearum in infected wheat by species specific real-time pcr applying a taqman probe. | a new real-time pcr based method was developed for the species-specific detection, identification and quantification of fusarium graminearum in planta. it utilizes a taqman hybridisation probe targeting the beta-tubulin gene and a plasmid standard. the assay is highly specific giving no product with dna of closely related species. it is very sensitive, detecting down to five gene copies per reaction, and is able to produce reliable quantitative data over a range of six orders of magnitude. | 2004 | 15325762 |
| resistance in wheat to fusarium infection and trichothecene formation. | the state of the art in fusarium head blight resistance research is reviewed with reference to breeding for genetic resistance to fusarium in wheat in practice. fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum produce the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don). don has phytotoxic properties and is an important aggressiveness factor in head blight. head blight resistance in wheat is not specific for either f. graminearum or f. culmorum. resistance components include resistance to penetration, resistanc ... | 2004 | 15342079 |
| functional analysis of the homoserine o-acetyltransferase gene and its identification as a selectable marker in gibberella zeae. | we used restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) to identify a methionine auxotrophic mutant of gibberella zeae, an important cereal pathogen. in addition to its methionine requirement, the g. zeae remi mutant designated z43r3912 showed pleiotropic phenotypes, including reduced virulence on host plants and lack of sexual development. outcrossing of z43r3912 with a mat1-1 deletion strain confirmed that the mutation of z43r3912 was tagged with the hygromycin b resistance marker. the vector i ... | 2004 | 15378266 |
| the sirodesmin biosynthetic gene cluster of the plant pathogenic fungus leptosphaeria maculans. | sirodesmin pl is a phytotoxin produced by the fungus leptosphaeria maculans, which causes blackleg disease of canola (brassica napus). this phytotoxin belongs to the epipolythiodioxopiperazine (etp) class of toxins produced by fungi including mammalian and plant pathogens. we report the cloning of a cluster of genes with predicted roles in the biosynthesis of sirodesmin pl and show via gene disruption that one of these genes (encoding a two-module non-ribosomal peptide synthetase) is essential f ... | 2004 | 15387811 |
| patterns of trichothecene production, genetic variability, and virulence to wheat of fusarium graminearum from smallholder farms in nepal. | fusarium graminearum causes wheat head blight and contaminates grain with the trichothecenes 4-deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. sequence analysis of trichothecene genes indicates that nivalenol production is the ancestral trait; however, deoxynivalenol producers occur worldwide and predominate in north and south america and in europe. analysis of a large field population (>500 strains) from nepal identified three groups that were both genetically distinct and polymorphic for trichothecene productio ... | 2004 | 15453711 |
| role of chitin synthase genes in fusarium oxysporum. | three structural chitin synthase genes, chs1, chs2 and chs3, were identified in the genome of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, a soilborne pathogen causing vascular wilt disease in tomato plants. based on amino acid identities with related fungal species, chs1, chs2 and chs3 encode structural chitin synthases (css) of class i, class ii and class iii, respectively. a gene (chs7) encoding a chaperone-like protein was identified by comparison of the deduced protein with chs7p from saccharomyc ... | 2004 | 15470098 |
| a functional screen identifies lateral transfer of beta-glucuronidase (gus) from bacteria to fungi. | lateral gene transfer (lgt) from prokaryotes to microbial eukaryotes is usually detected by chance through genome-sequencing projects. here, we explore a different, hypothesis-driven approach. we show that the fitness advantage associated with the transferred gene, typically invoked only in retrospect, can be used to design a functional screen capable of identifying postulated lgt cases. we hypothesized that beta-glucuronidase (gus) genes may be prone to lgt from bacteria to fungi (thought to la ... | 2005 | 15483318 |
| [induction and genetic analysis of laboratory mutants of gibberella zeae resistance to carbendazim]. | the mutants of wild-type gibberella zeae resistance to carbendazim were generated in laboratory by ultra-violet (uv) irradiating and fungicide taming. two levels of resistance (low, lr; high, hr) were identified among these mutants. lr mutants could grow at the critical concentration of 1.4 +/- microg/ml of carbendazim while completely inhibited above 10 microg/ ml concentration, but this phenotype of isolates was not detected in the field. hr mutants could grow at 100 microg/ml and showed negat ... | 2004 | 15487504 |
| a phylogenomic approach to reconstructing the diversification of serine proteases in fungi. | using a phylogenomic approach with 10 fungi of very different virulence and habitat, we determined that there was substantial diversification of subtilase-type proteases early in ascomycete history (with subsequent loss in many lineages) but with no comparable diversification of trypsins. patterns of intron loss and the degree of divergence between paralogues demonstrated that the proliferation of proteinase k subtilases and subtilisin type subtilases seen in pathogenic ascomycetes (metarhizium ... | 2004 | 15525405 |
| acfkh1, a novel member of the forkhead family, associates with the rfx transcription factor cpcr1 in the cephalosporin c-producing fungus acremonium chrysogenum. | in the filamentous fungus acremonium chrysogenum, a complex regulatory network of transcription factors controls the expression of at least seven cephalosporin c biosynthesis genes. the rfx transcription factor cpcr1 binds to regulatory sequences in the promoter region of cephalosporin c biosynthesis genes, and is involved in the transcriptional regulation of the pcbc gene which encodes isopenicillin n synthase. in this study, we used cpcr1 in a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify potential prot ... | 2004 | 15527986 |
| aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster gene cypa is required for g aflatoxin formation. | aspergillus flavus isolates produce only aflatoxins b1 and b2, while aspergillus parasiticus and aspergillus nomius produce aflatoxins b1, b2, g1, and g2. sequence comparison of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway gene cluster upstream from the polyketide synthase gene, pksa, revealed that a. flavus isolates are missing portions of genes (cypa and norb) predicted to encode, respectively, a cytochrome p450 monooxygenase and an aryl alcohol dehydrogenase. insertional disruption of cypa in a. parasi ... | 2004 | 15528514 |
| microsatellite mutation directed by an external stimulus. | microsatellites are regions of dna containing tandem repeats of a core 2-6 bp nucleotide sequence. to test the hypothesis that microsatellite mutation can be directed by exposure to specific external cues, control and treatment groups of resistant and susceptible wheat varieties were grown under controlled conditions and genotyped at a number of microsatellite loci that map to chromosomes known to contain fusarium head blight (fhb) resistance/susceptibility loci. genotyping was undertaken both p ... | 2004 | 15542110 |
| the gpmk1 map kinase of fusarium graminearum regulates the induction of specific secreted enzymes. | recently, we described gpmk1 map kinase-disruption mutants of fusarium graminearum that were fully viable in vitro, but had completely lost their ability to infect wheat. as cell wall-degrading enzymes are postulated to participate in the infection process of f. graminearum, these map kinase-disruption mutants were analysed for their ability to produce cell wall-degrading enzymes in vitro and compared with the wild-type strain. the gpmk1 disruption had no effect on the production of pectinolytic ... | 2005 | 15549317 |
| survey of simple sequence repeats in completed fungal genomes. | the use of simple sequence repeats or microsatellites as genetic markers has become very popular because of their abundance and length variation between different individuals. ssrs are tandem repeat units of 1 to 6 base pairs that are found abundantly in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. this is the first study examining and comparing ssrs in completely sequenced fungal genomes. we analyzed and compared the occurrences, relative abundance, relative density, most common, and longest ssrs i ... | 2005 | 15563717 |
| new taxi-type xylanase inhibitor genes are inducible by pathogens and wounding in hexaploid wheat. | taxi-i (triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor i) is a wheat grain protein that inhibits arabinoxylan fragmentation by microbial endo-beta-1,4-xylanases used in the food industry. although taxi was speculated to be involved in counterattack against pathogens, there is actually no evidence to support this hypothesis. we have now demonstrated the presence of taxi family members with isolation of two mrna species, taxi-iii and taxi-iv. at the nucleotide sequence level, taxi-iii and taxi-iv were 91.7% ... | 2004 | 15564518 |
| apoplastic extracts from a transgenic wheat line exhibiting lesion-mimic phenotype have multiple pathogenesis-related proteins that are antifungal. | a transgenic wheat line constitutively expressing genes encoding a class iv acidic chitinase and an acidic beta-1,3-glucanase, showed significant delay in spread of fusarium head blight (scab) disease under greenhouse conditions. in an earlier work, we observed a lesion-mimic phenotype in this transgenic line when homozygous for transgene loci. apoplastic fluid (af) extracted from the lesion-mimic plants had pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins belonging to families of beta-1,3-glucanases, chitina ... | 2004 | 15597736 |
| gene discovery and gene expression in the rice blast fungus, magnaporthe grisea: analysis of expressed sequence tags. | over 28,000 expressed sequence tags (ests) were produced from cdna libraries representing a variety of growth conditions and cell types. several magnaporthe grisea strains were used to produce the libraries, including a nonpathogenic strain bearing a mutation in the pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase. approximately 23,000 of the ests could be clustered into 3,050 contigs, leaving 5,127 singleton sequences. the estimate of 8,177 unique sequences indicates that over half of the genes of the fun ... | 2004 | 15597739 |
| cloning and characterization of two endoxylanases from the cereal phytopathogen fusarium graminearum and their inhibition profile against endoxylanase inhibitors from wheat. | two genes encoding family 11 endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (xyla, xylb) from fusarium graminearum were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the amount of active endoxylanase in the cytoplasmic soluble fraction was considerably improved by varying different expression parameters, including host strain and temperature during induction. both recombinant endoxylanases showed a temperature optimum around 35 degrees c and neutral ph optima (around ph 7 and 8 for xylb and xyla, respectively). for the fi ... | 2005 | 15629130 |
| development of a generic pcr detection of deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-chemotypes of fusarium graminearum. | based on the intergenic sequences of tri5-tri6 genes involved in the mycotoxin pathways of fusarium species, a generic pcr assay was developed to detect a 300 bp fragment of deoxynivalenol (don)-chemotypes and a 360 bp sequence of nivalenol (niv)- chemotypes of fusarium graminearum. mycotoxin chemotypes identified by the pcr assays were confirmed by the chemical analyses of hplc or gc/ms. further analysis of 364 f. graminearum isolates from 12 provinces of china showed that 310 were don-chemotyp ... | 2005 | 15686855 |
| effect of relative humidity on germination of ascospores and macroconidia of gibberella zeae and deoxynivalenol production. | cereals are frequently infested by mycotoxin-producing fungi such as gibberella zeae. g. zeae produces sexual spores (ascospores, dispersed by wind) and asexual spores (macroconidia, dispersed by rain droplets) to infect host plants. the production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) and the germination of ascospores and macroconidia of g. zeae were studied at 20 degrees c in relation to relative humidity (rh). the don contents of wheat heads and autoclaved rice grain samples, artificially ino ... | 2005 | 15698684 |
| concordant evolution of trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase and an rdna species phylogeny of trichothecene-producing and non-producing fusaria and other ascomycetous fungi. | the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum species complex (e.g. fusarium asiaticum, previously referred to as f. graminearum lineage 6) produces the mycotoxin trichothecene in infected grains. the fungus has a gene for self-defence, tri101, which is responsible for 3-o-acetylation of the trichothecene skeleton in the biosynthetic pathway. recently, trichothecene non-producers fusarium oxysporum and fusarium fujikuroi (teleomorph gibberella fujikuroi) were shown to have both functional (tri201) an ... | 2005 | 15699200 |
| inheritance of fusarium head blight resistance in the soft red winter wheat ernie. | fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe [telomorph:gibberella zeae schw. (petch)], is an increasingly important disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). host-plant resistance is considered to be the most economical means of control, but a lack of unique sources of resistance has hindered efforts to breed resistant varieties. the soft red winter wheat, ernie, has moderately high fhb resistance and is widely used in u.s. breeding programs; however, the genetics of resist ... | 2004 | 15712009 |
| metal ions modulate gene expression and accumulation of the mycotoxins aflatoxin and zearalenone. | to determine the modulating action of some metal ions (zn+2, fe+2, cu+2) on gene expression of enzymes related to fungal growth and accumulation of the mycotoxins aflatoxin and zearalenone. | 2005 | 15715862 |
| induction of wheat defense and stress-related genes in response to fusarium graminearum. | fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by species of the fungus fusarium, is a worldwide disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the chinese t. aestivum 'ning7840' is one of few wheat cultivars with resistance to fhb. to identify differentially expressed genes corresponding to fhb resistance, a cdna library was constructed using pooled mrna isolated from glumes of 'ning7840' harvested at 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 72, and 96 h after inoculation (hai) with a conidia spore suspension of fusarium graminearum. ... | 2005 | 15729394 |
| mapping of genes expressed in fusarium graminearum-infected heads of wheat cultivar 'frontana'. | the isolation, physical, and genetic mapping of a group of wheat genes expressed in infected heads of triticum aestivum 'frontana' resistant to fusarium head blight is reported. a cdna library was built from heads of 'frontana' through suppressive subtractive hybridization, to enrich for sequences induced by the pathogen fusarium graminearum during infection. a group of 1794 clones was screened by dot blot hybridization for differential gene expression following infection. twenty of these clones ... | 2005 | 15729400 |
| cloning and expression of a novel cdna encoding a mannose-binding lectin from dendrobium officinale. | using rna extracted from dendrobium officinale young leaves and primers designed according to the conservative regions of orchidaceae lectins, the full-length cdna of dendrobium officinale agglutinin2 (doa2) was cloned by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the full-length cdna of doa2 was 777 bp and contained a 513 bp open reading frame (orf) encoding a lectin precursor of 170 amino acids. through comparative analysis of doa2 gene and its deduced amino acid sequence with those of other orc ... | 2005 | 15733576 |
| dna markers associated with low fusarium head blight incidence and narrow flower opening in wheat. | fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat, caused by fusarium graminearum, is an important fungal disease in many wheat-growing areas of the world. the objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between width and duration of flower opening and incidence of fhb in wheat, and to identify dna markers associated with narrow flower opening and low fhb incidence. it was hypothesized that wheat lines whose flowers open briefly and narrowly have a reduced risk of infection. to test the hypoth ... | 2005 | 15750825 |
| comparison of environmental profiles for growth and deoxynivalenol production by fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum on wheat grain. | comparisons were made of the effect of water activity (a(w) 0.99-0.85), temperature (15 and 25 degrees c) and time (40 days) on growth/production of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) by fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum on wheat grain. | 2005 | 15752221 |
| synthesis and fungicidal activity of novel 2-oxocycloalkylsulfonylureas. | a series of 2-oxocycloalkylsulfonylureas (2) have been synthesized in a six-step, three-pot reaction sequence from readily available cyclododecanone, cycloheptanone, and cyclohexanone. their structures were confirmed by ir, 1h nmr, and elemental analysis. the bioassay indicated that some of them possess certain fungicidal activity against gibberella zeae petch. in general, compounds containing a 12-membered ring (2a) are more active than those containing a 6- or 7-membered ring (2b, 2c). in the ... | 2005 | 15769157 |
| cofactor processing in galactose oxidase. | go (galactose oxidase; e.c. 1.1.3.9) is a monomeric 68 kda enzyme that contains a single copper ion and an amino acid-derived cofactor. the enzyme is produced by the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum as an extracellular enzyme. the enzyme has been extensively studied by structural, spectroscopic, kinetic and mutational approaches that have provided insight into the catalytic mechanism of this radical enzyme. one of the most intriguing features of the enzyme is the post-translational genera ... | 2004 | 15777009 |
| development of a highly efficient gene targeting system for fusarium graminearum using the disruption of a polyketide synthase gene as a visible marker. | we cloned a polyketide synthase gene (pks12) from fusarium graminearum, a devastating fungal pathogen of cereals. transformation-mediated gene disruption led to an easily detectable albino phenotype of the disruptants. we used the disruption of the pks12 gene as a visible marker for transformation-mediated homologous recombination and optimized the transformation procedure to achieve a high rate of homologous recombination. in combination with the published genomic sequence data and the generati ... | 2005 | 15780665 |
| activity in vitro and in vivo against plant pathogenic fungi of grifolin isolated from the basidiomycete albatrellus dispansus. | in the course of screening for novel naturally occurring fungicides from mushrooms in yunnan province, china, the ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of albatrellus dispansus was found to show antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi. the active compound was isolated from the fruiting bodies of a. dispansus by bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract and identified as grifolin by ir, 1h and 13c nmr and mass spectral analysis. its antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro aga ... | 2005 | 15787244 |
| identification of a gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of aurofusarin in the fusarium graminearum species complex. | the red pigmentation of fusarium graminearum and related species that cause stem and head blight of cereals is due to the deposition of aurofusarin in the cell walls. to determine the importance of this polyketide for fungal physiology and pathogenicity, aurofusarin deficient mutants were produced by random and targeted mutagenesis of f. pseudograminearum and f. graminearum. we show that a gene cluster, including the f. graminearum pks12 gene, is responsible for the biosynthesis of aurofusarin. ... | 2005 | 15809006 |
| putative polyketide synthase and laccase genes for biosynthesis of aurofusarin in gibberella zeae. | mycelia of gibberella zeae (anamorph, fusarium graminearum), an important pathogen of cereal crops, are yellow to tan with white to carmine red margins. we isolated genes encoding the following two proteins that are required for aurofusarin biosynthesis from g. zeae: a type i polyketide synthase (pks) and a putative laccase. screening of insertional mutants of g. zeae, which were generated by using a restriction enzyme-mediated integration procedure, resulted in the isolation of mutant s4b3076, ... | 2005 | 15811992 |
| an oligonucleotide microarray for the identification and differentiation of trichothecene producing and non-producing fusarium species occurring on cereal grain. | cereal grain may be infected with a number of fusarium species some of which are producers of highly toxic compounds such as the trichothecenes. correct identification of these species is essential for risk assessment of cereal grain for human or animal consumption. most of the available methods for identification are either time consuming or aimed at only one or a few target species. microarray technology offers parallel analysis of a high number of dna targets. in this study 57 capture oligonu ... | 2005 | 15823394 |
| enhancement of the gibberella zeae growth inhibitory lipopeptides from a bacillus subtilis mutant by ion beam implantation. | bacillus subtilis ja antagonized the growth of gibberella zeae. in order to reduce growth of this fungi pathogen to a greater extent, low-energy ion beam implantation was applied in mutant breeding. we studied the effects of different energies and different doses of nitrogen ion implantation. the mutant strain designated as ja026 was obtained showing higher inhibition activity in the screening plate. its inhibition zone against indicator organism increased by 14.3% compared to the original strai ... | 2005 | 15838674 |
| a secreted lipase of fusarium graminearum is a virulence factor required for infection of cereals. | fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of the fusarium head blight (fhb) and a destructive pathogen of cereals accounting for high grain yield losses especially on wheat and maize. like other fungal pathogens, f. graminearum secretes various extracellular enzymes, which are hypothesized to be involved in host infection. extracellular lipolytic activity of f. graminearum was strongly induced in culture by wheat germ oil; this allowed us to isolate, clone, and characterize a gene (fgl1) encoding ... | 2005 | 15842622 |
| discovery of a novel superfamily of type iii polyketide synthases in aspergillus oryzae. | identification of genes encoding type iii polyketide synthase (pks) superfamily members in the industrially useful filamentous fungus, aspergillus oryzae, revealed that their distribution is not specific to plants or bacteria. among other aspergilli (aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus fumigatus), a. oryzae was unique in possessing four chalcone synthase (chs)-like genes (csya, csyb, csyc, and csyd). expression of csya, csyb, and csyd genes was confirmed by rt-pcr. comparative genome analyses r ... | 2005 | 15845386 |
| ejection mechanics and trajectory of the ascospores of gibberella zeae (anamorph fuarium graminearum). | since wind speed drops to zero at a surface, forced ejection should facilitate spore dispersal. but for tiny spores, with low mass relative to surface area, high ejection speed yields only a short range trajectory, so pernicious is their drag. thus, achieving high speeds requires prodigious accelerations. in the ascomycete gibberella zeae, we determined the launch speed and kinetic energy of ascospores shot from perithecia, and the source and magnitude of the pressure driving the launch. we aske ... | 2005 | 15878295 |
| synthesis and antifungal activities of alkyl n-(1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carbonyl) carbamates and s-alkyl n-(1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carbonyl) carbamothioates. | a series of alkyl n-(1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carbonyl) carbamates and s-alkyl n-(1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carbonyl) carbamothioates with unsubstituted or monobrominated straight chain alkyl groups were synthesized and evaluated as fungistatic agents against gibberella zeae and alternaria kikuchiana. these compounds showed variable antifungal activities at concentrations of 5 and 50 microg/ml. the results showed that antifungal activities depended on the length of the alkyl chain with the optimal chain le ... | 2005 | 15884810 |
| fusarium graminearum, f. cortaderiae and f. pseudograminearum in new zealand: molecular phylogenetic analysis, mycotoxin chemotypes and co-existence of species. | fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum are important plant pathogens in new zealand and around the world. headblight and crown rot diseases of cereals caused by these species are responsible for large economic losses due to reduction in seed quality and contamination of grain with tricothecene mycotoxins. in the current study we have used two different molecular phylogenetic approaches, aflps and gene genealogies, to gain insight into the evolutionary relationships between f. graminearum, ... | 2005 | 15912928 |
| a wheat xylanase inhibitor gene, xip-i, but not taxi-i, is significantly induced by biotic and abiotic signals that trigger plant defense. | xip-i and taxi-i are wheat (triticum aestivum l) grain proteins that inhibit microbial xylanases used in food processing. although their biochemical properties and structural features were established recently, very little is known about their expression and their family members in wheat plants. to clarify the role of these xylanase inhibitor proteins in plant defense, we examined the expression of the xip-type genes in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic signals. although xip-i was not ... | 2005 | 15914935 |
| molecular mapping of fusarium head blight resistance in the winter wheat population dream/lynx. | fusarium head blight (fhb), mainly caused by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum, can significantly reduce the grain quality of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) due to mycotoxin contamination. the objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (qtls) for fhb resistance in a winter wheat population developed by crossing the resistant german cultivar dream with the susceptible british cultivar lynx. a total of 145 recombinant inbred lines (rils) were evaluated following spray inocula ... | 2005 | 15947905 |
| [cloning of alpha-tubulin gene from fusarium graminearum and analyzing its relationship with carbendazim-resistance]. | the full-length nucleotide sequence of alpha-tubulin gene from each of 6 fusarium graminearum strains from china which had different carbendazim (mbc) sensitivity phenotypes were separated using pcr with 4 primer sets designed in accordance with nucleotide sequence of the gene from the reference isolate, nrrl 31084 (ph-1). the dna sequence comparison showed that there was no difference in the nucleotide sequence of alpha-tubulin gene amongst 3 sensitive and 3 resistant strains from china. this r ... | 2005 | 15989278 |
| survival of the biocontrol agents brevibacillus brevis zjy-1 and bacillus subtilis zjy-116 on the spikes of barley in the field. | fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to wheat and barley. a green fluorescent protein (gfp) expressing plasmid prp22-gfp was constructed for monitoring the colonization of two biocontrol agents, brevibacillus brevis zjy-1 and bacillus subtilis zjy-116, on the spikes of barley and their effect on suppression of fhb. survival and colonization of the brevibacillus brevis zjy-1 and bacillus subtilis zjy-116 strains ... | 2005 | 16052710 |
| evaluation of reduced toxicity of zearalenone by extrusion processing as measured by the mtt cell proliferation assay. | the objective of this study was to determine loss of toxicity of zearalenone in extruded cereal-based products by the mtt (tetrazolium salt) cell proliferation assay using a sensitive mcf-7 human breast cancer cell line and to compare the results to chemical (high-performance liquid chromatography, hplc) and biochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, elisa) methods of analysis. a split-split plot design was used for the extrusion process experiments at temperatures of 150, 175, and 200 degr ... | 2005 | 16076149 |