Publications

microbial transformations of alpha-santonin.	fungal biotransformations of alpha-santonin (1) were conducted with mucor plumbeus (atcc 4740), cunninghamella bainieri (atcc 9244), cunninghamella echinulata (atcc 9245), curvularia lunata (atcc 12017) and rhizopus stolonifer (atcc 10404). rhizopus stolonifer (atcc 10404) metabolized compound 1 to afford 3,4-epoxy-alpha-santonin (2) and 4,5-dihydro-alpha-santonin (3) while cunninghamella bainieri (atcc 9244), cunninghamella echinulata (atcc 9245) and mucor plumbeus (atcc 4740) were capable of m ...	2004	15241928
biotransformation of 3alpha,4alpha-dihydroxy-dihydro-beta-agarofuran by rhizopus nigricans.	3alpha,4alpha-dihydroxy-dihydro-beta-agarofuran (1), prepared from (+)-dihydrocarvone by a traditional synthetic method, the robinson annelation, was biotransformed by r. nigricans to afford a new metabolite characterized as 1alpha,3alpha,4alpha-trihydroxy-dihydro-beta-agarofuran (2) by spectroscopic method. an acetylated derivative was prepared.	2004	15241929
genetic variability in the species rhizopus stolonifer, assessed by random amplified polymorphic dna analysis.	rhizopus stolonifer is an important post-harvest pathogenic fungus. recent taxonomic findings based on morphological and growth characteristics led to a dramatic reduction in the number of accepted species within the genus. the aim of this study was to examine this situation with molecular markers. twenty-nine r. stolonifer strains isolated from various locations and substrates were characterized by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. the numerical analysis of the rapd data reveale ...	2004	15280652
specific interactions of steroids, arylhydrocarbons and flavonoids with progesterone receptors from the cytosol of the fungus rhizopus nigricans.	rhizopus nigricans (r. nigricans) transforms fungitoxic progesterone into the less toxic 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone which is then able to exit the mycelia into the surrounding water. hydroxylation of progesterone is an inducible process in which cytosolic progesterone receptors could be involved. in the present study, we characterised receptors with respect to ligand specificity and to their involvement in progesterone induction of hydroxylase. ec(50) values of different ligands (steroids, xeno ...	2004	15336704
fumaric acid in apple juice: a potential indicator of microbial spoilage of apples used as raw material.	the effects of heat treatment (evaporation and excessive heating), and microbial contamination (rhizopus stolonifer, penicillium expansum and lactobacillus plantarum) as sources of fumaric acid formation in apple juice concentrates were investigated. fumaric acid formed in apple juice did not exceed 1.0 mg l(-1) during both commercial-scale evaporation and laboratory-scale excessive heat treatment, indicating that malic dehydration is not the primary source of fumaric acid formation. however, r. ...	2004	15370835
development of selective media for the isolation and enumeration of alternaria species from soil and plant debris.	a new semi-selective medium, acidified weak potato-dextrose agar (awpda) with mertect (active ingredient: thiabendazole), was developed for the isolation and enumeration of alternaria species from samples of soil and plant debris. the medium was selected based on growth inhibition tests against alternaria and several other commonly encountered saprobic fungi utilizing three antifungal agents, botran (active ingredient: dichloran), bayleton (active ingredient: triadimefon), and mertect, and two b ...	2004	15381969
aerobic formation of fumaric acid in the mold rhizopus nigricans, synthesis by direct c2 condensation.		1949	15398809
rapid identification of microbial vocs from tobacco molds using closed-loop stripping and gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	several microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) that can serve as potential chemical markers for microbial contamination in tobacco have been identified. four different fungal species, aspergillus niger (an), a. ornatus (ao), pencillium chrysogenum (pc) and rhizopus stolonifer (rs), commonly reported in moldy tobacco were cultured and screened for mvocs. because the mvocs emitted by a microbial species are substrate specific, the fungal strains were separately grown on potato dextrose agar ...	2004	15517467
the involvement of camp in the growth inhibition of filamentous fungus rhizopus nigricans by steroids.	several steroids, in particular progesterone, are toxic for the filamentous fungus rhizopus nigricans and, at high concentrations, inhibit its growth. previous studies on this microorganism revealed progesterone specific receptors coupled to g proteins at the plasma membrane. in this study, the next step of steroid signalling in r. nigricans following g protein activation is investigated, together with the possible impact of this pathway on fungal growth inhibition. the intracellular level of ca ...	2005	15621431
enzyme-catalyzed rearrangement of a diepoxy-germacrane compound into new 7-epi-eudesmane derivatives.	two new 7-epi-eudesmane derivatives, together with two new germacrane compounds, have been isolated from the microbial-transformation of a (1alpha,10beta),(4beta,5alpha)-diepoxygermacrane using the hydroxylating fungi rhizopus nigricans. the rearranged skeleton and the stereochemistry of the chiral centers have been determined by means of their spectral data, and the absolute configuration has been confirmed by single-crystal x-ray analyses. a possible mechanism based on an enzyme-catalyzed isom ...	2005	15624944
[study on the relationship of airborne sensitization fungus and anaphylactic rhinitis in wuhan].	the aim of our studies is to explore the relation between superior sensitizing fungus and anaphylactic rhinitis, for directing the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.	2004	15715402
[the assessment of the sensitivity of environmental fungi to urea phosphate].	in this paper the authors presented the influence of various urea phosphate doses, 1-12%, on the environmental fungi growth depending on its intensity and the type of created spore e.g. (penicillium italicum, aspergillusfumigatus, aspergillus niger, cladosporium resinae, mucor hiemalis i rhizopus nigricans). the result of urea phosphate effect on fungi was estimated by static culture method using dry mass increase change [g. dry mass/ldm3]. the control was created by the growth of the above ment ...	2004	15732502
mycodiversity on a dead stem of the giant hogweed--heracleum mantegazzianum sommer et levier.	during our investigations on microfungi in the ruhr area we were able to find the remarkable mycodiversity of different genera and species on dead stems of heracleum mantegazzianum, a neophyt for the european flora. altemaria alternata (fr.fr.) keissl., camarosporium spec., cladosporium herbarum (pers.) link, colletotrichum dematium (pers. ex fr.) gove, dactylella armandii yadv., dasyscyphus mollissimus (lasch.) dennis, dendryphion comosum wallr., endophragmia hyalosperma (corda) morgan-jones & ...	2004	15756828
degradation of ochratoxin a and other mycotoxins by rhizopus isolates.	several filamentous fungi representing the genera rhizopus and mucor were examined for their ability to degrade ochratoxin a (ota), aflatoxin b1, zearalenone and patulin in a liquid medium. while none of the isolates exhibited aflatoxin degrading activity, ochratoxin a, zearalenone and patulin were decomposed by several isolates. ochratoxin a was successfully degraded by rhizopus stolonifer, r. microsporus, r. homothallicus and two r. oryzae isolates, and by four unidentified rhizopus isolates. ...	2005	15808366
environmental mycological study and allergic respiratory disease among tobacco processing workers.	this study presents the results of an investigation of respiratory symptoms, lung function, chest x-ray examinations, analysis of specific ige antibodies and skin prick tests to fungi on 130 tobacco-processing workers and 112 control workers. industrial hygiene survey and environmental mycological studies were also performed. the average dust concentrations ranged from 13.76 to 29.55 mg/m(3) in the tobacco processing workshops. also, the numbers of fungi colonies in the processing environments w ...	2005	15824484
microbial transformation of prednisone.	the microbial transformation of prednisone (17alpha,21-dihydroxy-pregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione) (1) by cunninghamella elegans afforded two metabolites, 17alpha,21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregn-1-ene-3,11,20-trione (2) and 17alpha,20s,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregn-1-ene-3,11-dione (3), while the fermentation of 1 with fusarium lini, rhizopus stolonifer and curvularia lunata afforded a metabolite 1,4-pregnadiene-17alpha,20s,21-triol-3,11-dione (4). compound 3 was found to be a new metabolite. their struct ...	2005	15938135
in vitro susceptibility of 15 strains of zygomycetes to nine antifungal agents as determined by the nccls m38-a microdilution method.	the in vitro susceptibility of 15 strains of six genera of zygomycetes including rhizopus oryzae (rhizopus arrhizus), rhizopus stolonifer, mucor circinelloides (three), absidia corymbifera (three), rhizomucor pusillus (three), cunninghamella bertholletiae (two), and syncephalastrum racemosum (two) to nine antifungal agents were determined by the nccls m38-a broth microdilution method. geometric means of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) were: amphotericin b 0.07 mg l(-1) (range 0.03-0. ...	2005	15982206
[in vitro susceptibility of fungal and yeast clinical isolates to itraconazole and voriconazole].	the interest on the in vitro susceptibility to itraconazole has recently increased due the availability of the intravenous formulation. in this study, comparative mics of this antifungal with voriconazole were carried out in 62 clinical isolates of filamentous fungi and 100 yeasts isolates using the nccls microbroth methods described in m38-a and m27-a2 documents. a mic90 of 0.125 micrograms per ml was observed for itraconazole and voriconazole against aspergillus fumigatus. higher susceptibilit ...	2005	16107169
fungi, aflatoxins, fumonisin bl and zearalenone contaminating sorghum-based traditional malt, wort and beer in botswana.	brewing and consumption of traditional beer have social-economic significance in most african countries including botswana. traditional sorghum malt, wort, and beer samples were collected from three villages around gaborone, botswana. forty-six malt samples were analyzed for fungi on three different media and developing colonies were subcultured for identification. rhizopus, fusarium, mucor, and aspergillus were the most common genera isolated. out of the 46 malt samples, 72% contained rhizopus ...	2005	16170615
microbial hydroxylation of pregnenolone derivatives.	pregnenolone and pregnenolone acetate were incubated with the fungi cunninghamella elegans, rhizopus stolonifer and gibberella fujikuroi. incubation of with c. elegans yielded metabolites, 3beta,7beta,11alpha-trihydroxypreg-5-en-20-one, 3beta,6alpha,11alpha,12beta,15beta-pentahydroxypreg-4-en-20-one and 3beta,6beta,11alpha-trihydroxypreg-4-en-20-one, while incubation with g. fujikuroi yielded two known metabolites, 3beta,7beta-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one and 6beta,15beta-dihydroxypreg-4-ene-3,20- ...	2005	16272731
continuous adsorption and recovery of cr(vi) in different types of reactors.	this study reports the results of experiments on continuous adsorption and desorption of cr(vi) ions by a chemically modified and polysulfone-immobilized biomass of the fungus rhizopus nigricans. a fixed quantity of polymer-entrapped biomass beads corresponding to 2 g of dry biomass powder was employed in packed bed, fluidized bed, and stirred tank reactor for monitoring the continuous removal and recovery of cr(vi) ions from aqueous solution and synthetic chrome plating effluent. parameters suc ...	2005	16321053
fungi associated with softening of bisulfite-brined cherries.	softening of sound, calcium bisulfite-brined cherries was induced fairly quickly by brining them with cherries rotted by aspergillus niger, cytospora leucostoma, and penicillium expansum, but not with cherries rotted by a variety of other microorganisms, including alternaria sp., aspergillus oryzae, aureobasidium pullulans, botrytis cinerea, cladosporium sp., mucor racemosus, rhizopus stolonifer, and sclerotinia fructicola. rapid softening was correlated with the presence of a bisulfite-stable p ...	1963	16349630
production of pectolytic enzymes by rhizopus stolonifer sporangiospores after "lethal" gamma irradiation.	irradiated sporangiospores of rhizopus stolonifer excreted pectolytic enzymes, which hydrolyzed pectin and macerated potato tuber discs, into the suspending medium. pectin glycosidase, but not pectin methylesterase, activity developed regardless of the amount of radiation the spores had received, unless the dose exceeded about 1 megarad. the ability to produce pectolytic enzymes was found to be more radiation-resistant than the potential for colony formation or the ability to germinate. spores m ...	1963	16349638
fungi that infect cottonseeds before harvest.	as a part of an investigation of aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in cottonseeds at harvest, samples of seeds collected from the 1971 crop at locations across the u.s. cotton belt were examined to determine the kinds of microorganisms causing internal or seed-coat infection in the field. aspergillus flavus infection was absent from all seeds examined from most areas but was present in some samples from arizona, california, and texas. fusarium spp., alternaria sp., and a. niger caused internal inf ...	1973	16349975
hydroxylation of the sesterterpene leucosceptrine by the fungus rhizopus stolonifer.	the microbial transformation of leucosceptrine (1), the first member of class leucosesterterpenes, by rhizopus stolonifer afforded two metabolites, 1alpha-hydroxyleucosceptrine (2), and 8alpha-hydroxyleucosceptrine (3).	2006	16426649
microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater.	discharge of heavy metals from metal processing industries is known to have adverse effects on the environment. conventional treatment technologies for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution are not economical and generate huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. biosorption of heavy metals by metabolically inactive non-living biomass of microbial or plant origin is an innovative and alternative technology for removal of these pollutants from aqueous solution. due to unique chemical compos ...	2007	16427277
survey and significance of filamentous fungi from tap water.	fungi in drinking water are involved in the production of tastes and odours in water. health problems are possible, originating from mycotoxins, animal pathogens and allergies. this report concerns the surveillance of mesophilic fungi in tap water and assessment of their potential for causing problems. the methods for the determination of the filamentous fungi (ff) were filtering, swabbing and baiting. tap water, half-strength corn meal, neopeptone-glucose rose bengal aureomycin (ngrba) and oomy ...	2006	16459143
anaerobic formation of fumaric acid by the mold rhizopus nigricans.		1948	16561577
purification and properties of an elicitor of castor bean phytoalexin from culture filtrates of the fungus rhizopus stolonifer.	evidence has been obtained for the presence in filtrates of 3-day-old cultures of the fungus rhizopus stolonifer grown on potato-dextrose medium of both high molecular weight and low molecular weight elicitors of the production of the phytoalexin casbene in cell-free extracts of castor bean (ricinus communis l.) seedlings. the high molecular weight elicitor activity was purified by means of gel filtration chromatography. both protein and carbohydrate are associated with the most purified fractio ...	1978	16660233
biosynthesis of the diterpene phytoalexin casbene: partial purification and characterization of casbene synthetase from ricinis communis.	casbene synthetase from 67-hour seedlings of ricinis communis l. which had been treated with rhizopus stolonifer spores was purified 700-fold by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, qae a-50 sephadex chromatography, and g-100 sephadex chromatography. polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis revealed that the purified fraction was heterogeneous. no casbene synthetase was detected in extracts of seedlings which had not been exposed to the fungal spores; maximum activity was obtained fro ...	1978	16660566
diterpene biosynthesis in maize seedlings in response to fungal infection.	a cell-free system which catalyzes the biosynthesis of terpene hydrocarbons when supplemented with mevalonate, mn(2+), and atp was prepared from the scutellum-embryonic axis region of maize seedlings. the capacity of this system for the production of terpene hydrocarbons was enhanced 50- to 100-fold when the seedlings were exposed for 48 hours to the fungus rhizopus stolonifer prior to tissue homogenization. the fungi aspergillus niger, fusarium moniliforme, and verticillium albo-atrum also elic ...	1979	16660976
polygalacturonase from rhizopus stolonifer, an elicitor of casbene synthetase activity in castor bean (ricinus communis l.) seedlings.	apparently homogeneous polygalacturonase-elicitor purified from the filtrates of rhizopus stolonifer cultures stimulates germinating castor bean seedlings to produce greatly increased levels of casbene synthetase activity. the purification procedure involved gel-filtration chromatography on sephadex g-25 and g-75 columns followed by cation-exchange chromatography on a sephadex cm c-50 column. homogeneity of the purified preparation was indicated by the results of cationic polyacrylamide disc gel ...	1981	16661728
properties of rhizopus stolonifer polygalacturonase, an elicitor of casbene synthetase activity in castor bean (ricinus communis l.) seedlings.	some properties of the polygalacturonase-elicitor from the filtrates of rhizopus stolonifer cultures have been examined in an attempt to understand its mode of action as an elicitor of casbene synthetase activity in castor bean seedlings. both the polygalacturonase activity and the elicitor activity are heat-labile with similar heat-sensitivity profiles. also, the catalytic activity of the enzyme is lost on treatment with sodium periodate, as had been shown previously for the elicitor activity. ...	1981	16661729
elicitation of casbene synthetase activity in castor bean : the role of pectic fragments of the plant cell wall in elicitation by a fungal endopolygalacturonase.	endopolygalacturonase isolated from culture filtrates of the fungus rhizopus stolonifer was shown previously to act as an elicitor of biosynthetic capacity for the antifungal agent, casbene, in castor bean (ricinus communis l.) seedlings (s.-c. lee, c.a. west 1981 plant physiology 67:633-639). selective amidation of exposed carboxyl groups of the pure fungal endopolygalacturonase using intermediate activation with a water-soluble carbodiimide under mild conditions leads to inactivation of its en ...	1982	16662367
characteristics of galacturonic acid oligomers as elicitors of casbene synthetase activity in castor bean seedlings.	partial digestion of polygalacturonic acid with polygalacturonase isolated from rhizopus stolonifer produces a mixture of alpha-1,4-d-galacturonide oligomers which act to elicit casbene synthetase activity in castor bean (ricinus communis l). these oligomers were separated by anion exchange chromatography on deae sephadex a-25 into discrete sizes and their degrees of polymerization were analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. a minimum degree of polymerization of nine units appears ...	1984	16663547
comparison of proteinase inhibitor-inducing activities and phytoalexin elicitor activities of a pure fungal endopolygalacturonase, pectic fragments, and chitosans.	rhizopus stolonifer endopolygalacturonase, an elicitor of casbene synthetase activity in castor bean seedlings, was found to be a potent elicitor of the phytoalexin pisatin in pea pods and of proteinase inhibitor i in tomato leaves. the enzyme was an active elicitor or inducer only in its active native state; heat-denatured enzyme was inactive in all three systems. the activities of (a) the tomato pectic polysaccharide proteinase inhibitor-inducing factor, (b) a partially acid hydrolyzed protein ...	1984	16663934
biosynthesis of the macrocyclic diterpene casbene in castor bean (ricinus communis l.) seedlings : changes in enzyme levels induced by fungal infection and intracellular localization of the pathway.	casbene is a macrocyclic diterpene hydrocarbon that is produced in young castor bean (ricinus communis l.) seedlings after they are exposed to rhizopus stolonifer or other fungi. the activities of enzymes that participate in casbene biosynthesis were measured in cell-free extracts of 67-hour castor bean seedlings (a) that had been exposed to r. stolonifer spores 18 hours prior to the preparation of extracts, and (b) that were maintained under aseptic conditions throughout. activity for the conve ...	1986	16664817
biosynthesis of the macrocyclic diterpene casbene in castor bean (ricinus communis l.) seedlings : the purification and properties of farnesyl transferase from elicited seedlings.	farnesyl transferase (farnesyl pyrophosphate: isopentenyl pyrophosphate farnesyl transferase; geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase) was purified at least 400-fold from extracts of castor bean (ricinus communis l.) seedlings that were elicited by exposure for 10 h to rhizopus stolonifer spores. the purified enzyme was free of isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase and phosphatase activities which interfere with prenyl transferase assays. the purified enzyme showed a broad optimum for farnesyl tra ...	1986	16664818
biotransformation of physalin h and leishmanicidal activity of its transformed products.	the transformation of physalin h (1) with rhizopus stolonifer and cunninghamella elegans has afforded two new physalins, 6,7-dehydrophysalin h (2) and 6-deoxyphysalin h (3), along with a known isophysalin b (4). their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. all of these compounds have shown potent leishmanicidal activity with ic50 values in the range of 6.03-13.80 microm.	2006	16819205
the effect of storage time and agroecological zone on mould incidence and aflatoxin contamination of maize from traders in uganda.	a study to determine mould incidence and aflatoxin contamination of maize kernels was carried out among dealers (traders) in the three agroecological zones of uganda. the maize kernels were categorized into those stored for two to six months or for more than six months to one year. results indicate that the mean moisture content of the kernels was within the recommended safe storage levels of < or =15% but was significantly lower in the highland maize kernels followed by the mid-altitude (dry) k ...	2006	16822572
toxic micromycetes in grain raw material during its processing.	in 2003-2005 micromycetes were isolated and identified from wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat grain brought into mills or from processing enterprises. contamination of the produced flour with micromycete propagules (cfu g(-1)), changes in micromycete diversity and abundance in the course of flour storage, preparation and baking of bread, production of groats or other food products and fodder were determined. most attention was given to widely distributed micromycetes, known producers of toxins: alte ...	2006	16841886
exposure to airborne fungi during conservative dental treatment.	the aim of the study was a mycological assessment of bioaerosol forming during conservative dental treatment, taking into account concentration and type of fungal microflora, and evaluation of the influence of duwl disinfecting protocol on the fungal contamination of the bioaerosol. the research was conducted on 25 operative sites located in public dental clinics. the air contained in the space between a patient and a dentist during conservative dental treatment with the use of a high-speed hand ...	2006	16841889
biocatalytic and antimetastatic studies of the marine cembranoids sarcophine and 2-epi-16-deoxysarcophine.	the soft coral sarcophyton glaucum is a rich resource of several bioactive cembranoids. sarcophytol a (1) and sarcophine (2) are cembranoid diterpenes reported from this soft coral and extensively investigated for their cancer chemopreventive properties. this study aimed at investigating the antimetastatic potential of the major cembranoids, sarcophine (2) and 2-epi-16-deoxysarcophine (3), from the red sea soft coral s. glaucum. biocatalytic transformation of 3 using rhizopus stolonifer atcc 622 ...	2006	16872134
[concentration of allergic fungi spores in the air of flats in lódź].	the real contribution of moulds to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases remains unknown, although positive skin prick tests and/or specific serum ige to moki allergens can be detected in 1-5% of atopic patients. a significant problem in assesment of exposure to mould allergens, resulting with difficulty in standarization of methods. the aim of this work was to assess the concentration of spores of 8 mould species in flats inhabited by peoples who bont show any symptoms of allergy. the open petr ...	1999	16886472
a comparative study on biosorption characteristics of certain fungi for bromophenol blue dye.	laboratory investigations of the potential use of dried biomasses of rhizopus stolonifer, fusarium sp., geotrichum sp., and aspergillus fumigatus as biosorbents for the removal of bromophenol blue (bpb) dye from aqueous solutions were conducted. kinetics studies indicated that the bpb dye uptake processes can be well described by the pseudo-second-order model. the fungal biomasses exhibited the highest dye biosorption at ph 2.0. the langmuir adsorption model appears to fit the dye biosorption be ...	2006	16891666
synthesis, structure and biological activity of cobalt(ii) and copper(ii) complexes of valine-derived schiff bases.	we have synthesized two cobalt(ii) 2 and copper(ii) 3 complexes of valine-derived schiff bases. the obtained complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, ft-ir and x-ray diffraction. biological studies of complexes 2 and 3 had been carried out in vitro for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and human pathogenic fungi. compound 3 was proven to be a broad spectrum agent, showed a significant inhibition of the growth of gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus ...	2006	16965817
biosorption of anionic textile dyes by nonviable biomass of fungi and yeast.	the nonviable biomass of aspergillus niger, aspergillus japonica, rhizopus nigricans, rhizopus arrhizus, and saccharomyces cerevisiae were screened for biosorption of textile dyes. the selected anionic reactive dyes were c.i. reactive black 8, c.i. reactive brown 9, c.i. reactive green 19, c.i. reactive blue 38, and c.i. reactive blue 3. experiments were conducted at initial dye concentration of 50, 100, 150 and 200mg/l. the effect of initial dye concentration, dose of biosorbent loading, temper ...	2007	16997547
[moulds and yeasts in bottled water and soft drinks].	some damaged cartons of soft drinks and carbonated water were analyzed to detect the microorganisms that caused the damage. the contaminants of sugar used in the production of one of the drinks were also studied. the methods of déak & beuchat and pitt & hocking were used for the identification of yeasts and moulds, respectively. the agents of the spoilage of soft drinks were debaryomyces hansenii, debaryomyces polymorphus, galactomyces geotrichum, metschnikowia pulcherrima, mucor circinelloides, ...	2006	17037258
characterization of some mushroom and earthy off-odors microbially induced by the development of rot on grapes.	grape rot is one of the major causes of degradation of many grape components and, thus, of deterioration in wine quality. in particular, the association of botrytis cinerea with other, less visible, fungi frequently leads to the development of organoleptic defects in grapes and sometimes in wines. this study examines the nature of the volatile compounds responsible for mushroom, mossy, or earthy odors detected by gas chromatography-olfactometry in organic extracts of rotten grapes and musts. 2-m ...	2006	17117809
effect of yeast antagonist in combination with heat treatment on postharvest blue mold decay and rhizopus decay of peaches.	the potential of using heat treatment alone or in combination with an antagonistic yeast for the control of blue mold decay and rhizopus decay of peaches caused by penicillium expansum and rhizopus stolonifer respectively, and in reducing natural decay development of peach fruits, as well as its effects on postharvest quality of fruit was investigated. in vitro tests, spore germination of pathogens in pdb was greatly controlled by the heat treatment of 37 degrees c for 2 d. in vivo test to contr ...	2007	17140691
fungal metabolites of (e)-guggulsterone and their antibacterial and radical-scavenging activities.	fungal transformation of (e)-guggulsterone (= (17e)-pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione; 1) by rhizopus stolonifer, fusarium lini, cunninghamella elegans, or gibberella fujikuroi afforded ten hydroxylated metabolites (2-11; scheme), which were fully characterized. compounds 4-11 have not been described yet. some of these novel hydroxylated metabolites, as well as acetylated derivatives thereof, exhibited significant antibacterial and radical-scavenging activities (table 3).	2005	17192001
structure elucidation and antibacterial activity of new fungal metabolites of sclareol.	the transformation of the antibacterial diterpene sclareol (1) by two different fungal strains was investigated (scheme). in the presence of rhizopus stolonifer, (3beta)-3-hydroxysclareol (2), 18-hydroxysclareol (3), (6alpha)-6,18-dihydroxysclareol (4), and (11s)-11,18-dihydroxysclareol (5) were formed. fermentation of 1 with fusarium lini afforded (1beta)-1-hydroxysclareol (6) and (12s)-12-hydroxysclareol (7). compounds 4-7 were identified as new compounds, and some of them were active against ...	2006	17193216
the microbial hydroxylation of levonorgestrel.	the microbial transformation of levonorgestrel (1) by cunningham elegans resulted in the formation of five hydroxylated metabolites, 13-ethyl-10beta, 17beta-dihydroxy-18,19-dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one(2), 13-ethyl-6beta,17beta-dihydroxy-18,19-dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (3) 13-ethyl 6beta, 10beta, 17beta-trihydroxy-18,19-dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (4) 13-ethyl-15alpha-17beta-dihydroxy-18,19-dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (5) and 13-ethyl-11alpha, 17beta-dihydrox ...	2006	17201044
synthesis of pseudopeptides based l-tryptophan as a potential antimicrobial agent.	four compounds named l-btrppa, l-trp-o-pa, l-trp-m-pa and l-trp-p-pa, pseudopeptides constructed from pyridine and tryptophan units, were synthesized and tested against the gram-positive, gram-negative strains of bacteria and human pathogenic fungi. l-trp-o-pa proved to be a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, showing a significant inhibition of the growth of gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus, bacillus subtilis, micrococcus luteus), and pathogenic fun ...	2007	17257839
interactions between statins and penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf) to inhibit the germination of sporangiospores of different sensitive zygomycetes.	this study reports on the antifungal activities of statins combined with an antifungal compound secreted by penicillium chrysogenum, paf. several species belonging in the class zygomycetes are considered to be agents of human or animal mycoses; other species have significance as postharvest plant pathogens. in the present work, four species (rhizopus stolonifer, mortierella wolfii, syncephalastrum racemosum and mycotypha africana) that exhibited different sensitivities to lovastatin and paf in p ...	2007	17302920
association between sensitization to aureobasidium pullulans (pullularia sp) and severity of asthma.	recent data indicate that fungi may contribute to increased severity of asthma.	2007	17304882
polyphasic approach to the taxonomy of the rhizopus stolonifer group.	phylogenetic analysis of rhizopus strains based on the d1/d2 region of lsu rdna sequences yielded a phylogram with four well-supported clades. the r. microsporus clade concurs with classification obtained by traditional methods. the r. oryzae group was found to include species of the genus amylomyces. the traditional r. stolonifer group was divided into two well-supported clades in the phylogram, with one clade comprising r. stolonifer var. stolonifer, r. sexualis var. sexualis, and r. sexualis ...	2007	17324757
microbial transformation of (-)-guaiol and antibacterial activity of its transformed products.	microbial transformation of the sesquiterpene (-)-guaiol (1) [1(5)-guaien-11-ol] was investigated using three fungi, rhizopus stolonifer, cunninghamella elegans, and macrophomina phaseolina. fungal transformation of 1 with rhizopus stolonifer yielded a hydroxylated product, 1-guaiene-9 beta,11-diol (2). in turn, cunninghamella elegans afforded two mono- and dihydroxylated products, 1-guaiene-3beta,11-diol (3) and 1(5)-guaiene-3beta,9 alpha,11-triol (4), while macrophomina phaseolina produced two ...	2007	17385913
composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of mentha piperita and lavendula angustifolia on post-harvest phytopathogens.	the general antifungal activity of essential oils is well documented. the advantage of essential oils is their bioactivity in the vapor phase, a characteristic that makes them attractive as possible fumigants for stored product protection. essential oils of aerial parts of mentha piperita and lavendula angustifolia were obtained with hydrodistillation and oils composition identified with gc-ms. menthanol (36.24%) and menthone (32.42%) were the major compounds of the m. piperata essential oil. th ...	2006	17390896
microbial transformation of the steroidal alkaloid dictyophlebine by rhizopus stolonifer.	the microbial transformation of a steroidal alkaloid, dictyophlebine (1) with rhizopus stolonifer (atcc 10404) afforded three oxidized metabolites 2-4. compound 2 was found to be a new product. these metabolites were structurally characterized on the basis of modern spectroscopic techniques. their inhibitory activity towards acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase has been evaluated and the new product 2 has been found to be more potent than the parent compound and other metabolites.	2007	17409573
[cloning and expression of a delta6-fatty acid desaturase gene from rhizopus stolonifer in saccharomyces cervisiae].	fatty acid composition of fungi is analysed through the gas chromatography( gc) technique. with specific activity a novel enzyme delta6-fatty acid desaturase was screened and isolated from rhizopus stolonifer. in this study r. stolonifer was identified as a fungal species that produced plentiful gamma-linolenic acid. a 1475bp full-length cdna, designated as rnd6d here, with high homology to fungal delta6-fatty acid desaturase genes was isolated from r. stolonifer using reverse transcription poly ...	2007	17436625
suppression of phytopathogenic fungi by hexane extract of nepenthes ventricosa x maxima leaf.	the hexane extract of nepenthes ventricosa x maxima leaf exhibited antifungal activity against alternaria alternata, aspergillus niger, bipolaris oryzae, fusarium oxysporum, phytophthora capsici, rhizoctonia solani, rhizopus stolonifer var. stolonifer and sclerotinia sclerotiorum.	2007	17573203
the identification of antibacterial compounds for the development of enhanced media for the detection of foodborne fungi.	in an effort to identify a more suitable antibiotic for utilization in mycological media, 12 food borne fungal species from various genera including alternaria alternata, aspergillus flavus, a. niger, eurotium chevalieri, fusarium moniliforme, penicillium sp., rhizopus stolonifer, saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida tropicalis, geotrichum candidum, rhodotorula glutinis and kluyveromyces thermotolerans along with 21 chloramphenicol-resistant bacterial isolates from fresh produce and atcc cultures o ...	2007	17574697
steroid extraction in a microchannel system--mathematical modelling and experiments.	the continuous ethyl acetate extraction of progesterone and 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, a reactant and the product of the biotransformation step involved in corticosteroid production, was studied in a microchannel at different flow velocities. in addition, non-steady state batch extraction without mixing was performed and modelled in order to verify the theoretically predicted parameters. in order to analyze experimental data and to forecast microreactor performance, a three-dimensional mathema ...	2007	17594008
mycoflora of two types of portuguese dry-smoked sausages and inhibitory effect of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate on mold growth rate.	the mycoflora of chouriqo types alentejano and ribatejano, two varieties of portuguese dry-smoked sausages, have been investigated after a producer-defined shelf life period (120 days at 20 +/- 5 degrees c) in modified atmosphere packaging (55% n2 and 45% co2). on the basis of morphological and physiological characteristics, the isolates were identified as penicillium, aspergillus, fusarium, rhizopus, monilia, absidia, and cephalosporium. the species identified were as follows: penicillium terre ...	2007	17612078
fumaric acid formation associated with sexuality in a strain of rhizopus nigricans.		1939	17732505
zygospores and sexual strains in the common bread mould, rhizopus nigricans.		1906	17772189
longevity in spores of aspergillus oryzae and rhizopus nigricans.		1923	17774267
antifungal lactic acid bacteria with potential to prolong shelf-life of fresh vegetables.	the aim of this study was to isolate and identify antifungal lactic acid bacteria from fresh vegetables, and evaluate their potential in preventing fungal spoilage of vegetables.	2007	17850302
biotransformations of imbricatolic acid by aspergillus niger and rhizopus nigricans cultures.	microbial transformation of imbricatolic acid (1) by aspergillus niger afforded 1alpha-hydroxyimbricatolic acid (2), while transformation with rhizopus nigricans yielded 15-hydroxy-8,17-epoxylabdan-19-oic acid (3). when the diterpene 1 was added to a cunninghamella echinulata culture, the main products were the microbial metabolites mycophenolic acid (4) and its 3-hydroxy derivative 5. all the structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. the cytotoxicity of these compounds towards human ...	2007	17873843
biosorption of simulated dyed effluents by inactivated fungal biomasses.	treatment of dyed effluents presents several problems mainly due to the toxicity and recalcitrance of dyestuffs. innovative technologies, such as biosorption, are needed as alternatives to conventional methods to find inexpensive ways of removing dyes from large volumes of effluents. inactivated biomasses do not require a continuous supply of nutrients and are not sensitive to the toxicity of dyes or toxic wastes. they can also be regenerated and reused in many cycles and are both safe and envir ...	2008	17888654
in vitro antioxidant and anti-rhizopus activities of lamiaceae herbal extracts.	eighty-eight extracts of different polarity obtained from 18 lamiaceae medicinal and aromatic plants were screened for their antioxidant and antifungal properties. a tlc analysis combined with two bioassays were used to detect these activities. in most cases the highest radical scavenger capacity was detected in methanolic and aqueous extracts and polyphenols may be responsible. the most interesting antioxidant activity was observed in polar extracts obtained from lycopus europaeus, melissa offi ...	2007	17912643
microbial hydroxylation of sclareol by rhizopus stolonifer.	incubation of sclareol with rhizopus stolonifer affords in high yield a mixture of triols with 18-hydroxy-sclareol as the main component.	2005	18007369
bioremediation of aflatoxins by some reference fungal strains.	aspergillus parasiticus rcmb 002001 (2) producing four types of aflatoxins b1, b2, g1, and g2 was used in this study as an aflatoxin-producer. penicillium griseofulvum, p. urticae, paecilomyces lilacinus, trichoderma viride, candida utilis, saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as a non-toxigenic strain of aspergillus flavus were found to be able to exhibit growth on aflatoxin b1-containing medium up to a concentration of 500 ppb. it was also found that several fungal strains exhibited the growth in ...	2007	18062656
carbon dioxide inhibition of anaerobic fumarate formation in the mold rhizopus nigricans.		1949	18113497
quantifying fungal viability in air and water samples using quantitative pcr after treatment with propidium monoazide (pma).	a method is described to discriminate between live and dead cells of the infectious fungi aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus terreus, mucor racemosus, rhizopus stolonifer and paecilomyces variotii. to test the method, conidial suspensions were heat inactivated at 85 degrees c or held at 5 degrees c (controls) for 1 h. polycarbonate filters (25 mm diameter, 0.8 microm pore size) were placed on "welled" slides (14 mm diameter) and the filters treated with either pbs or pma. pro ...	2008	18160156
high-affinity iron permease (ftr1) gene sequence-based molecular identification of clinically important zygomycetes.	the clinical importance of zygomycosis, an emerging and frequently fatal mycotic disease, has increased during recent years. this report describes an identification method based on pcr amplification and sequencing of the high-affinity iron permease 1 gene (ftr1). primers and amplification protocols were established and tested for the identification of rhizopus oryzae, rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, r. microsporus var. oligosporus, rhizopus schipperae, rhizopus niveus and rhizopus sto ...	2008	18190575
fungal transformation of dydrogesterone and inhibitory effect of its metabolites on the respiratory burst in human neutrophils.	the biotransformation of the synthetic hormone dydrogesterone (1) by a number of fungal strains - including cephalosporium aphidicola, rhizopus stolonifer, cunninghamella elegans, and fusarium lini - afforded ten different metabolites, compounds 2-11. from a structural point of view, these transformations involved a combination of hydroxylation, oxidation, reduction, and/or epoxidation. the pregnane-based metabolites 10 and 11 are new compounds. all the known compounds were obtained for the firs ...	2008	18293446
[five cases of zygomycosis.].	combined histological and mycological study of tissue specimens established a proven diagnosis of cutaneous zygomycosis in four patients. all patients had been treated with wide spectrum antibiotics and one patient (liver transplantation) was in addition also treated with cyclosporine. all had acidosis and cutaneous breaks and four had also been treated with systemic corticosteroids. the infecting organisms were absidia corymbifera (n=2), rhizopus stolonifer (n=1) and mucor circinelloides (n=1). ...	1999	18473594
is allergenic similarity predictable in respiratory allergies?	first degree relatives of patients with allergic diseases are at increased risk of having the disorder. however, it is not clear whether two such related patients with allergic diseases are sensitive to the same antigens or not.	2008	18479656
growth of phytopathogenic fungi in the presence of partially acetylated chitooligosaccharides.	four phytopathogenic fungi were cultivated up to six days in media containing chitooligosaccharide mixtures differing in average dp and fa. the three different mixtures were named q3 (which contained oligosaccharides of dp2-dp10, with dp2-dp7 as main components), q2 (which contained oligosaccharides of dp2-dp12, with dp2-dp10 as main components) and q1 (which derived from q2 and contained oligomers of dp5-dp8 with hexamer and a heptamer as the main components). the novel aspect of this work is t ...	2008	18523865
effect of shear on membrane-associated enzymes: studies of isolated progesterone 11alpha-hydroxylase complex from rhizopus nigricans.		1985	18553636
effect of shear on membrane-associated enzymes: studies of the release of intracellular protein and of the progesterone 11alpha-hydroxylase complex from rhizopus nigricans.	rhizopus nigricans atcc 6227b grown in either shake flasks or a fermentor was sheared in a concentric cylinder viscometer. the cells grown in shake flasks were found to be more susceptible to disruption by shear than those grown in the fermentor. cells resuspended in a medium containing reduced glutathione and edta were found to be more easily disrupted than cells resuspended in 0.5% nacl. the optimum condition for disruption of shake flask cells grown in the former medium with retention of prog ...	1985	18553637
headspace sorptive extraction and gc-tofms for the identification of volatile fungal metabolites.	volatiles from fungi cultivated in petri dishes were collected by a simple headspace polydimethylsiloxane (pdms) sorptive extraction technique (hsse), thermally desorbed into a gas chromatographic capillary column and detected and identified by gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (gc-tofms). the method was used to compare metabolite profiles of seven species of fungi grown on two types of sterile agars - potato dextrose and sabouraud dextrose. three species from the genus penicil ...	2008	18625272
evaluation of messenger plant activator as a preharvest and postharvest treatment of sweet cherry fruit under a controlled atmosphere.	the preservation methods as an alternative to chemical control to prevent postharvest quality losses of sweet cherry were examined. the efficacy of preharvest and postharvest messenger (m) treatments on sweet cherry cv. '0900 ziraat' was tested under a controlled atmosphere in 2004 and 2005. the factors investigated included the separate or combined effect of low oxygen, high carbon dioxide and m on the quality and fungal pathogens of sweet cherries in a normal atmosphere (na) and in a controlle ...	2008	18671163
in vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of action of chitinase against four plant pathogenic fungi.	to determine why chitinase has different antifungal activity on different pathogenic fungi in vitro, we purified recombinant rice chitinase from pichia pastoris and investigated its antifungal activity against four fungi - rhizopus stolonifer (ehrenb. et fr.) vuill, botrytis squamosa walker, pythium aphanidermatum (eds.) fitzp, and aspergillus niger van tiegh. scanning electron microscopy (sem) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) were used to analyze the surface microstructure and ...	2008	18720488
anaerobic formation of fumaric acid by the mold rhizopus nigricans.		1948	18880574
antifungal activity of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum, and rhizopus stolonifer: ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects.	abstract the effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on major postharvest pathogens was investigated at the ultrastructural and cytochemical level. hyphae of botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum,, and rhizopus stolonifer grown in the absence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose were normal and showed no apparent cytological alterations. in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose, however, these fungi exhibited severe cellular injuries ranging from cell wall disruption to cytoplasm disintegration. although 2-deoxy-d-glucose cau ...	1997	18945101
production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody raised against surface antigens from mycelium of gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici: evidence for an extracellular polyphenol oxidase.	abstract a murine monoclonal antibody (mab) of immunoglobulin class m (igm) was raised against surface antigens from gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, recognized isolates of g. graminis var. tritici, g. graminis var. avenae and g. graminis var. graminis. characterization of the antigen by heat and protease treatments showed that the epitope recognized by the mab was a protein. antigen production was detected only in live mycelia. immunofluorescence s ...	1997	18945163
microbial oxidation of anabolic steroids.	microbial transformation of two anabolic steroids, ethylestrenol (1) and nandrolone (2), were carried out. ethylestrenol (1), when incubated with rhizopus stolonifer (tsy 0471), yielded two oxidative metabolites named 17alpha-ethyl-3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-19-norndrost-4-ene (3) and 17alpha-ethyl-17beta-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one (4), while incubation of compound 2 with the same fungus yielded two oxidative metabolites, 19-norandrost-4-en-3,17-dione (5) and 6alpha,17beta-dihydroxy-19-norandr ...	2008	19023784
microbial transformation of testosterone by rhizopus stolonifer and fusarium lini.	the microbial transformation of testosterone by the fungi rhizopus stolonifer and fusarium lini has been investigated for the first time. the bioconversion reactions observed from r. stolonifer included oxidation of a 17beta-hydroxyl group, a hydroxylation at equatorial 11alpha position, reduction of the double bond at c-4 with oxidation of the methylene at c-6 to the corresponding keto group, and lactonisation of ring d; the latter is the first report of this reaction by a rhizopus species. fus ...	2008	19023814
identification and characterization of a novel delta6-fatty acid desaturase gene from rhizopus nigricans.	fatty acid composition of fungi is analysed through the gas chromatography technique. with specific activity a novel enzyme delta6-fatty acid desaturase was screened and isolated from rhizopus nigricans. in this study r. nigricans was identified as a fungal species that produced plentiful gamma-linolenic acid. a 1,475 bp full-length cdna, designated as rnd6d here, with high homology to fungal delta6-fatty acid desaturase genes was isolated from r. nigricans using reverse transcription polymerase ...	2009	19152021
[relationship of zn content and na/k ratio to the resistance to pathogen invasion in antisense acs transgenic tomato fruit and normal tomato].	in the present work, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (icp-aes) was used to determine the content of zn, na and k and the ratio of na/k in antisense acs transgenic tomato fruit (in which the antisense acc synthase gene construct was inserted) and in normal tomato fruit of the same variety (lycopersicon esculentum cv. lichun). the difference in mineral elements content between the two tomatoes and the involvement of zn content and na/k ratio in the disease resistance of pos ...	2009	19445235
evaluation of food additives as alternative or complementary chemicals to conventional fungicides for the control of major postharvest diseases of stone fruit.	to evaluate potential alternatives to conventional fungicides to control decay, more than 20 food additives and generally regarded as safe compounds were tested at three concentrations in in vivo primary screenings with several cultivars of california peaches, nectarines, and plums that had been artificially inoculated with seven major postharvest pathogens: monilinia fructicola, botrytis cinerea, geotrichum candidum, alternaria alternata, penicillium expansum, mucor piriformis, and rhizopus sto ...	2009	19517732
rapid detection and quantification of aspergillus fumigatus in environmental air samples using solid-phase cytometry.	aspergillus fumigatus is an ubiquitous fungus capable of causing severe infections such as aspergilloma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and invasive aspergillosis, especially in immunocompromised patients. monitoring the number of aspergillus fumigatus spores in the air is crucial for infection control. in the present study, a novel approach for the quantification of aspergillus fumigatus, based on solid-phase cytometry (spc) and immunofluorescent labeling, was developed. the sensitivi ...	2009	19534140
sporicidal activity of synthetic antifungal undecapeptides and control of penicillium rot of apples.	the antifungal activity of cecropin a(2-8)-melittin(6-9) hybrid undecapeptides, previously reported as active against plant pathogenic bacteria, was studied. a set of 15 sequences was screened in vitro against fusarium oxysporum, penicillium expansum, aspergillus niger, and rhizopus stolonifer. most compounds were highly active against f. oxysporum (mic < 2.5 microm) but were less active against the other fungi. the best peptides were studied for their sporicidal activity and for sytox green upt ...	2009	19617390
heat treatment in combination with antagonistic yeast reduces diseases and elicits the active defense responses in harvested cherry tomato fruit.	this study investigated the effects of heat treatment (hot air at 38 degrees c) and antagonistic yeast (pichia guilliermondii) alone or in combination against postharvest diseases (botrytis cinerea, alternaria alternata and rhizopus nigricans) on cherry tomato fruit, and evaluated the elicitation of active defense responses. results showed that heat treatment at 38 degrees c for 24 h in combination with p. guilliermondii at 1 x 10(8) cfu ml(-1) was the most effective approach to reduce various i ...	2009	19637930
cloning and expression of cellulase gene eg1 from rhizopus stolonifer var. reflexus tp-02 in escherichia coli.	a novel gene, eg encoding enzymes involved in carboxymethyl cellulose (cmc) degradation was isolated, sequenced from the filamentous fungus rhizopus stolonifer var. reflexus tp-02, and expressed in escherichia coli bl21. the results showed that the gene amplified from the cdna of the strain could be classified as the family of endoglucanase. during the fermentation process, the maximum endoglucanase activity (i.e. 0.715 iu/ml) of the recombinant bacteria was obtained at 36 h. the sds-page analys ...	2009	19640700
new oxandrolone derivatives by biotransformation using rhizopus stolonifer.	structural transformation of the steroidal lactone, oxandrolone (1), by suspended-cell cultures of the plant pathogen fungus rhizopus stolonifer, resulted in the production of three new metabolites. these metabolites were identified as 11alpha-hydroxyoxandrolone (2), 6alpha-hydroxyoxandrolone (3) and 9alpha-hydroxyoxandrolone (4), by different spectroscopic methods and single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis for metabolite 2. compounds 1 and 3 showed a significant beta-glucuronidase inhibitory ...	2009	19698730
a new selective medium for the recovery and enumeration of monilinia fructicola, m. fructigena, and m. laxa from stone fruits.	isolation of monilinia spp. from stone and pome fruit surfaces is difficult due to the presence of several fast-growing fungal species such as rhizopus, alternaria, and penicillium spp. therefore, a new selective medium (acidified potato dextrose agar [ph 3.6] amended with fosetyl-aluminum [fosetyl-al] at 500 microg/ml) (apda-f500) was developed for the recovery of monilinia propagules. the antifungal agents fosetyl-al, dichloran, ammonium molybdate, and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-dd-glucose) were tes ...	2009	19740034