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duganella phyllosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the leaf surface of trifolium repens and proposal to reclassify duganella violaceinigra into a novel genus as pseudoduganella violceinigra gen. nov., comb. nov.a bright yellow pigmented bacterium was isolated from the leaf surface of trifolium repens in germany. comparative analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences showed that this bacterium is most closely related to duganella zoogloeoides iam 12670(t), with a similarity of 99.3%, but revealed only a moderate similarity (96.8%) to the second duganella species, duganella violaceinigra yim 31327(t). strain t54(t) is clearly different from d. zoogloeoides iam 12670(t) in that dna-dna hybridization revealed a s ...201222169565
host plant suitability and feeding preferences of the grapevine pest abagrotis orbis (lepidoptera: noctuidae).thirteen plant species were tested for their suitability as hosts for abagrotis orbis (grote), a climbing cutworm pest of grapevines in british columbia. choice tests were also conducted to investigate larval feeding preferences for the brassicaceae species joi choi, brassica rapa variety. chinensis l., spring draba; draba verna l.; and shepherd's purse, capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik; compared with postdormant buds of grape, vitis vinifera l. (vitaceae), and leaves of nine other plant speci ...201122217761
digestive utilization of ozone-exposed forage by rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).a mixture of common southern piedmont (usa) grassland species (lolium arundinacea, paspalum dilatatum, cynodon dactylon and trifolium repens) was exposed to o(3) [ambient (non-filtered; nf) and twice-ambient (2x) concentrations] and fed to individually caged new zealand white rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) in a digestibility experiment. forages and feed refusals were analyzed for concentrations of total cell wall constituents, lignin, crude protein, and soluble and hydrolyzable phenolic fractio ...201222296918
models analyses for allelopathic effects of chicory at equivalent coupling of nitrogen supply and ph level on f. arundinacea, t. repens and m. sativa.alllelopathic potential of chicory was investigated by evaluating its effect on seed germination, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde (mda) and the chlorophyll content of three target plants species (festuca arundinacea, trifolium repens and medicago sativa). the secretion of allelochemicals was regulated by keeping the donor plant (chicory) separate from the three target plant species and using different ph and nitrogen levels. leachates from donor pots with different ph levels and nitrogen concentr ...201222384054
evaluation of long-chain alcohols as diet composition markers in goats grazing heathland areas.an experiment was conducted to assess the potential of long-chain alcohols (lcoh), in alternative or combined with alkanes and long-chain fatty acids (lcfa), as faecal markers to estimate the diet composition of goats grazing heathland vegetation with associated improved pastures. a total of seven diets were offered across the grazing season. the diets were composed of mixtures of herb species (lolium perenne and trifolium repens) and woody species (erica spp., calluna vulgaris and ulex gallii) ...201222436286
co-infection patterns and geographic distribution of a complex pathosystem targeted by pathogen-resistant plants.increasingly, pathogen-resistant (pr) plants are being developed to reduce the agricultural impacts of disease. however pr plants also have the potential to result in increased invasiveness of nontarget host populations and so pose a potential threat to nontarget ecosystems. in this paper we use a new framework to investigate geographical variation in the potential risk associated with unintended release of genetically modified alfalfa mosaic virus (amv)-resistant trifolium repens (white clover) ...201222471074
cumulative impact of a clover cover crop on the persistence and efficacy of beauveria bassiana in suppressing the pecan weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae).the pecan weevil, curculio caryae (horn), is a key pest of pecan. endemic levels of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuillemin can occur in pecan orchards and contribute to natural control of c. caryae. commercial formulations of the fungus can also be applied for suppression of c. caryae. we hypothesized that a clover cover crop enhances b. bassiana efficacy and persistence (e.g., by protecting the fungus against abiotic environmental stresses). the hypothesis was tested ...201222507002
biomarker measurements in trifolium repens and eisenia fetida to assess the toxicity of soil contaminated with landfill leachate: a microcosm study.to assess the toxicity of a soil contaminated with landfill leachate, biomarker measurements in two species living in close contact with the soil, i.e. a plant species trifolium repens and an animal species eisenia fetida, were conducted. briefly, both species were studied after simultaneous exposure conducted in microcosms. the organisms were exposed to soil supplemented with pure leachate, leachate diluted to 50%; leachate diluted to 25% and without leachate. after a 10 weeks exposure period, ...201222520451
gas chromatographic-olfactometric aroma profile and quantitative analysis of volatile carbonyls of grilled beef from different finishing feed systems.in this study, the important odor impact volatiles generated in the meat of grilled beef loin muscle were characterized. animals were finished in 4 different diet systems: t₁, pasture (a mixture of medicago sativa, trifolium repens, and festuca arundinacea); t₂, pasture supplemented with cracked corn grain (offered at 0.6% live weight, lw); t₃, pasture supplemented with cracked corn grain (offered at 1.2% lw); and t₄, concentrate (pellets with 85% corn and 12.8% sunflower, on a dry-matter basis) ...201222591324
rhodococcus cerastii sp. nov. and rhodococcus trifolii sp. nov., two novel species isolated from leaf surfaces.two gram-positive, non-endospore-forming rods, strains c5(t) and t8(t), were isolated from the phyllospheres of cerastium holosteoides and trifolium repens, respectively, and were studied in detail for their taxonomic position. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis allocated both isolates clearly to the genus rhodococcus. isolate c5(t) was most closely related to rhodococcus fascians and rhodococcus yunnanensis, showing 99.2 % gene sequence similarity to both species. strain t8(t) revealed the highest ...201322685110
the tr-cp 14 cysteine protease in white clover (trifolium repens) is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and is associated with programmed cell death during development of tracheary elements.cysteine proteases are known to be associated with programmed cell death, developmental senescence and some types of pathogen and stress-induced responses. in the present study, we have characterized the cysteine protease tr-cp 14 in white clover (trifolium repens). tr-cp 14 belongs to the c1a family of cysteine proteases with homology to xcp1 and xcp2 from arabidopsis thaliana and p48h-17 from zinnia elegans, which previously have been reported to be associated with tracheary element differenti ...201322707085
[effect of cr(vi) stress on growth of three herbaceous plants and their cr uptake].in order to elucidate the toxic mechanisms of trifolium repens, festuca arundinacea and medicago sativa under chromium [cr (vi)] stress, provide a theoretic foundation for phytoremediation of cr-contaminated soil, pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cr(vi) on plant growth, physiological characteristics, cr accumulation and distribution in three herbaceous plants. soil sample was treated by adding k2cr2o7 with the cr(vi) concentration of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg x kg(-1) ...201222946192
effects of co-grazing dairy heifers with goats on animal performance, dry matter yield, and pasture forage composition.mixed livestock grazing can offer an alternative management system for rearing dairy replacement heifers (bos taurus). a 2-yr study was conducted during 2009 (yr 1) and 2010 (yr 2) to determine the effects of co-grazing holstein heifers under rotational stocking with boer × kiko goats on animal performance, pasture dm yield, and botanical composition. each year, 24 heifers (134 ± 6 d of age and 147.4 ± 31.2 kg bw in yr 1; 166 ± 11 d of age and 168.0 ± 27.6 kg bw in yr 2) and 6 goats (2 yr old an ...201222952353
cool-season annual pastures with clovers to supplement wintering beef cows nursing calves.in december of 3 years, 87 beef cows with nursing calves (594 ± 9.8 kg; calving season, september to november) at side were stratified by body condition score, body weight, cow age, and calf gender and divided randomly into 6 groups assigned to 1 of 6 cool-season annual pastures (0.45 ha/cow) that had been interseeded into a dormant common bermudagrass (cynodon dactylon [l.] pers.)/bahiagrass (paspalum notatum flugge) sod. pastures contained 1 of the following 3 seeding mixtures (2 pastures/mixt ...201222958279
increased plant carbon translocation linked to overyielding in grassland species mixtures.plant species richness and productivity often show a positive relationship, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, especially at the plant species level. we examined how growing plants in species mixture influences intraspecific rates of short-term carbon (c-) translocation, and determined whether such short-term responses are reflected in biomass yields. we grew monocultures and mixtures of six common c3 grassland plant species in outdoor mesocosms, applied a (13)c-co(2) pulse ...201223049893
synthesis and herbicidal activity of substituted pyrazole isothiocyanates.isothiocyanates and substituted pyrazoles were combined to form a series of novel isothiocyanates with highly effective herbicidal activity. the target compounds were analyzed by elemental analysis, 1h-nmr, ei-ms and ir spectroscopy. the synthesized compounds, particularly compounds 3-1 and 3-7, exhibited good herbicidal activities against four weeds. the ec(50) values of compound 3-1 against echinochloa crusgalli l., cyperus iria l., dactylis glomerata l., and trifolium repens l. were 64.32, 65 ...201223075815
effect of silage botanical composition on ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids to milk in dairy cows.ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids (fa) to milk were determined for 4 silages with different botanical compositions using 4 multiparous norwegian red dairy cows [(mean ± sd) 118 ± 40.9 d in milk, 22.5 ± 2.72 kg of milk/d, 631 ± 3.3 kg of body weight, 3.3 ± 0.40 points on body condition score at the start of the experiment] fitted with rumen cannulas. treatments consisted of 4 experimental silages: a mix of the first and third cut of organically managed short-term grassland with ...201323200474
methylobacterium trifolii sp. nov. and methylobacterium thuringiense sp. nov., methanol-utilizing, pink-pigmented bacteria isolated from leaf surfaces.three pink-pigmented, aerobic, gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and facultatively methylotrophic strains were isolated from the phyllosphere of trifolium repens and cerastium holosteoides. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis support the affiliation of all strains to the genus methylobacterium. the closest relatives of strains c34(t) and t5 were methylobacterium gnaphalii 23e(t) (98.0 and 98.5 % sequence similarity, respectively) and methylobacterium organophilum jcm 2833(t) (97.0 and 97.2 %, respecti ...201323291886
sequence analysis of hypothetical lysine exporter genes of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii from calamine old waste heaps and their evolutionary history.the aim of this study was to identify heavy metal detoxification system in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii isolated from trifolium repens inhabiting old (70-100 years) zn-pb waste heaps in poland by pcr reaction with czcd1 and czcd2 primers. by sequence analysis, four different genotypes of obtained amplicons were identified among eight examined isolates. their sequence similarity ranged 91-99 %. they indicated the highest sequence identity to the hypothetical lysine exporter gene of r. leg ...201323322256
the effect of target postgrazing height on sward clover content, herbage yield, and dairy production from grass-white clover pasture.white clover (trifolium repens) is an important legume for grazed grassland that can increase the profitability and environmental sustainability of milk production. previous experiments on mown grass-clover plots suggest that low postgrazing heights (pgh) can increase sward clover content and herbage production. however, this has not been tested in actual strip or rotational grazing systems with dairy cows. furthermore, lowering pgh in grass-only swards (typically perennial ryegrass without whit ...201323332838
the root herbivore history of the soil affects the productivity of a grassland plant community and determines plant response to new root herbivore attack.insect root herbivores can alter plant community structure by affecting the competitive ability of single plants. however, their effects can be modified by the soil environment. root herbivory itself may induce changes in the soil biota community, and it has recently been shown that these changes can affect plant growth in a subsequent season or plant generation. however, so far it is not known whether these root herbivore history effects (i) are detectable at the plant community level and/or (i ...201323441201
[soil and water losses and phosphorus output at the places between ridges in sloping peanut land under different planting modes in yimeng mountainous area of shandong province, east china].taking the typical land use type, sloping arachis hypogaea land, in yimeng mountainous area of shandong as study object, an in-situ fixed-point field experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of soil and water losses and phosphorus output at the places between ridges in the sloping land under different planting modes (arachis hypogaea + cynodon dactylon, i; a. hypogae + melilotus officinalis, ii; a. hypogaea + lolium multiflorum, iii; a. hypogaea + trifolium repens, iv; a. hypogaea + ...201223479876
genetic transformation of western clover (trifolium occidentale d. e. coombe.) as a model for functional genomics and transgene introgression in clonal pasture legume species.western clover (trifolium occidentale) is a perennial herb with characteristics compatible for its development as an attractive model species for genomics studies relating to the forage legume, white clover (trifolium repens). its characteristics such as a small diploid genome, self-fertility and ancestral contribution of one of the genomes of t. repens, facilitates its use as a model for genetic analysis of plants transformed with legume or novel genes.201323841995
the diversity of rhizobia, sinorhizobia and novel non-rhizobial paenibacillus nodulating wild herbaceous legumes.the objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize nodulating bacteria associated with wild legumes. for this purpose, we recovered twenty isolates from root nodules of five wild legume species: melilotus alles, melilotus officinalis, trifolium pratense, trifolium repens and medicago sp. most of the isolates were morphologically analogous with only few exceptions in colony shape, appearance and incubation time. all isolates were gram negative except t.p2-4. random amplification o ...201323896976
repetitive somatic embryogenesis and plant recovery in white clover.breeding and selection was used to generate a population of white clover (trifolium repens l.) from cultivar osceola with a high embryogenic capacity. somatic embryos were obtained from immature cotyledons of white clover placed onto ec6 basal medium containing 40 mg l(-1) of 2,4-d and 6% sucrose. the effects of 2,4-d at 20 and 40 mg l(-1) and of the carbohydrates, sucrose and maltose, were evaluated for their influence in the establishment of repetitive somatic embryogenesis. to determine the o ...199324196847
can social bees be influenced to choose a specific feeding station by adding the scent of the station to the hive air?the behavioral response of honeybees (apis mellifera l.) and bumblebees (bombus terrestris l.) to the flower volatiles 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and myrcene isolated in situ from white clover (trifolium repens l.) and oil seed rape (brassica napus oleifera), respectively, were investigated on a rotating arena with 12 visually identical, but differently scented, feeding stations. when locating a feeding station, neutral in both shape and color, foragers used scent as orientation cue. introduction of 2-et ...199524233819
reproductive capacity of bacteroids in nodules of trifolium repens l. and glycine max (l.) merr.reproductive growth of intracellular bacteria from isolated protoplasts in nodules of clover and soybean was directly investigated using a microchamber with visual and video recording. differentiated bacteriods from clover nodules uniformly failed to reproduce. such growth as occurred came from undifferentiated rhizobia from within the protoplast or extracellularly in the nodule. plating investigation gave results in agreement with this conclusion. osmoprotective media failed to secure the repro ...198524249446
rapid embedding methods into epoxy and lr white resins for morphological and immunological analysis of cryofixed biological specimens.a variety of specimens including bacteria, ciliates, choanoflagellates (salpingoeca rosetta), zebrafish (danio rerio) embryos, nematode worms (caenorhabditis elegans), and leaves of white clover (trifolium repens) plants were high pressure frozen, freeze-substituted, infiltrated with either epon, epon-araldite, or lr white resins, and polymerized. total processing time from freezing to blocks ready to section was about 6 h. for epoxy embedding the specimens were freeze-substituted in 1% osmium t ...201424252586
are weeds hitchhiking a ride on your car? a systematic review of seed dispersal on cars.when traveling in cars, we can unintentionally carry and disperse weed seed; but which species, and where are they a problem? to answer these questions, we systematically searched the scientific literature to identify all original research studies that assess seed transported by cars and listed the species with seed on/in cars. from the 13 studies that fit these criteria, we found 626 species from 75 families that have seed that can be dispersed by cars. of these, 599 are listed as weeds in some ...201324265803
impacts of a neonicotinoid, neonicotinoid-pyrethroid premix, and anthranilic diamide insecticide on four species of turf-inhabiting beneficial insects.many turf managers prefer to control foliage- and root-feeding pests with the same application, so-called multiple-targeting, using a single broad-spectrum insecticide or a premix product containing two or more active ingredients. we compared the impact of a neonicotinoid (clothianidin), a premix (clothianidin + bifenthrin), and an anthranilic diamide (chlorantraniliprole), the main insecticide classes used for multiple targeting, on four species of beneficial insects: harpalus pennsylvanicus, a ...201424493235
differential effects of light quality, provided by different grass neighbours, on the growth and morphology of trifolium repens l. (white clover).the ability to respond in a specific manner to different light conditions imposed by different species of grass is a major factor contributing to white clover persistence in pastures. gaps in a pasture provide light with a higher red:far-red ratio (r:fr) and higher photosynthetic photon flux density (ppfd) than the light filtered through neighbours. white clover (trifolium repens l.) was grown under different light conditions in ways that tried to simulate as closely as possible some of the ligh ...200024595840
turf wars: experimental tests for alternative stable states in a two-phase coastal ecosystem.alternative stable states have long been thought to exist in natural communities, but direct evidence for their presence and for the environmental switches that cause them has been scarce. using a combination of greenhouse and field experiments, we investigated the environmental drivers associated with two distinctive herbaceous communities in coastal ecosystems in new zealand. in a mosaic unrelated to micro-topography, a community dominated largely by native turf species (notably leptinella dio ...201424669734
forage fiber effects on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and selective retention in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages.the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ndf content in highly digestible grass/clover silage on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and selective retention in dairy heifers. the reduction in particle size from feed to feces was evaluated and related to feed intake, chewing activity, and apparent digestibility. four grass/clover harvests (mixtures of lolium perenne, trifolium pratense, and trifolium repens) were performed from early may to late august at differen ...201424671592
antioxidant responses of annelids, brassicaceae and fabaceae to pollutants: a review.pollutants, such as metal trace elements (mtes) and organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides), can impact dna structure of living organisms and thus generate damage. for instance, cadmium is a well-known genotoxic and mechanisms explaining its clastogenicity are mainly indirect: inhibition of dna repair mechanisms and/or induction of reactive oxygen species (ros). animal or vegetal cells use antioxidant defense systems to protect themselves against ros produced during oxid ...201524951273
evaluation of physical structure value in spring-harvested grass/clover silage and hay fed to heifers.the physical structure value of conserved grass/clover forages of spring harvest was evaluated by assessing effects of harvest time, conservation method, indf/ndf ratio and ndf intake (ndfi) per kg bw on chewing activity and fecal particle size in dairy heifers. a mixed sward consisting of ryegrass (lolium perenne), red clover (trifolium pratense) and white clover (trifolium repens) was harvested in 2009 on may 9 (early) and 25 (late), and both cuts were conserved as silage and hay. the early si ...201525245025
kazusa marker database: a database for genomics, genetics, and molecular breeding in plants.in order to provide useful genomic information for agronomical plants, we have established a database, the kazusa marker database (http://marker.kazusa.or.jp). this database includes information on dna markers, e.g., ssr and snp markers, genetic linkage maps, and physical maps, that were developed at the kazusa dna research institute. keyword searches for the markers, sequence data used for marker development, and experimental conditions are also available through this database. currently, 10 pl ...201425320561
beneficial soil bacterium bacillus subtilis (gb03) augments salt tolerance of white clover.soil salinity is an increasingly serious problem worldwide that reduces agricultural output potential. selected beneficial soil bacteria can promote plant growth and augment tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. bacillus subtilis strain gb03 has been shown to confer growth promotion and abiotic stress tolerance in the model plant arabidopsis thaliana. here we examined the effect of this beneficial soil bacterium on salt tolerance in the legume forage crop, white clover. plants of white clove ...201425339966
a sinorhizobium meliloti-specific n-acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal increases nodule numbers in medicago truncatula independent of autoregulation.n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) act as quorum sensing signals that regulate cell-density dependent behaviors in many gram-negative bacteria, in particular those important for plant-microbe interactions. ahls can also be recognized by plants, and this may influence their interactions with bacteria. here we tested whether the exposure to ahls affects the nodule-forming symbiosis between legume hosts and rhizobia. we treated roots of the model legume, medicago truncatula, with a range of ahls eit ...201425352858
genetic differentiation of trifolium repens microsymbionts deriving from zn-pb waste-heap and control area in poland.the aim of this work was to determine the genetic structure of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii population isolated from root nodules of trifolium repens growing in heavy metal contaminated bolesław waste-heap area and compare it with that of an unpolluted control bolestraszyce population. the 684-bp long dinitrogenase reductase (nifh) gene fragments were amplified in a pcr reaction and then sequenced. an analysis of nifh gene amplicons of 21 rhizobial strains from each of the studied popula ...201525400035
contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and/or bacteria to enhancing plant drought tolerance under natural soil conditions: effectiveness of autochthonous or allochthonous strains.autochthonous microorganisms [a consortium of arbuscular-mycorrhizal (am) fungi and bacillus thuringiensis (bt)] were assayed and compared to rhizophagus intraradices (ri), bacillus megaterium (bm) or pseudomonas putida (psp) and non-inoculation on trifolium repens in a natural arid soil under drought conditions. the autochthonous bacteria bt and the allochthonous bacteria psp increased nutrients and the relative water content and decreased stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage, proline and ...201525462971
efficacy of condensed tannins against larval hymenolepis diminuta (cestoda) in vitro and in the intermediate host tenebrio molitor (coleoptera) in vivo.natural anti-parasitic compounds in plants such as condensed tannins (ct) have anthelmintic properties against a range of gastrointestinal nematodes, but for other helminths such effects are unexplored. the aim of this study was to assess the effects of ct from three different plant extracts in a model system employing the rat tapeworm, hymenolepis diminuta, in its intermediate host, tenebrio molitor. an in vitro study examined infectivity of h. diminuta cysticercoids (excystation success) isola ...201525468673
protein precipitation behavior of condensed tannins from lotus pedunculatus and trifolium repens with different mean degrees of polymerization.the precipitation of bovine serum albumin (bsa), lysozyme (lys), and alfalfa leaf protein (alf) by two large- and two medium-sized condensed tannin (ct) fractions of similar flavan-3-ol subunit composition is described. ct fractions isolated from white clover flowers and big trefoil leaves exhibited high-purity profiles by 1d/2d nmr and purities >90% (determined by thiolysis). at ph 6.5, large cts with a mean degree of polymerization (mdp) of ∼18 exhibited similar protein precipitation behaviors ...201525569853
interrelations between herbage yield, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lutein, protein, and fiber in non-leguminous forbs, forage legumes, and a grass-clover mixture as affected by harvest date.pastures with diverse botanical composition may enhance animal-derived product quality. a recent study demonstrated high vitamin concentrations and yields in some forb species. the objectives of the present study were to investigate interrelations between herbage yields, vitamin concentrations, protein and fiber contents and analyze the effect of harvest date. we hypothesized that interrelations would be similar across investigated forage species. four nonleguminous forbs: salad burnet (sanguiso ...201525573460
changes in southern piedmont grassland community structure and nutritive quality with future climate scenarios of elevated tropospheric ozone and altered rainfall patterns.forage species common to the southern usa piedmont region, lolium arundinacea, paspalum dilatatum, cynodon dactylon and trifolium repens, were established in a model pasture system to test the future climate change scenario of increasing ozone exposure in combination with varying rainfall amounts on community structure and nutritive quality. forages were exposed to two levels of ozone [ambient (non-filtered; nf) and twice ambient (2×) concentrations] with three levels of precipitation (average o ...201625727344
ethnomedicinal plants of shankaracharya hill, srinagar, j&k, india.primitive human societies have always relied on plants and plant products for various remedies. in certain areas, these folk medical prescriptions are endemic and have survived through ages from one generation to the next through word of mouth. they do not exist as written knowledge. the present study was undertaken with an objective of documenting the ethnobotanical information of medicinal plants of shankaracharya hill by taking the help of local herbalists, elderly and knowledgeable people.201526008867
rhizobium anhuiense sp. nov., isolated from effective nodules of vicia faba and pisum sativum.four rhizobia-like strains, isolated from root nodules of pisum sativum and vicia faba grown in anhui and jiangxi provinces of china, were grouped into the genus rhizobium but were distinct from all recognized species of the genus rhizobium by phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna and housekeeping genes. the combined sequences of the housekeeping genes atpd, reca and glnii for strain ccbau 23252(t) showed 86.9 to 95% similarity to those of known species of the genus rhizobium. all four strains had n ...201526025940
plant community associations of two invasive thistles.in order to combat the growing problems associated with biological invasions, many researchers have focused on identifying which communities are most vulnerable to invasion by exotic species. however, once established, invasive species can significantly change the composition of the communities that they invade. the first step to disentangling the direction of causality is to discern whether a relationship with other vegetation exists at all. carduus nutans and c. acanthoides are similar invasiv ...201526038126
use of cover crops for weed suppression in hazelnut (corylus avellana l.) in turkey.weed management is critical in hazelnut (corylus avellana) production. weeds reduce nutrient availability, interfere with tree growth, and reduce hand-harvesting efficiency. field experiments were conducted to test effects of cover crops as alternative weed management strategies in hazelnut. the cover crop treatments consisted of trifolium repens l., festuca rubra subsp. rubra l., festuca arundinacea schreb., vicia villosa roth. and trifolium meneghinianum celmand fallow with no cover crop. cont ...201426084088
transcription of biotic stress associated genes in white clover (trifolium repens l.) differs in response to cyst and root-knot nematode infection.the transcription of four members of the kunitz proteinase inhibitor (kpi) gene family of white clover (trifolium repens l.), designated as tr-kpi1, tr-kpi2, tr-kpi4 and tr-kpi5, was investigated at both local infection (roots) and systemic (leaf tissue) sites in white clover in response to infection with the clover root knot nematode (crkn) meloidogyne trifoliophila and the clover cyst nematode (ccn) heterodera trifolii. invasion by the crkn resulted in a significant decrease in transcript abun ...201526393362
antioxidant defense gene analysis in brassica oleracea and trifolium repens exposed to cd and/or pb.this study focused on the expression analysis of antioxidant defense genes in brassica oleracea and in trifolium repens. plants were exposed for 3, 10, and 56 days in microcosms to a field-collected suburban soil spiked by low concentrations of cadmium and/or lead. in both species, metal accumulations and expression levels of genes encoding proteins involved and/or related to antioxidant defense systems (glutathione transferases, peroxidases, catalases, metallothioneins) were quantified in leave ...201626514569
effects of common mycorrhizal network on plant carbohydrates and soil properties in trifoliate orange-white clover association.common mycorrhizal network (cmn) allows nutrients and signals to pass between two or more plants. in this study, trifoliate orange (poncirus trifoliata) and white clover (trifolium repens) were planted in a two-compartmented rootbox, separated by a 37-μm nylon mesh and then inoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf), diversispora spurca. inoculation with d. spurca resulted in formation of a cmn between trifoliate orange and white clover, whilst the best am colonization occurred in th ...201526556792
systemic colonization of clover (trifolium repens) by clostridium botulinum strain 2301.in recent years, cases of botulism in cattle and other farm animals and also in farmers increased dramatically. it was proposed, that these cases could be affiliated with the spreading of compost or other organic manures contaminated with clostridium botulinum spores on farm land. thus, soils and fodder plants and finally farm animals could be contaminated. therefore, the colonization behavior and interaction of the botulinum neurotoxin (bont d) producing c. botulinum strain 2301 and the non-tox ...201526583010
genome sequence of the clover symbiont rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain cc275e.rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain cc275e is a highly effective, n2-fixing microsymbiont of white clover (trifolium repens l.). the bacterium has been widely used in both australia and new zealand as a clover seed inoculant and, as such, has delivered the equivalent of millions of dollars of nitrogen into these pastoral systems. r. leguminosarum strain cc275e is a rod-shaped, motile, gram-negative, non-spore forming bacterium. the genome was sequenced on an illumina miseq instrument usi ...201526649149
more milk from forage: milk production, blood metabolites, and forage intake of dairy cows grazing pasture mixtures and spatially adjacent monocultures.there is interest in the reincorporation of legumes and forbs into pasture-based dairy production systems as a means of increasing milk production through addressing the nutritive value limitations of grass pastures. the experiments reported in this paper were undertaken to evaluate milk production, blood metabolite concentrations, and forage intake levels of cows grazing either pasture mixtures or spatially adjacent monocultures containing perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne), white clover (trif ...201626923052
leaf economics spectrum-productivity relationships in intensively grazed pastures depend on dominant species identity.plant functional traits are thought to drive variation in primary productivity. however, there is a lack of work examining how dominant species identity affects trait-productivity relationships. the productivity of 12 pasture mixtures was determined in a 3-year field experiment. the mixtures were based on either the winter-active ryegrass (lolium perenne) or winter-dormant tall fescue (festuca arundinacea). different mixtures were obtained by adding forb, legume, and grass species that differ in ...201627092237
contributions to the phytotherapies of digestive disorders: traditional knowledge and cultural drivers of manoor valley, northern pakistan.ethno medicinal traditional knowledge regarding the uses of indigenous medicinal plants used for various human digestive disorders are mostly known to the elder community members. as the young generation is not much aware about such vital traditional medicinal practice because they rely on elders.201627353866
chronic exposure to a neonicotinoid pesticide alters the interactions between bumblebees and wild plants.insect pollinators are essential for both the production of a large proportion of world crops and the health of natural ecosystems. as important pollinators, bumblebees must learn to forage on flowers to feed both themselves and provision their colonies.increased use of pesticides has caused concern over sublethal effects on bees, such as impacts on reproduction or learning ability. however, little is known about how sublethal exposure to field-realistic levels of pesticide might affect the abil ...201627512241
in vitro anthelmintic assessment of selected phytochemicals against hymenolepis diminuta, a zoonotic tapeworm.a large number of medicinal plants are used as herbal remedy for the treatment of helminthic diseases in the developing countries, however, far too little attention has been paid to assess the anthelmintic potentials of chemical compounds that are present in these plants. this study was carried out to assess the in vitro anthelmintic effects of biochanin a, ursolic acid, betulinic acid and beta-sitosterol which are the major phytochemicals of trifolium repens, houttuynia cordata and lasia spinos ...201627605841
ensifer alkalisoli sp. nov. isolated from root nodules of sesbania cannabina grown in saline-alkaline soils.a group of sesbania cannabina rhizobia belonging to four reca genotypes of a novel group was further characterized in comparison with the related ensifer species. they showed 98.2 to 99.9 % similarities among themselves and 92.9 to 93.3 % similarities with the most related strain ensifer sojae ccbau 05684t in multilocus sequence analysis of reca, atpd and glnii. the genome average nucleotide identity values between representative strain yic4027t and the type strains of its closely related specie ...201627653171
bioassessment of heavy metals in the surface soil layer of an opencast mine aimed for its rehabilitation.the contemporary reclamation method in an opencast coal mine closure comprises the use of the preserved surface soil layer (ssl) before mining, and can be directly returned to the areas being rehabilitated. the present study emphasizes a risk in the use of such a ssl in mine rehabilitation due to the possible excessive amount of heavy metals which usually derives from a metal-rich sediment or fluvial character of overburden material. this indication was approved by the bioassessment of cadmium ( ...201727823905
using plant wax markers to estimate the diet composition of grazing holstein dairy cows.the objective of this study was to test whether diet selection of dairy cows under grazing conditions could be estimated using plant wax markers. furthermore, differences between 2 cow strains and the effect of concentrate supplementation on plant species selection were investigated. the experiment was a study with a crossover design performed on an organic farm with 12 swiss holstein cows and 12 new zealand holstein cows. both experimental periods consisted of a 21-d adaptation and a 7-d measur ...201727939548
detection of invertebrate suppressive soils, and identification of a possible biological control agent for meloidogyne nematodes using high resolution rhizosphere microbial community analysis.white clover (trifolium repens) is the key legume component of new zealand pastoral agriculture due to the high quality feed and nitrogen inputs it provides. invertebrate pests constrain white clover growth and this study investigated rhizosphere-associated fungal controls for two of these pests and attempts to disentangle the underpinning mechanisms. the degree of suppressiveness of 10 soils, in a latitudinal gradient down new zealand, to added meloidogyne hapla and costelytra zealandica scarab ...201628082997
long-term responsiveness to free air co2 enrichment of functional types, species and genotypes of plants from fertile permanent grassland.to test inter- and intraspecific variability in the responsiveness to elevated co2, 9-14 different genotypes of each of 12 perennial species from fertile permanent grassland were grown in lolium perenne swards under ambient (35 pa) and elevated (60 pa) atmospheric partial pressure of co2 (pco2) for 3 years in a free air carbon dioxide enrichment (face) experiment. the plant species were grouped according to their functional types: grasses (l. perenne, l. multiflorum, arrhenatherum elatius, dacty ...199728307292
status of self-pollen in bee pollination efficiency of white clover (trifolium repens l.).flowers of white clover (trifolium repens l.) are hermaphrodite and self-incompatible; their cross-pollination depends entirely on insect visitors, mainly bees (apoidea). because self-pollination of white clover occurs before flower anthesis, we determined whether selfing affected the pollination efficiency of a honeybee visit. we compared pollen deposition in emasculated and intact flowers following (1) a single honeybee visit, (2) open-pollination for a day and (3) enclosure in a cloth bag to ...199828307562
the effect of mollusc grazing on seedling recruitment in artificially created grassland gaps.two experiments conducted in spring and autumn 1992 examined the effect of mollusc grazing on seedling regeneration from natural grassland seedbanks by creating artificial gaps in plots in a grassland sward. molluscs were excluded from half the gaps by application of molluscicide. mollusc grazing in both the spring and autumn experiment significantly reduced seedling recruitment, though the intensity of grazing was greatest in autumn. recruitment of five species was markedly influenced by mollus ...199628307649
resource heterogeneity and patterns of movement in foraging bumblebees.differences in the foraging behavior of b. terricola workers on white clover, trifolium repens, were examined on previously unvisited (filled) and depleted flowers, and as a function of flower-head density. 1. the number of florets visited per unit time was independent of flower head density from 20 to at least 290 heads/m(2), in part because the bees utilized more florets per head at low flower head densities, and also because they approached but rejected more flower heads at high rather than a ...197928309608
within-population variation in localized and integrated responses of trifolium repens to biotically patchy environments.genets of trifolium repens (white clover) were collected from three patches of old permanent pasture dominated by agrostis capillaris, holcus lanatus or lolium perenne. plants derived from the genets were grown with plants of one grass species present on one side of each t. repens, and a different grass species on the other side, in all combinations of two of the three grasses. different modules (a node with its associated internode, leaf, and axillary bud) on the same clover plant responded ind ...199128313200
dynamics of runoff and sediment trapping performance of vegetative filter strips: run-on experiments and modeling.vegetative filter strips (vfss) are a labor-saving and cost-effective agricultural best management practice to trap water runoff and sediment from the source areas. they also provide forage and/or fuel and are therefore potentially profitable for land owners. vfss are however a dynamic system: the runoff delivery ratio (rdr) and sediment delivery ratio (sdr) vary with growth stage and vegetation types. the impacts of vegetation characteristics as well as soil physical properties modified by vege ...201728342418
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