Publications

effective selection of transgenic papaya plants with the pmi/man selection system.	the selectable marker gene phospho-mannose isomerase (pmi), which encodes the enzyme phospho-mannose isomerase (pmi) to enable selection of transformed cell lines on media containing mannose (man), was evaluated for genetic transformation of papaya (carica papaya l.). we found that papaya embryogenic calli have little or no pmi activity and cannot utilize man as a carbon source; however, when calli were transformed with a pmi gene, the pmi activity was greatly increased and they could utilize ma ...	2005	15812659
in vitro effects of four tropical plants on the activity and development of the parasitic nematode, trichostrongylus colubriformis.	the in vitro effects of extracts of four tropical plants (zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, newbouldia laevis, morinda lucida and carica papaya) on the egg, infective larvae and adult worms of trichostrongylus colubriformis were screened for potential anthelmintic properties. significant effects were observed with the four plants on t. colubriformis but they differed depending on the stage of the parasite. extracts of each plant induced a dose-dependent inhibition of egg hatching. using a larval inhib ...	2005	15831110
carica papaya seed macerate as inhibitor of conjugative r plasmid transfer from salmonella typhimurium to escherichia coli in vitro and in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice.	in this study, the effect of carica papaya seed macerate on conjugal r plasmid transfer from salmonella typhimurium to escherichia coli was investigated in vitro and in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice. twenty-five micrograms per milliliter and 430 mg (administered intragastrically twice a day) of papaya seed macerate concentrations were used during conjugation for in vitro and in vivo assays, respectively. high frequency of conjugation inhibition by macerate was observed for both in vitr ...	2005	15864757
partially purified carica papaya lipase: a versatile biocatalyst for the hydrolytic resolution of (r,s)-2-arylpropionic thioesters in water-saturated organic solvents.	with the hydrolytic resolution of (r,s)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioesters in water-saturated isooctane as a model system, improvements of the specific lipase activity and thermal stability were found when a crude carica papaya lipase (cpl) was partially purified and employed as the biocatalyst. the partially purified carica papaya lipase (pcpl) was furthermore explored as an effective enantioselective biocatalyst for the hydrolytic resolution of (r,s)-profen thioesters in water-saturated ...	2005	15918166
aerobiological and immunochemical studies on carica papaya l. pollen: an aeroallergen from india.	carica papaya l. is a fruit yielding tree, wildly grown or cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. its pollen grain has been reported to be airborne and cause immunoglobulin e (ige)-mediated hypersensitivity.	2005	15932383
[occupational allergies to papain].	occupational exposure against dusts of plant, bacterial, mould, and animal enzymes is long known to be associated with a high risk of specific sensitization. the present evaluation of literature data confirms that this is also true for papain. this frequently used industrial protease is derived from papaya (carica papaya). several cases of specific airway sensitization caused by papain are verified by a number of case reports and cross sectional studies. as symptoms, results of skin prick tests, ...	2005	15991076
dried papaya skin as a dietary ingredient for broiler chickens.	the chemical composition of dried papaya (carica papaya) skin (dps) was determined and its potential as a dietary ingredient for broiler chickens was investigated at dietary concentrations of 0, 40, 80 and 120g/kg. dps was found to give similar food consumption, food conversion efficiency, survivability and meat yields (except male liver weight) to a control diet when used up to 120 g/kg of diet. weight gain tended to increase with dietary concentration of dps up to 80 g/kg. it was concluded tha ...	2005	16050195
characterization of a cdna encoding metallothionein 3 from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).	a cdna encoding metallothionein (mt) was isolated from a library constructed with poly a(+) rna purified from 48 h etiolated cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) cotyledons. this cdna encodes a deduced protein with 63 residues and a molecular weight of 6.3 kda. the protein has 10 cysteines of which 4 are within the cxxcxcxxxxxc amino-terminus motif and six are within the cxcxxxcxcxxcxc carboxyl-terminus motif characteristic of the type iii mt (mt3). the cotton mt3 protein sequence is 76.2, 69.8, 66.7, ...	2005	16147860
modulation of jejunal contractions by extract of carica papaya l. seeds.	carica papaya l. (papaya) seed preparations are used in traditional medicine to expel intestinal worms in human and ruminants. in the present study, an ethanol extract of papaya seeds (eeps; 0.1-6.4 mg/ml) caused concentration-dependent inhibition of jejunal contractions in contrast to corresponding concentrations of dmso (solvent control). the inhibitory effect of eeps on jejunal contractions was significantly irreversible. previous studies have indicated that benzyl isothiocyanate (bitc) is th ...	2005	16161026
'candidatus phytoplasma graminis' and 'candidatus phytoplasma caricae', two novel phytoplasmas associated with diseases of sugarcane, weeds and papaya in cuba.	during 2003, surveys of sugarcane yellow leaf disease and papaya bunchy top-like disease were carried out on plantations in havana province, cuba, to determine the roles of weeds and auchenorrhyncha insects in the epidemiology of these diseases. more than 250 plant and insect samples were collected and indexed by using a nested pcr for phytoplasma 16s rdna with the generic primer pairs p1/p7 and r16f2n/r16r2. the pcr products were further characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism ...	2005	16280510
perspectives of contraceptive choices for men.	apart from condoms and vasectomy, which have several limitations of their own, no other methods of contraception are available to men. various chemical, hormonal, vas based and herbal contraceptives have been examined and few of them have reached the stage of clinical testing. promising leads have been obtained from testosterone buciclate/undecanoate, alone or in combination with levonorgestrel butanoate or cyproterone acetate, risug, an injectable intravasal contraceptive and a few herbal produ ...	2005	16313067
characterisation of an alpha-galactosidase with potential relevance to ripening related texture changes.	alpha-galactosidase (ec 3.2.1.22) from ripe papaya (carica papaya l.) fruit was fractionated by a combination of ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography into three forms, viz., alpha-galactosidase 1, 2 and 3. the predominant isoform, alpha-gal 2, was probably a tetramer with a native molecular mass of about 170 kda and 52 kda-sized subunits and an estimated pi of 7.3. the subunit's n-terminal amino acid sequence shared high identity (97%) with the deduced sequence of a papaya cdna clone e ...	2006	16325871
philibertain g i, the most basic cysteine endopeptidase purified from the latex of philibertia gilliesii hook. et arn. (apocynaceae).	a new papain-like cysteine peptidase isolated from latex of philibertia gilliesii hook. et arn., apocynaceae (formerly asclepiadaceae) has been purified and characterized. the enzyme, named philibertain g i, is the most basic component present in latex extracts and was purified by acetone fractionation followed by cation exchange chromatography (sp-sepharose hr) using fplc system. homogeneity was confirmed by sds-page and mass spectroscopy (ms). molecular mass of the enzyme was 23,530 da (maldi- ...	2005	16328737
effects of carica papaya (paw paw) seeds extract on the morphology of pituitary-gonadal axis of male wistar rats.	the effects of oral administration of carica papaya seeds extract on the morphology of pituitary, testes and sex accessory glands were studied. the c. papaya extract (50 and 200 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to sexually mature male wistar rats for 1 and 8 weeks, respectively. the control group received corn oil (vehicle) only. the animals were killed after 1 and 8 weeks treatment for histological preparation. the microscopic examination of the sections of pituitary gonadotrophs (fsh and lh ...	2005	16372375
feasibility of using papaya skin extract for digestion of swamp eel viscera for harvesting infective stage larva of gnathostoma spp.	in this study, we reported the feasibility of using papaya skin extract (carica papaya l.) as an alternative to enzyme pepsin in harvesting gnathostoma spinigerum third-stage larvae. from experimental digestion, we found that the different numbers of recovered larvae between papaya skin extract and pepsin were not statistically significant (p >0.05). when the derived larvae from pepsin and papaya skin extract digestion were cultivated in bme medium for 7 days, the survival rates were not signifi ...	2005	16438187
crystal structure of papaya glutaminyl cyclase, an archetype for plant and bacterial glutaminyl cyclases.	glutaminyl cyclases (qcs) (ec 2.3.2.5) catalyze the intramolecular cyclization of protein n-terminal glutamine residues into pyroglutamic acid with the concomitant liberation of ammonia. qcs may be classified in two groups containing, respectively, the mammalian enzymes, and the enzymes from plants, bacteria, and parasites. the crystal structure of the qc from the latex of carica papaya (pqc) has been determined at 1.7a resolution. the structure was solved by the single wavelength anomalous diff ...	2006	16438985
update on the development of virus-resistant papaya: virus-resistant transgenic papaya for people in rural communities of thailand.	papaya (carica papaya l.) is one of the most important and preferred crops in rural communities in thailand. papaya ringspot virus (prsv) is a serious disease of papaya throughout thailand. efforts to control the virus by various methods either have not been successful or have not resulted in sustainable control. in 1995, collaborative research by the department of agriculture of thailand and cornell university to develop transgenic papaya resistant to prsv was initiated. two local thai cultivar ...	2005	16465990
mosquito larvicidal properties of latex from unripe fruits of carica papaya linn. (caricaceae).		2004	16506553
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of the glutaminyl cyclase from carica papaya latex.	in living systems, the intramolecular cyclization of n-terminal glutamine residues is accomplished by glutaminyl cyclase enzymes (ec 2.3.2.5). while in mammals these enzymes are involved in the synthesis of hormonal and neurotransmitter peptides, the physiological role played by the corresponding plant enzymes still remains to be unravelled. papaya glutaminyl cyclase (pqc), a 33 kda enzyme found in the latex of the tropical tree carica papaya, displays an exceptional resistance to chemical and t ...	2005	16508091
toxicological investigations on the methanol sub-fraction of the seeds of carica papaya as a male contraceptive in albino rats.	pre-clinical acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of the methanol sub-fraction (msf) of the seeds of carica papaya, a putative male contraceptive, have been investigated in rats to evaluate safety of the test substance. a single oral dose of msf at 2000 mg/kg body weight was studied over 14 days for acute toxicity, and daily oral doses of 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight were studied for 28- and 90-day periods for sub-chronic toxicity. body weight, food and water intake and phenotypical ...	2006	16515854
effects of mechanical wounding on carica papaya cysteine endopeptidases accumulation and activity.	the mechanical wounding impact on the carica papaya latex protein pattern was investigated by analyzing three latexes. a first one commercially available, a second harvested from unripe but fully grown fruits, both obtained from regularly tapped fruits. a third one was collected from similar fruits but wounded for the first time. the results demonstrated both quantitative and qualitative changes in the protein content and in the enzymatic activity. repeated wounding results in either, accumulati ...	2006	16580724
relationship of water potential to growth of leaves.	a thermocouple psychrometer that measures water potentials of intact leaves was used to study the water potentials at which leaves grow. water potentials and water uptake during recovery from water deficits were measured simultaneously with leaves of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.), tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.), papaya (carica papaya l.), and abutilon striatum dickson. recovery occurred in 2 phases. the first was associated with elimination of water deficits; the second with cell enla ...	1968	16656882
inhibition of ethylene evolution in papaya pulp tissue by benzyl isothiocyanate.	papaya (carica papaya l.) pulp tissue disks in an incubation medium composed of 0.4 m sucrose evolve ethylene at an optimum ph of 5.25 at 30 c. disks of young preclimacteric fruit evolve the gas linearly with fruit age until fruit age reaches 4 months. disks from 5-month-old postclimacteric fruit produce approximately 5-fold more ethylene than disks from 4-month-old fruit. ethylene evolution by unaged papaya disks is inhibited potently by benzyl isothiocyanate. the compound inhibits production o ...	1974	16658747
postharvest variation in cell wall-degrading enzymes of papaya (carica papaya l.) during fruit ripening.	pectin methylesterase (pme), polygalacturonase (pg), xylanase, cellulase, and proteinase activity were determined and related to respiration, ethylene evolution, and changes in skin color of papaya (carica papaya l.) fruit from harvest through to the start of fruit breakdown. pme gradually increased from the start of the climacteric rise reaching a peak 2 days after the respiratory peak. pg and xylanase were not detectable in the preclimacteric stage but increased during the climacteric: during ...	1983	16663010
the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol of higher plants in relation to chilling sensitivity.	the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol has been measured in the leaves of 27 species of higher plants from six families whose members differed in their degrees of chilling sensitivity. the content of high melting point fatty acids (represented by the sum of hexadecanoic, trans-3-hexadecenoic and octadecanoic acids) in phosphatidylglycerols varied little between members of the same plant family and was not obviously related to the relative chilling se ...	1986	16664962
antioxidant potentials of iranian carica papaya juice in vitro and in vivo are comparable to alpha-tocopherol.	carica papaya is widely cultivated throughout the world and is used as a food and also as a traditional medicine, particularly as an antiseptic and contraceptive. the present study was designed to explore the toxicological and antioxidant potential of dried c. papaya juice in vitro and in vivo. the oral ld(50) of the juice of c. papaya was determined, and the antioxidant potentials determined by dpph and frap tests. in vivo examination was performed after oral administration of dried papaya juic ...	2006	16691628
synthesis and metabolism of naphthyl substituted phosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine.	the synthesis of naphthylphosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine was achieved using a four-step procedure. the derivatives were subjected to several different enzymes including lipase, esterase, subtilisin carlsberg, and carica papaya, and their hydrolysis rates were determined. based on the rates of hydrolysis, we were able to differentiate between the chiralities at the phosphorus center of the phosphoramidate compounds. in addition, lipase was found to distinguish between both alpha and beta ...	2006	16697204
analysis of papaya bac end sequences reveals first insights into the organization of a fruit tree genome.	papaya (carica papaya l.) is a major tree fruit crop of tropical and subtropical regions with an estimated genome size of 372 mbp. we present the analysis of 4.7% of the papaya genome based on bac end sequences (bess) representing 17 million high-quality bases. microsatellites discovered in 5,452 bess and flanking primer sequences are available to papaya breeding programs at http://www.genomics.hawaii.edu/papaya/bes . sixteen percent of bess contain plant repeat elements, the vast majority (83.3 ...	2006	16703363
carica papaya lipase (cpl): an emerging and versatile biocatalyst.	in recent years, the carica papaya lipase (cpl) is attracting more and more interest. this hydrolase, being tightly bonded to the water-insoluble fraction of crude papain, is thus considered as a "naturally immobilized" biocatalyst. to date, several cpl applications have already been described: (i) fats and oils modification, derived from the sn-3 selectivity of cpl as well as from its preference for short-chain fatty acids; (ii) esterification and inter-esterification reactions in organic media ...	2006	16716557
hydrolytic properties of carica papaya latex and latex preparations.		1937	16746530
high-resolution complex of papain with remnants of a cysteine protease inhibitor derived from trypanosoma brucei.	attempts to cocrystallize the cysteine protease papain derived from the latex of carica papaya with an inhibitor of cysteine proteases (icp) from trypanosoma brucei were unsuccessful. however, crystals of papain that diffracted to higher resolution, 1.5 a, than other crystals of this archetypal cysteine protease were obtained, so the analysis was continued. surprisingly, the substrate-binding cleft was occupied by two short peptide fragments which have been assigned as remnants of icp. compariso ...	2006	16754967
improved carica papaya tolerance to carmine spider mite by the expression of manduca sexta chitinase transgene.	papaya plants producing the tobacco hornworm (manduca sexta) chitinase protein were obtained following microprojectile bombardment of embryogenic calli derived from the hypocotyls of the cultivar kapoho. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was carried out to confirm the presence of the transgene. rt-pcr and a quantitative chitinase assay showed increased levels of chitinase activity in every selected transgenic line. insect bioassays in the laboratory showed that plants expressing the manduca sexta ...	2006	16779649
molecular effects of fermented papaya preparation on oxidative damage, map kinase activation and modulation of the benzo[a]pyrene mediated genotoxicity.	the involvement of oxidative and nitrosative stress mechanisms in several biological and pathological processes including aging, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases has continued to fuel suggestions that processes can potentially be modulated by treatment with free-radical scavengers and antioxidant. the fermented papaya preparation (fpp) derived from carica papaya linn was investigated for its ability to modulate oxidative dna damage due to h2o2 in rat pheochromocytoma (pc12) ...	2006	16823100
development of a codominant caps marker linked to prsv-p resistance in highland papaya.	development of resistant papaya varieties is widely considered the best strategy for long-term control of the papaya ringspot virus type p (prsv-p). several species of "highland papaya" from the related genus vasconcellea exhibit complete resistance to prsv-p, and present a valuable source of resistance genes with potential for application in carica papaya. the objectives of this study were two fold; to identify molecular markers linked to a previously characterised prsv-p resistance gene in v. ...	2006	16932884
potassium excretion in healthy japanese women was increased by a dietary intervention utilizing home-parcel delivery of okinawan vegetables.	potassium, which is abundant in vegetables, is inversely related to blood pressure. although the situation has changed somewhat in recent years, the okinawan diet has generally included a large amount of vegetables, and until recently okinawans had the lowest rates of mortality due to stroke and coronary heart disease in japan. based on the hypothesis that these low mortality rates are partly attributable to increased potassium intake resulting from the high vegetable consumption, this study exa ...	2006	16940700
papaya (carica papaya l.).	transgenic papaya plants were initially obtained using particle bombardment, a method having poor efficiency in producing intact, single-copy insertion of transgenes. single-copy gene insertion was improved using agrobacterium tumefaciens. with progress being made in genome sequencing and gene discovery, there is a need for more efficient methods of transformation in order to study the function of these genes. we describe a protocol for agrobacterium-mediated transformation using carborundum-wou ...	2006	17033064
ethnomedicines used in trinidad and tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus.	this paper is based on ethnobotanical interviews conducted from 1996-2000 in trinidad and tobago with thirty male and female respondents.	2006	17040567
short term effects of glomus claroideum and azospirillum brasilense on growth and root acid phosphatase activity of carica papaya l. under phosphorus stress.	arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) are able to increase root enzymatic activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases. however, the role of amf on phosphatase activity has not been reported in papaya (carica papaya l.), which is frequently established at places with soil phosphorus (p) deficiencies. the goals of this research were to determine the effect of glomus claroideum (gc), and plant growth promoting rhizobacterium azospirillum brasilense strain vs7 [ab]) on root phosphatase activity and seed ...	2002	17061513
toxicological effects of carica papaya seed extract on spermatozoa of mice.	investigations were carried out on epididymal spermatozoa of male mice to study the effects of high dosages (100, 200 and 300 mg kg(-1) bwt) of aqueous carica papaya seed extract. the results revealed a significant dosedependent suppression of cauda epididymal sperm motility coinciding with a decrease in sperm count and viability. when tested 45 days after the withdrawal of treatment, complete normalcy was restored, proving that the induced effects were transient.	2006	17080407
papaya glutamine cyclotransferase shows a singular five-fold beta-propeller architecture that suggests a novel reaction mechanism.	cyclisation of n-terminal glutamine and/or glutamate to yield pyroglutamate is an essential posttranslational event affecting a plethora of bioactive peptides and proteins. it is directly linked with pathologies ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to inflammation and several types of cancers. the reaction is catalysed by ubiquitous glutaminyl cyclotransferases (qcs), which present two distinct prototypes. mammalian qcs are zinc-dependent enzymes with an alpha/beta-hydrolase fold. here we pre ...	2006	17081122
molecular characterization of a severe isolate of papaya ringspot virus in mexico and its relationship with other isolates.	the virus most often reported in papaya (carica papaya l.) is papaya ringspot (prsv). the aim of this work was the molecular genomic characterization of a mexican severe isolate of prsv-p "mex-vrpo" (isolate from the state of veracruz in paso de ovejas) as well as its comparison with other isolates from other world regions. the linear, assembled, single-strand positive sense rna genome of prsv-p mex-vrpo was 10320 nt in length (excluding the poly(a) tail) and contained a single large predicted o ...	2007	17082995
structural characterization of two papaya chitinases, a family gh19 of glycosyl hydrolases.	two chitinases, able to use tetra-n-acetylglucosamine, chitin and chitosan as substrates, were characterized after purification from carica papaya latex. the complete amino acid sequence of the major form and about 40% of the minor one were determined through proteolytic digestions and mass spectroscopy analysis. sequencing demonstrated that both papaya chitinases are members of the family 19 of glycosyl hydrolases (gh19). based on the known 3-d structures of other members of family gh19, it was ...	2006	17115118
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of a protease inhibitor from the latex of carica papaya.	a kunitz-type protease inhibitor purified from the latex of green papaya (carica papaya) fruits was crystallized in the presence and absence of divalent metal ions. crystal form i, which is devoid of divalent cations, diffracts to a resolution of 2.6 a and belongs to space group p3(1) or p3(2). this crystal form is a merohedral twin with two molecules in the asymmetric unit and unit-cell parameters a = b = 74.70, c = 78.97 a. crystal form ii, which was grown in the presence of co2+, diffracts to ...	2006	17142906
cysteine-specific, covalent anchoring of transition organometallic complexes to the protein papain from carica papaya.	site-directed and covalent introduction of various transition metal-organic entities to the active site of the cysteine endoproteinase, papain, was achieved by treatment of this enzyme with a series of organometallic maleimide derivatives specially designed for the purpose. kinetic studies made it clear that time-dependent irreversible inactivation of papain occurred in the presence of these organometallic maleimides as a result of michael addition of the sulfhydryl of cys25. the rate and mechan ...	2007	17167808
irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment for white peach scale (homoptera: diaspididae).	irradiation was examined as a potential phytosanitary treatment to control white peach scale, pseudaulacaspis pentagona (targioni-tozzetti) (homoptera: diaspididae), a serious quarantine pest of papaya, carica papaya l., in hawaii. dose-response tests were conducted with second-stage nymphs, adult females without eggs, and adult females with eggs at a series of irradiation doses between 60 and 150 gy to determine the most tolerant stage. the adult female with eggs was the most tolerant stage. in ...	2006	17195662
multiple plant exploiters on a shared host: testing for nonadditive effects on plant performance.	the combined impact of multiple plant parasites on plant performance can either be additive (the total damage equals the sum of the individual effects) or nonadditive (synergistic or antagonistic damage). two statistical models are available for testing the independent (=additive) effects of two factors. here we suggest that the natural history of the plant-parasite system should motivate the choice of a statistical model to test for additivity. using in-field, manipulative experiments, we exami ...	2006	17205912
ectopic expression of dahlia merckii defensin dmamp1 improves papaya resistance to phytophthora palmivora by reducing pathogen vigor.	phytophthora spp., some of the more important casual agents of plant diseases, are responsible for heavy economic losses worldwide. plant defensins have been introduced as transgenes into a range of species to increase host resistance to pathogens to which they were originally susceptible. however, the effectiveness and mechanism of interaction of the defensins with phytophthora spp. have not been clearly characterized in planta. in this study, we expressed the dahlia merckii defensin, dmamp1, i ...	2007	17216480
purification and characterization of the cysteine proteinases in the latex of vasconcellea spp.	latex of all vasconcellea species analyzed to date exhibits higher proteolytic amidase activities, generally attributed to cysteine proteinases, than the latex of carica papaya. in the present study, we show that this higher activity is correlated with a higher concentration of enzymes in the latex of vasconcellea fruits, but in addition also results from the presence of other cysteine proteinases or isoforms. in contrast to the cysteine proteinases present in papaya latex, which have been exten ...	2007	17229150
isolation and characterization of the glutaminyl cyclases from solanum tuberosum and arabidopsis thaliana: implications for physiological functions.	glutaminyl cyclases (qcs) catalyze the formation of pyroglutamic acid at the n-terminus of several peptides and proteins. on the basis of the amino acid sequence of carica papaya qc, we identified cdnas of the putative counterparts from solanum tuberosum and arabidopsis thaliana. upon expression of the corresponding cdnas from both plants via the secretory pathway of pichia pastoris, two active qc proteins were isolated. the specificity of the purified proteins was assessed using various substra ...	2007	17261077
gene cloning and characterization of a novel recombinant antifungal chitinase from papaya (carica papaya).	a chitinase cdna clone (cpchi, 1002 bp) was isolated from papaya fruit, which encoded a 275 amino acid protein containing a 28 amino acid signal peptide in the n-terminal end. the predicted molecular mass of the mature protein was 26.2 kda, and its pi value was 6.32. on the basis of its amino acid sequence homology with other plant chitinases, it was classified as a class iv chitinase. an active recombinant cpchi enzyme was overexpressed in escherichia coli. the purified recombinant papaya chiti ...	2007	17263465
pichia cecembensis sp. nov. isolated from a papaya fruit (carica papaya l., caricaceae).	the ascogenous yeast ys16t was isolated from a decaying papaya fruit. phenotypic traits such as multilateral budding, spheroidal or elongate shape, pseudohyphae formation, asci with one or more ascospores, ability to ferment d-glucose, inability to assimilate nitrate and the presence of q7 ubiquinone suggest its affiliation to the genus pichia. the nearest phylogenetic neighbor, based on d1/d2 domain sequence of the 26s rrna gene and its region sequence, was identified as issatchenkia orientalis ...	2007	17316366
papaya seed represents a rich source of biologically active isothiocyanate.	in the present study, papaya (carica papaya) seed and edible pulp were carefully separated and then the contents of benzyl isothiocyanate and the corresponding glucosinolate (benzyl glucosinolate, glucotropaeolin) quantified in each part. the papaya seed with myrosinase inactivation contained >1 mmol of benzyl glucosinolate in 100 g of fresh seed. this content is equivalent to that of karami daikon (the hottest japanese white radish) or that of cress. the papaya seed extract also showed a very h ...	2007	17469845
effectiveness of dried carica papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: a pilot study.	the tropical fruit carica papaya and its seeds have proven antihelminthic and anti-amoebic activities. to determine the effectiveness of air-dried c. papaya seeds on human intestinal parasitosis, 60 asymptomatic nigerian children with stool microscopic evidence of intestinal parasites received immediate doses (20 ml) of either an elixir composed with air-dried c. papaya seeds and honey (cph) or honey alone (placebo) in two randomized treatment groups. repeat stool microscopic examinations were c ...	2007	17472487
ubiquitous presence of fastidious endophytic bacteria in field shoots and index-negative apparently clean shoot-tip cultures of papaya.	this study establishes the widespread prevalence of fastidious or viable but non-culturable endophytic bacteria in field shoots and in unsuspicious shoot-tip cultures of papaya (carica papaya l.) against the norm of asepsis in vitro. a total of 150 shoot-tips (approximately 10 mm) were inoculated on ms-based culture medium after surface sterilization of field-derived axillary shoots of cv. surya during november or january (100 and 50, respectively) when 35-50% cultures showed endophytic microbia ...	2007	17492452
papaya shoot tip associated endophytic bacteria isolated from in vitro cultures and host-endophyte interaction in vitro and in vivo.	fourteen distinct bacterial clones were isolated from surface-sterilized shoot tips (approximately 1 cm) of papaya (carica papaya l. 'surya') planted on murashige and skoog (ms)-based papaya culture medium (23/50 nos.) during the 2-4 week period following in vitro culturing. these isolates were ascribed to six gram-negative genera, namely pantoea (p. ananatis), enterobacter (e. cloacae), brevundimonas (b. aurantiaca), sphingomonas, methylobacterium (m. rhodesianum), and agrobacterium (a. tumefac ...	2007	17538647
cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants on allium cepa linn.	the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants: azadirachta indica (a. juss), morinda lucida (benth.), cymbopogon citratus (dc stapf.), mangifera indica (linn.) and carica papaya (linn.) was evaluated using the allium cepa assay. the extracts were prepared with tap water as practised locally. onion bulbs were exposed to 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50%; and 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentrations (v/v) of each of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analyses, respectiv ...	2007	17572030
effect of mexican medicinal plant used to treat trichomoniasis on trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites.	crude methanolic extracts from 22 mexican medicinal plants were screened for antitrichomonal activity against trichomonas vaginalis, which is the etiological agent of trichomoniasis. among the plants tested carica papaya and cocos nucifera showed the best antitrichomonal activity with ic(50) values of 5.6 and 5.8 microg/ml, respectively. the extracts of bocconia frutescens, geranium mexicanum, and lygodium venustum showed moderate activity with ic(50) values ranging from 30.9 to 60.9 microg/ml. ...	2007	17628366
varietal differences in the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from mango (mangifera indica) and papaya (carica papaya) fruits.	mango and papaya, which are rich sources of beta-carotene, are widely consumed in india. in this study, beta-carotene content and its bioaccessibility were determined in six locally available varieties of mango, namely, badami, raspuri, mallika, malgoa, totapuri, and neelam, and two varieties of papaya, namely, honey dew and surya. varietal differences were evident in both beta-carotene content and its bioaccessibility in the case of mango. beta-carotene content in ripe mango ranged from 0.55 +/ ...	2007	17715885
pistillate papaya flower: a morphological anomaly.	the pistillate flower of carica papaya is a pleurogynous unisexual form derived intraspecifically from a perigynous bisexual ancestor. it is a morphological anomaly in that the ovary consists of two cycles of carpels which, in the ancestor, arise on the receptacle at different levels as dissimilar orders of organs. the bulk of the pentamerous ovary and the dorsal carpellary vascular system are derived from a cycle of five stamens in the ancestor. the ventral carpellary system is inherited intact ...	1969	17730186
transmission of the bunchy top disease of papaya (carica papaya l.) by the leaf hopper empoasca papayae oman.		1947	17750791
observations on change of sex in carica papaya.		1908	17820401
molecular detection of papaya meleira virus in the latex of carica papaya by rt-pcr.	a rt-pcr assay was developed for early and accurate detection of papaya meleira virus (pmev) in the latex from infected papayas. the meleira disease is characterized by an excessive exudation of more fluidic latex from fruits, leaves and stems. this latex oxidises and gives the fruit a "sticky" texture. in the field, disease symptoms are seen almost exclusively on fruit. however, infected plants can be a source of virus for dissemination by insects. primers specific for pmev were designed based ...	2007	17826848
wound healing activity of carica papaya l. in experimentally induced diabetic rats.	the aqueous extract of c. papaya fruit (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 10 days) was evaluated for its wound healing activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using excision and dead space wound models. extract-treated animals exhibited 77% reduction in the wound area when compared to controls which was 59%. the extract treated wounds were found to epithelize faster as compared to controls. the wet and dry granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content increased significantly when compare ...	2007	17877152
non-experimental validation of ethnoveterinary plants and indigenous knowledge used for backyard pigs and chickens in trinidad and tobago.	this paper presents the findings of an exploratory study on ethnoveterinary medicines used for backyard pigs and backyard chickens in trinidad and tobago. research data was collected from 1995 to september 2000. six plants are used for backyard pigs. crushed leaves of immortelle (erythrina pallida, e. micropteryx) are used to remove dead piglets from the uterus. leaf decoctions of bois canôt (cecropia peltata) and bamboo (bambusa vulgaris) are used for labour pains or leaves are fed as a postpar ...	2007	17944308
construction of a sequence-tagged high-density genetic map of papaya for comparative structural and evolutionary genomics in brassicales.	a high-density genetic map of papaya (carica papaya l.) was constructed using microsatellite markers derived from bac end sequences and whole-genome shot gun sequences. fifty-four f(2) plants derived from varieties au9 and sunup were used for linkage mapping. a total of 707 markers, including 706 microsatellite loci and the morphological marker fruit flesh color, were mapped into nine major and three minor linkage groups. the resulting map spanned 1069.9 cm with an average distance of 1.5 cm bet ...	2007	17947401
characterization of typo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivities of babaco latex lipase in aqueous and organic media.	the unripe fruit of babaco (vasconcellea x heilbornii; syn. carica pentagona) contains a latex, similar to that in carica papaya, which exhibits lipolytic activity. herein, the regioselectivity, stereoselectivity and typoselectivity in both hydrolysis and acyltransfer reactions of babaco latex lipases were studied and compared to those of carica papaya latex. in hydrolysis, both biocatalysts are 1,3-regioselective with ratios for 1,2-2,3-diacylglycerols/1,3-diacylglycerol of 6.5 and 21 for babac ...	2008	18038267
planttribes: a gene and gene family resource for comparative genomics in plants.	the planttribes database (http://fgp.huck.psu.edu/tribe.html) is a plant gene family database based on the inferred proteomes of five sequenced plant species: arabidopsis thaliana, carica papaya, medicago truncatula, oryza sativa and populus trichocarpa. we used the graph-based clustering algorithm mcl [van dongen (technical report ins-r0010 2000) and enright et al. (nucleic acids res. 2002; 30: 1575-1584)] to classify all of these species' protein-coding genes into putative gene families, calle ...	2008	18073194
sperm motility inhibitory effect of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya in langur monkey, presbytis entellus entellus.	to assess the contraceptive efficacy of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya in langur monkeys.	2008	18097528
papaya fruit softening, endoxylanase gene expression, protein and activity.	papaya (carica papaya l.) cell wall matrix polysaccharides are modified as the fruit starts to soften during ripening and an endoxylanase is expressed that may play a role in the softening process. endoxylanase gene expression, protein amount and activity were determined in papaya cultivars that differ in softening pattern and in one cultivar where softening was modified by the ethylene receptor inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-mcp). antibodies to the endoxylanase catalytic domain were used to ...	2007	18251885
molluscicidal activity of carica papaya and areca catechu against the freshwater snail lymnaea acuminata.	the molluscicidal activity of seed and lyophilized latex powder of carica papaya and seed powder of areca catechu against the vector snail lymnaea acuminata was studied. the toxicity of these plant products was time and dose dependent. the toxicity of c. papaya lyophilized latex powder (lc(50) at 96 h: 8.38 mg/l) was more pronounced than that of a. catechu seed powder (lc(50) at 96 h: 12.32 mg/l) and c. papaya seed powder (lc(50) at 96 h: 61.56 mg/l). ethanolic extracts of c. papaya seed and a. ...	2008	18280663
40k/137cs discrimination ratios to the aboveground organs of tropical plants.	in the present work, the accumulation of caesium and potassium in aboveground plant parts was studied in order to improve the understanding on the behaviour of monovalent cations in several compartments of tropical plants. we present the results for activity concentrations of (137)cs and (40)k, measured by gamma spectrometry, from five tropical plant species: guava (psidium guajava), mango (mangifera indica), papaya (carica papaya), banana (musa paradisíaca), and manioc (manihot esculenta). caes ...	2008	18308433
biotic stress induced demolition of thylakoid structure and loss in photoelectron transport of chloroplasts in papaya leaves.	papaya mosaic virus (pmv) causes severe mosaic symptoms in the papaya (carica papaya l.) leaves. the pmv-induced alterations in photosystem ii (ps ii) structure and photochemical functions were probed. an increase in chlorophyll a (chl a) fluorescence polarization suggests pathogen-induced transformation of thylakoid membrane to a gel phase. this transformation in physical state of thylakoid membrane may result in alteration in topology of pigments on pigment-binding proteins as reflected in pat ...	2008	18328719
the draft genome of the transgenic tropical fruit tree papaya (carica papaya linnaeus).	papaya, a fruit crop cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, is known for its nutritional benefits and medicinal applications. here we report a 3x draft genome sequence of 'sunup' papaya, the first commercial virus-resistant transgenic fruit tree to be sequenced. the papaya genome is three times the size of the arabidopsis genome, but contains fewer genes, including significantly fewer disease-resistance gene analogues. comparison of the five sequenced genomes suggests a minimal angiospe ...	2008	18432245
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of a family 19 glycosyl hydrolase from carica papaya latex.	a chitinase isolated from the latex of the tropical species carica papaya has been purified to homogeneity and crystallized. this enzyme belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 19 and exhibits exceptional resistance to proteolysis. the initially observed crystals, which diffracted to a resolution of 2.0 a, were improved through modification of the crystallization protocol. well ordered crystals were subsequently obtained using n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, the monomer resulting from the hydrolysis of chi ...	2008	18453704
effect of green and ripe carica papaya epicarp extracts on wound healing and during pregnancy.	the traditional use of papaya to treat many diseases, especially skin conditions and its prohibition for consumption during pregnancy has prompted us to determine whether papaya extracts both from green and ripe fruits improve wound healing and also produce foetal toxicity. aqueous extracts of green papaya epicarp (gpe) and ripe papaya epicarp (rpe) were applied on induced wounds on mice. gpe treatment induced complete healing in shorter periods (13 days) than that required while using rpe (17 d ...	2008	18468758
plant sex chromosomes: molecular structure and function.	recent molecular and genomic studies carried out in a number of model dioecious plant species, including asparagus officinalis, carica papaya, silene latifolia, rumex acetosa and marchantia polymorpha, have shed light on the molecular structure of both homomorphic and heteromorphic sex chromosomes, and also on the gene functions they have maintained since their evolution from a pair of autosomes. the molecular structure of sex chromosomes in species from different plant families represents the e ...	2008	18504355
resolution of secondary alcohols via carica papaya lipase-catalyzed enantioselective acylation.	the carica papaya lipase-catalyzed acylation of benzylcarbinols with vinyl hexanoate proceeded smoothly and enantiospecifically (e > 200), affording the r-esters and leaving the s-alcohols intact. thus, this plant lipase proved to be a promising biocatalyst for the resolution of alcohols as well as for that of carboxylic acids reported earlier.	2008	18512020
[sequence analysis of the complete genome of papaya ringspot virus hainan isolate].	total rna was extracted from infected papaya (carica papaya l.) leaves in hainan province, and the full-length sequences of papaya ringspot virus were amplified by rt-pcr and race, and its complete genomic sequence was assembled, named hainan-p isolate. the rna genome sequence of hainan-p isolate was 10323 nucleotides (nts)in length,excluding the 3'-terminal poly(a) tail. and it was composed of a single open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 3343 amino acids.. the result of homology analys ...	2008	18533348
dna methylation and heterochromatinization in the male-specific region of the primitive y chromosome of papaya.	sex chromosomes evolved from autosomes. recombination suppression in the sex-determining region and accumulation of deleterious mutations lead to degeneration of the y chromosomes in many species with heteromorphic x/y chromosomes. however, how the recombination suppressed domain expands from the sex-determining locus to the entire y chromosome remains elusive. the y chromosome of papaya (carica papaya) diverged from the x chromosome approximately 2-3 million years ago and represents one of the ...	2008	18593814
ripening in papaya fruit is altered by acc oxidase cosuppression.	papaya (carica papaya) is a very important crop in many tropical countries but it is highly susceptible to parasitic diseases, physiological disorders, mechanical damage and fruit overripening. here we report a study on acc oxidase cosuppression and its effects on papaya fruit ripening. papaya acc oxidase was isolated using pcr and embriogenic cells transformed by biolistic using the camv 35s promoter to drive the expression of the pcr fragment in sense orientation. fifty transgenic lines were r ...	2009	18612838
evaluation of splat with spinosad and methyl eugenol or cue-lure for "attract-and-kill" of oriental and melon fruit flies (diptera: tephritidae) in hawaii.	specialized pheromone and lure application technology (splat) methyl eugenol (me) and cue-lure (c-l) "attract-and-kill" sprayable formulations containing spinosad were compared with other formulations under hawaiian weather conditions against oriental fruit fly, bactrocera dorsalis (hendel), and melon fly, bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett) (diptera: tephritidae), respectively. field tests were conducted with three different dispensers (min-u-gel, acti-gel, and splat) and two different insectici ...	2008	18613576
x-ray structure of papaya chitinase reveals the substrate binding mode of glycosyl hydrolase family 19 chitinases.	the crystal structure of a chitinase from carica papaya has been solved by the molecular replacement method and is reported to a resolution of 1.5 a. this enzyme belongs to family 19 of the glycosyl hydrolases. crystals have been obtained in the presence of n-acetyl- d-glucosamine (glcnac) in the crystallization solution and two well-defined glcnac molecules have been identified in the catalytic cleft of the enzyme, at subsites -2 and +1. these glcnac moieties bind to the protein via an extensiv ...	2008	18636748
pcr-based detection and characterization of the fungal pathogens colletotrichum gloeosporioides and colletotrichum capsici causing anthracnose in papaya (carica papaya l.) in the yucatan peninsula.	colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the common causal agent of anthracnose in papaya (carica papaya l.) fruits, and infection by this fungal pathogen results in severe post-harvest losses. in the yucatán peninsula (mexico) a different colletotrichum species was isolated from papaya fruits with atypical anthracnose lesions. the dnas from a variety of colletotrichum isolates producing typical and atypical lesions, respectively, were amplified by pcr with c.gloeosporioides-specific primers. all isola ...	2008	18670909
the proteolytic activities in latex from carica candamarcensis.	prior evidence suggests that proteinases in latex from caricaceae protect against injuries induced by physical wounding. while the proteolytic enzymes from carica papaya are well characterized, the homologues from carica candamarcensis were not given similar attention, probably because its distribution is restricted to south american regions. we describe the chromatographic steps to fractionate 14 components from c. candamarcensis, 12 of them displaying amidase activity. the mass of these protei ...	2008	18672376
papaya ringspot virus-p: characteristics, pathogenicity, sequence variability and control.	taxonomy: papaya ringspot virus (prsv) is an aphid-transmitted plant virus belonging to the genus potyvirus, family potyviridae, with a positive sense rna genome. prsv isolates belong to either one of two major strains, p or w. the p strains infect both papaya and cucurbits whereas the w strains infect only cucurbits. geographical distribution: prsv-p is found in all major papaya-growing areas. physical properties: virions are filamentous, non-enveloped and flexuous measuring 760-800 x 12 nm. vi ...	2008	18705869
the invitro assessment of antibacterial effect of papaya seed extract against bacterial pathogens isolated from urine, wound and stool.	carica papaya family caricaceacae is one of the herbal remedies, which has recently become a subject of research focus. it is used in traditional medicine for variety of purposes in treating infectious and noninfectious diseases.	2008	18711992
anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of carica papaya leaves.	the anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanolic extract of carica papaya leaves was investigated in rats using carrageenan induced paw oedema, cotton pellet granuloma and formaldehyde induced arthritis models. experimental animals received 25-200 mg/kg (orally) of the extracts or saline (control group) and the reference group received 5 mg/ kg of indomethacin. the ulcerogenic activity of the extract was also investigated. the results show that the extracts significantly (p <0.05) reduced paw oede ...	2008	18759075
the f-box gene family is expanded in herbaceous annual plants relative to woody perennial plants.	f-box proteins are generally responsible for substrate recognition in the skp1-cullin-f-box complexes that are involved in protein degradation via the ubiquitin-26s proteasome pathway. in plants, f-box genes influence a variety of biological processes, such as leaf senescence, branching, self-incompatibility, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. the number of f-box genes in populus (populus trichocarpa; approximately 320) is less than half that found in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana ...	2008	18775973
effect of antibiotics on the milk-clotting enzymes of carica papaya and ficus carica.		1948	18911583
broad-spectrum resistance to different geographic strains of papaya ringspot virus in coat protein gene transgenic papaya.	abstract papaya ringspot virus (prsv) is a major limiting factor for cultivation of papaya (carica papaya) in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. although the coat protein (cp) gene of prsv has been transferred into papaya by particle bombardment and transgenic lines with high resistance to hawaii strains have been obtained, they are susceptible to prsv isolates outside of hawaii. this strain-specific resistance limits the application of the transgenic lines in other areas of th ...	2003	18944164
finding and comparing syntenic regions among arabidopsis and the outgroups papaya, poplar, and grape: coge with rosids.	in addition to the genomes of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and poplar (populus trichocarpa), two near-complete rosid genome sequences, grape (vitis vinifera) and papaya (carica papaya), have been recently released. the phylogenetic relationship among these four genomes and the placement of their three independent, fractionated tetraploidies sum to a powerful comparative genomic system. coge, a platform of multiple whole or near-complete genome sequences, provides an integrative web-based s ...	2008	18952863
glutaminyl cyclases from animals and plants: a case of functionally convergent protein evolution.	several mammalian peptide hormones and proteins from plant and animal origin contain an n-terminal pyroglutamic acid (pglu) residue. frequently, the moiety is important in exerting biological function in either mediating interaction with receptors or stabilizing against n-terminal degradation. glutaminyl cyclases (qcs) were isolated from different plants and animals catalyzing pglu formation. the recent resolution of the 3d structures of carica papaya and human qcs clearly supports different evo ...	2008	18979624
a spectrophotometric transesterification-based assay for lipases in organic solvent.	a new method to evaluate lipase activities in nonaqueous conditions using vinyl ester absorbance at ultraviolet (uv) wavelengths is described. the model reaction is the transesterification between vinyl stearate and pentanol in hexane at 30 degrees c or in decane at 50 degrees c. the conversion of vinyl stearate into pentyl stearate is monitored through decreasing uv absorbance at 200 nm. six commercial lipases were tested with this method, and results were compared with gas chromatography (gc) ...	2009	19013125
inventory of antidiabetic plants in selected districts of lagos state, nigeria.	this study reports an ethnobotanical survey by means of semi-structured questionnaire of medicinal plants in five districts of lagos state of nigeria reputed for the treatment of diabetes. 100 respondents from the predominantly yoruba tribe mostly males (76%) were knowledgeable in traditional treatment of diabetes. about half of the respondents with 20-30 years experience in treating diabetes used mainly herbs (96%) and have developed effective and easily recognised diagnostic tools. 92% of diab ...	2009	19013225
wound healing properties of carica papaya latex: in vivo evaluation in mice burn model.	carica papaya is traditionally used to treat various skin disorders, including wounds. it is widely used in developing countries as an effective and readily available treatment of various wounds, particularly burns.	2009	19041705
an analysis on dna fingerprints of thirty papaya cultivars (carica papaya l.), grown in thailand with the use of amplified fragment length polymorphisms technique.	the experiment was carried out at the department of horticulture, ubon ratchathani university, ubon ratchathani province, northeast thailand during june 2002 to may 2003 aims to identify dna fingerprints of thirty papaya cultivars with the use of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (aflp) technique. papaya cultivars were collected from six different research centers in thailand. papaya plants of each cultivar were grown under field conditions up to four months then leaf numbers 2 and 3 of ea ...	2007	19090101
the evolution of plant genomes: scaling up from a population perspective.	plant genomes exhibit tremendous diversity in both their size and structure, with genome sizes across land plants ranging over two to three orders of magnitude and significant variation in structural organization was observed across species (ea kellogg, jl bennetzen, the evolution of nuclear genome structure in seed plants, am j bot 2004, 91:1709-1725). five plant genomes are now either completely sequenced or in the draft stage; the grape (o jaillon et al., the grapevine genome sequence suggest ...	2008	19131240
novel thigmomorphogenetic responses in carica papaya: touch decreases anthocyanin levels and stimulates petiole cork outgrowths.	because of its rapid growth rate, relative ease of transformation, sequenced genome and low gene number relative to arabidopsis, the tropical fruit tree, carica papaya, can serve as a complementary genetic model for complex traits. here, new phenotypes and touch-regulated gene homologues have been identified that can be used to advance the understanding of thigmomorphogenesis, a multigenic response involving mechanoreception and morphological change.	2009	19182220
distribution, feeding behavior and control strategies of the exotic land snail achatina fulica (gastropoda: pulmonata) in the northeast of brazil.	the goal of this study was to document the distribution and establishment a. fulica such as their feeding preference and behavior in situ. the study was carried out at the city of lauro de freitas, bahia state, brazil, between november 2001 and november 2002. we used catch per unit effort methods to determine abundance, distribution, habitat choice and food preferences. the abundance and distribution of a. fulica was most representative in urban area, mainly near to the coastline. lots and house ...	2008	19197503
computational prediction of novel non-coding rnas in arabidopsis thaliana.	non-coding rna (ncrna) genes do not encode proteins but produce functional rna molecules that play crucial roles in many key biological processes. recent genome-wide transcriptional profiling studies using tiling arrays in organisms such as human and arabidopsis have revealed a great number of transcripts, a large portion of which have little or no capability to encode proteins. this unexpected finding suggests that the currently known repertoire of ncrnas may only represent a small fraction of ...	2009	19208137