Publications

cultivation of anaplasma marginale from cattle in a dermacentor cell line.	a tick cell line derived from dermacentor variabilis (rml-15) was inoculated with bovine rbc infected with anaplasma marginale. two hours after inoculation, numerous rbc were phagocytized by the tick cells. after one passage of the cell culture, numerous groups of anaplasma-like particles were seen in the tick cell cytoplasm. increased numbers of anaplasma-like particles also were present. seemingly, anaplasma can multiply in tick cells.	1988	3348535
experimental anaplasmosis in mule deer: persistence of infection of anaplasma marginale and susceptibility to a. ovis.	an experimental anaplasma marginale infection was induced in a splenectomized mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) which persisted subclinically at least 376 days as detected by subinoculation into susceptible cattle. anaplasma ovis was experimentally transmitted from sheep to a splenectomized and a spleen-intact mule deer, and back to sheep. the pathogenesis in deer was very similar to that seen in sheep using ovine blood inoculations.	1988	3352081
bovine anaplasmosis in jamaica.		1988	3354057
the oxidant defence system in water-buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) experimentally infected with anaplasma marginale.	the glutathione (gsh) -oxidant defence system protects the erythrocytes and leucocytes from oxidative damage. leucocyte -superoxide dismutase (sod), gsh-peroxidase (gsh-px), gsh-reductase (gr), gsh-s-transferase (gsh-s-t) and arginase were examined in samples from buffaloes infected with anaplasma marginale. all the enzymes, except arginase, were also studied in the red cell haemolysates from these animals. gsh-s-t, gsh- and glutathione-reductase (gr) levels in leucocytes decreased in infected a ...	1988	3369075
ticks parasitising the indian buffalo (bubalus bubalis) and their possible role in disease transmission.	a total of 13 ixodid tick species, boophilus microplus, haemaphysalis bispinosa, haemaphysalis cornupunctata, haemaphysalis himalaya, heamaphysalis montgomeryi, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, hyalomma dromedarii, hyalomma marginatum isaaci, hyalomma (hyalommina) brevipunctata, hyalomma (hyalommina) hussaini, nosomma monstrosum, rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, and r. turanicus were collected off 424 buffaloes from the northwestern states of india. ten tick species, amblyomma testudinarium, b. mi ...	1988	3369083
immunization of cattle with a 36-kilodalton surface protein induces protection against homologous and heterologous anaplasma marginale challenge.	immunization of cattle with a purified anaplasma marginale major surface protein, amf36, induced protection against homologous challenge with the florida isolate. similarly, immunized cattle were protected from challenge with the antigenically and structurally distinct washington-o isolate of a. marginale. the degree of protection in amf36-immunized cattle varied from complete prevention of rickettsemia to significant delay in the onset of rickettsemia compared with control immunized cattle. a s ...	1988	3372018
molecular size variations in an immunoprotective protein complex among isolates of anaplasma marginale.	a major surface protein complex from the florida isolate of anaplasma marginale has been previously shown to induce protection in immunized cattle and has been proposed as the basis of a subunit vaccine against anaplasmosis. this complex in the florida isolate is composed of two noncovalently associated polypeptides with molecular masses of 105 and 100 kilodaltons (kda). the analogous protein complex from four geographically different isolates of a. marginale was immunoprecipitated and compared ...	1988	3372021
radioimmunoassay for anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle.	a radioimmunoassay is described for use in the detection of anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle sera. optimal sensitivity and specificity were obtained by using 2 antigens, an a marginale antigen and a rbc antigen (obtained before infection was established) from the same calf. in addition, sera were preabsorbed with rbc from healthy cattle and with sonicated babesia bovis. of 86 sera obtained from cattle with a marginale infection (as determined by blood smear examination or by results of s ...	1988	3377309
freeze-drying of aegyptianella pullorum.	heparinized whole blood, parasitized with aegyptianella pullorum, was collected from 2 fowls. buffered lactose peptone (blp) was added v/v as a stabilizer and the mixture lyophilized in 2 ml aliquots after rapid or slow freezing. at different stages during the freeze-drying process, as well as after lyophilization and reconstitution with 1.8 ml of sterile water, samples were taken and injected into pullets. infectivity was maintained throughout. however, the prepatent period was lengthened after ...	1988	3393371
characteristics of an attenuated anaplasma marginale of deer origin as an anaplasmosis vaccine.	a fully virulent field anaplasma marginale isolate, passaged to a splenectomised white tailed deer, lost virulence for cattle after 18 months in the non-bovine host. this attenuated a. marginale produced a mild response in four 18-month-old holstein steers characterised by an average 2.4% parasitaemia, a 13% drop in pcv and a positive serological response. all vaccinated steers were immune to challenge with a fully virulent, heterologous a. marginale when compared with non-vaccinated controls.	1988	3400115
detection of anaplasma-marginale-infected tick vectors by using a cloned dna probe.	anaplasmosis is the most widely distributed of several important tick-borne diseases that constrain cattle production throughout much of the world. evaluation of the effectiveness of disease control strategies that integrate vaccination with tick control requires the ability to monitor tick and cattle infection rates. to detect anaplasma marginale in ticks and bovine erythrocytes, a 2-kilobase dna fragment from a cloned a. marginale gene coding for a surface protein having a mr of 105,000 was pr ...	1988	3422471
the persistence of colostral anaplasma antibodies and incidence of in utero transmission of anaplasma infections in calves under laboratory conditions.	twenty-six calves, born from 25 anaplasma-infected, intact and splenectomized cows, from a herd kept under strict tick-free laboratory conditions, were monitored for the presence of anaplasma antibodies, using the rapid card agglutination test. serum was collected at birth, weekly for 12 weeks, and then monthly for approximately 6 months. specific antibodies passively acquired could be detected in calf sera for an average period of 8 weeks after birth. calves that remained positive for longer th ...	1987	3444609
the taxonomic status of the causative agent of heartwater.	a fresh pragmatic classification of the rickettsias has been derived by applying the simplest techniques of numerical taxonomy. one order, the rickettsiales, containing 3 families, the rickettsiaceae, phagosomaphilaceae, and the bartonellaceae (?) is proposed. cowdria is classified as a genus along with chlamydia, coxiella and anaplasma in the tribe chlamydieae in the family phagosomaphilaceae.	1987	3448563
prevalence of anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and b. bovis in nigerian cattle using serological methods.	serum samples collected randomly from 500 cattle from the 10 northern states of nigeria were tested for antibodies against anaplasma marginale by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa), card agglutination (ct) and capillary tube-agglutination (ca) tests. the serum samples were also examined for antibodies to babesia bigemina and b. bovis by the ifa test only. of the serum samples tested, 79.4% had antibodies against a. marginale by the ifa test, 40 and 25% in the ct and ca tests, respectively. the ...	1986	3538640
anaplasmosis of small ruminants in nigeria: incidence and parasite identification through blood smear and latex agglutination test (lat).	a survey was carried out on the incidence of anaplasmosis in small ruminants at bodija abattoir, ibadan. 100 sheep and 200 goats were examined using and comparing two methods-the giemsa stained blood smear and serodiagnosis by latex agglutination technique. the sheep and goats examined were among those brought from various parts of northern states and some neighbouring countries like chad, benin, niger and burkina faso. 27% of the sheep and 17.5% of goats were positive for anaplasma bodies with ...	1986	3557833
detection of antibodies to anaplasma marginale by an improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with sodium dodecyl sulfate-disrupted antigen.	sensitivities of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) with particulate and sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-disrupted anaplasma marginale antigen were compared. the quotient of positive reference sera divided by the absorbance quotient of a negative reference serum at identical dilution was termed the signal-to-noise ratio. optimal signal-to-noise ratios were dependent on both pretreatment of antigen and antigen concentration. sds disruption of anaplasmal antigen resulted in a markedly im ...	1987	3571472
influence of imidocarb prophylaxis on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of anaplasma marginale infections in cattle.		1987	3579755
experimental infections of anaplasma ovis in pronghorn antelope.	anaplasma ovis was experimentally transmitted from sheep to pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) and back to sheep. anaplasma ovis was recovered in splenectomized sheep, from two of three spleen-intact pronghorns following their inoculation with blood from known a. ovis carrier sheep. these two pronghorns exhibited a 0.5% or higher a. ovis parasitemia within 48 days after exposure, and an anaplasmosis-positive serological response 91 days after exposure. clinical signs of illness were not ...	1987	3586197
tick transmission of anaplasma centrale.	anaplasma centrale was isolated from a field collection of rhipicephalus simus. transstadial transmission of a. centrale with adult ticks was demonstrated, but the infection was not carried transovarially. ticks from this collection were subsequently reared as a non-infected, laboratory strain. it was proved that the onderstepoort live blood vaccine strain of a. centrale, isolated by theiler in 1911, is still tick transmissible after more than 75 years of needle passage through cattle in the lab ...	1987	3587927
the genome of anaplasma: dna base composition and dna/dna hybridization.	the tm value of dna from anaplasma centrale and anaplasma marginale was found to be 87.1 degrees c and 89.3 degrees c, respectively. the g + c content, calculated from the tm, was 45.1% for a. centrale and 48.5% for a. marginale. identical hybridization patterns were obtained when the dna from one species was hybridized to restriction endonuclease-digested dna from the other species.	1987	3587929
persistence of colonies of anaplasma marginale in overwintering dermacentor variabilis.	dermacentor variabilis were infected as nymphs with anaplasma marginale by allowing the ticks to feed on a single infected donor calf. two weeks after molting to the adult stage, the ticks were allotted into 1 of 3 groups and were allowed to overwinter at room temperature (25 c) in the laboratory (group 1), cold storage (4.5 c) in the laboratory (group 2), or outdoors in leaf litter (group 3). persistence of a marginale was assessed by determining density of colonies (number of colonies/0.1 mm2 ...	1987	3592362
frozen anaplasma centrale vaccine against anaplasmosis in cattle.		1986	3594187
tick infestations on livestock in the yemen arab republic and their potential as vectors of livestock diseases.	a survey of ticks on cattle, camels, sheep, goats and donkeys in four different geographical locations of the yemen arab republic (yar) was carried out to provide more information on the possible risk of tick-borne diseases to imported exotic cattle included in the yar's plans for livestock development. the most abundant ticks were hyalomma spp. particularly on camels. ticks found on cattle included hyalomma spp., amblyomma variegatum, boophilus annulatus and rhipicephalus spp. in general with t ...	1987	3603710
vaccination with anaplasma centrale: response after an experimental challenge with anaplasma marginale.	the haematological and clinical responses to vaccination with anaplasma centrale and to subsequent challenge with anaplasma marginale were evaluated. twenty holstein steers 14 to 16 months of age were divided into two groups of 12 and eight animals respectively (groups i and ii). group i was inoculated on day zero with 10(7) a. centrale-infected erythrocytes and group ii was kept as a control. on day 125 both groups were challenged with 5 x 10(7) a. marginale-infected erythrocytes. a. centrale i ...	1987	3629722
attempted transmission to cattle of anaplasma marginale from overwintered dermacentor andersoni ticks.	since the 1983 summer outbreak of anaplasmosis in southern saskatchewan, the role of the tick, dermacentor andersoni as an overwintering reservoir for anaplasma marginale has been questioned. the purpose of this study was to determine if spring-collected ticks carried virulent a. marginale. sixteen splenectomized calves were assigned randomly to two groups of 14 principals and two controls. adult d. andersoni, collected in april from areas having high transmission rates of a. marginale, were con ...	1987	3651893
field observations on adult zebu bulls immunised against anaplasmosis by infection and treatment plus integrated tick control.	fourteen adult zebu bulls which were negative for anaplasma marginale infection both serologically and on blood smear examinations were infected with a virulent nigerian isolate of a. marginale. forty days following the immunising infection when clinical reactions were established groups of seven animals were treated with either two doses of imidocarb dipropionate (2 x 5 mg/kg given intramuscularly 14 days apart) or a single intramuscular dose of long-acting oxytetracycline (5 mg/kg). following ...	1986	3705174
spherocytosis associated with anaplasmosis in two cows.	spherocytes were detected on blood smears of 2 angus cows. the rbc from both cows had increased fragility in hypotonic saline solution, supporting the presence of spherocytes. other laboratory tests revealed a macrocytic, regenerative anemia with anisocytosis, polychromasia, basophilic stippling, howell-jolly bodies, nucleated rbc, and anaplasma marginale organisms. a complement-fixation test was positive for anaplasmosis in cow 1 and a direct coombs' test was positive for immunoglobulin g in bo ...	1986	3710896
detection of an anaplasma marginale common surface protein present in all stages of infection.	the establishment and maintenance of anaplasmosis-free cattle herds is impaired due to the lack of a rapid, sensitive, and specific serologic test to detect persistently infected cattle which serve as carriers for the organism. to develop an improved diagnostic test for anaplasmosis we screened anaplasma marginale initial body proteins to identify a protein common to antigenically different isolates that is recognized by the host immune system at all stages of infection. seronegative cattle were ...	1986	3711298
experimental anaplasmosis in american bison: persistence of infections of anaplasma marginale and non-susceptibility to a. ovis.	blood collected 314 and 496 days after experimentally infecting splenectomized and spleen-intact american bison (bison bison) with anaplasma marginale was infective for splenectomized bovine steers. the pathogenesis was identical to that seen in bovine studies using bovine blood inoculations. a splenectomized bison remained normal clinically, hematologically and serologically for 10 mo after repeated inoculation of ovine blood infected with a. ovis.	1986	3712642
test of the sheep ked melophagus ovinus (l) as a vector of anaplasma ovis lestoquard.	the sheep ked melophagus ovinus was evaluated as a possible vector of anaplasma ovis. in 4 tests, 45 to 293 keds were transferred from sheep with acute anaplasmosis, low level parasitemia, or carrier state of anaplasmosis to individual splenectomized ewes. keds were confined in stockinette cages attached to the dorsal midline of the recipient hosts for 10 days. throughout the 90-day observation periods after the keds were transferred, no clinical, serologic, or hematologic evidence of anaplasmos ...	1986	3717726
a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring antibody to anaplasma marginale in cattle serum.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method is described for measuring antibody against anaplasma marginale in cattle serum. this method was more sensitive and objective than a previously described elisa method for a. marginale and possible reasons for this are discussed. all 83 cattle experimentally infected with a. marginale (81) or a. centrale (2) developed demonstrable specific antibody but the serums of 98.8% of 839 cattle from cattle tick-free areas did not react by elisa; 378 seru ...	1986	3729834
dynamics of anaplasma marginale in splenectomised calves treated with either imidocarb or oxytetracycline.	neither imidocarb dipropionate (at 5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly once or twice at a seven-day interval) nor oxytetracycline hydrochloride (at 20 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly once or twice at a seven-day interval) given to animals in the prepatent period of anaplasmosis, prevented the eventual onset of infection. both compounds delayed the onset of detectable parasitaemia but this action was more noticeable with oxytetracycline. oxytetracycline given twice significantly reduced the sev ...	1986	3739000
longevity of colonies of anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells of dermacentor andersoni.	colonies of anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells of experimentally infected dermacentor andersoni were studied in adult ticks 1, 3, and 6 months old. longevity of the parasite in ticks was assessed by evaluating its infectivity for splenectomized calves; calves were exposed by feeding ticks and by inoculation of tick gut homogenates. longevity was also evaluated by determining size, type, and density of colonies in male and female ticks. the effect of incubation (2.5 days at 37 c) on c ...	1986	3752671
percutaneous infection of nymphal dermacentor andersoni with anaplasma marginale.	newly replete nymphal dermacentor andersoni (principals) were percutaneously exposed to anaplasma marginale by injection of either intact or lysed infected bovine erythrocytes. control nymphs were fed on calves with anaplasmosis. the subsequently molted adults were examined for infection by light microscopy, and companion ticks were tested for infectivity by allowing them to feed on susceptible calves. when they fed as adults, both control ticks and percutaneously inoculated principals transmitt ...	1986	3752672
a column purification procedure for the removal of leucocytes from parasite-infected bovine blood.	a cellulose column procedure is described which removes white cells from bovine blood infected with babesia and anaplasma. the efficiency of this method was confirmed by the absence of white blood cell dna in lysates from column-filtered infected as well as non-infected blood.	1986	3763171
transmission of anaplasma marginale theiler by males of dermacentor andersoni stiles fed on an idaho field-infected, chronic carrier cow.	the role of ticks and carrier cattle in epizootics of bovine anaplasmosis was further clarified by demonstrating unequivocally, for the first time, that male ticks fed on a chronic carrier cow naturally infected with anaplasma marginale can transmit this parasite intrastadially and biologically when subsequently fed on susceptible cattle. these data indicate that field epizootics of acute anaplasmosis may be initiated by males of tick vector species that feed on carrier cattle and subsequently t ...	1986	3777655
bovine anaplasmosis: susceptibility of seronegative cows from an infected herd to experimental infection with anaplasma marginale.	adult cows from an anaplasma marginale-infected herd that were negative to the a marginale rapid card agglutination (rca) and complement fixation (cf) tests for 1 to 4 years developed acute anaplasmosis after inoculation with 0.5 ml of blood from an a marginale carrier cow. the test cattle were as susceptible as the control cattle of similar ages. also, 2 cows that had seroconverted from rca/cf-positive to rca/cf-negative status naturally were fully susceptible to anaplasmosis when they were exp ...	1987	3818429
ovine anaplasmosis: in utero transmission as it relates to stage of gestation.	seventeen mature, pregnant, anaplasmosis-susceptible and 3 anaplasmosis-carrier ewes were used in anaplasma ovis in utero transmission studies. susceptible ewes were arbitrarily allotted to 3 groups, 4 each in groups a and c and 9 in group b, and were inoculated with whole blood from a carrier ewe. each group was anaplasma-exposed once during one of the thirds of pregnancy. in all ewes, resulting parasitemias were low and anemias were mild. three carrier ewes comprised group d. blood samples wer ...	1987	3826827
infectivity of three anaplasma marginale isolates for dermacentor andersoni.	three isolates of anaplasma marginale--virginia (vam), illinois (iam), and florida (fam)--were compared for infectivity for dermacentor andersoni. the isolates were selected, in part, because of a tail-like appendage that has been demonstrated in the vam and iam, but not in the fam. ticks were exposed to the isolates as nymphs either naturally by feeding on a calf with anaplasmosis or artificially by percutaneous inoculation with infected bovine erythrocytes. they were examined for infectivity a ...	1987	3826850
seroepidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis in venezuela.	the serological prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis in the centro-occidental region of venezuela was determined using the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) and latex agglutination (lat) tests. anaplasma marginale ifa and lat prevalence rates were 57.7 and 48.6% respectively for cattle of all ages and breeds. the respective prevalence of ifa activity to b. bigemina and b. bovis was 78.2 and 38.8%. the lat test specific only for babesia spp. revealed that 61.4% of the animals tested ...	1985	3887703
development of an indirect fluorescent antibody test, using microfluorometry as a diagnostic test for bovine anaplasmosis.	the indirect fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of anaplasma marginale infection in cattle was modified for use with microfluorometry. the test was standardized by use of a fluorometer that measures intensity of fluorescence. standardization included a marginale-infected blood smears on microscope slides as antigen, serum from an inoculated calf as a positive control containing specific antibody, and an affinity-purified fluorescein-conjugated anti-bovine immunoglobulin as 2nd antibody. ...	1985	3890629
high-yield preparation of purified anaplasma marginale from infected bovine red blood cells.	purification of anaplasma marginale from infected bovine rbc was achieved through enzyme treatment and density-gradient centrifugation. a relative yield of 41.6% was obtained by dividing the number of organisms in the final purified preparation by the number of a marginale-infected rbc. purified parasites were verified as a marginale by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunologic tests. the purified parasites reacted positively with calf and rabbit anti-a marginale sera in interfacial ...	1985	3898932
detection of geographic isolates of anaplasma marginale, using polyclonal bovine antisera and microfluorometry.	geographically separate united states isolates of anaplasma marginale were differentiated, using polyclonal bovine antiserum and microfluorometry. both isolate-common and restricted antigen-specific antibodies were apparent in sera of splenectomized calves after resolution of infection, as judged by the capability of the antisera to recognize heterologous isolate antigens to a lesser extent than homologous antigens. furthermore, absorption of the antisera with homologous antigens removed homolog ...	1985	3907437
modified indirect fluorescent antibody test for the serodiagnosis of anaplasma marginale infections in cattle.	a modified indirect fluorescence antibody technique was used for the serodiagnosis of anaplasma marginale infections in cattle. nonspecific antibodies adherent to infected erythrocytes were removed, using acidic glycine buffer. evans blue was used as a counterstain.	1985	3907438
anaplasma marginale, eperythrozoon wenyoni: lectin reactions with bovine erythrocytes.	normal bovine erythrocytes were agglutinated with four of five lectins specific for different oligosaccharides. the order of reactivity was wheat germ greater than ricin greater than soybean greater than peanut. concanavalin a did not agglutinate normal bovine erythrocytes. after neuraminidase treatment of normal bovine erythrocytes, each lectin agglutinated the cells with decreased concentrations of lectin, verifying that partial removal of sialic acid exposes more of each lectin's binding site ...	1986	3943586
immunization with an isolate-common surface protein protects cattle against anaplasmosis.	hemoparasitic diseases are endemic in half the world's livestock production areas and are the greatest obstacle to improved meat, milk, and fiber production in the third world. the most prevalent of these diseases, anaplasmosis, occurs throughout tropical and subtropical regions and is responsible for 50,000 to 100,000 cattle deaths annually in the united states alone. despite its prevalence and the severity of the losses, an effective immunoprophylaxis for anaplasmosis has not been developed. a ...	1986	3945825
isolate of anaplasma marginale not transmitted by ticks.	the tick-borne transmissibility of 2 isolates of anaplasma marginale was compared. dermacentor variabilis were exposed to a marginale as nymphs by feeding on 1 of 4 splenectomized calves during periods of ascending parasitemia (maximum 49% to 81% parasitized erythrocytes) induced by injection of a stabilate. tick-borne transmission was attempted, using 26 to 224 adult ticks within 30 to 220 days after molting. adult d variabilis did not transmit an illinois isolate of a marginale in 7 tick-borne ...	1986	3946891
observations on histamine, serotonin, cortisol and cortisol binding globulins in bovine anaplasmosis.	changes in histamine, serotonin, cortisol and cortisol binding globulin (cbg) levels were observed in anaplasma marginale-infected bovine calves. in addition, packed cell volume (pcv), platelet number and percentage parasitaemia were also recorded. the whole blood histamine and serotonin values rose significantly (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.025, respectively) during the acute stage of anaplasma infection. higher serum cortisol and cbg levels (p less than 0.05) were observed in acute and ...	1986	3962160
identification of antigens of two isolates of anaplasma marginale, using a western blot technique.	antigens of the illinois (iam) and florida (fam) isolates of anaplasma marginale were analyzed, using the western blot technique and antiserum from a marginale-infected calves. crude antigens were prepared from the parasitemic blood of each. antiserum was collected after the primary and recrudescent parasitemias. antigens were separated, using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. antigens were then transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes and exposed to test sera. antibodi ...	1986	3963551
epidemiologic aspects of bovine anaplasmosis in semiarid range conditions of south central idaho.	the prevalance of anaplasma marginale-infected cows, as determined by use of the modified rapid card agglutination (mrca) test, was measured during a 4-year period (1980-1983). the prevalence of a marginale-infected cows, defined as positive reactors on the mrca test, remained constant (31%-37%). the apparent incidence of a marginale transmission to susceptible cows was approximately 7% from 1980 to 1981, 8% from 1981 to 1982, and no transmission from 1982 to 1983. the occasional mrca-positive c ...	1986	3963555
susceptibility of bos indicus and bos taurus to anaplasma marginale and babesia bigemina infections.	the reaction of bos taurus and pure-bred bos indicus heifers to infection with the intraerythrocytic parasites anaplasma marginale and babesia bigemina was studied. b. bigemina infection at 18 months and a. marginale infection at 13 or 24 months resulted in slightly less severe reactions in pure-bred bos indicus cattle than in bos taurus. in both breeds, the reaction to a. marginale infection was more severe in older cattle. the severity of b. bigemina infection was not affected by a previous in ...	1985	3992874
observations on erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase activity in experimentally induced anaplasmosis in calves.	erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity was assessed in splenectomized bovine calves inoculated with anaplasma marginale. other parameters, i.e., haematological values (haemoglobin, packed-cell volume, and total erythrocytic count), percentage parasitaemia and the ensuing host reactions during anaplasma infection were also studied in relation to ache activity. there was significant inhibition of red blood cell-ache activity commencing soon after inoculation of infected blood; this prec ...	1985	3992879
chemoprophylaxis of anaplasma ovis infection in sheep with a long-acting oxytetracycline.	the chemoprophylactic efficacy of long-acting oxytetracycline was determined in 13 susceptible ewes infected with anaplasma ovis. the drug was administered intramuscularly at a dose rate of 20 mg kg-1 body weight during the prepatent period. when the ewes were exposed to an equivalent homologous challenge on day 45 post-infection, each showed a mild or inapparent reaction. the host reactions, i.e., body temperature, parasitaemia, packed-cell volume (pcv), haemoglobin, humoral and cell mediated i ...	1985	3992880
cross-reaction of tick salivary antigens in the boophilus microplus-cattle system.	calves were immunized with boophilus microplus saliva, filtered through millipore membranes, in freund's complete adjuvant. serum samples were tested by passive hemagglutination against babesia bigemina, anaplasma marginale, b. microplus larvae extract, stomoxys calcitrans extract and b. microplus saliva. after immunization, titers to saliva, larval tick-extract and to s. calcitrans were increased. the challenge with live tick larvae enhanced the formation of antibodies against larva extract, fl ...	1985	3992881
anaplasma marginale infections in american bison: experimental infection and serologic study.	anaplasma marginale was experimentally transmitted from cattle to bison and back to cattle. of the 2 splenectomized and 1 intact american bison calves (bison bison) inoculated with a north texas a marginale stabilate, 1 splenectomized and 1 intact bison exhibited clinical signs of anaplasmosis. active parasitemias in these bison were observed along with positive reactions in the rapid card agglutination and complement fixation tests. blood from the infected bison produced disease in splenectomiz ...	1985	3994109
bovine anaplasmosis: transplacental transmission as it relates to stage of gestation.	six mature, pregnant, anaplasmosis-susceptible and 3 anaplasmosis-carrier beef cows were used in anaplasma in utero transmission studies. susceptible cows were randomly allotted into 3 groups of 2 cows each and were inoculated with a virginia a marginale stabilate. each group was anaplasma-exposed once during 1 of the 3 trimesters of pregnancy. blood samples were obtained from each fetus at various stages of development for evaluation and for subinoculation into splenectomized calves once during ...	1985	3994125
demonstration of vaccine-induced immunity to anaplasmosis without induction of persistent postvaccinal complement-fixing and agglutinating antibodies in yearling steers.	the protective effect and anti-anaplasma complement-fixing and agglutinating antibody responses induced in yearling steers by vaccination with an inactivated anaplasma marginale vaccine were evaluated by challenge exposure. eleven 12- to 14-month-old hereford x angus steers were randomly allotted into 6 principals and 5 controls. the principals were injected im with 5 ml of vaccine on days 0 and 21. on day 70, the 11 steers were challenge exposed by iv inoculation of a marginale-infected blood. ...	1985	3994127
evaluation of jackrabbits as nonruminant hosts for anaplasma marginale.	two black-tailed jackrabbits (lepus californicus), 1 splenectomized and 1 intact, were inoculated with 0.2 ml of a 1:5 dilution of a florida anaplasma marginale stabilate. five months later, both hares were inoculated with 1 ml of whole blood from a calf with acute anaplasmosis. neither hare developed any signs of clinical anaplasmosis. pooled blood (7 ml) from these jackrabbits which was inoculated into 2 anaplasma-susceptible, splenectomized calves failed to induce hematologic or serologic sig ...	1985	3994131
comparative response of friesian milking cows and calves to anaplasma centrale vaccine.		1985	3995254
screening for neonatal isohemolytic anemia in calves.	anti-erythrocytic immunoglobulins in serum and colostrum of 124 anaplasmosis-vaccinated cows were detected with a saline agglutination test. positive results were correlated with the occurrence of neonatal isohemolytic anemia (nia) in calves and were used to predict the occurrence of nia. the disease was prevented by withholding colostrum from calves with a high potential for nia.	1985	4003882
transmission of anaplasma marginale by adult dermacentor andersoni during feeding on calves.	laboratory-reared dermacentor andersoni ticks experimentally infected as nymphs with anaplasma marginale were allowed to feed as adults from 1 to 9 days on susceptible, splenectomized calves to determine when, during feeding, the hematozoan was transmitted from ticks to cattle. in experiment 1, ticks were allowed to feed on calves for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days and anaplasmosis did not result. the same calves were used for experiment 2, and ticks were allowed to feed for 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, or 9 days a ...	1985	4026042
electron microscopy of negatively stained anaplasma marginale theiler, 1910.		1970	4097064
deoxyribonucleic acid of anaplasma marginale.	deoxyribonucleic acid from isolated marginal bodies and calf erythrocytes infected with anaplasma marginale is found to be double stranded and to contain 51 moles per cent guanine plus cytosine.	1972	4109892
systemic lupus erythematosus associated with haemobartonella-like organisms.		1972	4112548
gram-staining characteristics of anaplasma marginale.		1973	4120967
a rapid procedure for preparing fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled anti-anaplasma gamma globulin.		1965	4160492
hyper-gamma m-globulinemia in experimental anaplasmosis.		1966	4165332
preservation and observation of anaplasmas with tails in capillary tubes.		1967	4166438
ultrastructure of anaplasma marginale fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide.		1967	4167894
the immunoglobulin response in intact and splenectomized calves infected with anaplasma marginale.		1968	4171949
recognition of anaplasma marginale theiler in dermacentor andersoni stiles (=d. venustus marx) by the fluorescent antibody method. i. smears of nymphal organs.		1970	4189907
an antigenic and serologic comparison of two virulent strains and an attenuated strain of anaplasma marginale.		1970	4193922
[incertae sedis parasites in comparative pathology].		1972	4196197
evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test for detecting babesia argentina infection in cattle.		1973	4201299
[studies of the reproductive capacity of rams with haemosporidiasis].		1973	4213758
the indonesian developmental area study: observations on mammals from south and east kalimantan (borneo).		1974	4215144
anaplasmosis: comparison of complement fixation methods and study of the cattle population of southern alberta.	the standard procedure for the complement-fixation test adopted in 1958 by the animal disease eradication division of the u.s. department of agriculture for testing of anaplasmosis was compared with the routine method used in our laboratory. in general a good agreement was observed between the two methods, although some standard control sera having a low titre in the u.s.d.a. test gave a slightly higher reaction in the a.d.r.i. test, whereas the reverse was observed with certain high titre contr ...	1966	4225283
atpase activity of the erythrocytic membrane in anaplasmosis and of anaplasma marginale.		1967	4226158
exacerbation of latent erythrocytic infections in deer following splenectomy.	eight adult deer and 4 fawns, from wild populations, were splenectomized and observed for evidence of hemo-parasitic relapses. the animals were maintained indoors under tick-free conditions and in the absence of known arthropod vectors. following splenectomy 2 adult deer and 2 fawns developed acute eperythrozoon infections, 3 adult deer developed acute theileria infections, 2 adult deer developed a demonstrable anaplasma marginale parasitemia, and 1 adult deer exhibited a low level parasitemia o ...	1967	4229931
adenosine triphosphatase activity associated with bovine erythrocyte membranes during infection with anaplasma marginale.		1974	4276083
hypolipoidemia and hypergammaglobulinemia associated with experimentally induced anaplasmosis in calves.		1974	4362213
imidocarb dipropionate therapy in kenyan anaplasmosis and babesiosis.		1974	4413774
the chemotherapeutic efficacy of imidocarb dihydrochloride on concurrent bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis. i. the effects of a single treatment.		1974	4416121
the chemotherapeutic efficacy of imidocarb dihydrochloride on concurrent bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis. ii. the effects of multiple treatments.		1974	4416122
mechanism and specificity of the capillary tube-agglutination test for diagnosis of anaplasmosis.		1974	4433075
the fine structure of intra-erythrocytic stages of theileria gorgonis and a strain of anaplasma marginale isolated from wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus).		1974	4473851
culture of anaplasma marginale in lymph node cells.		1974	4534775
cinematographic recording of paranaplasma caudata and plasmodium gallinaceum: in vitro kinetics.		1972	4551619
definition and taxonomy of anaplasma species with emphasis on morphologic and immunologic features.		1972	4559142
scanning electron microscopic studies of paranaplasma sp. in erythrocytes of a cow.		1973	4572301
studies on homologous and heterologous antibody responses to infections with anaplasma marginale and a. centrale using the indirect fluorescent antibody and capillary tube agglutination tests.		1973	4582010
game anaplasmosis: the isolation of anaplasma organisms from antelope.		1973	4582785
chemotherapy of anaplasmosis, babesiasis, and theileriasis.		1973	4585169
fluorescent-antibody cross reactions between four blood parasites.		1974	4602679
appendage-related antigen production by paranaplasma caudatum in deer erythrocytes.		1974	4611285
transmission of anaplasma marginale by the cattle tick boophilus microplus.		1972	4640755
cryogenic preservation of anaplasma marginale with dimethyl sulfoxide.		1972	4641213
the inhibitory effect of imidocarb on experimental anaplasmosis in splenectomized calves.		1972	4648992
combined treatment with a dithiosemicarbazone and oxytetracycline to eliminate anaplasma marginale infections in splenectomized calves.		1972	4648995
comparative response to premunization using attenuated anaplasma marginale virulent a. marginale and a. centrale in different age groups.		1972	4671458