Publications

cloning, nucleotide sequence and characterization of the gene encoding the erwinia chrysanthemi b374 prta metalloprotease: a third metalloprotease secreted via a c-terminal secretion signal.	erwinia chrysanthemi, a phytopathogenic enterobacterium, secretes three proteases (prta, prtb and prtc) into the extracellular medium. the gene encoding the 50 kda protease, prta, was subcloned from a recombinant cosmid carrying a fragment of the e. chrysanthemi b374 chromosome. prta was shown to be located immediately 3' to the structural genes for the other two extracellular proteases. the amino acid sequence of prta, as predicted from the prta nucleotide sequence, showed a high level of homol ...	1992	1494344
expression of peha-bla gene fusions in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and isolation of regulatory mutants affecting polygalacturonase production.	in vitro gene fusions were constructed between the polygalacturonase-encoding peha gene of the erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (ecc) strain scc3193 and the bla gene of pbr322. the gene fusions obtained (75-2, 75-5 and 75-6) encoded hybrid proteins with the entire signal peptide and 70, 260 or 327 amino acids (aa) of the mature 376 aa peha protein, respectively, fused to the mature part of the periplasmic beta-lactamase. all three hybrid proteins remained cell-bound in ecc. high-level expres ...	1992	1495488
the crte gene in erwinia herbicola encodes geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.	a cluster of genes essential for the biosynthesis of carotenoids in erwinia herbicola has been isolated and characterized [armstrong, g.a., alberti, m. & hearst, j. e. (1990) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 87, 9975-9979]. related gene clusters are found in other carotenoid-producing bacteria. two of these genes, crtb and crte, have been assigned to enzymes responsible for conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (ggpp) to prephytoene diphosphate and prephytoene diphosphate to phytoene, respectively. ...	1992	1495965
negative transcriptional control of iron transport in erwinia chrysanthemi involves an iron-responsive two-factor system.	systemic virulence of the phytopathogen erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 requires a functional iron assimilation system which, in this enterobacterium, is mediated by the siderophore chrysobactin and the outer membrane transport protein fct. we investigated the regulation of this system by iron. no direct similarity with the escherichia coli fur gene was found. insertional mutagenesis allowed isolation of a regulatory mutant which expressed chrysobactin and two other high-affinity iron transport system ...	1992	1508046
a monofunctional prephenate dehydrogenase created by cleavage of the 5' 109 bp of the tyra gene from erwinia herbicola.	a cohesive phylogenetic cluster that is limited to enteric bacteria and a few closely related genera possesses a bifunctional protein that is known as the t-protein and is encoded by tyra. the t-protein carries catalytic domains for chorismate mutase and for cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase. cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase can utilize prephenate or l-arogenate as alternative substrates. a portion of the tyr a gene cloned from erwinia herbicola was deleted in vitro with exonuclease iii and fused in-fr ...	1992	1512561
[changes in blood coagulation in treatment with all-bfm-90 and nhl-bfm-90 protocols].	1. treatment according to the all/nhl-bfm 90 protocol i (induction phase) caused multiple and severe coagulation changes in all 14 patients of our study. glucocorticoids alone made fibrinogen drop to 148 mg/dl, at iii and protein c rise to 136% or even 179% respectively. after day 12, immediately following the start of therapy with coli-asparaginase (asp), fibrinogen continued to drop to reach its lowest average value of 46 mg/dl on day 24. anticoagulant factors like plasminogen (lowest average ...	1992	1518263
molecular cloning and expression in escherichia coli of a cyanobacterial gene coding for phytoene synthase, a carotenoid biosynthesis enzyme.	the first committed step in the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids in plants and algae is the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (ggpp) to prephytoene pyrophosphate (pppp), which is converted to phytoene. we have cloned the gene pys that encodes the enzyme phytoene synthase in the cyanobacterium synechococcus pcc7942. the co-expression of pys in cells of escherichia coli together with the gene crte from erwinia uredovora, which encodes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, resulted in ...	1992	1537409
cloning and characterization of a phospholipase gene from erwinia chrysanthemi ec16.	a single gene (plca) was cloned from a cosmid library of erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 dna that encoded an extracellular phospholipase. the gene was subcloned and dna sequence data showed the presence of a single open reading frame encoding a protein with a predicted size of 39 kda. the coding region was g+c-rich and the protein had a predicted basic isoelectric point. the protein showed no significant homology with others in the pir library, including other phospholipases. when overexpressed in esc ...	1992	1545703
secretion of the rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation protein nodo by haemolysin-type systems.	the rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae nodulation protein nodo is partially homologous to haemolysin of escherichia coli and, like haemolysin, is secreted into the growth medium. the nodo protein can be secreted by a strain of e. coli carrying the cloned nodo gene plus the haemolysin secretion genes hlybd, in a process that also requires the outer membrane protein encoded by tolc. the related protease secretion genes, prtdef, from erwinia chrysanthemi also enable e. coli to secrete nodo. the ...	1992	1545707
purification and functional characterization of the kdgr protein, a major repressor of pectinolysis genes of erwinia chrysanthemi.	the phytopathogenicity of the enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi chiefly results from its capacity to degrade pectin, which is the major component of plant cell walls. this degradation requires the product of 12 genes which constitute independent transcriptional units. all these genes, including kdgt which encodes the 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate (kdg) transport system, are negatively regulated by the kdgr protein. the e. chrysanthemi kdgr gene was cloned into an expression vector and overexpressed ...	1992	1545709
differential depolymerization mechanisms of pectate lyases secreted by erwinia chrysanthemi ec16.	the four pectate lyases (ec 4.2.2.2) secreted by erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 have been individually produced as recombinant enzymes in escherichia coli. oligogalacturonates formed from polygalacturonic acid during reactions catalyzed by each enzyme have been determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. pla catalyzes the formation of a series of oligomers ranging from dimer to dodecamer through a random endolytic depolarization mechanism. plb and plc are trimer- and tetramer-gener ...	1992	1548242
production of active serratia marcescens metalloprotease from escherichia coli by alpha-hemolysin hlyb and hlyd.	serratia marcescens produces an abundant extracellular metalloprotease. the gene for this protease had previously been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli, in which no functional protease could be found. however, the protease gene carries the lxggxgnd repeat motif found in alpha-hemolysin and other proteins secreted by homologous systems. using a dual-plasmid complementation system, we show that the alpha-hemolysin hlyb and hlyd transport determinants are sufficient to allow secretion and a ...	1992	1551853
new functional assignment of the carotenogenic genes crtb and crte with constructs of these genes from erwinia species.	the role of carotenoid genes crtb and crte has been functionally assigned. these genes were cloned from erwinia into escherichia coli or agrobacterium tumefaciens. their functions were elucidated by assaying early isoprenoid enzymes involved in phytoene formation. in vitro reactions from extracts of e. coli carrying the crte gene or a complete carotenogenic gene cluster in which crtb was deleted showed an elevated conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate (fpp) into geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (ggpp ...	1992	1555761
biolistic transformation of prokaryotes: factors that affect biolistic transformation of very small cells.	five bacterial species were transformed using particle gun-technology. no pretreatment of cells was necessary. physical conditions (helium pressure, target cell distance and gap distance) and biological conditions (cell growth phase, osmoticum concentration, and cell density) were optimized for biolistic transformation of escherichia coli and these conditions were then used to successfully transform agrobacterium tumefaciens, erwinia amylovora, erwinia stewartii and pseudomonas syringae pv. syri ...	1992	1556553
stereochemistry of the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by endoglucanase z from erwinia chrysanthemi.	endoglucanase z from the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi (strain 3937) was purified by affinity chromatography on microcrystalline cellulose avicel ph101. a kinetic characterization using p-nitrophenyl beta-d-cellobioside and p-nitrophenyl beta-d-lactosde as substrates was conducted: endoglucanase z exhibited km values of 3 mm and 7.5 mm and vm values of 129 and 40 nmol.min-1.mg-1 towards p-nitrophenyl beta-d-cellobioside (kcat = 0.1 s-1) and p-nitrophenyl beta-d-lactoside (kcat = ...	1992	1563515
high-affinity iron uptake systems present in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora include the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin.	the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora w3c105 produced the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin under iron-limiting conditions. a survey of 22 diverse strains of e. carotovora revealed that strain w3c105 alone produced aerobactin. the ferric-aerobactin receptor of strain w3c105 was an 80-kda protein, identified by immunoblots of sarkosyl-soluble proteins obtained from e. carotovora cells grown in iron-depleted medium and probed with antiserum raised against the 74-kda f ...	1992	1569027
pantoea punctata sp. nov., pantoea citrea sp. nov., and pantoea terrea sp. nov. isolated from fruit and soil samples.	a total of 37 bacterial strains with the general characteristics of the family enterobacteriaceae were isolated from fruit and soil samples in japan as producers of 2,5-diketo-d-gluconic acid from d-glucose. these organisms were phenotypically most closely related to the genus pantoea (f. gavini, j. mergaert, a. beji, c. mielearek, d. izard, k. kersters, and j. de ley, int. j. syst. bacteriol. 39:337-345, 1989) and were divided into three phenotypic groups. we selected nine representative strain ...	1992	1581180
purification of the acidic pectate lyase and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene (pela) of erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937.	the pela gene from erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937, which encodes the acidic pectate lyase, pla, has been sequenced and characterized. the structural gene consists of a 1179 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 41,555 da, which includes an n-terminal signal peptide. the deduced amino acid sequence shows a protein very similar to some pls already sequenced. cloning of the pela gene behind the lacz promoter of the vector ptz19r allowed overexpression of pla into a derivative of strain ...	1992	1593262
efficacy of burning, tillage, and biocides in controlling bacteria released at field sites and effects on indigenous bacteria and fungi.	decontamination treatments of burning and biocide application, alone and in combination with tillage, were evaluated for their ability to reduce populations of bacteria applied to the leaves of plants in field plots. in addition, the effects of these control methods on indigenous leaf and soil bacteria and fungi were assessed. field plots of bush beans (phaseolus vulgaris), sprayed with the bacterium pseudomonas syringae, pseudomonas fluorescens, or erwinia herbicola, received the following trea ...	1992	1599240
in vitro assays of three carotenogenic membrane-bound enzymes from escherichia coli transformed with different crt genes.	in vitro assays have been developed for three membrane-bound carotenogenic enzymes, phytoene desaturase, lycopene cyclase and beta-carotene hydroxylase, expressed in escherichia coli. transformants of e. coli containing different deletion constructs of the erwinia herbicola carotenogenic gene cluster were employed, allowing the estimation of enzyme activities without interference from subsequent reactions. new hplc systems were developed to separate substrates and reaction products enabling the ...	1992	1599492
allergic reactions to erwinia asparaginase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who had previous allergic reactions to escherichia coli asparaginase.	escherichia coli asparaginase is an active antileukemia agent in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. allergic reactions occurred in 31 of 125 patients (24.8%) treated with weekly high-dose (25,000 iu/m2) intramuscular e. coli asparaginase and necessitated discontinuation of the drug.	1992	1606543
harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen erwinia amylovora.	a proteinaceous elicitor of the plant defense reaction known as the hypersensitive response was isolated from erwinia amylovora, the bacterium that causes fire blight of pear, apple, and other rosaceous plants. the elicitor, named harpin, is an acidic, heat-stable, cell-envelope-associated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 44 kilodaltons. harpin caused tobacco leaf lamina to collapse and caused an increase in the ph of bathing solutions of suspension-cultured tobacco cells. the gene e ...	1992	1621099
rapid detection of members of the family enterobacteriaceae by a monoclonal antibody.	six monoclonal antibodies directed against enterobacteria were produced and characterized. the specificity of one of these antibodies (cx9/15; immunoglobulin g2a) was studied by indirect immunofluorescence against 259 enterobacterial strains and 125 other gram-negative bacteria. all of the enterobacteria were specifically recognized, the only exception being erwinia chrysanthemi (one strain tested). bacteria not belonging to members of the family enterobacteriaceae were not detected, except for ...	1992	1622220
ferric iron uptake in erwinia chrysanthemi mediated by chrysobactin and related catechol-type compounds.	erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 possesses a saturable, high-affinity transport system for the ferric complex of its native siderophore chrysobactin, [n-alpha-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-d-lysyl-l-serine]. uptake of 55fe-labeled chrysobactin was completely inhibited by respiratory poison or low temperature and was significantly reduced in rich medium. the kinetics of chrysobactin-mediated iron transport were determined to have apparent km and vmax values of about 30 nm and of 90 pmol/mg.min, respectively. i ...	1992	1624465
expression of the erwinia carotovora polygalacturonase-encoding gene in bacillus subtilis: role of signal peptide fusions on production of a heterologous protein.	the peha gene encoding an endopolygalacturonase (pectinase) of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora has been cloned previously [saarilahti et al., mol. microbiol. 4 (1990) 1037-1044]. we expressed peha in bacillus subtilis using a secretion vector based on the promoter and signal sequence of the alpha-amylase (amy)-encoding gene, amye, from bacillus amyloliquefaciens. to test whether the location of the junction between the secretion vector and peha affects the protein yield, we made four differ ...	1992	1628841
a general role for the lux autoinducer in bacterial cell signalling: control of antibiotic biosynthesis in erwinia.	micro-organisms have evolved complex and diverse mechanisms to sense environmental changes. activation of a sensory mechanism typically leads to alterations in gene expression facilitating an adaptive response. this may take several forms, but many are mediated by response-regulator proteins. the luxr-encoded protein (luxr) has previously been characterised as a member of the response-regulator superfamily and is known to respond to the small diffusible autoinducer signal molecule n-(beta-ketoca ...	1992	1628848
secretion of cyaa-prtb and hlya-prtb fusion proteins in escherichia coli: involvement of the glycine-rich repeat domain of erwinia chrysanthemi protease b.	protease b from erwinia chrysanthemi was shown previously to have a c-terminal secretion signal located downstream of a domain that contains six glycine-rich repeats. this domain is conserved in all known bacterial proteins secreted by the signal peptide-independent pathway. the role of these repeats in the secretion process is controversial. we compared the secretion processes of various heterologous polypeptides fused either directly to the signal or separated from it by the glycine-rich domai ...	1992	1629152
transfusion associated bacteremia and septic shock due to erwinia herbicola.	we report a case of severe septicemia after blood transfusion to a 61-year-old man. the patient developed septic shock with signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation already during the blood transfusion. blood culture from the patient showed growth of erwinia herbicola and culture from the blood bag massive growth of the same microorganism. the bag had been stored in a refrigerator for 3 weeks after tapping. it is likely that contamination occurred during the tapping procedure.	1992	1641602
characterization of the erwinia carotovora peh gene and its product polygalacturonase.	the peh gene, encoding polygalacturonase (peh), was identified in erwinia carotovora strain ec and cloned in escherichia coli. recombinant peh (re-peh) was purified from e. coli strain 706 containing peh on a recombinant plasmid. the activity of the re-peh protein is optimal at ph 5.5. the n-terminal and internal amino acid (aa) sequences of re-peh were determined and compared to the aa sequence deduced from the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the cloned peh. the re-peh has no similarity, based on e ...	1992	1644302
genetic evidence for an activator required for induction of pectin lyase in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora by dna-damaging agents.	in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 71, the induction of pectin lyase (pnl), the bacteriocin carotovoricin (ctv), and cellular lysis (lss) requires a reca function. we obtained mutants wherein a pleiotropic defect, i.e., the lack of induction with mitomycin c, is not restored by the reca+ dna. from a genomic library of strain 71, a cosmid (pakc280) that restored induction of pnl, ctv, and lss by mitomycin c was isolated. the activator function, designated rdg for regulator of damage-inducibl ...	1992	1644776
the virulence-associated chrysobactin iron uptake system of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 involves an operon encoding transport and biosynthetic functions.	the iron assimilation system of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 is mediated by the catechol-type siderophore chrysobactin and the outer membrane transport protein fct. we generated a variety of subclones in high- and low-copy-number vectors from a wild-type recombinant cosmid shown previously to carry the gene cluster fct-cbsa, cbsb, cbsc, cbse encoding chrysobactin transport and biosynthetic functions, respectively. we studied their expression in escherichia coli enterobactin-deficient enta, entb, en ...	1991	1657869
conjugational transfer of recombinant dna in cultures and in soils: host range of pseudomonas putida tol plasmids.	recombinant tol plasmid pwwo-eb62 allows pseudomonas putida to grow on p-ethylbenzoate. this plasmid can be transferred to other microorganisms, and its catabolic functions for the metabolism of alkylbenzoates are expressed in a limited number of gram-negative bacteria, including members of pseudomonad rrna group i and escherichia coli. transfer of the recombinant plasmid to erwinia chrysanthemi was observed, but transconjugants failed to grow on alkylbenzoates because they lost catabolic functi ...	1991	1660698
simultaneous expression of a bacteriophage mu transposase and repressor: a way of preventing killing due to mini-mu replication.	in vitro studies of bacteriophage mu transposition have shown that the phage-encoded transposase and repressor bind the same sequences on the phage genome. we attempted to test that prediction in vivo and found that mu repressor directly inhibits transposition. we also found that, in the absence of repressor, constitutive expression of mu transposition functions pa and pb is lethal in escherichia coli strains lysogenic for a mini-mu and that this is the result of intensive replication of the min ...	1991	1662754
cellulase egz of erwinia chrysanthemi: structural organization and importance of his98 and glu133 residues for catalysis.	biochemical, genetic and primary sequence analyses of the erwinia chrysanthemi endoglucanase egz allowed us to identify two functional domains and to locate their boundaries. the catalytic domain extends from residue 1 to 288, while a domain required for egz to bind to microcrystalline cellulose lies from residues 324 to 385. each domain was found capable of functioning in the absence of the other. a region rich in pro, thr, and ser residues links both domains and appeared to be susceptible to p ...	1991	1677466
nucleotide sequence and molecular characterization of pnla, the structural gene for damage-inducible pectin lyase of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 71.	in a previous study, pnla (the dna damage-inducible structural gene for pectin lyase) of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 71 was localized to a 1.4-kb dna segment within a 3.4-kb ecori fragment (j. l. mcevoy, h. murata, and a. k. chatterjee, j. bacteriol. 172:3284-3289, 1990). we present here dna sequence data for a 2.2-kb region revealing an open reading frame of 870 bases, corresponding to a protein (pnl) of an approximate molecular mass of 32,100 da and an isoelectric point of 9.92. altho ...	1991	1705542
distribution of an l-isoaspartyl protein methyltransferase in eubacteria.	a protein carboxyl methyltransferase (ec 2.1.1.77) that recognizes age-damaged proteins for potential repair or degradation reactions has been found in all vertebrate tissues and cells examined to date. this enzyme catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from s-adenosylmethionine to the carboxyl groups of d-aspartyl or l-isoaspartyl residues that are formed spontaneously from normal l-aspartyl and l-asparaginyl residues. a similar methyltransferase has been found in two bacterial species, escher ...	1992	1729230
treatment of relapsed or refractory adult acute lymphocytic leukemia.	sixty-six adult patients were treated for relapsing or refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (all). the induction treatment consisted in a (1) first phase with vindesine 3 mg/m2 intravenously (iv) on days 1, 8, and 15; daunorubicin 45 mg/m2 iv on days 1, 8, and 15; erwinia-asparaginase 10,000 u/m2 iv on days 7, 8, 14, and 15; and prednisone 60 mg/m2 orally on days 1 to 21 and a (2) second phase with cytarabine 3000 mg/m2 as a 3-hour infusion two times a day on days 1 to 4 (in patients greater th ...	1992	1730121
molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a pectin lyase gene from pseudomonas marginalis n6301.	a pectin lyase (pnl;ec4.2.2.10) gene of pseudomonas marginalis n6301 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. we purified pnl from p. marginalis n6301 and determined n-terminal 33 amino acids sequence. from this sequence, we synthesized two oligonucleotide probes. from the analysis of southern hybridization, 2. 1kb ecori-smai fragment from the chromosomal dna of p. marginalis was found to hybridize with oligonucleotide probes. then, we cloned the fragment into puc119 vector and transformed ...	1992	1731776
nucleotide sequences of the arb genes, which control beta-glucoside utilization in erwinia chrysanthemi: comparison with the escherichia coli bgl operon and evidence for a new beta-glycohydrolase family including enzymes from eubacteria, archeabacteria, and humans.	the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi, unlike other members of the family enterobacteriaceae, is able to metabolize the beta-glucosides, arbutin, and salicin. a previous genetic analysis of the e. chrysanthemi arb genes, which mediate beta-glucoside metabolism, suggested that they were homologous to the escherichia coli k-12 bgl genes. we have now determined the nucleotide sequence of a 5,065-bp dna fragment containing three genes, arbg, arbf, and arbb. deletion analysis, expression ...	1992	1732212
analysis of an erwinia chrysanthemi gene cluster involved in pectin degradation.	a group of four genes of erwinia chrysanthemi involved in pectin degradation has been characterized. these four genes form independent transcription units and are regulated by the negative regulatory gene, kdgr. the functions of two of these genes are known: kdud codes for the 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate oxydoreductase and kdul for the 5-keto-4-deoxyuronate isomerase, two enzymes of the pectin degradation pathway. kdgc has 36% homology with pectate lyase genes of the periplasmic family but its produ ...	1991	1766386
genetic analysis of the erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 chrysobactin iron-transport system: characterization of a gene cluster involved in uptake and biosynthetic pathways.	twenty of the twenty-two mudii1734 insertions impairing the chrysobactin iron-assimilation system of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 were localized to a 50 kbp genomic insert contained in the r-prime plasmid, r'4 (enard et al., 1988). using the conjugative plasmid pulb110 (rp4::mini-mu) and the generalized transducing phage phi ec2, we located this iron-transport region and the two unlinked mutations on the chromosome linkage map. chrysobactin is a catechol-type siderophore and, as we have previously ...	1991	1787788
characterization of a polygalacturonase gene of aspergillus niger rh5344.	we have cloned a gene encoding a polygalacturonase (pg) in the filamentous fungus aspergillus niger rh5344. the structural gene comprises 1141 bp coding for 362 amino acids and the open reading frame is disrupted by one intron of 52 bp. eukaryotic consensus sequences for transcription regulation are found only in deviated forms. the biological functionality of the isolated pg gene was established by retransformation in a. niger and aspergillus awamori. in addition, we have found that the pg prot ...	1991	1787790
[temperate sm phage from pseudomonas aeruginosa as a vector for cloning genetic information].	the recombinant bacteriophages with the genomes containing the dna fragments of bacteria erwinia chrysanthemi, including the pectatelyase gene, were constructed on the base of pseudomonas aeruginosa temperate bacteriophage sm. the gene transferred into pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 cells by transfection is expressed in the new bacterial host. the restriction maps of the recombinant bacteriophages are constructed and the position of an insert is defined. bacteriophage sm was found to be capable of ...	1991	1787841
characterization, localization and transmembrane organization of the three proteins prtd, prte and prtf necessary for protease secretion by the gram-negative bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi.	erwinia chrysanthemi, a gram-negative phythopathogenic bacterium, secretes two related extracellular metalloproteases, b and c, which do not have n-terminal signal sequences. the specific pathway by which they are secreted, which has been reconstituted in escherichia coli, comprises three proteins -- prtd, prte and prtf. hybrid proteins containing segments of these proteins fused to the c-terminus of protease b were purified and used to immunize rabbits. the antisera thus obtained were used to s ...	1991	1791757
beta-d-glucuronidase (bdg) activity of gram-negative bacteria.	bdg is an inducible enzyme that is encoded by the uida gene in escherichia coli. genetic sequences of this gene are present in most if not all e. coli strains regardless of the bdg phenotype. expression of bdg activity can be influenced by lactose-induced catabolite repression or genetic mutations. salmonella, shigella and yersinia strains frequently exhibit positive bdg reaction. bdg activity of strains belonging to genus edwardsiella, serratia, yersinia, vibrio, erwinia, alcaligenes, acinetoba ...	1991	1817425
functional complementation in escherichia coli of different phytoene desaturase genes and analysis of accumulated carotenes.	three different phytoene desaturase genes, from rhodobacter capsulatus, erwinia uredovora, and synechococcus pcc 7942, have been functionally complemented with a gene construct from e. uredovora which encodes all enzymes responsible for formation of 15-cis phytoene in escherichia coli. as indicated by the contrasting reaction products detected in the pigmented e. coli cells after co-transformation, a wide functional diversity of these three different types of phytoene desaturases can be conclude ...	1991	1817513
extracellular secretion of pectate lyase by the erwinia chrysanthemi out pathway is dependent upon sec-mediated export across the inner membrane.	the plant pathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 secretes several extracellular, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, including pectate lyase isozyme pele. secretion kinetics of 35s-labeled pele indicated that the precursor of pele was rapidly processed by the removal of the amino-terminal signal peptide and that the resulting mature pele remained cell bound for less than 60 s before being secreted to the bacterial medium. pele-phoa (alkaline phosphatase) hybrid proteins generated in ...	1991	1829728
l-asparaginase--a reassessment.	the authors review some historical data connected with the discovery of the enzyme l-asparaginase and then summarize the basic informations concerning the mechanism of action, clinical application, toxicity and future prospectives of this substance. from the clinical viewpoint, a broader use of l-asparaginase prepared from erwinia carotovora instead of escherichia coli seems to be warranted.	1991	1837674
characterization of kdgr, a gene of erwinia chrysanthemi that regulates pectin degradation.	erwinia chrysanthemi is a phytopathogenic enterobacterium able to degrade the pectic fraction of plant cell walls. the kdgr negative regulatory gene controls all the genes involved in pectin catabolism, including the pel genes encoding pectate lyases. the e. chrysanthemi kdgr regulatory gene was subcloned in escherichia coli where it was shown to be functional, since it repressed the expression of a pele::uida fusion. the nucleotide sequence of kdgr contained an open reading frame of 918bp prece ...	1991	1840643
differential activation of potato 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase genes by wounding and pathogen challenge.	potato genes encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase (hmgr) were expressed in response to pathogen, elicitor, and wounding. hmgr catalyzes the rate-limiting step in isoprenoid biosynthesis leading to accumulation of phytoalexins and steroid glycoalkaloids. wounding caused increases in hmgr mrna levels. a rapid and transient peak occurred 30 minutes after wounding, followed by a slower peak at 14 hours; both were correlated with increased enzyme activity. induction of hmgr mrna b ...	1991	1840919
phosphatidylinositol, a phospholipid of ice-nucleating bacteria.	the nature of the phospholipids of the various bacteria that have ice nucleation activity in supercooled water has been determined. the seven bacteria studied included pseudomonas syringae, erwinia herbicola, three escherichia coli k-12 strains that are phenotypically ice+ because they contain plasmids with different amounts of either p. syringae or e. herbicola cloned dna, and two e. coli k-12 strains without cloned ice gene dna. all five ice+ bacterial strains contained small amounts (0.1 to 1 ...	1991	1848220
characterization of the yellow-pigment genes of erwinia herbicola.	a 6.7 kb dna fragment containing the pigment genes of erwinia herbicola eho13 has been cloned into escherichia coli. these genes were chromosomally encoded in e. herbicola. the entire dna fragment could be divided into at least three regions. deletions in region i resulted in a non-pigmented phenotype, a deletion in region ii resulted in a pink/yellow phenotype, deletions in region iii resulted in either a pink or a non-pigmented phenotype. tn1000 insertions in the same regions, however, gave di ...	1991	1849608
taxonomy and pathogenicity of erwinia cacticida sp. nov.	a total of 108 pectolytic, soft-rotting erwinia strains were collected from 11 types of cacti growing in arizona, texas, northern mexico, and australia between 1958 and 1989. four strains were collected from soils beneath or close to naturally rotting saguaro cacti. collectively, these strains caused soft rots of saguaro, organ pipe, and senita cacti, opuntia (cactus) fruits and pads, tomato fruits, and potato slices, but only occasionally caused soft rots of slices of carrot roots. a numerical ...	1991	1854634
a gene showing sequence similarity to pectin esterase is specifically expressed in developing pollen of brassica napus. sequences in its 5' flanking region are conserved in other pollen-specific promoters.	differential screening of a brassica napus genomic library led to the isolation of the clone named bp 19 containing a gene which is highly expressed during microspore development. the accumulation of bp19 mrna starts in uninucleate microspores, increases during development reaching a peak in the late stages but declines considerably in mature pollen. the nucleotide sequence of the entire coding region and of extended portions of the 5' and 3' flanking regions was determined. several homologous c ...	1991	1868195
production of beta-carotene in zymomonas mobilis and agrobacterium tumefaciens by introduction of the biosynthesis genes from erwinia uredovora.	the erwinia uredovora crtb, crte, crti, and crty genes required for beta-carotene biosynthesis were introduced by conjugal transfer into an ethanol-producing bacterium, zymomonas mobilis, and a phytopathogenic bacterium, agrobacterium tumefaciens, in which no carotenoid is synthesized. the transconjugants of z. mobilis and a. tumefaciens carrying these genes appeared as yellow colonies and produced 220 and 350 micrograms of beta-carotene per g of dry weight, respectively, in the stationary phase ...	1991	1872613
inducing properties of analogs of 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate on the expression of pectinase genes of erwinia chrysanthemi.	in erwinia chrysanthemi, all the genes involved in pectin degradation are controlled by the negative regulatory gene kdgr. 2-keto-3-deoxy-gluconate (kdg) is the inducing molecule that interacts with kdgr to allow the expression of all the genes of the kdg regulon. the inducing properties on the expression of genes regulated by kdgr of various analogs and derivatives of kdg were tested. all the inducers share the common moiety cooh-co-ch2-choh-c-c included in a pyranic cycle. our results show tha ...	1991	1874406
structural and functional analysis of the rcsa gene from erwinia stewartii.	rcsa is a positive regulator of genes for extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis in the enterobacteriaceae. the nucleotide sequence of the rcsa gene from erwinia stewartii was determined and compared to rcsa sequences from e. amylovora, escherichia coli, and klebsiella pneumoniae. three highly conserved regions of the gene were identified. the c-terminal end of the open reading frame (orf) shared significant amino acid homology to the luxr class of bacterial activator proteins. insertion and ...	1991	1896018
a single cyclohexadienyl dehydratase specifies the prephenate dehydratase and arogenate dehydratase components of one of two independent pathways to l-phenylalanine in erwinia herbicola.	dual biosynthetic pathways diverge from prephenate to l-phenylalanine in erwinia herbicola, the unique intermediates of these pathways being phenylpyruvate and l-arogenate. after separation from the bifunctional p-protein (one component of which has prephenate dehydratase activity), the remaining prephenate dehydratase activity could not be separated from arogenate dehydratase activity throughout fractionation steps yielding a purification of more than 1200-fold. the ratio of activities was cons ...	1991	1897969
the secretion genes of pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline protease are functionally related to those of erwinia chrysanthemi proteases and escherichia coli alpha-haemolysin.	the extracellular alkaline protease produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa is secreted by a specific pathway, independent of the pathway used by most of the other extracellular proteins of this organism. secretion of this protease is dependent on the presence of several genes located adjacent to the apr gene. complementation studies have shown that prtd, e, and f, the three secretion functions for erwinia chrysanthemi proteases b and c (létoffé et al., 1990), can mediate the secretion of the alkalin ...	1991	1904127
components of ice nucleation structures of bacteria.	nonprotein components attached to the known protein product of the inaz gene of pseudomonas syringae have been identified and shown to be necessary for the most efficient ice nucleation of supercooled h2o. previous studies have shown that cultures of ina+ bacteria have cells with three major classes of ice-nucleating structures with readily differentiated activities. further, some cells in the culture have nucleating activities intermediate between those of the different classes and presumably h ...	1991	1917876
formation of bacterial membrane ice-nucleating lipoglycoprotein complexes.	the preliminary finding that nonprotein additions to the protein product of the ice-nucleating gene of pseudomonas syringae or erwinia herbicola are essential for ice nucleation at the warmest temperatures has led to experiments aimed at identifying possible linkages between the ice protein and the other components. it appears that the protein is coupled to various sugars through n- and o-glycan linkages. mannose residues are apparently bound via an n-glycan bond to the amide nitrogen of one or ...	1991	1917877
erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora extracellular protease: characterization and nucleotide sequence of the gene.	the prt1 gene encoding extracellular protease from erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora ec14 in cosmid pca7 was subcloned to create plasmid psk1. the partial nucleotide sequence of the insert in psk1 (1,878 bp) revealed a 1,041-bp open reading frame (orf1) that correlated with protease activity in deletion mutants. orf1 encodes a polypeptide of 347 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 38,826 da. escherichia coli transformed with psk1 or psk23, a subclone of psk1, produces a protease ( ...	1991	1917878
[detection of bacteria of the genus erwinia in sanitary- microbiological control of dry milk products for infants].	the possibility of identification of erwinia bacteria was established during the microbiological analysis of child nutrition products, containing vegetable components, for the presence of coliform bacteria. biochemical and cultural-physiological properties differentiating erwinia herbicola from enterobacter agglomerans were studied, and the most significant differential-diagnostic tests for bacteria identification were determined. to identify erwinia bacteria that do not belong to coliform bacte ...	1991	1926816
transport and utilization of ferrioxamine-e-bound iron in erwinia herbicola (pantoea agglomerans).	we have analyzed ferrioxamine-e-mediated iron uptake and metabolization in erwinia herbicola k4 (pantoea agglomerans) by means of in vivo mössbauer spectroscopy and radioactive labeling techniques. a comparison of cell spectra with the spectrum of ferrioxamine clearly demonstrates that ferrioxamine e is not accumulated in the cell, indicating a fast metal transfer. only two major components of iron metabolism can be detected, a ferric and a ferrous species. at 30 min after uptake, 86% of the int ...	1991	1931438
sequence analysis of the cellulase-encoding cely gene of erwinia chrysanthemi: a possible case of interspecies gene transfer.	the erwinia chrysanthemi (strain 3937) cely gene encoding the minor endoglucanase (egy) was sequenced. the analysis of the upstream region allowed us to identify an in vivo active promoter recognized by the ntra (sigma 54) holoenzyme. no similarity was found between the predicted amino acid (aa) sequences of egy and either the er. chrysanthemi major endoglucanase, egz, or the er. carotovora cels endoglucanase. in contrast, a very high level of identity, both at the nucleotide and the predicted a ...	1991	1937031
pathways for metabolism of ketoaldonic acids in an erwinia sp.	the pathways involved in the metabolism of ketoaldonic acids by erwinia sp. strain atcc 39140 have been investigated by use of a combination of enzyme assays and isolation of bacterial mutants. the catabolism of 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate (2,5-dkg) to gluconate can proceed by two separate nad(p)h-dependent pathways. the first pathway involves the direct reduction of 2,5-dkg to 5-keto-d-gluconate, which is then reduced to gluconate. the second pathway involves the consecutive reduction of 2,5-dkg to ...	1991	1938871
one-step cloning system for isolation of bacterial lexa-like genes.	a system to isolate lexa-like genes of bacteria directly was developed. it is based upon the fact that the presence of a lexa(def) mutation is lethal to sula+ cells of escherichia coli. this system is composed of a sula- lexa(def) hsdr- strain and a lexa-conditional killer vector (plasmid pua165) carrying the wild-type sula gene of e. coli and a polylinker in which foreign dna may be inserted. by using this method, the lexa-like genes of salmonella typhimurium, erwinia carotovora, pseudomonas ae ...	1991	1938926
functional complementation between bacterial mdr-like export systems: colicin v, alpha-hemolysin, and erwinia protease.	the antibacterial protein colicin v (colv) is secreted from gram-negative bacteria by a signal sequence-independent pathway. the proteins that mediate the export of colv share sequence similarities with components from other signal sequence-independent export systems such as those for alpha-hemolysin (hly) and erwinia protease (prt). we report here that the intact hlybd export system can export active colv from escherichia coli strains lacking the colv export proteins cvaa and cvab. the individu ...	1991	1938950
carotenoids of erwinia herbicola and an escherichia coli hb101 strain carrying the erwinia herbicola carotenoid gene cluster.	carotenoid pigments of erwinia herbicola and a transformed strain of escherichia coli carrying the carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster of e. herbicola have been analyzed. both organisms are capable of making essentially the same carotenoids, indicating that all of the genes required for the biosynthesis of the wild type e. herbicola carotenoids have been transformed intact into e. coli. the major products in both species of bacteria are beta-cryptoxanthin glucoside, zeaxanthin monoglucoside and ...	1991	1946693
physical and chemical control of released microorganisms at field sites.	an important consideration in the environmental release of a genetically engineered microorganism is the capability for reduction or elimination of microorganism populations once their function is completed or if adverse environmental effects are observed. in this study the decontamination treatments of burning and biocide application, alone and in combination with tilling, were evaluated for their ability to reduce populations of bacteria released on the phylloplane. field plots of bush beans ( ...	1991	1954582
molecular and genetic characterization of two pollen-expressed genes that have sequence similarity to pectate lyases of the plant pathogen erwinia.	a set of cdnas that are expressed in tomato anthers were isolated. we further characterized two of these cdnas (lat56 and lat59) and their corresponding genomic clones. lat56 and lat59 show low levels of steady-state mrna in immature anthers and maximal levels in mature anthers and pollen. the lat56 and lat59 genes are single-copy in the tomato genome, and are linked on chromosome 3, approximately 5 cm apart. although these cdnas did not cross-hybridize, their deduced protein sequences (p56 and ...	1990	1983191
cloned erwinia chrysanthemi out genes enable escherichia coli to selectively secrete a diverse family of heterologous proteins to its milieu.	the out genes of the enterobacterial plant pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi are responsible for the efficient extracellular secretion of multiple plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, including four isozymes of pectate lyase, exo-poly-alpha-d-galacturonosidase, pectin methylesterase, and cellulase. out- mutants of er. chrysanthemi are unable to export any of these proteins beyond the periplasm and are severely reduced in virulence. we have cloned out genes from er. chrysanthemi in the stable, low-copy ...	1991	1992458
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of the serratia marcescens metalloprotease gene: secretion of the protease from e. coli in the presence of the erwinia chrysanthemi protease secretion functions.	the serratia marcescens extracellular protease sm is secreted by a signal peptide-independent pathway. when the prtsm gene was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli, the cells did not secrete protease sm. the lack of secretion could be very efficiently complemented by the erwinia chrysanthemi protease b secretion apparatus constituted by the prtd, prte, and prtf proteins. as with protease b and alpha-hemolysin, the secretion signal was located within the last 80 amino acids of the protease. t ...	1991	2007544
nucleotide sequence of pnl gene from erwinia carotovora er.	the nucleotide sequence of pnl gene encoding pectin lyase (pnl; ec4.2.2.10)from erwinia carotovora er was determined. the structural gene of pnl consisted of 942 base pairs. an open reading frame that could encode a 33,700 dalton polypeptide consisting 314 amino acids was assigned. the molecular size of the polypeptide predicted from the amino acid composition was close to the value of pnl determined in e.carotovora er. the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-flanking region showed the presence of the ...	1991	2018526
molecular cloning of omprs, a regulatory locus controlling production of outer membrane proteins in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.	a locus, omprs, controlling synthesis of outer membrane proteins was cloned from erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (ecc) by complementation of an escherichia coli ompr-envz mutant. the ecc omprs locus was both structurally and functionally similar to the ompr-envz operon controlling porin gene expression in e. coli as shown by dna hybridization and complementation of e. coli ompr and envz mutants. furthermore, introduction of omprs into e. coli delta (ompr-envz) strains restored the osmoregul ...	1991	2038301
mapping of a carotenogenic gene cluster from erwinia herbicola and functional identification of six genes.	six genes have been mapped and identified by hybridization or by carotenoid analysis of deletion mutants on a 9 kb chromosomal fragment originating from erwinia herbicola eho 10. these genes include crtb, e and i which have been formerly described for rhodobacter, and three new ones: crtz encoding lycopene cyclase, crth for beta-carotene hydroxylase, and crtg for zeaxanthin glycosilase. their arrangement on the plasmid has been elucidated.	1991	2040425
molecular aspects of microbial ice nucleation.	certain organisms nucleate the crystallization of ice. this requires a small volume of water to be induced, probably by lattice-matching with a solid template, to form an 'ice embryo'--a region sharing at least some of the characteristics of macroscopic ice. it is of particular interest to understand the structure and function of biological structures capable of lattice-matching (or otherwise inducing a quasi-crystalline state). some strains of the gram-negative eubacterial genera erwinia, pseud ...	1991	2041468
molecular cloning and sequencing of a pectinesterase gene from pseudomonas solanacearum.	two pectinesterase-positive escherichia coli clones, differing in expression levels, were isolated from a genomic library of pseudomonas solanacearum. both clones contained a common dna fragment which included the pectinesterase-encoding region. the different expression levels found with the two clones could be ascribed to different positioning of the pectinesterase gene with respect to a vector promoter. restriction analysis, subcloning, and further exonuclease deletion mapping revealed that th ...	1991	2045776
[plasmid r68.45 and s-a transduction by the temperate bacteriophage 59 of erwinia carotovora 268].	temperature bacteriophage 59 of erwinia carotovera 268 had transduced extrachromosomal dna: plasmids of r68.45 and s-a. before plasmid transduction experiments the suitable donor strains of indicator culture erwinia horticola 450 harbouring r68.45 and s-a were created. the frequency of plasmid r68.45 transfer from pseudomonas putida to e. horticola 450-8 by conjugation was equal to 5 x 10(-8) per a donor cell and in the case of s-a--from e. coli c600 for the same recipient cells--was 2 x 10(-6). ...	1991	2067419
microflora of partially processed lettuce.	bacteria, yeasts, and molds isolated from partially processed iceberg lettuce were taxonomically classified. the majority of bacterial isolates were gram-negative rods. pseudomonas, erwinia, and serratia species were commonly found. yeasts most frequently isolated from lettuce included members of the genera candida, cryptococcus, pichia, torulaspora, and trichosporon. comparatively few molds were isolated; members of the genera rhizopus, cladosporium, phoma, aspergillus, and penicillium were ide ...	1990	2082830
facile isolation of endo-pectate lyase from erwinia carotovora based on electrostatic interaction.	endo-pectate lyase (pate) from erwinia carotovora was selectively cosedimented with extracellularly produced lipopolysaccharide-lipid complex (lpslc) through dialysis of the cell free culture broth. the selective isolation of pate was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the cosedimentation of the pate with lpslc was initiated by decreasing conductivity of the solution and terminated at approx 1 m siemens (mscm-1). as much as 62% of pate activity in the culture ...	1990	2091529
biosynthesis of biotin-vitamers by family enterobacteriaceae.	the biosynthesis of biotin-vitamers from various carbon sources by the members of the enterobacteriaceae as one of the groups of intestinal bacteria was investigated. the biotin-vitamers synthesized in each case included one or more of dethiobiotin (main product), 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid, and biotin. true biotin was shown to be synthesized under aerobic conditions but not under anaerobic conditions by each of several strains belonging to one of the genera, erwinia, escherichia, proteus, an ...	1990	2097319
[polyamines in representative taxa of coryneform and other bacteria].	the composition of polyamines is studied for the first time in representatives of the genus micrococcus and taxon "conglomeratus", strains staphylococcus aureus ccm 209, deinococcus erythromyxa ccm 706 as well as of erwinia carotovora atcc 15713 polyamines, which are not extracted by perchloric acid. considerable amounts of spermine and rarely of spermidine are revealed in cells of gram positive microorganisms, that differs them from gram negative bacteria possessing high concentrations of putre ...	1990	2115965
secretion processing and activation of erwinia chrysanthemi proteases.	e chrysanthemi, a phytopathogenic enterobacterium, secretes several enzymes into the medium such as pectinases cellulases and proteases. it also produces 3 distinct and antigenically related extracellular proteases. the proteases secretion pathway seems to be distinct from that of the other extracellular enzymes since pleiotropic mutants impaired in cellulase and pectinase secretion are unimpaired in protease secretion. e chrysanthemi proteases b and c secretion occurs without an n-terminal sign ...	1990	2116182
cloning of a large gene cluster involved in erwinia amylovora cfbp1430 virulence.	phage mudiipr13 insertional mutagenesis of erwinia amylovora cfbp1430 allowed us to isolate 6900 independent cmr mutants. the frequencies of different auxotrophs in this population indicated that mudiipr13 had inserted randomly in e. amylovora. screening of 3500 cmr mutants on (i) apple calli and (ii) pear and apple seedlings led to the isolation of 19 non-pathogenic prototrophic single mutants, four of which expressed a lacz+ hybrid protein. expression of the fusion proteins was temperature sen ...	1990	2117695
purification and characterization of extracellular pectate lyase from bacillus subtilis.	bacillus subtilis strain so113 secretes a pectate lyase which is produced during the exponential death phase of growth, just before sporulation. this extracellular pectate lyase, which produces unsaturated products from polygalacturonate, was purified 35-fold from the culture supernatant of bacillus subtilis by a cm sephadex chromatography. it has an isoelectric point of about 9.6 and an mr of 42,000. optimum activity occurred at ph 8.4 and at 42 degrees c. calcium has a stimulative effect on th ...	1990	2126210
the rcsa gene from erwinia amylovora: identification, nucleotide sequence, and regulation of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis.	rcsa is a positive activator of extracellular polysaccharide synthesis in the enterobacteriaceae. a cosmid clone containing the rcsa gene from erwinia amylovora was identified by its ability to restore mucoidy to an e. stewartii rcsa mutant. the rcsa gene was subcloned on a 2.2-kilobase hindiii-psti fragment that hybridized with an e. stewartii rcsa probe and complemented e. stewartii and escherichia coli rcsa mutants. in addition, the cloned e. amylovora rcsa gene stimulated expression of cps:: ...	1990	2131100
bacteriophage mu as a genetic tool to study erwinia amylovora pathogenicity and hypersensitive reaction on tobacco.	erwinia amylovora 1430 was shown to be sensitive to mu g(-) particles. infection resulted either in lytic development or in lysogenic derivatives with insertion of the mu genome at many sites in the bacterial chromosome. we used the mu d1bx::tn9 (lac apr cmr) derivative, called mu dx, to identify mutants affected in pathogenicity and in their ability to induce a hypersensitive reaction (hr) on tobacco plants. inoculation of 1,400 lysogenic derivatives on apple root calli led to the identificatio ...	1990	2137121
cdna cloning of carrot extracellular beta-fructosidase and its expression in response to wounding and bacterial infection.	we isolated a full-length cdna for apoplastic (extracellular or cell wall-bound) beta-fructosidase (invertase), determined its nucleotide sequence, and used it as a probe to measure changes in mrna as a result of wounding of carrot storage roots and infection of carrot plants with the bacterial pathogen erwinia carotovora. the derived amino acid sequence of extracellular beta-fructosidase shows that it is a basic protein (pl 9.9) with a signal sequence for entry into the endoplasmic reticulum an ...	1990	2152110
identification of plant-inducible genes in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	we present a method for identifying plant-inducible genes of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937. mutagenesis was done with the mu diipr3 transposon, which carries a promoterless neomycin phosphotransferase gene (npti), so upon insertion, the truncated gene can fuse to e. chrysanthemi promoters. mutants containing insertions in plant-inducible genes were selected for their sensitivity to kanamycin on minimal plates and for their acquired resistance to this antibiotic when an s. ionantha plant extract was ...	1990	2155205
three separate classes of bacterial ice nucleation structures.	studies of the properties of the ice nucleation structure exposed on the surfaces of various bacteria such as pseudomonas syringae, erwinia herbicola, or various strains of ice+ recombinant escherichia coli have shown that there are clearly three major related but chemically distinct types of structures on these cells. first, the ability of ice+ cells to nucleate super-cooled d2o has been examined, and it has been found that this ability (relative to the ability of the same cells to nucleate sup ...	1990	2158972
[interactions of the phytopathogenic bacteria erwinia with phage p1 crl100 cml].	the bacteriophage p1 cm clr100 lysogenises the bacteria e. chrysanthemi, e. aroideae, e. atroseptica being localized in the cytoplasm, replicating but causing no cell lysis. the prophage induction results in transformation of the lysogenic bacteria e. chrysanthemi into nonviable filamentous cells. however, a portion of cells gets rid of the prophage and gives rise to normal heritage inheritors permitting to use the bacteriophage as an efficient vehicle for introducing the transposons into the ch ...	1990	2159108
characterization of transposon insertion out- mutants of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora defective in enzyme export and of a dna segment that complements out mutations in e. carotovora subsp. carotovora, e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, and erwinia chrysanthemi.	soft-rotting erwinia spp. export degradative enzymes to the cell exterior (out+), a process contributing to their ability to macerate plant tissues. transposon (tn5, tn10, tn10-lacz) insertion out- mutants were obtained in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 71 by using plasmid and bacteriophage lambda delivery systems. in these mutants, pectate lyases, polygalacturonase, and cellulase, which are normally excreted into the growth medium, accumulated in the periplasm. however, localization of th ...	1990	2160934
molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and marker exchange mutagenesis of the exo-poly-alpha-d-galacturonosidase-encoding pehx gene of erwinia chrysanthemi ec16.	the pehx gene encoding extracellular exo-poly-alpha-d-galacturonosidase (exopg; ec 3.2.1.82) was isolated from a genomic library of the pectate lyase-deficient erwinia chrysanthemi mutant um1005 (a nalr kanr delta pelabce derivative of ec16) by immunoscreening 2,800 escherichia coli hb101 transformants with an antibody against exopg protein. the cloned pehx gene was expressed highly from its own promoter in e. coli, and most of the enzyme was localized in the periplasm. the nucleotide sequence o ...	1990	2168372
[erwinia carotovora as a recipient system for the natural hybrid plasmid rp4::mu cts62].	the plasmid rp4::mu cts62 is transferred from escherichia coli cells into a recipient strain erwinia carotovora 268 by conjugation with the frequency 1.5-5 x 10(-7) per donor cell. the maximal frequencies of transfer are obtained by cultivation of donor and recipient cells for 3-5 h on the filters. structural and functional validity of the plasmid in transconjugants is expressed in preservation of all antibiotic-resistant markers of rp4, thermosensitivity to growth at 42 degrees c as well as spo ...	1990	2175013
increased superoxide anion generation by alveolar macrophages stimulated with antigens associated with organic dusts.	the gaseous phase cultures of alveolar macrophages (ams) of guinea pig were exposed to the saline extracts of the dust-borne bacteria micropolyspora faeni (syn. faenia rectivirgula) and erwinia herbicola (syn. enterobacter agglomerans) which have been added at the concentration of 1 microgram/ml to culture medium with or without complement. the effects of exposure on superoxide anion (o2-) production by ams were assessed by the lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence method. both extracts caused s ...	1990	2176060
treatment of relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia in adults.	thirty-three patients with all/aul in first relapse were treated with an induction of prednisone, vindesine, daunorubicin, erwinia asparaginase, i.t. mtx (phase i), high-dose cytarabine, and etoposide (phase ii). twenty-one (64%) achieved a complete remission, one a partial remission. side effects of induction-phase i were predominantly hematological with subsequent infections and gastrointestinal toxicity. in phase ii some patients had additional cutaneous, ocular, and hepatic toxicity. the tre ...	1990	2182434
protease secretion by erwinia chrysanthemi: the specific secretion functions are analogous to those of escherichia coli alpha-haemolysin.	a 5.5 kb dna fragment carrying the functions necessary for the specific secretion of the extracellular metalloproteases b and c produced by the gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi has been sequenced. the fragment contains four transcribed and translated genes: inh, which codes for a protease inhibitor and is not required for protease secretion, and prtd, prte and prtf, which share significant homology with the hlyb, hlyd and tolc genes required for alpha-haemolysin secre ...	1990	2184029
cloning and expression of pectin lyase gene from erwinia carotovora in escherichia coli.	a pectin lyase (pnl; ec 4.2.2.10) gene of erwinia carotovora er was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 0.6 kb stui-ecori fragment, which was hybridized with the mixed oligonucleotide probe for pnl gene, revealed the presence of an open reading frame (0rf) and correlated exactly with the known n-terminal 18 amino acid sequence of pnl. when a plasmid ptn2159, which has a bamhi-ecori fragment containing this orf, was introduced into e. coli jm10 ...	1990	2185758
a family of positive regulators related to the pseudomonas putida tol plasmid xyls and the escherichia coli arac activators.	the xyls family consists of a least 8 different transcriptional regulators. six of these proteins are positive regulators for the catabolism of carbon sources (benzoate and sugars) in escherichia coli, pseudomonas putida and erwinia carotovora, and two of them are involved in pathogenesis in escherichia coli and yersinia enterocolitica. based on protein alignments, the members of this family exhibit a long stretch of homology at the c-terminal end. the regulators involved in the catabolism of ca ...	1990	2186376