Publications

h9n2 avian influenza virus-like particle vaccine provides protective immunity and a strategy for the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals.	in the present study, virus-like particles (vlps) were evaluated as a candidate poultry vaccine against avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h9n2. specific pathogen-free chickens received a single injection of the vlp vaccine expressing ha and m1 protein of aiv h9n2 (h9 ha vlp) at escalating doses in the presence or absence of isa70 water-in-oil adjuvant. at 3 weeks post vaccination, we performed hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to determine sero ...	2011	21463681
inactivated h9n2 avian influenza virus vaccine with gel-primed and mineral oil-boosted regimen could produce improved immune response in broiler breeders.	the frequent economic losses incurred with h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpai) infection have raised serious concerns for the poultry industry. a 1-dose regimen with inactivated h9n2 lpai vaccine could not prevent vaccinated poultry from becoming infected and from shedding wild viruses. a study was conducted to determine whether a 2-dose regimen of inactivated h9n2 lpai vaccine could enhance the immunologic response in chickens. such gel-primed and mineral oil-boosted regimen has ...	2011	21489949
immuno-pcr for one step detection of h5n1 avian influenza virus and newcastle disease virus using magnetic gold particles as carriers.	detecting avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) at low concentrations from tracheal and cloacal swabs of avian influenza- and newcastle disease-infected poultry was carried out using a highly sensitive immunological-polymerase chain reaction (immuno-pcr) method. magnetic gold particles were pre-coated with a capture antibody, either a monoclonal anti-aiv/h5 or monoclonal anti-ndv/f and viruses serially diluted ten-fold from 10(2) to 10(-5)eid(50)/ml. a biotinylated detect ...	2011	21511345
h9 avian influenza reassortant with engineered polybasic cleavage site displays high pathogenic phenotype in chicken.	in the field, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) originate from low pathogenic strains of the hemagglutinin (ha) serotypes h5 and h7 that have acquired a polybasic ha cleavage site. this observation suggests the presence of a cryptic virulence potential of h5 and h7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaiv). among all other lpaiv, the h9n2 strains are of particular relevance as they became wide-spread across many countries in several avian species and have transmitted to huma ...	2011	21525207
immune responses of chickens inoculated with a recombinant fowlpox vaccine coexpressing ha of h9n2 avain influenza virus and chicken il-18.	control of the circulation of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is a major concern for both animal and public health, and h9n2 aiv poses a major threat to the chicken industry worldwide. here, we developed a recombinant fowlpox virus (rfpv-ha) expressing the haemagglutinin (ha) gene of the a/ch/jy/1/05 (h9n2) influenza virus and a recombinant fowlpox virus (rfpv-ha/il18) expressing the ha gene and chicken interleukin-18 (il-18) gene. recombinant plasmid psy-ha/il18 was constructed by cloning chic ...	2011	21549153
influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitory activity of phlorotannins from the edible brown alga ecklonia cava.	influenza a virus infections continue to pose a major threat to humans and several animal species. neuraminidase (na) is one of the most promising targets for the development of drugs against influenza viruses because of its critical role in the viral life cycle. during the course of a search for na inhibitors from edible natural sources, we found that the ethyl acetate layer of ethanol extracts of ecklonia cava showed extremely high na-inhibitory activity (72.1% inhibition at 30 μg/ml). bioacti ...	2011	21585204
induction of inflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors in chickens infected with avian h9n2 influenza virus.	abstract: h9n2 influenza virus is endemic in many asian countries and is regarded as a candidate for the next human pandemic. knowledge of the induction of inflammatory responses and toll-like receptors (tlrs) in chickens infected with h9n2 is limited. here, we show that h9n2 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta 3; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma; and tlr 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 15 in trachea, lung, and intestine of infected chi ...	2011	21592354
a baculovirus dual expression system-based vaccine confers complete protection against lethal challenge with h9n2 avian inuenza virus in mice.	abstract: background: avian influenza viruses of h9n2 subtype have become highly prevalent in avian species. although these viruses generally cause only mild to moderate disease, they can infect a wide variety of species, including chickens, quail, turkeys, ducks, geese, pheasant, partridge, and pigeon, even transmitted to mammalian species, including humans, accelerating the efforts to devise protective strategies against them. results: the results showed that stronger immune responses were ind ...	2011	21639929
cross reactive cellular immune responses in chickens previously exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza.	avian influenza (ai) infection in poultry can result in high morbidity and mortality, and negatively affect international trade. because most ai vaccines used for poultry are inactivated, our knowledge of immunity against ai is based largely on humoral immune responses. in fact, little is known about cellular immunity following a primary ai infection in poultry, especially regarding cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl's).	2011	21645292
contribution of the genetic background to the immune response of broilers vaccinated or challenged with lpai h9n2.	the knowledge on the immune responses to lpai is limited. the purpose of this study was to investigate the immune responses of two divergently selected lines of broilers, a line responding with high antibody response to antigens (hh), and a line responding with low antibody titers (ll) to antigen.	2011	21645320
a lack of antibody formation against inactivated influenza virus after aerosol vaccination in presence or absence of adjuvantia.	in the poultry industry, infections with avian influenza virus (aiv) can result in significant economic losses. the risk and the size of an outbreak might be restricted by vaccination of poultry. a vaccine that would be used for rapid intervention during an outbreak should be safe to use, highly effective after a single administration and be suitable for mass application. a vaccine that could be applied by spray or aerosol would be suitable for mass application, but respiratory applied inactivat ...	2011	21683456
development of a real-time rt-pcr method for rapid detection of h9 avian influenza virus in the air.	avian influenza virus (aiv) has caused serious epidemics all over the world. notably, the low-pathogenic aiv h9n2 has been spreading widely, leading to enormous economic losses to the poultry industry. to rapidly monitor airborne h9 aivs in chicken houses, a real-time rt-pcr method was established and used to detect virus in air samples, and it was also compared with the traditional rt-pcr. the results showed that the real-time rt-pcr possessed high specificity and sensitivity for h9 aivs, and t ...	2011	21735211
sequence and phylogenetic analysis of neuraminidase genes of h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from commercial broiler chicken in iran (2008 and 2009).	a total of 512 tissue samples collected from 30 farms located in various states of iran during 2008-2009 as part of a program to monitor avian influenza viruses (aivs) infection in iran's poultry population. to determine the genetic relationship of iranian viruses, neuraminidase (na) genes from ten isolates of h9n2 viruses isolated from commercial chickens in iran during 2008-2009 were amplified and sequenced. the viruses' neuraminidase gene was >90% similar to those of a/quail/hong kong/g1/97 ( ...	2011	21744029
oral administration of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing chicken interferon-a alleviates clinical signs caused by respiratory infection with avian influenza virus h9n2.	low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 has attracted considerable attention due to severe commercial losses in the poultry industry. furthermore, avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2-infected chickens can be a reservoir for viral transmission to mammals including pigs and humans, complicating control of viral mutants. chicken interferon-alpha (chifn-a) may be useful as an exogenous antiviral agent to control aiv h9n2 infection. however, a superior vehicle for administration of chifn-a is needed ...	2011	21764226
study of infection with an iranian field-isolated h9n2 avian influenza virus in vaccinated and unvaccinated japanese quail.	in the present study, we examined the mortality rate, egg production, and clinical signs of quail experimentally infected with a field isolate of a/chicken/iran/339/02 (h9n2) avian influenza virus obtained from an infected commercial layer farm with severe morbidity and mortality. a total of 120 quail at 14 days old were randomly divided into four groups of vaccinated (b and c) and unvaccinated (a and d) birds. vaccination was done on days 20 and 32, and viral inoculation of birds in groups c an ...	2011	21793433
bursopentine (bp5) as a novel immunoadjuvant enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens.	identification of a new adjuvant capable of selectively promoting an efficient immune response is an urgent need for vaccine development and especially for subunit vaccines. our pervious study showed that bursopentine (bp5) is a novel immunomodulatory peptide and has the ability of significantly stimulating antigen-specific immune response in mice. in this study, the potential adjuvant activities of bp5 were examined in chickens by co-injection of bp5 and inactivated avian influenza virus (aiv) ...	2011	21795462
increase in viral yield in eggs and mdck cells of reassortant h5n1 vaccine candidate viruses caused by insertion of 38 amino acids into the na stalk.	the h5n1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses has spread to over 63 countries in asia, europe, and africa and has become endemic in poultry. since 2004, vaccination against h5n1 influenza has become common in domestic poultry operations in china. most influenza vaccines have been produced in embryonated chicken eggs. high yield is the essential feature of a good vaccine candidate virus.	2011	21864614
Evaluation of age-related differences in the immunogenicity of a G9 H9N2 influenza vaccine.	Avian influenza A/H9N2 viruses can infect people and are viruses considered to be a potential pandemic threat. Prior studies with an inactivated G1 clade H9N2 vaccine reported that persons born before 1968 were more likely to have an immune response than younger subjects. We performed a randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate whether immune responses following immunization with an inactivated, unadjuvanted influenza G9 H9N2 vaccine prepared from A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 virus were more frequ ...	2011	21864622
Multiple amino acid substitutions involved in enhanced pathogenicity of LPAI H9N2 in mice.	Human infection of avian influenza H9N2 virus highlighted the need to better understand the mechanism of interspecies transmission. In this study, we generated mouse-adapted influenza virus (ma01) through serial lung-to-lung passages of a wild-type H9N2 (A/chicken/Hubei/01/1999). Ma01 caused highly lethal infection in mice with severe lung pathology and extended tissue tropism. Nine amino acid substitutions of ma01 were observed in five viral genes (those for PB2, PA, NA, M1, and NS1). Of these ...	2011	21896338
evolutionary characterization of hemagglutinin gene of h9n2 influenza viruses isolated from asia.	the full length hemagglutinin (ha) genes of 287 h9n2 ai strains isolated from chickens in asia during the period 1994-2009 were genetically analyzed. phylogenetic analysis showed that g1-like viruses circulated in the middle east and indian sub-continent countries, whereas other sublineages existed in far east countries. it also revealed g1-like viruses with an average 96.7% identity clustered into two subgroups largely based on their time of isolation. the ka/ks ratio was calculated 0.34 for su ...	2011	21907373
Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of swine influenza H9N2 subtype virus A/swine/HeBei/012/2008/(H9N2).	The H9N2 subtype influenza virus (IV) is a remarkable member of the influenza A viruses because it can infect not only chickens, ducks and pigs, but also humans. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. To further understand the genetic characteristics and evolution, we investigated the source and molecular characteristic ...	2011	21978155
reassortant h9n2 influenza viruses containing h5n1-like pb1 genes isolated from black-billed magpies in southern china.	h9n2 influenza a viruses have become endemic in different types of terrestrial poultry and wild birds in asia, and are occasionally transmitted to humans and pigs. to evaluate the role of black-billed magpies (pica pica) in the evolution of influenza a virus, we conducted two epidemic surveys on avian influenza viruses in wild black-billed magpies in guangxi, china in 2005 and characterized three isolated black-billed magpie h9n2 viruses (bbm viruses). phylogenetic analysis indicated that three ...	2011	21980538
Evaluation of the protective efficacy of a commercial vaccine against different antigenic groups of H9N2 influenza viruses in chickens.	Despite the long-term vaccination programs implemented in China, H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to persist in chicken populations, even in vaccinated flocks. We previously demonstrated that H9N2 AIV isolated from chickens in China also underwent antigenic drift and evolved into distinct antigenic groups (C, D and E). To understand whether antigenic drift of viruses away from the vaccine strain partially contributed to the circulation of H9N2 AIV in China, we evaluated the protectiv ...	2011	22019289
novel genetic reassortants in h9n2 influenza a viruses and their diverse pathogenicity to mice.	h9n2 influenza a viruses have undergone extensive reassortments in different host species, and could lead to the epidemics or pandemics with the potential emergence of novel viruses.	2011	22050764
Characterization of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks in Vietnam in 2009 and 2010.	In the surveillance of avian influenza in Vietnam, 26 H9N2, 1 H3N2, 1 H3N8, 7 H4N6, 3 H11N3, and 1 H11N9 viruses were isolated from tracheal and cloacal swab samples of 300 domestic ducks in April 2009, and 1 H9N6 virus from 300 bird samples in March 2010. Out of the 27 H9 virus isolates, the hemagglutinins of 18 strains were genetically classified as belonging to the sublineage G1, and the other nine belonged to the Korean sublineage. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of the 27 H9 viruses ...	2011	22068881
an h9n2 influenza virus vaccine prepared from a non-pathogenic isolate from a migratory duck confers protective immunity in mice against challenge with an h9n2 virus isolated from a girl in hong kong.	h9n2 influenza viruses circulate in wild birds and poultry in eurasian countries, and have been isolated from pigs and humans in china. h9n2 viruses isolated from birds, pigs and humans have been classified into three sublineages based on antigenic and genetic features. chicken antisera to h9n2 viruses of the korean sublineage reacted with viruses of different sublineages by the hemagglutination-inhibition test. a test vaccine prepared from a non-pathogenic a/duck/hokkaido/49/1998 (h9n2) strain ...	2011	22123308
molecular and antigenic characterization of h9n2 avian influenza virus isolates from chicken flocks between 1998 and 2007 in china.	despite extensive vaccination, h9n2 subtype influenza a viruses (iavs) have prevailed in chicken populations in china. h9n2 iavs have been a major cause of respiratory disease and reduced egg production, resulting in great economic losses to the chinese poultry industry. in attempt to find reasons for lack of adequate protection by commercial vaccines, 41 h9n2 viruses isolated from chicken flocks in various regions of china through surveillance between 1998 and 2007 were systemically analyzed us ...	2011	22177969
in vitro inhibition of influenza virus infection by a crude extract from isatis indigotica root resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.	isatis indigotica root (iir) has been widely used as a chinese medicinal herb to treat regular seasonal influenza over the long history of traditional chinese medicinal practice. however, its inhibitory activities against influenza virus infections along with the associated mechanisms have not been investigated comprehensively. in this study, the chemical nature, mode of action and in vitro anti-influenza activities of a crude extract ( ...	2011	22179315
oral co-administration of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing chicken interferon-α and interleukin-18 enhances the alleviation of clinical signs caused by respiratory infection with avian influenza virus h9n2.	the combined use of cytokines has shown synergistic and/or additive effects in controlling several viral infections of livestock animals. however, little is known concerning the practical use of chicken cytokine combinations to control avian diseases. here, we investigated the antiviral efficacy of oral co-administration of chicken interferon-α (chifn-α) and chicken interleukin-18 (chil-18) using attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in chickens infected with avian influenza virus ( ...	2011	22245401
prevalence and incidence of newcastle disease and prevalence of avian influenza infection of scavenging village chickens in timor-lesté.	a longitudinal study to monitor prevalence and incidence of antibodies against newcastle disease (nd) virus and prevalence of antibodies against avian influenza (ai) virus in scavenging village chickens was conducted in 20 villages within 4 districts of timor-lesté. a total of 3600 blood samples was collected from 1674 individual birds in 300 household chicken flocks during three sampling periods (december 2008-february 2009, march-may 2009, and june-august 2009). the mean interval between house ...	2012	22277596
avian influenza virus hemagglutinins h2, h4, h8, and h14 support a highly pathogenic phenotype.	high-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) evolve from low-pathogenic precursors specifying the ha serotypes h5 or h7 by acquisition of a polybasic ha cleavage site. as the reason for this serotype restriction has remained unclear, we aimed to distinguish between compatibility of a polybasic cleavage site with h5/h7 ha only and unique predisposition of these two serotypes for insertion mutations. to this end, we introduced a polybasic cleavage site into the ha of several low-pathogenic avi ...	2012	22308331
isolation and characterization of a novel h9n2 influenza virus in korean native chicken farm.	an outbreak of avian influenza, caused by an h9n2 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv), occurred in a chicken farm and caused severe economic losses due to mortality and diarrhea. aiv was isolated and identified in a sample from an affected native korean chicken. genetic analysis of the isolate revealed a high sequence similarity to genes of novel reassortant h9n2 viruses isolated from slaughterhouses and live bird markets in korea in 2008 and 2009. animal challenge studies demonstrated th ...	2011	22313001
generation of reassortant influenza viruses within the non-industrial poultry system.	we compared the genetic and biologic characteristics of 35 influenza viruses of different epidemiological backgrounds in korea, including h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ). phylogenetic analysis revealed that chicken adapted h9n2 viruses (a/chicken/korea/96006/96 [ck/kor/96006-like]) have acquired aquatic avian gene segments through reassortment, and these reassorted h9n2 viruses were more frequently detected from minor poultry species than from industrial poultry. conversely, gene segments from ...	2012	22386854
epidemiological survey and genetic evolution of h9 subtype influenza viruses in shanghai, china, from 2006 to 2010.	the h9n2 influenza virus is endemic in poultry. we report its occurrence in live-poultry markets, fair-trade markets and poultry farms in the shanghai region between september 2006 and december 2010. an analysis of partial sequences of the ha, na, pb1, pb2 and np genes of eleven distinct h9n2 isolates revealed that all carried an rssr motif at the cleavage site of ha, diagnostic of low pathogenicity in chickens. a phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates are derived from the lineage r ...	2012	22407404
[influence of antibody-mediated immune pressure on neuraminidase gene mutations of avian influenza virus h9n2].	lg1 strain of avian influenza virus h9n2 was passaged continuously for 40 generations in chicken embryos with anti-lg1 maternal antibodies in 4 parallel experiments, of which 3 experiments had a stable mutation of "g" to "a" at #99 of the neuraminidase gene(na)from the 20th passage resulting in a change of met to ile and 2 had a stable mutation of "a" to "g" at #473 of the na gene from the 30th passage resulting in a change of asn to ser which occurred in the 50th passage of another experiment. ...	2012	22416343
[genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of avian influenza viruses subtype h9n2].	samples of chicken, duck, quail, and pigeon were collected from jiangsu, anhui, and hebei in 2009-2011, and sixteen h9n2 subtype isolates of avian influenza virus (aiv) were identified. the eight full-length genes of 16 aiv isolates were amplified by rt-pcr and sequenced. genome sequence analysis showed that the amino acid motif of cleavage sites in the ha gene was p-s-r/k-s-s-r, which was consistent with the characterization of the lpaiv, and the leucine (l) at the amino acid position 226 in th ...	2012	22416344
isolation, modulatory functions on murine b cell development and antigen-specific immune responses of bp11, a novel peptide from the chicken bursa of fabricius.	the bursa of fabricius (bf) is the central humoral immune organ unique to birds which plays important roles in b lymphocyte differentiation. here, a new bursal peptide (bp11) with the amino acid sequence dvagklpdnrt was identified and characterized from bf. it was proved that bp11 promoted cfu pre-b formation, and regulated b cell differentiation, including increase the percentage of immature and mature b cells in bm cells co-cultured with il-7. bp11 also exerted immunomodulatory function on ant ...	2012	22429726
phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin genes of 40 h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in china from 2010 to 2011.	avian influenza virus (h9n2) infection is a major problem of product performance in poultry worldwide. vaccination is used to limit spread, but more knowledge is needed on the epidemiology of virus subtypes to improve vaccine design. in this study, 40 h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) were isolated from vaccinated poultry flocks in china from 2010 to 2011. hemagglutinin (ha) from different virus strains was sequenced and analyzed. we found that the ha genes of these strains shared nucl ...	2012	22476906
live attenuated h5n1 vaccine with h9n2 internal genes protects chickens from infections by both highly pathogenic h5n1 and h9n2 influenza viruses.	the highly pathogenic h5n1 and h9n2 influenza viruses are endemic in many countries around the world and have caused considerable economic loss to the poultry industry. objectives we aimed to study whether a live attenuated h5n1 vaccine comprising internal genes from a cold-adapted h9n2 influenza virus could protect chickens from infection by both h5n1 and h9n2 viruses.	2013	22487301
contact structure and potential risk factors for avian influenza transmission among open-sided chicken farms in kamalia, an important poultry rearing area of pakistan.	since 1994, the domestic poultry in pakistan has experienced several outbreaks due to avian influenza viruses of subtypes h7n3, h5n1, and h9n2. this paper reveals horizontal contacts and potential risk factors for the spread of avian influenza infection between open-sided chicken farms in kamalia, a sub-district of punjab province. between april and june 2009, an interview-based questionnaire was administered to a sample of 78 growers. the survey identified the following potential biosecurity ri ...	2015	22515028
[sequence comparison of the hemagglutinin gene of the duck-origin h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses].	to demonstrate the phylogenetic evolution, the molecular characteristics of the motif of ha protein cleavage site and the varieties at the receptor binding sites of the hemagglutinin gene of the duck-origin h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses, sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed by mega 4.1 neighbor-joining method.. the results revealed that the duck-origin h9n2 aiv viruses originated from ck/bj/1/94-like and north-ame-like, all the duck-origin h9n2 aiv viruses from main ...	2012	22519178
evaluation of leuconostoc mesenteroides yml003 as a probiotic against low-pathogenic avian influenza (h9n2) virus in chickens.	the aims of the study were to isolate anti-h9n2 bacteria from korean kimchi isolates and to evaluate its performance in cell line, egg and in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens.	2012	22548634
the new temperature-sensitive mutation pa-f35s for developing recombinant avian live attenuated h5n1 influenza vaccine.	h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) is continuously circulating in many asian countries and threatening poultry industry and human population. vaccination is the best strategy to control h5n1 hpaiv infection in poultry and transmission to human population. the aim of this study is to identify new temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations for developing recombinant avian live attenuated h5n1 influenza vaccine.	2012	22621130
isolation and characterization of an h9n2 influenza virus isolated in argentina.	as part of our ongoing efforts on animal influenza surveillance in argentina, an h9n2 virus was isolated from a wild aquatic bird (netta peposaca), a/rosy-billed pochard/argentina/cip051-559/2007 (h9n2) - herein referred to as 559/h9n2. due to the important role that h9n2 viruses play in the ecology of influenza in nature, the 559/h9n2 isolate was characterized molecularly and biologically. phylogenetic analysis of the ha gene revealed that the 559/h9n2 virus maintained an independent evolutiona ...	2012	22709552
heterologous interactions between ns1 proteins from different influenza a virus subtypes/strains.	non-structural protein 1 (ns1) of the influenza virus plays a crucial role in modulating the host immune response and facilitating virus replication. the formation of a homodimer or an oligomer is necessary for ns1 to exert its function efficiently. in the present study, the ns1 protein from the a/shantou/602/06(h3n2) virus (herein abbreviated as ns32) was found to interact with ns1 from a/shantou/169/06(h1n1), a/chicken/guangdong/1/05(h5n1) and a/quail/hong kong/g1/97(h9n2) (abbreviated as ns11 ...	2012	22744180
molecular basis of efficient replication and pathogenicity of h9n2 avian influenza viruses in mice.	h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) have shown expanded host range and can infect mammals, such as humans and swine. to date the mechanisms of mammalian adaptation and interspecies transmission of h9n2 aivs remain poorly understood. to explore the molecular basis determining mammalian adaptation of h9n2 aivs, we compared two avian field h9n2 isolates in a mouse model: one (a/chicken/guangdong/ts/2004, ts) is nonpathogenic, another one (a/chicken/guangdong/v/2008, v) is lethal with effici ...	2012	22768236
enhancement of th1-biased protective immunity against avian influenza h9n2 virus via oral co-administration of attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing chicken interferon-α and interleukin-18 along with an inactivated vaccine.	control of currently circulating re-assorted low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 is a major concern for both animal and human health. thus, an improved lpai h9n2 vaccination strategy is needed to induce complete immunity in chickens against lpai h9n2 virus strains. cytokines play a crucial role in mounting both the type and extent of an immune response generated following infection with a pathogen or after vaccination. to improve the efficacy of inactivated lpai h9n2 vaccine, attenuate ...	2012	22776696
comparison of serum treatments to remove nonspecific inhibitors from chicken sera for the hemagglutination inhibition test with inactivated h5n1 and h9n2 avian influenza a virus subtypes.	the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay is the standard diagnostic test for detection of antibodies to avian influenza viruses. it is well known that chicken serum does not require additional serum pretreatment to remove nonspecific inhibitors (nsis). however, nsis were recognized in certain korean local breeds. in the present study, various treatments were compared to remove such nsis. heat treatment, red blood cell adsorption, and kaolin treatment did not remove nsis effectively, and treatm ...	2012	22807505
efficacy of a high-yield attenuated vaccine strain wholly derived from avian influenza viruses by use of reverse genetics.	the preparation of high-yield influenza h5n1 vaccine strains is challenging for researchers and manufacturers. here, we used reverse genetics to generate a high-yield avian influenza vaccine strain based on a novel avian influenza virus. a high-yield attenuated recombinant h5n3 virus (rh5n3-dl) was prepared from the ha gene of a/goose/anhui/08 (h5n1), modified by deletion of the multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site, the na gene from a/duck/germany/1215/73 (h2n3), and the six internal ...	2012	22832374
low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses infect chicken layers by different routes of inoculation.	in order to develop better control measures against avian influenza, it is necessary to understand how the virus transmits in poultry. in a previous study in which the infectivity and transmissibility of the pandemic h1n1 influenza virus was examined in different poultry species, we found that no or minimal infection occurred in chicken and turkeys intranasally (in) inoculated with the virus. however, we demonstrated that the virus can infect laying turkey hens by the intracloacal (ic) and intra ...	2012	22856182
avian influenza surveillance reveals presence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in poultry during 2009-2011 in the west bengal state, india.	more than 70 outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 have been reported in poultry in the western and north-eastern parts of india. therefore, in view of the recent hpai h5n1 outbreaks in poultry, active ai surveillance encompassing wild, resident, migratory birds and poultry was undertaken during 2009-2011 in the state of west bengal.	2012	22867041
pathogenicity and transmissibility of reassortant h9 influenza viruses with genes from pandemic h1n1 virus.	both h9n2 avian influenza and 2009 pandemic h1n1 viruses (ph1n1) are able to infect humans and swine, which has raised concerns that novel reassortant h9 viruses with ph1n1 genes might be generated in these hosts by reassortment. although previous studies have demonstrated that reassortant h9 viruses with ph1n1 genes show increased virulence in mice and transmissibility in ferrets, the virulence and transmissibility of reassortant h9 viruses in natural hosts such as chickens and swine remain unk ...	2012	22875253
replication and adaptive mutations of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in tracheal organ cultures of different avian species.	transmission of avian influenza viruses (aiv) between different avian species may require genome mutations that allow efficient virus replication in a new species and could increase virulence. to study the role of domestic poultry in the evolution of aiv we compared replication of low pathogenic (lp) aiv of subtypes h9n2, h7n7 and h6n8 in tracheal organ cultures (toc) and primary embryo fibroblast cultures of chicken, turkey, pekin duck and homing pigeon. virus strain-dependent and avian species ...	2012	22912693
complete genome sequence of a novel h9n2 subtype influenza virus fjg9 strain in china reveals a natural reassortant event.	a/chicken/fj/g9/09 (fj/g9) is an h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (h9n2 aiv) strain causing high morbidity that was isolated from broilers in fujian province of china in 2009. fj/g9 has been used as the vaccine strain against h9n2 aiv infection in fujian province of china. here, we report the complete genome sequence of fj/g9 with natural six-way reassortment, which is the most complex genotype strain in china and even in the world so far. the present findings will aid in understanding the com ...	2012	22923800
isolation and mutation trend analysis of influenza a virus subtype h9n2 in egypt.	avian influenza virus h9n2 is a panzootic pathogen that affects poultry causing mild to moderate respiratory distress but has been associated with high morbidity and considerable mortality. interspecies transmission of h9n2 from avian species to mammalian hosts does occur. the virus possesses human virus-like receptor specificity and it can infect humans producing flu-like illness.	2012	22925485
first reported detection of a low pathogenicity avian influenza virus subtype h9 infection in domestic fowl in england.	in december 2010, infection with a h9n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus was detected in a broiler breeder flock in east anglia. disease suspicion was based on acute drops in egg production in two of four sheds on the premises, poor egg shell quality and evidence of diarrhoea. h9n1 lpai virus infection was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription pcr. sequencing revealed high nucleotide identity of 93.6 per cent and 97.9 per cent with contemporary north american h9 and eurasian ...	2012	22949546
effect of intranasal administration of lactobacillus fermentum cjl-112 on horizontal transmission of influenza virus in chickens.	the aim of this study was to determine whether intranasal administration of lactobacillus sp. could prevent horizontal transmission of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) in specific-pathogen-free chickens. three-week-old chickens received 500 μl of 1.5 × 10(9) cfu of lactobacillus fermentum cjl-112 strain (cjl) intranasally for 7 d before and 14 d after a challenge. challenged chickens, each inoculated with h9n2 aiv, were kept in either direct or indirect contact with naive chickens, and morbidity ...	2012	22991537
impact of chicken-origin cells on adaptation of a low pathogenic influenza virus.	understanding the growth dynamics of influenza viruses is an essential step in virus replication and cell-adaptation. the aim of this study was to elucidate the growth kinetic of a low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 subtype in chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) and chicken tracheal epithelial (cte) cells during consecutive passages. an egg-adapted h9n2 virus was seeded into both cell culture systems. the amount of infectious virus released into the cell culture supernatants at interval times post- ...	2013	23011740
experimental transmission in guinea pigs of h9n2 avian influenza viruses from indoor air of chicken houses.	this study aimed to determine the transmission characteristics of h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) derived from the air. eight h9n2 aivs were isolated from chicken houses between 2009 and 2010. we analyzed the phylogenic and pathogenic traits of these isolates. what is more, transmission characteristics in guinea pigs of two airborne isolates were determined in experimental conditions. phylogenetic analyses indicated that the homologies of ha and na genes of eight isolates were 95.4-99.7% and ...	2012	23022529
novel reassortant highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza viruses in poultry in china.	there has been multiple evidence that domestic poultry may act as a vessel for the generation of novel influenza a viruses. in this study, we have analyzed the evolution and pathogenicity of 4 h5n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from apparently healthy poultry from h5n1 virus endemic areas in china. phylogenetic analysis revealed that two of these viruses, a/duck/eastern china/1111/2011 (dk/ec/1111/11) and a/goose/eastern china/1112/2011 (gs/ec/1112/11) were derived from reassortment events in ...	2012	23049973
differential cellular immune responses between chickens and ducks to h9n2 avian influenza virus infection.	avian influenza is an important infectious disease for the poultry industry and an ongoing public health concern. in this study, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to duck cd3ɛ, cd4 and cd8α were generated by immunizing mice with the corresponding escherichia coli-expressed proteins and producing hybridomas. the resulting mabs were used to investigate cellular immune responses of ducks and chickens during h9n2 avian influenza a virus (aiv) infection. by flow cytometric analysis, responses of ...	2012	23063347
changing patterns of h6 influenza viruses in hong kong poultry markets.	until 2001, h6n1 influenza viruses in the hong kong bird markets were represented by a single stable a/teal/hong kong/w312/97-like lineage. beginning in 2001, despite a reduction in overall prevalence, an increase was observed in the number of h6 viruses isolated from chickens and other hosts. to assess any changes in h6 viruses, we characterized 18 h6 viruses isolated in the hong kong bird markets from 2001 to 2003. experimental data showed that the 2003 h6 viruses had similar infectivity for c ...	2011	23074660
complete genome sequence of a novel reassortant h11n2 avian influenza virus isolated from a live poultry market in eastern china.	a/chicken/nanjing/908/2009(h11n2) (ck908) was isolated from a live poultry market in nanjing, china. using pcr and sequencing analysis, we obtained the complete genome sequences of the ck908 virus. the sequence analysis demonstrated that this h11n2 virus was a novel reassortant aiv whose pb1, pb2, pa, ha, np, na, m, and ns genes originated from h9n2, h7n7, h5n2, h11n8, h3n6, h6n2, h1n1, and h5n1, respectively. knowledge regarding the complete genome sequences of the ck908 virus will be useful fo ...	2012	23087108
pinon shell polysaccharide enhances immunity against h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens.	this study investigated the potential of pinon shell polysaccharide (psp) to enhance immunity against h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (h9n2 aiv) in chickens. the effect of psp treatment and h9n2 virus infection after psp pretreatment were investigated by [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 3-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and analysis of major histocompatibility complex and cytokine mrna expression. the in vivo effects on lymphocytes and serum antibody titers were also investigated. the il ...	2012	23091130
receptor specificity and erythrocyte binding preferences of avian influenza viruses isolated from india.	hemagglutination (ha) and hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays are conventionally used for detection and identification of influenza viruses. hi assay is also used for detection of antibodies against influenza viruses. primarily turkey or chicken erythrocytes [red blood cells (rbcs)] are used in these assays, as they are large, nucleated, and sediment fast, which makes it easy to determine the titer. human influenza viruses agglutinate rbcs from chicken, human, and guinea pig, but not from ho ...	2012	23110802
genetic characterization of a novel recombinant h5n2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens in tibet.	in this report, a novel h5n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) was isolated from chickens in tibet in 2010, western china. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that it was a natural reassortant between h9n2 and h5n1 subtypes. it is of note that this virus has an hp genotype with ha, pb2, m, and ns genes homologous to those of a/peregrine falcon/hong kong/2142/2008(h5n1)-like hpaiv isolated from dead wild birds. publishing this genome information will contribute to the investigation of avian influenza ep ...	2012	23166246
matriptase, hat, and tmprss2 activate the hemagglutinin of h9n2 influenza a viruses.	influenza a viruses of the subtype h9n2 circulate worldwide and have become highly prevalent in poultry in many countries. moreover, they are occasionally transmitted to humans, raising concern about their pandemic potential. influenza virus infectivity requires cleavage of the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) at a distinct cleavage site by host cell proteases. h9n2 viruses vary remarkably in the amino acid sequence at the cleavage site, and many isolates from asia and the middle east pos ...	2013	23192872
surveillance and characterization of avian influenza viruses from migratory water birds in eastern hokkaido, the northern part of japan, 2009-2010.	avian influenza virus (aiv) surveillance was conducted around a small pond in obihiro, eastern hokkaido, japan. eleven aivs were isolated from a total of 1,269 fecal samples of migratory wild birds collected during 2009 and 2010. the sample number covered approximately 60 % of the total number of birds observed during sampling periods. the subtypes of the isolates included h3n8 (4 isolates), h5n2 (3), h6n2 (2), h6n1 (1), and h11n2 (1). the h3n8 subtype was most prevalent as in the previous studi ...	2012	23264106
amino acid 316 of hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase stalk length influence virulence of h9n2 influenza virus in chickens and mice.	h9n2 influenza viruses with an a316s substitution in hemagglutinin (ha) and a shorter neuraminidase (na) stalk have become predominant in china. the a316s was shown to increase ha cleavage efficiency when combined with short stalk na, and the short stalk na improved na enzyme activity and release of virus from erythrocytes. single mutations or combinations of these mutations strengthened the virulence of h9n2 virus in chickens and mice.	2012	23269805
[evolution and infection biology of new influenza a viruses with pandemic potential].	wild aquatic birds are natural hosts for a large variety of influenza a viruses. occasionally, viruses are transmitted from this reservoir to other species, such as chickens, pigs, and man, and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics. the h5n1-, h7n7-, h9n2-, and h2n2-viruses are considered to have high pandemic potential, because of their pathogenicity in humans and because of the lack of immune protection in the human population. howev ...	2013	23275951
systemic distribution of different low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses in chicken.	since we were able to isolate viable virus from brain and lung of h7n1 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) infected chickens, we here examined the distribution of different lpaiv strains in chickens by measuring the viral ai rna load in multiple organs. subtypes of h5 (h5n1, h5n2), h7 (h7n1, h7n7) and h9 (h9n2), of chicken (h5n2, h7n1, h7n7, h9n2), or mallard (h5n1) origin were tested. the actual presence of viable virus was evaluated with virus isolation in organs of h7n7 inoculated ch ...	2013	23324567
risk factors and characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from commercial poultry in tunisia.	estimate the seroprevalence of influenza a virus in various commercial poultry farms and evaluate specific risk factors as well as analyze their genetic nature using molecular assays.	2013	23326449
na proteins of influenza a viruses h1n1/2009, h5n1, and h9n2 show differential effects on infection initiation, virus release, and cell-cell fusion.	two surface glycoproteins of influenza virus, haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na), play opposite roles in terms of their interaction with host sialic acid receptors. ha attaches to sialic acid on host cell surface receptors to initiate virus infection while na removes these sialic acids to facilitate release of progeny virions. this functional opposition requires a balance. to explore what might happen when na of an influenza virus was replaced by one from another isolate or subtype, in t ...	2013	23349854
effect of cocirculation of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 subtype with low pathogenic h9n2 subtype on the spread of infections.	widespread prevalence of avian influenza h9n2 subtype in the middle east region and its detection in egypt in quail in early summer 2011 added another risk factor to the egyptian poultry industry in addition to highly pathogenic h5n1 subtype. this situation increases the need for further surveillance and investigation of h9n2 viruses in commercial and household chickens. this work describes detection and genetic characterization of recently isolated h9n2 viruses from chicken flocks. parallel det ...	2012	23402103
recombinant m2e protein-based elisa: a novel and inexpensive approach for differentiating avian influenza infected chickens from vaccinated ones.	available avian influenza (aiv) serological diagnostic tests cannot distinguish vaccinated from naturally infected birds. differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (diva) is currently advocated as a means of achieving the full control of h5n1. in this study, for the first time, recombinant ectodomain of m2 protein (m2e) of avian influenza virus (h5n1 strain) was used for the diva serology test. m2e was cloned into pmal-p4x vector and expressed in e. coli cells. we used western blot to ...	2013	23437243
prokaryote-expressed m2e protein improves h9n2 influenza vaccine efficacy and protection against lethal influenza a virus in mice.	influenza vaccines are prepared annually based on global epidemiological surveillance data. however, since there is no method by which to predict the influenza strain that will cause the next pandemic, the demand to develop new vaccination strategies with broad cross-reactivity against influenza viruses are clearly important. the ectodomain of the influenza m2 protein (m2e) is an attractive target for developing a vaccine with broad cross-reactivity. for these reasons, we investigated the effica ...	2013	23551908
modulation of humoral and cell-mediated immunity against avian influenza and newcastle disease vaccines by oral administration of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing chicken interleukin-18.	interleukin-18 (il-18) has been known to induce interferon-γ (ifn-γ) production and promote th1 immunity. although mammalian il-18 has been characterized in great detail, the properties and application of chicken il-18 remain largely uninvestigated as of yet. in this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing chicken interleukin-18 (chil-18) on immune responses induced by avian influenza (ai) and newcastle disease (nd) vaccines. afte ...	2013	23559899
genetic analysis of polymerase complex (pa, pb1 and pb2) genes of h9n2 avian influenza viruses from iran (1999 to 2009).	to determine the molecular characterization of polymerase complex (pa, pb1 and pb2) genes of h9n2 avian influenza viruses and the genetic relationship of iranian h9n2 viruses and other asian viruses.	2012	23569861
h9n2 avian influenza virus in korea: evolution and vaccination.	low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 viruses have been circulating in the eurasian poultry industry resulting in great economic losses due to declined egg production and moderate to high mortality. in korea, h9n2 lpai was first documented in 1996 and it caused serious economic loss in the korean poultry industry, including layer and broiler breeder farms. since then, the h9n2 viruses that belong to the korea group have been prevalent in chickens and have continuously evolved through reasso ...	2013	23596587
pathogenesis of h9n2 virus in chukar partridges.	low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (h9n2) is circulating in the poultry industry of many countries in the middle east and asia, causing serious economic damage. in this study the clinical signs, antibody response, viral shedding and efficacy of oil emulsion vaccines in chukar partridges were investigated until 9 days post inoculation (d.p.i.). seventy-five chukar partridges (alectoris chukar) were divided randomly in three groups of challenged (group c), vaccinated and challenged (group vc) an ...	2013	23631735
origin and diversity of novel avian influenza a h7n9 viruses causing human infection: phylogenetic, structural, and coalescent analyses.	on march 30, 2013, a novel avian influenza a h7n9 virus that infects human beings was identified. this virus had been detected in six provinces and municipal cities in china as of april 18, 2013. we correlated genomic sequences from avian influenza viruses with ecological information and did phylogenetic and coalescent analyses to extrapolate the potential origins of the virus and possible routes of reassortment events.	2013	23643111
h9n2 avian influenza virus-induced conjunctivitis model for vaccine efficacy testing.	clinical signs such as respiratory signs, egg drop, and mortality have been reported in field cases of low pathogenic avian influenza by h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) but have rarely been reproduced by the virus alone. thus, virus reisolation rates and titers in tissues were measured for vaccine efficacy testing. in the present study, we established a clinical sign-based vaccine efficacy test by reproduction of highly frequent conjunctivitis (77.8%-90%) via binocular instillation of an h9n2 v ...	2013	23678734
seroprevalence of avian influenza h9n2 among poultry workers in shandong province, china.	h9n2 avian influenza virus has been circulating widely in birds, with occasional infection among humans. poultry workers are considered to be at high risk of infection with avian influenza due to their frequent exposure to chickens, but the frequency of h9n2 avian influenza virus infections among them is still indistinct. this study was carried out in order to identify the seroprevalence of h9n2 avian influenza virus among poultry workers in shandong, china. during the period from december 2011 ...	2013	23733318
astragalus polysaccharide enhances immunity and inhibits h9n2 avian influenza virus in vitro and in vivo.	this study investigated the humoral immunization of astragalus polysaccharide (aps) against h9n2 avian influenza virus (h9n2 aiv) infection in chickens.the effects of aps treatment on h9n2 infection was evaluated by an mtt [3(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 3-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and analysis of mhc and cytokine mrna expression. the effect on lymphocyte and serum antibody titers in vivo was also investigated. il-4, il-6, il-10, litaf, il-12 and antibody titers to h9n2 aiv were enhan ...	2013	23786718
electrochemical magnetoimmunosensing approach for the sensitive detection of h9n2 avian influenza virus particles.	a novel electrochemical magnetoimmunosensor for fast and ultrasensitive detection of h9n2 avian influenza virus particles (h9n2 aiv) was designed based on the combination of high-efficiency immunomagnetic separation, enzyme catalytic amplification, and the biotin-streptavidin system. the reusable, homemade magneto au electrode (m-aue) was designed and used for the direct sensing. immunocomplex-coated magnetic beads (imbs) were easily accumulated on the surface of the m-aue to obtain the catalyti ...	2013	23794357
pathogenicity of the novel a/h7n9 influenza virus in mice.	a novel avian-origin influenza a/h7n9 virus infecting humans was first identified in march 2013 and, as of 30 may 2013, has caused 132 human infections leading to 33 deaths. phylogenetic studies suggest that this virus is a reassortant, with the surface hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes being derived from duck and wild-bird viruses, respectively, while the six "internal gene segments" were derived from poultry h9n2 viruses. here we determine the pathogenicity of a human a/shanghai/ ...	2013	23820393
full genome sequence of a natural reassortant h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated from domestic ducks in jiangsu province, china.	in this study, the complete genomic sequence of a novel reassortant h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) from domestic ducks in eastern china was reported. phylogenetic analysis showed that seven of the eight genes were all highly homologous to the chicken-origin h9n2 viruses, whereas the pb2 gene was homologous to the human-origin h1n1 virus, which suggested that domestic ducks might play a key role in the genetic reassortment and evolution of h9n2 aivs in eastern china.	2013	23868123
differential lung nk cell responses in avian influenza virus infected chickens correlate with pathogenicity.	infection of chickens with low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus results in mild clinical signs while infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses causes death of the birds within 36-48 hours. since natural killer (nk) cells have been shown to play an important role in influenza-specific immunity, we hypothesise that nk cells are involved in this difference in pathogenicity. to investigate this, the role of chicken nk-cells in lpai virus infection was studied. next ac ...	2013	23963354
the genesis and source of the h7n9 influenza viruses causing human infections in china.	a novel h7n9 influenza a virus first detected in march 2013 has since caused more than 130 human infections in china, resulting in 40 deaths. preliminary analyses suggest that the virus is a reassortant of h7, n9 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses, and carries some amino acids associated with mammalian receptor binding, raising concerns of a new pandemic. however, neither the source populations of the h7n9 outbreak lineage nor the conditions for its genesis are fully known. using a combination of ...	2013	23965623
antigenic and molecular characterization of avian influenza a(h9n2) viruses, bangladesh.	human infection with avian influenza a(h9n2) virus was identified in bangladesh in 2011. surveillance for influenza viruses in apparently healthy poultry in live-bird markets in bangladesh during 2008-2011 showed that subtype h9n2 viruses are isolated year-round, whereas highly pathogenic subtype h5n1 viruses are co-isolated with subtype h9n2 primarily during the winter months. phylogenetic analysis of the subtype h9n2 viruses showed that they are reassortants possessing 3 gene segments related ...	2013	23968540
genetic analysis of an h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a chicken in a live bird market in northern vietnam in 2012.	in august 2012, a/chicken/vietnam/oie-2215/2012 (h5n2) was isolated from a chicken in a live bird market (lbm) in northern vietnam. intravenous pathogenicity test revealed that this virus is highly pathogenic in chickens. the pa, ha, np and m, pb2 and na, and pb1 and ns genes of the isolate were phylogenetically closely related to those of a/duck/vietnam/oie-2202/2012 (h5n1) of clade 2.3.2.1, a/chicken/vietnam/oie-1611/2012 (h9n2) and a/chicken/vietnam/oie-2468/2012 (h9n2), respectively. all of ...	2014	23986117
h9n2 avian influenza infection altered expression pattern of sphiogosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 in balb/c mice.	the pathological damage inflicted by virulent aiv strains is often caused by inducing a positive feedback loop of cytokines in immune cells that cause excessive inflammation. previous research has shown that a g protein-coupled receptor, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (s1pr1), plays a crucial role in the development of excessive inflammation in influenza virus infection (cell 146:861-862, 2011; cell 146:980-991, 2011). balb/c mice are common laboratory animals used in research of influenza v ...	2013	24073762
seroprevalence of avian influenza (h9n2) in broiler chickens in northwest of iran.	to demonstrate seroprevalence of avian invluenza (h9n2) subtybe in broiler chickens in northwest of iran.	2013	24075349
infectivity and transmissibility of h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens and wild terrestrial birds.	genetic changes in avian influenza viruses influence their infectivity, virulence and transmission. recently we identified a novel genotype of h9n2 viruses in widespread circulation in poultry in pakistan that contained polymerases (pb2, pb1 and pa) and non-structural (ns) gene segments identical to highly pathogenic h7n3 viruses. here, we investigated the potential of these viruses to cause disease and assessed the transmission capability of the virus within and between poultry and wild terrest ...	2013	24134616
adjuvant efficacy of momv against avian influenza virus infection in mice.	highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses are found chiefly in birds and have caused severe disease and death in infected humans. development of influenza vaccines capable of inducing heterosubtypic immunity against a broad range of influenza viruses is the best option for the preparedness, since vaccination remains the principal method in controlling influenza viral infections. here, a momv-adjuvanted recombinant h5n2 (rh5n2) whole virus antigen vaccine with a/environment/korea/w149/06(h5n ...	2013	24173647
epidemiological surveillance of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) from poultry in guangxi province, southern china.	low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) usually causes mild disease or asymptomatic infection in poultry. however, some lpaiv strains can be transmitted to humans and cause severe infection. genetic rearrangement and recombination of even low pathogenic influenza may generate a novel virus with increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to public health. southern china is regarded as the world "influenza epicenter", due to a rash of outbreaks of influenza in recent years. in this study, ...	2013	24204754
a novel activation mechanism of avian influenza virus h9n2 by furin.	avian influenza virus h9n2 is prevalent in waterfowl and has become endemic in poultry in asia and the middle east. h9n2 influenza viruses have served as a reservoir of internal genes for other avian influenza viruses that infect humans, and several cases of human infection by h9n2 influenza viruses have indicated its pandemic potential. fortunately, an extensive surveillance program enables close monitoring of h9n2 influenza viruses worldwide and has generated a large repository of virus sequen ...	2014	24257604
origin and characteristics of internal genes affect infectivity of the novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus.	human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus occurred continuously in china during the first half of 2013, with high infectivity and pathogenicity to humans. in this study, we investigated the origin of internal genes of the novel h7n9 virus and analyzed the relationship between internal genes and infectivity of the virus.	2013	24278391
aerosol transmission of an avian influenza h9n2 virus with a tropism for the respiratory tract of chickens.	a low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpai h9n2) was administered to 3-wk-old chickens by aerosol exposure, intranasal inoculation, and by oral inoculation. tests for virus were by in ovo assay and by real-time reverse-transcriptase pcr. the aerosol dosage was determined by aerosolizing virus into a chamber when it was empty and when it contained chickens. air was collected and the amount of virus inhaled was estimated to be about 18% of the total body uptake. in transmission studies, tests fo ...	2013	24283131
effects of different polymerases of avian influenza viruses on the growth and pathogenicity of a/puerto rico/8/1934 (h1n1)-derived reassorted viruses.	we generated reassorted pr8 viruses containing six different combinations of avian influenza virus (aiv) polymerase genes from a/chicken/korea/01310/2001 (h9n2) (01310) and a/chicken/korea/kbnp-0028/2000 (h9n2) (0028) to examine the effects of the aiv polymerase genes pb1, pb2, and pa on replication efficiency in different host cells and pathogenicity in mice. the virus titers of the reassorted viruses possessing 01310 [rpr8-pb2(01310)] and 0028 [rpr8-pb2(0028)] pb2 genes were significantly high ...	2014	24296300