Publications

a urine-collection device for male mule deer.		1969	5388170
gene expression in an interspecific hybrid: analysis of hemoglobins in donkey, horse, and mule by peptide mapping.		1970	5444105
is inactivation of the x chromosome in the female mule non-random?		1970	5488106
non-random inactivation of the x chromosome in the female mule.		1970	5488107
ear-scab mites, psoroptes cuniculi (acarina: psoroptidae), in captive mule deer.		1970	5504528
the contribution of various tissues and organs to total body mass in the mule deer.		1971	5570758
a light microscopic study of nuclear and cytoplasmic size of the aggregate acidophil population in the hypophysis cerebri, pars distalis, of adult male mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus, relative to seasons of the photoperiod and antler cycles.		1971	5575133
antibacterial action of essential oils of artemisia as an ecological factor. ii. antibacterial action of the volatile oils of artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) on bacteria from the rumen of mule deer.	rumen microorganisms of wild and captive deer were subjected to increasing amounts of volatile oils. the oils had a marked antibacterial effect on the rumen bacteria when the concentration reached approximately 16 muliters of oil per 10 ml of rumen fluid nutrient broth. the gross reactions of rumen bacteria obtained from wild, as well as captive, deer to the volatile oils seemed to be of the same magnitude; thus no adaptation by the bacteria to the oils was apparent.	1968	5649859
strontium-90 in california mule deer.		1968	5652044
phenylketonuria in a mule deer(odocoileus hemionus).		1968	5693840
capacitation in vitro of rabbit sperm with mule eo sinophils.		1969	5789309
non-random x-inactivation in the female mule.		1969	5789668
factors influencing the accumulation of fallout 137-cs in colorado mule deer.		1965	5894390
urinary oestrogens in the mature male mule.		1966	5937895
corpora lutea in proven mules.		2003	5948052
amino acid sequence studies on artiodactyl fibrinopeptides. i. dromedary camel, mule deer, and cape buffalo.		1967	6033721
eimeria odocoilei n. sp. from the mule deer odocoileus h. hemionus in washington.		1967	6069253
microscopic lesions in the hearts of aged horses and mules.		1967	6071094
mule spinners' cancer and the wool industry.		1967	6071507
[laboratory diagnostic studies of haflinger horses and mules (pack-animals of the federal german army). 2. enzyme activity in serum].		1980	6129720
morphological and histochemical observations on the duodenal glands of eight wild ungulate species native to north america.	the duodenal glands of the species examined (alces alces, ovis canadensis, cervus canadensis, oreamnos americanus, bison bison, antilocapra americana, odocoileus virginianas, odocoileus heminous) are confined primarily to the submucosa of the small intestine. in one species, the moose, a significant population of secretory tubules also is observed in the mucosa. the ducts of the duodenal glands pierce the overlying muscularis mucosae to empty most often independently into the intestinal lumen. t ...	1981	6171158
colostrum deficiency in mule deer fawns: identification, treatment and influence on neonatal mortality.	glutaraldehyde coagulation test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, and total protein refractometry were adapted for use in detecting failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins to mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus). the results of all three tests were similar. serum total protein concentration was directly correlated to gamma globulin concentration and gave the best indication of morbidity and mortality. thirteen of 13 fawns with serum total protein concentrations of 5 g/dl or less at ...	1982	6178849
the pineal gland of the horse. morphological and histochemical results. (with notes on the donkey and mule pineal).	the horse pineal gland has been investigated by morphological and histochemical methods. particular care has been given to the cellular types, to the eventual presence of neurosecretory activity and to the nature of the pigments. even in the horse pineal, it is possible to distinguish two populations of pinealocytes, morphologically but not histochemically distinct. a great number of pinealocytes are positive for the masson- hamperl reaction, and for gomori- bargmann 's chromic haematoxylin-phlo ...	1984	6203514
lesions caused by parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: metastronglyloidea) in two cervid hosts.	pathologic effects and host response were evaluated in seven white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus) each exposed per os to 300 or 1000 third-stage larvae of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei. pathologic effects in mule deer consisted of hemorrhagic myositis throughout skeletal muscles, severe verminous pneumonia, and moderate lymphadenitis. the major host response was a granulomatous inflammation associated with nematode eggs and larvae. granulomas oblite ...	1984	6235669
[possible morphological differentiation of horse and mule kidneys from those of donkey and hinny].		1984	6236717
survey for antibodies to viruses of bovine virus diarrhea, bluetongue, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in hunter-killed mule deer in new mexico.	sera from male mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) collected in november 1977 in otero county, new mexico were tested fro antibodies to bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv), bluetongue virus (btv), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). neutralizing antibodies were detected in 26 of 76 (34%) sera tested for bvdv (titer greater than or equal to 1:16). of 46 sera tested for antibodies to btv and ehdv, 10 (22%) and 3 (7%), respectively, were positive. three (7%) of 46 sera were suspect (titer < ...	1980	6256331
serological evidence of infection with japanese encephalitis virus in mules of eastern himalayan region.		1981	6263798
biological functions and receptor binding activities of equine chorionic gonadotrophins.	the role of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (cg, formerly termed pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, pmsg) in maintaining equine pregnancy was investigated by examining the effects of this hormone on the maternal ovaries during early gestation and relating these findings to the receptor binding activities of cg in vitro. measurement of plasma progestagen profiles in mares and donkeys carrying horse, donkey, mule ( female horse x male donkey) and hinny (female donkey x male horse) conceptuses confi ...	1981	6265633
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in montana: isolation and serologic survey.	epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was isolated in vero cell culture from the spleen and whole blood of a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). a 10% spleen suspension caused acute hemorrhagic disease (hd) when inoculated into an experimental white-tailed deer and resulted in the recovery of ehdv from the blood of the experimental animal at 5 days after inoculation. the virus was identified as ehdv serotype 2 through indirect fluorescent antibody tests, electron microscopy, and rec ...	1981	6267969
characterization of papillomaviruses isolated from cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed deer and mule deer.		1982	6293191
[a case of syndactylia--'mule foot'--'horse's hoof'--in cattle].		1982	6294904
flavivirus infections in chiang mai area, thailand, in 1982.	infection by je virus still constitutes major cause of encephalitis in chiang mai area, although some cases of possible dengue encephalopathy were observed. in spite of many apparent encephalitis cases, infection of vector mosquitoes by je virus was not demonstrated. virus isolation from hospitalized patients showed that the principal type of dengue virus circulating in chiang mai in 1982 was type 1 virus. seroepidemiological survey on healthy humans indicated that the northern part of chiang ma ...	1983	6324386
cerebral abscess and cephenemyia phobifer in a mule deer in central nebraska.		1983	6358538
dermis-fat graft in socket reconstruction: theoretical and experimental considerations.	seventy-seven dermis-fat graft specimens with cup shapes of varying diameters were removed from nine cadavers, and their volumes were determined by volume displacement. theoretical volumes were calculated by assuming that the cup shape of the grafts would result in a volume size between that of a cone and that of a cylinder, all of equal diameters and heights. the resulting data demonstrate a close correlation between the measured and the calculated volumes. graft volume in different-sized orbit ...	1984	6369217
the origin and early history of the mules operation.		1984	6378170
failure to transmit sarcocystis species from ox, sheep, goats, moose, elk, and mule deer to raccoons.		1983	6408956
the silent chindit mules.		2015	6418280
elaeophorosis in barbary sheep and mule deer from the texas panhandle.	adult elaeophora schneideri were recovered from the common carotid artery and its branches in 14 of 14 mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, and 3 of 9 barbary sheep or aoudads, ammotragus lervia, from palo duro canyon in the texas panhandle. gross cutaneous lesions attributable to elaeophorosis in the barbary sheep varied from small circumscribed scars up to 10 cm in diameter usually on the poll or orbital region to extensive proliferative irregular encrustations on the frontal, temporal and orbital ...	1981	6454793
moisture and temperature effects on survival and infectivity of first-stage larvae of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and p. tenuis (nematoda: metastrongyloidea).	the survival of first-stage larvae (l1) of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and p. tenuis (nematoda: metastrongyloidea) and their infectivity to the snail triodopsis multilineata were determined experimentally in a variety of temperature and moisture conditions. survival of larvae of p. odocoilei increased with decreasing temperature. survival of larvae in water was similar to survival in air at 17 and 45% rh; survival of larvae in air at 75, 85, and 95% rh was considerably lower at corresponding t ...	1984	6470888
graduate education for emergency medicine: the choice of yaks and horses or mules and zoes.		1984	6476523
congenital phalangeal hypoplasia in equidae.	three cases of unilateral congenital phalangeal hypoplasia are described in 2 horses and 1 mule. radiographic lesions include severe hypoplasia of the 3rd phalanx, and associated hypoplasia of the 2nd phalanx in 2 cases, and hypoplasia or aplasia of the navicular bone in 2 cases. all animals could ambulate but were lame. two cases had palpable laxity at the level of the coronary band. documented etiology was not determined for the dysgenesis, but possibilities include inherited transmission or a ...	1984	6480478
dermatophilosis in a mule deer, odocoileus hemionus (rafinesque), from wyoming.		1984	6492327
parelaphostrongylus andersoni (nematoda: protostrongylidae) and p. odocoilei in two cervid definitive hosts.	infectivity (as percentage of initial dose), location, orientation, and productivity (as maximum weekly larval output) of adult parelaphostrongylus andersoni prestwood, 1972 and p. odocoilei (hobmaier and hobmaier, 1934) were compared in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) (wtd) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) (md). fourteen wtd and 10 md were exposed to third-stage larvae of p. andersoni or p. odocoilei. infectivity was 20% and 31%, respectively, in 7 wtd and 4 md exposed to p. ander ...	1984	6502355
radionuclide concentrations in mule deer with reference to waste-management ponds on the hanford site.	a comparison was made between the amount of time 17 radio-collared mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) spent near low-level waste-management ponds on the hanford site and the levels of radionuclides found in samples of their muscle, liver, bone and rumen contents. all deer had low, but detectable, amounts of 137cs in their muscle, liver and rumen contents and 90sr in their bone. several other radionuclides were detected in the rumen samples, but were apparently not incorporated into the muscle and l ...	1984	6511418
niacin and tryptophan requirements of mule ducklings fed corn and soy-based diets.	experiments were conducted to determine the dietary niacin and tryptophan requirements of mule ducklings fed a corn-soy basal diet. in niacin requirement experiments, day-old, straight-run mule ducklings were fed diets supplemented with graded levels of niacin for 3 weeks. the results showed that the minimum niacin requirement was 45 mg/kg of the diet. for the determination of the optimal tryptophan in the diet, day-old ducklings of mixed sexes were fed a starter diet for 1 week, and then fed fo ...	1984	6538334
a survey on neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the republic of south africa. iv. tumours occurring in equidae.	a survey was carried out on the neoplasms of horses, donkeys and mules which are recorded in the registration files of the section of pathology of the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort, in the republic of south africa, over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974. a total of 378 tumours are recorded, 339 of which were in horses, 32 in mules and 7 in donkeys. sarcoids (38%), squamous cell carcinomas (23,5%), fibromas (8,2%), melanomas (8,0%), papillomas (4,5%), fibrosarcomas (3,4%) and lymp ...	1983	6634089
immobilization of mule deer with ketamine and xylazine, and reversal of immobilization with yohimbine.		1983	6643267
experimental infection of some north american wild ruminants and domestic sheep with mycobacterium paratuberculosis: clinical and bacteriological findings.	mycobacterium paratuberculosis originally isolated from bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) with spontaneous paratuberculosis was used to orally inoculate rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns, bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid lambs, and domestic lambs. all experimentally exposed animals became infected. during the first year of infection, hybrid and domestic sheep were able to control the in ...	1983	6644916
experimental contagious ecthyma in mule deer, white-tailed deer, pronghorn and wapiti.	hand-reared mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus virginianus), pronghorn fawns (antilocapra americana) and wapiti calves (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were exposed to contagious ecthyma lesion material obtained from rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) to determine the susceptibility and pathogenesis in these species. all four species developed mucocutaneous proliferative lesions of the oral cavity, grossly and histologically compatible with ...	1983	6685778
berne virus is not 'coronavirus-like'.	in infected embryonic mule skin cells, berne virus directs the synthesis of two main polypeptides (22k, 20k); in addition, virus-specific proteins with apparent molecular weights of greater than 200k, 80k to 120k, 32k and 17k were detected after radioimmune precipitation. the replication of berne virus was reduced more than 1000-fold by actinomycin d, when the drug (0.1 to 1.0 micrograms/ml) was added during the first 8 h after infection; alpha-amanitin (25 micrograms/ml) produced a similar thou ...	1984	6699624
artificial insemination and natural mating in the crossbreeding of the muscovy drake and the pekin duck.	artificial insemination and natural mating were used for the crossbreeding of the muscovy drake with the pekin duck in order to produce the mule duck. an average fertility rate of 48% was reached by artificially inseminating twice a week. in small flocks, however, when the male to female ratio was 1:2.5 (or higher), natural mating yielded a fertility rate of 80%.	1984	6709575
anaplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminants: a review.	anaplasma marginale can be transmitted, will grow and can survive in a large number of domestic and wild animals. it is pathogenic in cattle, and usually produces nonapparent or mild infections in other species. anaplasma marginale has been recovered from cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (antilocapra americana americana), rocky ...	1984	6716555
horse haemoglobin phenotyping by agarose gel isoelectric focusing comparison of thoroughbreds with other equidae.	by using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 thoroughbred, 82 nooitgedachter, 45 percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. the numbers of other equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (equus zebra hartmannae). phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses.	1984	6742514
the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of sheep: abattoir and flock studies.	the roles of age, tail length and the mules operation in the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma in ewes were studied. the prevalence of the disease in adult sheep slaughtered at 2 abattoirs was 0.08%. no cases occurred in lambs. of all adult sheep condemnations before slaughter, 38.5% were due to squamous cell carcinoma. of these sheep, 73.3% had a single lesion of the vulva (62.9%), tail (6.6%), or anus (3.8%), while 26.7% had lesions at more than one site. the number of lesions was signif ...	1984	6743163
sarcocystis in wild ungulates in alberta.	muscle samples from 557 wild ungulates in alberta, comprising seven species, were examined grossly and/or histologically for cysts of sarcocystis. sarcocystis was found in 100, 96, 94, 75, 75, 73, and 49% of the wapiti (cervus canadensis), moose (alces alces), bison (bison bison), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), mountain goat (oreamnos americanus), and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), respectively.	1980	6780701
antigenic changes produced by complex formation between thrombin and antithrombin-iii.	immunization of goats and mules with human thrombin resulted in an antiserum that reacted only weakly with the parent molecule, prothrombin. some of the antibodies in this antiserum showed a greater affinity for thrombin complexed to its naturally occurring inhibitor, antithrombin-iii, than for active thrombin. an antiserum against the human thrombin inhibitor, antithrombin-iii, produced 2 precipitin lines against human serum but only 1 against plasma. the 2nd line in serum was shown to represen ...	1981	6787123
sarcocystis spp. in white-tailed deer. i. definitive and intermediate host spectrum with a description of sarcocystis odocoileocanis n. sp.	sporocysts containing four sporozoites and measuring (avg.) 15.2 micrometers x 10.7 micrometers (n = 195) were shed in the feces of dogs (canis familiaris) 8 to 16 days (avg. 11.6 days) after the first feeding of venison infected with sarcocystis sp. sporocysts containing four sporozoites and measuring (avg.) 11.5 micrometers x 8.1 micrometers (n = 35) were shed by a cat (felis catus) 14 days after ingesting sarcocystis-infected venison. statistical (pooled t-test) comparison of the mean measure ...	1981	6802990
sarcocystis of deer in south dakota.	the prevalence of sarcocystis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o. hemionus) in south dakota was determined through microscopic examination of tongue samples. the percentage of sarcocystis infection for both species of deer was determined for prairies east of the missouri river, west of the missouri river, and black hills of western south dakota. sixteen percent (n = 62) of the white-tailed deer tongues from east river, 69% (n = 42) from west river, and 74% (n = 23) fr ...	1982	6808161
iodine-129 in mule deer thyroids in the rocky mountain west.	thyroids from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were collected in new mexico, colorado, wyoming and idaho and 129i/127i atom ratios were determined. iodine-129/127 atom ratios were significantly (p less than 0.005) different among states. ratios in wyoming and idaho control thyroids were significantly (p less than 0.05) larger than ratios in new mexico and colorado. fallout from past atmospheric nuclear tests at the nevada test site is suggested as a possible explanation for the differences in rat ...	1983	6874350
pathology of spontaneous and experimental infection of north american wild ruminants with mycobacterium paratuberculosis.	spontaneous paratuberculosis was studied in free-ranging and captive bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), and rocky mountain goats (oreamnos americanus). lesions of paratuberculosis in these species resembled the disease in domestic sheep and goats. mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from bighorn sheep was used to orally infect bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid sheep, elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). clinical pa ...	1983	6879954
variation in skin surface lipid composition among the equidae.	skin surface lipids from equus caballus, e. przewalskii, e. asinus, e. grevyi, e. hemionus onager and a mule (e. asinus/e. caballus) were analyzed in detail. in all species the surface lipid mixtures consisted of giant-ring lactones, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and minor amounts of wax diesters. in e. caballus, the lactone hydroxyacids were entirely branched chained, while in e. asinus and e. grevyi they were almost exclusively straight chained. in e. przewalskii, the onager and the mule the ...	1983	6883996
precipitating cross-reactions among pneumococcal types.	data accumulated over many years are brought together on cross-reactions of 46 among the more than 80 pneumococcal serological types, with the idea of correlating cross-reactions with the structures of the relevant type-specific capsular polysaccharides, insofar as these have been determined. the precipitin reaction was carried out with the polysaccharides and antibodies raised in horses, rabbits, and a mule. quantitative values (micrograms of antibody nitrogen per milliliter of antiserum at 0 t ...	1983	6885161
a collaborative assay of mycoplasma reference antisera.	a total of 29 mycoplasma and acholeplasma antiserum reagents produced in mules and horses by the baltimore biological laboratory and by huntingdon research centre, under the auspices of national institutes of health, bethesda, usa, were tested for potency and specificity, by a great variety of serological techniques, at the fao/who collaborating centre for animal mycoplasmas, university of aarhus, denmark. subsequently, the antisera were subjected to a collaborative assay in which 20 workers fro ...	1983	6885829
castration of mules by unskilled laymen: surgical correction of traumatic results.		1981	6908991
maternal anti-fetal cytotoxic antibody responses of equids during pregnancy.	the maternal immunological response to the developing equine fetus was investigated in 69 pregnancies of various genotypes. in normal intraspecies horse pregnancy (n = 16), 94% of mares produced strong cytotoxic antibody responses to paternal histocompatibility antigens which were first detectable between 44 and 70 days after ovulation. in all other types of pregnancy examined (intraspecies donkey, n = 19; interspecies mule, n = 6; interspecies hinny, n = 2; extraspecies horse-in-donkey, n = 3; ...	1982	6962872
physiological responses of mules on prolonged exposure to high altitude (3 650 m).		1982	7141731
[gangliosides of neural and extraneural tissues of various species of mammals].	the ganglioside patterns of the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem from horse, donkey, mule and goat have been determined by thin-layer chromatography. gm1, gd1a, gd1b and gt1b are the four major brain gangliosides. n-acetylneuraminic acid as the predominant sialic acid (congruent to 97%) and traces of n-glycolyneuraminic acid were found. the four above mentioned major gangliosides were also found in the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem of adult rats. this pattern is not modified in rats u ...	1982	7146593
isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from muscles of mule deer in montana.	toxoplasma gondii was isolated from muscles of 2 road-killed mule deer found near bozeman, mont, by feeding muscles to a toxoplasma-free cat. the cat shed t gondii oocysts 5 days after ingesting muscles pooled from the 2 deer. one infective oocyst of this isolate of t gondii was lethal to mice.	1982	7161172
induced toxoplasmosis in pronghorns and mule deer.	two mule deer and 2 pronghorns were inoculated intraruminally with infective oocysts (deer with 100,000 each, and pronghorns with 100, and 10,000) of the gt-1 strain of toxoplasma gondii. the deer died 7 and 11 days after inoculation, and the pronghorns died 13 and 19 days after inoculation. necropsy findings were typical of acute toxoplasmosis.	1982	7174439
trypanosoma cervi from alaskan reindeer, rangifer tarandus.	twenty-nine (64.4%) or 45 reindeer, rangifer tarandus, examined over a two-year period were infected with trypanosomes. trypomastigotes and dividing epimastigotes were found in the blood of fawns, cows, and bulls. morphometric analysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes from reindeer and comparison of these parasites with similar stages of trypanosomes from elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer from the continuous united states proved them conspecific; the trypanosomes from these members of the cerv ...	1982	7175772
studies on strongylus asini. i. experimental infestation of equines.	infective larvae were harvested from a culture of eggs collected from adult strongylus asini recovered from a free-ranging burchell's zebra, equus burchelli, in the kruger national park. worm-free zebra, horse and donkey foals were successfully infested, but infestation failed in a mule foal. at slaughter, 117-125 days post-infestation, s. asini in their 4th moult were recovered from the liver and portal veins. this is the first report of successful experimental infestation of these hosts with s ...	1982	7177594
isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from musculature of moose and pronghorn in montana.	pieces of skeletal muscle from 43 mule deer, 34 elk, 4 white-tailed deer, 21 pronghorn, 7 moose, and 2 bison were examined for toxoplasma infection, by the acid-pepsin digestion technique. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 1 moose and 1 pronghorn. the isolated strains of t gondii were of low virulence to mice.	1981	7224306
haemagglutinins and lysins in plants and their application in characterising human and animal red cells.	saline extracts of 207 seed varieties belonging to 53 families were tested for haemagglutinating and haemolytic activity against the erythrocytes of eleven vertebrate species (man, monkey, rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, cow, buffalo, horse, mule and fowl). of these, 85 seed extracts showed haemagglutinating activity and 49 seed extracts showed haemolytic activity against the red cells of one or more animal species. several seed extracts were found to react in a species specific manner agglutinating o ...	1981	7259639
the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of sheep.	a high prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of ewes was detected in the wheat belt area of western australia. a postal survey of 80 farms was conducted in the area, seeking information on the epidemiology of the condition, based on the farmers identification of the disease, eighty-two per cent of flocks surveyed were affected, the mean prevalence in ewes of all ages being 2.29% (range 0.12% to 4.0%). the prevalence increased with age, from 0.05% in 1- to 2-year-old ewes t ...	1981	7337596
[stallions and jackasses of moroccan horse and mule breeds. initial results using fluid and frozen semen in mule breeding].		1981	7337644
further studies on trypanosomes in game animals in wyoming ii.	further studies on moose revealed trypanosomes in two captive moose (alces alces shirasi) and in 4 of 7 free-ranging moose in wyoming by blood culture. two free-ranging moose from utah were negative. one of two additional captive moose calves was positive for trypanosomes. trypanosomes also were detected in blood cultures of 8 of 39 american bison (bison bison) being brought into wyoming from nebraska. nineteen additional bison were negative for trypanosomes by blood cultures. identification of ...	1981	7338978
[laboratory diagnostic studies of haflinger horses and mules (pack-animals of the federal german army). 1. hematology].		1980	7348891
[laboratory diagnostic studies of haflinger horses and mules (pack-animals of the west german army). 3. substrates in serum].		1980	7348912
[laboratory diagnosis studies of haflinger horses and mules (pack-animals of the federal german army). 4. minerals and trace elements in blood and serum].		1981	7348947
ganglioside pattern and sialic acid content of horse, donkey, and mule brain.		1980	7354347
chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: a spongiform encephalopathy.	in the past 12 years (1967-79) a syndrome we identify as chronic wasting disease has been observed in 53 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and one black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) held in captivity in several wildlife facilities in colorado and more recently in wyoming. clinical signs were seen in adult deer and included behavioral alterations, progressive weight loss and death in 2 weeks to 8 months. gross necropsy findings included emaciation and excess rumen fluid ad ...	1980	7373730
baseline levels of selected trace elements in colorado oil shale region animals.	baseline levels of boron, fluorine, molybdenum, and copper are described for 18 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and for 45 composite samples of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) from the piceance creek basin, rio blanco county, colorado. these data were collected before oil shale mining took place, and can be used to compare with levels found after mining is initiated. the data can thus be used to monitor changes in levels in animal tissues and as a basis for mitigating possible harmful effects ...	1980	7431515
experimental infection of mule deer with parelaphostrongylus tenuis.	six adult and three fawn mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were experimentally infected with a range of 75-100 infective larvae of parelaphostrongylus tenuis. five of the six adult deer developed clinical signs of neurologic disease that terminated in paralysis between 35 and 80 days. the sixth deer developed slight signs of neurologic disease for 10 days, but recovered. all three mule deer fawns developed neurologic disease. adult meningeal worms were recovered from the subdural space of the spin ...	1980	7463606
experimental coccidiosis in mule deer fawns.	five mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus) ranging in age from 3 to 6 weeks were given sporulated eimeria mccordocki oocysts orally. four of the five fawns developed coccidiosis. initial clinical signs appeared by 8 to 9 days postinoculation and included elevated body temperature and bloody diarrhea. dehydration and limited emaciation occurred as the disease progressed. the disease was allowed to run its course in one fawn and oocysts were passed in the feces on the 16th day following inoculatio ...	1980	7463611
sensitivity of antigen elisa test for detecting trypanosoma evansi antigen in horses in the subtropical area of argentina.	the sensitivity of an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay (ag-elisa) based on a trypanosoma brucei group-specific monoclonal antibody was evaluated to detect circulating trypanosoma evansi antigen in horse sera. three horses and 2 mules were experimentally infected with t. evansi. circulating antigens were detected on 7 and 21 days postinfection. antigen levels increased during the course of the illness and remained high even when parasitemia was low or when parasites could not be detected. ant ...	1995	7472885
[epidemiology of melioidosis in china].	from 1975 to 1989, a total of 73 strains of p. pseudomallei was isolated from the water samples and the pathological samples of human and domestic animals in 13 counties and cities located different latitude from four provinces qiong, yue, gui and xiang in china. serological investigation demonstrated that the geographical distribution of the organism had a significant correlation with the positive rate of antibodies against p. pseudomallei and the native foci of the organisms distributed over t ...	1994	7532109
'surgical mules': the smuggling of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract.	the presentation to surgical units of patients carrying illegal drugs in the gastrointestinal tract is a frequent occurrence at hospitals sited close to international airports. drugs, usually heroin or cocaine, are wrapped in cellophane packets or condoms. the packages are intracorporeally concealed by being swallowed or passed into the rectum. the majority of drug traffickers carrying intracorporeal drug packages do not require any medical intervention. recent reports have suggested that these ...	1995	7562828
malignant hypomelanotic melanoma of mules. a histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of a case with unknown primary site and widespread metastases.	an unusual case of malignant hypomelanotic melanoma occurred in a 15-year-old gray mantle mule with unknown primary site and widespread metastatic growth is described. an ante-mortem examination, the presence of subcutaneous nodules was noted; histologically they are constituted by spindle or polygonal-shaped tumour cells with rare black granules in the cytoplasm; the immunohistochemical procedures showed a large expression of s-100, vimentin and hmb-45 antibodies, suggesting thus a diagnosis of ...	1995	7567160
animal traction in south africa: research priorities in veterinary science.	during june 1994, members of numerous organisations with a vested interest in animal traction in south africa met for a one-day workshop, the initial activity of a forum on working animals. the workshop was sponsored by the foundation for research development in south africa. the individuals who attended were representatives of academic and government institutions, farmer and civic organisations, and included veterinarians and veterinary scientists, administrators, traction experts from the regi ...	1994	7602567
susceptibility of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and two species of north american molluscs to elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda: metastrongyloidea).	an experimental study was done to determine whether elaphostrongylus cervi can be transmitted to common intermediate and definitive hosts indigenous to north america. first-stage larvae of e. cervi obtained from red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) in new zealand developed to the infective third stage in snails (triodopis multilineata) and slugs (deroceros reticulatum). two mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with 102 or 406 third-stage larvae. one animal developed a patent infec ...	1995	7623202
seroepidemiological and molecular evidence for the presence of two h3n8 equine influenza viruses in china in 1993-94.	in may 1993, a severe epidemic of respiratory disease began in horses in inner mongolia and spread throughout horses in china. the disease affected mules and donkeys as well as horses but did not spread to other species, including humans. the severity of the disease raised the question of whether the outbreak might have been caused by the new avian-like influenza viruses detected in horses in china in 1989 or by current variants ofa/equine/miami/1/63 (h3n8) (equine-2) or by a reassortant between ...	1995	7636481
equine parafilariosis in iran.	from march to september 1991, horses (n = 1567), donkeys (n = 112) and mules (n = 96) were examined for equine parafilariosis by random sampling from different areas of iran. the clinical signs of equine parafilariosis were observed in 136 cases of two northern areas (1.4% and 41.3% infection rate) and one northeastern area (6.3% infection rate). most of the infected cases were confirmed by laboratory findings. all infected cases were followed up to establish the epidemiological features. the re ...	1995	7732643
neonatal isoerythrolysis in mule foals.	four mule foals received anti-rbc antibody from their dam's colostrum. two foals developed anemia, 1 developed severe thrombocytopenia, and 1 did not develop any clinical or laboratory abnormalities. all foals had the same donkey sire. seven mares, including the dams of foals 1 to 4, bred to the donkey sire produced anti-rbc antibody. two mares produced anti-rbc antibody to the donkey rbc on the first mating. the donkey sire and 18 of its offspring were found to have an rbc antigen unique to mul ...	1995	7744666
susceptibility of phagocytes from elk, deer, bighorn sheep, and domestic sheep to pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxins.	alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood neutrophils from elk (cervus elaphus), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis), and domestic sheep were exposed to culture supernatants from pasteurella haemolytica isolated from bighorn sheep and domestic sheep. in a second experiment, peripheral blood neutrophils from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), elk, and bighorn sheep were exposed to culture supernatants from p. haemolytica isolated from elk, bighorn sheep and domestic sheep. alveolar macrophag ...	1994	7760482
a comparison of stress in surgically and non-surgically mulesed sheep.	a comparison has been made in 9- to 10-month-old castrated male merino sheep of the changes in plasma total cortisol concentration and behaviour after being treated by either the modified mules operation or by topical application of a quaternary ammonium compound to achieve non-surgical mulesing. after surgical mulesing, plasma total cortisol concentration increased immediately and rapidly and reached a peak value in 15 minutes, whereas after non-surgical treatment an immediate rise did not occu ...	1994	7794315
genetic parameters from factorial cross breeding in two duck strains (anas platyrhynchos) brown tsaiya and pekin, for growth and fatty liver traits.	1. a total of 655 mule ducklings were produced in three hatches by artificial insemination of common duck females brown tsaiya and pekin "alienor" and of their 2 reciprocal crossbreds with muscovy semen. 2. they were fed ad libitum until 6 weeks, then restricted to one meal per day until day 75 and afterwards preforce fed until day 84 and subsequently forced fed by 2 crammers, twice a day, from the age of 85 d and for a maximum of 13 d. 3. body weight at hatching, 28 d, 56 d, 75 d, 84 d and at s ...	1994	7828009
lethal nicotine intoxication in a group of mules.		1994	7858037
ultrastructure of the hinny (equus asinus x equus caballus) seminiferous epithelium.	the gonads and the germinative cells of 3 male hinnies were studied with light and transmission electron microscopy with the aim to observe the development of germ cells and verify the morphological modifications due to the hybridization. the hinny seminiferous epithelium presented sertoli cells and spermatogonia with normal features and anomalous spermatocytes i. the other cells from the spermatogenic sequence were not seen. most of the alterations began to occur in the cytes i, which presented ...	1994	7887486
perioperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous tumors in equidae.	twenty-seven horses (and 1 mule) with 32 histologically confirmed cutaneous tumors were studied to evaluate the effects of intratumoral injection of cisplatin initiated at the time of surgery. as a result of surgery, 9 of the wounds were closed primarily (5 sarcoids, 4 carcinomas) and 23 were left open to granulate (16 sarcoids, 6 carcinomas, 1 hamartoma). chemotherapy consisted of 4 treatment sessions of intratumoral injection of cisplatin in purified sesame oil at 2-week intervals. the first t ...	1994	7890578
ultrastructure of the epithelium that lines the ductuli efferentes in domestic equidae, with particular reference to spermatophagy.	the epithelium that lines the ductuli efferentes in the horse, donkey and mule has been examined by electron microscopy. the epithelium consists of columnar ciliated and non-ciliated cells. lymphocytes and macrophages are also present, together with cells that are rich in lipofuscin. these 'lipofuscin-rich' cells are a peculiar feature of the excurrent ducts of equidae and are characterized by a large number of highly heterogeneous residual bodies. the general morphology of the epithelium and, i ...	1994	7976167