Publications

protective immunity against plasmodium berghei malaria after administration of interleukin-12.	interleukin-12 (il-12) has been shown to induce protection in mice against plasmodium cyanomolgi and in rhesus monkey against plasmodium yeolii. this study is to investigate whether recombinant il-12 can induce protection in balb/c mice against plasmodium berghei. five mice were given intraperitoneal injection of 7.5 micrograms/kg body weight recombinant mouse il-12 two days prior to challenge with 5 x 10(4) of p. berghei, while mice in the control group were injected with 0.5 ml of normal salin ...	1999	11068418
molecular interactions between anopheles stephensi midgut cells and plasmodium berghei: the time bomb theory of ookinete invasion of mosquitoes.	we present a detailed analysis of the interactions between anopheles stephensi midgut epithelial cells and plasmodium berghei ookinetes during invasion of the mosquito by the parasite. in this mosquito, p. berghei ookinetes invade polarized columnar epithelial cells with microvilli, which do not express high levels of vesicular atpase. the invaded cells are damaged, protrude towards the midgut lumen and suffer other characteristic changes, including induction of nitric oxide synthase (nos) expre ...	2000	11080150
toxoplasma gondii homologue of plasmodium apical membrane antigen 1 is involved in invasion of host cells.	proteins with constitutive or transient localization on the surface of apicomplexa parasites are of particular interest for their potential role in the invasion of host cells. we describe the identification and characterization of tgama1, the toxoplasma gondii homolog of the plasmodium apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1), which has been shown to elicit a protective immune response against merozoites dependent on the correct pairing of its numerous disulfide bonds. tgama1 shows between 19% (plasmodi ...	2000	11083833
pfsbp1, a maurer's cleft plasmodium falciparum protein, is associated with the erythrocyte skeleton.	antibodies from hyperimmune monkey sera, selected by absorption to plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, and elution at acidic ph, allowed us to characterize a novel parasite protein, pfsbp1 (p. falciparum skeleton binding protein 1). pfsbp1 is an integral membrane protein of parasite-induced membranous structures associated with the erythrocyte plasma membrane and referred to as maurer's clefts. the carboxy-terminal domain of pfsbp1, exposed within the cytoplasm of the host cell, interac ...	2000	11087921
a role for linoleic acid in erythrocytes infected with plasmodium berghei.	unesterified fatty acids were measured in mouse erythrocytes infected either with chloroquine-susceptible (cs) or with chloroquine-resistant (cr) lines of plasmodium berghei. this work was undertaken to identify candidates for the lipid involved in ferriprotoporphyrin ix (fp) polymerization. linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. in total, they increased 4-fold with cs infections and 6-fold with cr infections. treating infected mice ...	2000	11113630
multiple display of peptides and proteins on a macromolecular scaffold derived from a multienzyme complex.	the acyltransferase components (e2) from the family of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes form large protein scaffolds, to which multiple copies of peripheral enzymes bind tightly but non-covalently. sixty copies of the e2 polypeptide from the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of bacillus stearothermophilus assemble to form a pentagonal dodecahedral scaffold with icosahedral symmetry. this protein scaffold can be modified to present foreign peptides and proteins on its surfa ...	2001	11124904
scant parasitemia in balb/c mice with congenital malaria infection.	balb/c mice were examined to determine whether or not they transmitted rodent malaria, plasmodium berghei, to their fetuses. on the 15th day of pregnancy, mice were inoculated with approximately 3 x 10(6) p. berghei-infected erythrocytes by peritoneal injection. the blood from 27 adult females and 196 neonates was examined using a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method with a detection level of approximately 1 parasite/microl blood. the average parasitemia of females at delivery was 8. ...	2000	11128475
synthesis, antimalarial activity, biomimetic iron(ii) chemistry, and in vivo metabolism of novel, potent c-10-phenoxy derivatives of dihydroartemisinin.	the combination of tmsotf and agclo(4) promotes the efficient c-10-phenoxylation of dihydroartemisinin (3) in good chemical yield and excellent stereoselectivity. all of the new phenoxy derivatives have potent in vitro antimalarial activity. on the basis of the excellent yield and stereoselectivity obtained for the p-trifluoromethyl derivative 7b, this compound and the parent phenyl-substituted derivative 5b were selected for in vivo biological evaluation against plasmodium berghei in the mouse ...	2001	11141088
low-complexity regions in plasmodium falciparum proteins.	full-sequence data available for plasmodium falciparum chromosomes 2 and 3 are exploited to perform a statistical analysis of the long tracts of biased amino acid composition that characterize the vast majority of p. falciparum proteins and to make a comparison with similarly defined tracts from other simple eukaryotes. when the relatively minor subset of prevalently hydrophobic segments is discarded from the set of low-complexity segments identified by current segmentation methods in p. falcipa ...	2001	11157785
plasmodium yoelii: efficient in vitro invasion and complete development of sporozoites in mouse hepatic cell lines.		2000	11162379
a central role for p48/45 in malaria parasite male gamete fertility.	fertilization and zygote development are obligate features of the malaria parasite life cycle and occur during parasite transmission to mosquitoes. the surface protein pfs48/45 is expressed by male and female gametes of plasmodium falciparum and pfs48/45 antibodies prevent zygote development and transmission. here, gene disruption was used to show that pfs48/45 and the ortholog pbs48/45 from a rodent malaria parasite p. berghei play a conserved and important role in fertilization. p48/45- parasi ...	2001	11163248
myosin a expressions in sporogonic stages of plasmodium.		2000	11163454
identification of the class xiv myosins pb-myoa and py-myoa and expression in plasmodium sporozoites.		2001	11166399
triclosan offers protection against blood stages of malaria by inhibiting enoyl-acp reductase of plasmodium falciparum.	the antimicrobial biocide triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol] potently inhibits the growth of plasmodium falciparum in vitro and, in a mouse model, plasmodium berghei in vivo. inhibition of [14c]acetate and [14c]malonyl-coa incorporation into fatty acids in vivo and in vitro, respectively, by triclosan implicate fabi as its target. here we demonstrate that the enoyl-acp reductase purified from p. falciparum is triclosan sensitive. also, we present the evidence for the existence of ...	2001	11175846
role of macrophages in experimental malaria: vii--studies on adoptive transfer of macrophages.	adoptive transfer of purified macrophages harvested from normal, plasmodium berghei infected and latent/cured mice and also macrophages exposed to parasites in vitro were carried out to see the role of macrophages in transferring immunity against p. berghei infection. macrophages obtained from mice having high parasitaemia at a dose of one million cells/animal showed significant increase in survival period (sp) and k values, compared to controls. macrophages exposed to low parasite density confe ...	2000	11198398
[culture of plasmodium berghei with the short life span in mouse erythrocytes: evaluation of chloroquine resistance in three strains of the malaria parasite].	this comparative study was made to examine chroloquine inhibition of c14-hypoxanthine incorporation (preferably nucleic acid precursor for plasmodium) in the short-living red blood cell cultures in mice infected with p. berghei strains differently sensitive to the agent 24 hours after incubation. these included 1) chloroquine-sensitive h strain; 2) lnk-65 strain having a spontaneously 2-3-fold decreased sensitivity to the agent; 3) strain lnk-65 chr selected for high resistance to chloroquine. i ...	1999	11221002
anopheles gambiae laminin interacts with the p25 surface protein of plasmodium berghei ookinetes.	laminin is a major constituent of the basal lamina surrounding the midgut of the malaria vectors that has been implicated in the development of the plasmodium oocyst. in this report we describe the cloning of the anopheles gambiae gene encoding the laminin gamma 1 polypeptide and follow its expression during mosquito development. to further investigate the putative role of laminin in the transmission of the malaria parasite we studied the potential binding of the p25 surface protein of plasmodiu ...	2001	11223130
the plasmodium falciparum knob-associated pfemp3 antigen is also expressed at pre-erythrocytic stages and induces antibodies which inhibit sporozoite invasion.	the expression of the pfemp3 gene and the corresponding pfemp3 knob-associated protein in the pre-erythrocytic stages of plasmodium falciparum was demonstrated by rt-pcr, western blots, ifat and iem. the antigen was found on the surface of the sporozoite and in the cytoplasm of mature hepatic stage parasites. immunological cross-reactivity was observed with sporozoites from the rodent malaria parasites plasmodium yoelii yoelii and plasmodium berghei and was exploited to assess a potential role o ...	2001	11223132
potent in vivo antimalarial activity of 3,15-di-o-acetylbruceolide against plasmodium berghei infection in mice.	the antimalarial activity of the o-acylated bruceolide derivative, 3,15-di-o-acetylbruceolide, was evaluated against plasmodium berghei in vivo. the concentration of 3,15-di-o-acetylbruceolide required for 50% suppression (ed50) of p. berghei in mice was 0.46 +/- 0.06 mg/kg/day, whereas bruceolide was only half as effective as 3,15-di-o-acetylbruceolide. two antimalarial drugs used clinically, chloroquine and artemisinin, demonstrated only low activity corresponding to 1/4 and 1/12 of the ed50 v ...	2000	11227768
in-vivo antimalarial activity of cassia occidentalis, morinda morindoides and phyllanthus niruri.	the ethanolic, dichloromethane and lyophilized aqueous extracts of cassia occidentalis root bark, morinda morindoides leaves and whole plants of phyllanthus niruri were evaluated for their antimalarial actvity in vivo, in 4-day, suppressive assays against plasmodium berghei anka in mice. no toxic effect or mortality was observed in mice treated, orally, with any of the extracts as a single dose, of 500 mg/kg body weight, or as the same dose given twice weekly for 4 weeks (to give a total dose of ...	2001	11235553
removal of the circumsporozoite protein (csp) glycosylphosphatidylinositol signal sequence from a csp dna vaccine enhances induction of csp-specific th2 type immune responses and improvesprotection against malaria infection.	the c terminus of the circumsporozoite protein (csp) is anchored to the parasite cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) glycolipid. this gpi signal sequence functions poorly in heterologous eukaryotic cells, causing csp retention within internal cell organelles during genetic immunization. cellular location of antigen has quantitative and qualitative effects on immune responses induced by genetic immunization. removal of the gpi signal sequence had a profound effect on induction a ...	2001	11241272
antibody recognition of rodent malaria parasite antigens exposed at the infected erythrocyte surface: specificity of immunity generated in hyperimmune mice.	in regions where malaria is endemic, inhabitants remain susceptible to repeated reinfection as they develop and maintain clinical immunity. this immunity includes responses to surface-exposed antigens on plasmodium sp.-infected erythrocytes. some of these parasite-encoded antigens may be diverse and phenotypically variable, and the ability to respond to this diversity and variability is an important component of acquired immunity. characterizing the relative specificities of antibody responses d ...	2001	11254617
bacteria expressing single-chain immunotoxin inhibit malaria parasite development in mosquitoes.	single-chain immunotoxins are ideal tools to selectively kill infectious agents. in applying this technology to block transmission of malaria parasites in the mosquito vector, we have constructed a single-chain immunotoxin composed of a single-chain antibody fragment (scfv) directed to pbs2l on the surface of plasmodium berghei ookinetes linked to a lytic peptide, shiva-1. the single-chain immunotoxin was expressed in escherichia coli, and the protein was purified by a ni-nta column. the single- ...	2001	11254957
complementation of plasmodium berghei trap knockout parasites using human dihydrofolate reductase gene as a selectable marker.	previously we have used the plasmodium dihydrofolate reductase thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts) selectable marker to generate plasmodium berghei trap null mutant parasites. these trap null mutants do not glide and they showed a great reduction in their ability to infect mosquito salivary glands and the hepatocytes of the vertebrate host. thus far, complementation of these knockout parasites was not possible due to the lack of additional selectable markers. recently, a new selectable marker, based ...	2001	11254963
suppressed expression of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) in an irradiation-attenuated plasmodium berghei xat strain.	plasmodium berghei xat (xat) is a non-reversible, non-lethal type malaria parasite strain derived from the highly virulent lethal p. berghei nk65 (nk65) by x-irradiation. the difference in polypeptide expression between nk65 and xat was examined in this study. western blot patterns of the parasite polypeptides showed that a 30-kda polypeptide was not detected in xat. in the present paper, we focused the study on the difference in the expression of the 30-kda polypeptide between xat and nk65. alt ...	1999	11269277
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-6-phosphogluconolactonase. a novel bifunctional enzyme in malaria parasites.	plasmodium falciparum glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (pf glc6pd), compared to other glc6pds has an additional 300 amino acids at the n-terminus. they are not related to glc6pd but are similar to a family of proteins (devb) of unknown function, some of which are encoded next to glc6pd in certain bacteria. the human devb homologue has recently been shown to have 6-phosphogluconolactonase (6pgl) activity. this suggests pf glc6pd may be a bifunctional enzyme, the evolution of which has involved t ...	2001	11277923
biomagnetic separation of contaminating host leukocytes from plasmodium-infected erythrocytes.	carlton, j. m-r., yowell, c. a., sturrock, k. a., and dame, j. b. 2001. biomagnetic separation of contaminating host leukocytes from plasmodium-infected erythrocytes. experimental parasitology 97, 111-114.	2001	11281708
protective cd8+ t cell responses against the pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites: an overview.	cd8+ t cells have been implicated as critical effector cells in protection against the pre-erythrocytic stage of malaria in mice and humans following irradiated sporozoite immunization. immunization experiments in animal models by several investigators have suggested different strategies for vaccination against malaria and many of the targets from liver stage malaria antigens have been shown to be immunogenic and to protect mice from the sporozoite challenge. several prime/boost protocols with r ...	2001	11285500
assessment of the antimalarial potential of tetraoxane wr 148999.	the antimalarial peroxide, dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxane wr 148999, was synergistic with chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, and artemisinin against both d6 and w2 clones of plasmodium falciparum. in consideration of the contrasting antagonism between artemisinin and chloroquine, these drug combination data imply that wr 148999 and artemisinin may not share a common mechanism of action. for plasmodium berghei-infected mice given oral, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal doses of wr 148999 ranging from ...	2000	11289666
assessing vascular permeability during experimental cerebral malaria by a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody technique.	vascular endothelial integrity, assessed by evans blue dye extrusion and radiolabeled monoclonal antibody leakage, was markedly compromised in the brain, lung, kidney, and heart during plasmodium berghei infection, a well-recognized model for human cerebral malaria. the results for vascular permeability from both methods were significantly (p < 0.001) related.	2001	11292776
functional equivalence of structurally distinct ribosomes in the malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei.	unlike most eukaryotes, many apicomplexan parasites contain only a few unlinked copies of ribosomal rna (rrna) genes. based on stage-specific expression of these genes and structural differences among the rrna molecules it has been suggested that plasmodium spp. produce functionally different ribosomes in different developmental stages. this hypothesis was investigated through comparison of the structure of the large subunit rrna molecules of the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, and ...	2001	11292830
in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of ferrochloroquine, a ferrocenyl analogue of chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant malaria parasites.	previous studies have shown that ferrochloroquine (fq) exhibited an antimalarial activity against plasmodium spp. the present work confirmed this activity, described the curative effect on p. vinckei and investigated the fq toxicity in vitro and in vivo. the in vitro and in vivo growth inhibition of p. falciparum and p. berghei n, respectively, showed that fq antimalarial activity was 1.5-10 times more potent than chloroquine. fq completely inhibited the in vivo development of both chloroquine-s ...	2001	11293573
gene targeting in the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii.	it is anticipated that the sequencing of plasmodium falciparum genome will soon be completed. rodent models of malaria infection and stable transformation systems provide powerful means of using this information to study gene function in vivo. to date, gene targeting has only been developed for one rodent malaria species, plasmodium berghei. another rodent species, plasmodium yoelii, however, is favored to study the mechanisms of protective immunity to the pre-erythrocytic stages of infection an ...	2001	11295181
aldolase genes of plasmodium species.		2001	11295188
cd1d-restricted nk t cells are dispensable for specific antibody responses and protective immunity against liver stage malaria infection in mice.	immunization with a single dose of irradiated sporozoites is sufficient to induce protection against malaria in wild-type mice. although this protection is classically attributed to conventional cd4+ and cd8+ t cells, several recent reports have suggested an important role for cd1-restricted nk t cells in immunity to malaria. in this study, we directly compared the ability of c57bl/6 wild-type and cd1-deficient mice to mount a protective immune response against plasmodium berghei sporozoites. ou ...	2001	11309137
of mice and malaria mutants: unravelling the genetics of drug resistance using rodent malaria models.	it is well recognized that drug resistance is the most significant obstacle to gaining effective malaria control. despite the enormous advances in the knowledge of the biochemistry and molecular biology of malaria parasites, only a few genes determining resistance to the commonly used drugs have been identified. the idea that rodent malaria parasites should be exploited more widely for such work, in view of the practical problems of studying this subject experimentally in human malaria, is prese ...	2001	11323308
effects of dihydroartemisinin on fine structure of erythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei anka strain.	the fine structural changes of plasmodium berghei anka strain after treatment with the dihydroartemisinin (datm) were observed.	2000	11324422
a critical role of fc receptor-mediated antibody-dependent phagocytosis in the host resistance to blood-stage plasmodium berghei xat infection.	plasmodium berghei xat is an irradiation-induced attenuated variant derived from the lethal strain p. berghei nk65, and its blood-stage parasites are spontaneously cleared in immune competent mice. in the present study, we studied the mechanism of host resistance to blood-stage malaria infection using p. berghei xat. infection enhanced ab-dependent phagocytosis of prbc by splenic macrophages in wild-type c57bl/6 mice. in contrast, fcr gamma-chain knockout (fcrgamma(-/-)) mice, which lack the abi ...	2001	11342646
malaria sporozoites actively enter and pass through rat kupffer cells prior to hepatocyte invasion.	malaria sporozoites have to cross the layer of sinusoidal liver cells to reach their initial site of multiplication in the mammalian host, the hepatocytes. to determine the sinusoidal cell type sporozoites use for extravasation, endothelia or kupffer cells, we quantified sporozoite adhesion to and invasion of sinusoidal cells isolated from rat liver. in vitro invasion assays reveal that plasmodium berghei and p. yoelii sporozoites attach to and enter kupffer cells, but not sinusoidal endothelia. ...	2001	11343244
inhibition of the malaria parasite by experimental co-infection of mice by west nile virus and plasmodium berghei.		2000	11344791
human antibodies against plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 3 cross-react with plasmodium yoelii preerythrocytic-stage epitopes and inhibit sporozoite invasion in vitro and in vivo.	the plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 3 (lsa3), a recently identified preerythrocytic antigen, induces protection against malaria in chimpanzees. using antibodies from individuals with hyperimmunity to malaria affinity purified on recombinant or synthetic polypeptides of lsa3, we identified four non-cross-reactive b-cell epitopes in plasmodium yoelii preerythrocytic stages. on sporozoites the p. yoelii protein detected has a molecular mass similar to that of lsa3. t-cell epitopes cross-r ...	2001	11349050
knockout of the rodent malaria parasite chitinase pbcht1 reduces infectivity to mosquitoes.	during mosquito transmission, malaria ookinetes must cross a chitin-containing structure known as the peritrophic matrix (pm), which surrounds the infected blood meal in the mosquito midgut. in turn, ookinetes produce multiple chitinase activities presumably aimed at disrupting this physical barrier to allow ookinete invasion of the midgut epithelium. plasmodium chitinase activities are demonstrated targets for human and avian malaria transmission blockade with the chitinase inhibitor allosamidi ...	2001	11349074
interspecies conservation of gene order and intron-exon structure in a genomic locus of high gene density and complexity in plasmodium.	a 13.6 kb contig of chromosome 5 of plasmodium berghei, a rodent malaria parasite, has been sequenced and analysed for its coding potential. assembly and comparison of this genomic locus with the orthologous locus on chromosome 10 of the human malaria plasmodium falciparum revealed an unexpectedly high level of conservation of the gene organisation and complexity, only partially predicted by current gene-finder algorithms. adjacent putative genes, transcribed from complementary strands, overlap ...	2001	11353075
assay of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity in plasmodium berghei by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.	this work describes a high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) method to determine gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-gc), the intermediate product of glutathione biosynthesis. separation relies on isocratic reversed-phase chromatography using a symmetry c18 hplc column, particle size 5 microm, 4.6 x 250 mm i.d. the mobile phase is methanol-dibasic sodium phosphate (ph 6.6; 2.8 mm) (10:90, v/v) at the flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min and detection is operated electrochemically (+200 and +550 mv) with a p ...	2001	11377058
antiplasmodial activities of some ghanaian plants traditionally used for fever/malaria treatment and of some alkaloids isolated from pleiocarpa mutica; in vivo antimalarial activity of pleiocarpine.	fourteen ghanaian plants used in folk medicine to treat fever/malaria were screened for activity against plasmodium falciparum (strain k1) and were tested for general toxicity to the brine shrimp. extracts from three of the plants, pleiocarpa mutica, cleistopholis patens and uvaria chamae were found to have significant antiplasmodial activity. the extract of u. chamae was toxic to brine shrimps. these findings lend support to the use of these plants in traditional medicine. possible toxicity due ...	2001	11378289
immunomodulatory potential of hydrophobic analogs of rigin and their role in providing protection against plasmodium berghei infection in mice.	here, we report the immunomodulating potential of n-palmitoyl-amino-ethyl-rigin amide (pr) and n-cholestanyl-amino-ethyl-rigin amide (cr), the two new structural analogs of rigin (an igg-derived tetrapeptide). their activity profiles are compared with native tuftsin (nt) and/or n-palmitoyl-amino-ethyl-tuftsin amide (pt) taken as positive control. to explore the possibility of their use as targeting molecules, they are incorporated into the liposome bilayer and, subsequently, interacted with macr ...	2001	11379040
short report: failure to select for chloroquine- or mefloquine-resistant plasmodium berghei through drug pressure in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.	we investigated whether chloroquine- or mefloquine-resistant plasmodium berghei could be selected through drug pressure applied during continuous cyclical transmission in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. mosquitoes were infected by feeding them on mice previously inoculated with a drug-sensitive clone of p. berghei anka. mosquitoes ingested mefloquine or chloroquine with the infectious blood-meal, or by feeding on a drug-treated (uninfected) mouse 4 or 10 days after the infectious blood-meal. twe ...	2000	11388501
[experimental infection in mice by plasmodium berghei: an evidence of antiparasitic action of azithromycin].	infections of plasmodium berghei in mice was stopped by azithromycin which was administered orally in dosages of 100mg/kg, for 28 days. this antibiotic was given since the same day that the animals were infected. the outcome suggests the necessity of more investigations on this antiparasitic activity.	2001	11391444
(31)p nmr of apicomplexans and the effects of risedronate on cryptosporidium parvum growth.	high-resolution 303.6 mhz (31)p nmr spectra have been obtained of perchloric acid extracts of plasmodium berghei trophozoites, toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. essentially complete resonance assignments have been made based on chemical shifts and by coaddition of authentic reference compounds. signals corresponding to inorganic pyrophosphate were detected in all three species. in t. gondii and c. parvum, additional resonances were observed corresponding to linea ...	2001	11396947
down-regulation of il-12 p40 gene in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	we analyzed the mechanism that causes suppression of il-12 p40 gene induction during plasmodium berghei infection. although il-12 together with ifn-gamma plays an important role in protection against pathogenic infection, the il-12 p70 protein production of infected macrophages is lower than that by the uninfected macrophages. we showed in the present study that the induction of il-12 p40 gene but not il-12 p35 gene in macrophages of p. berghei-infected mice was profoundly inhibited. the inhibit ...	2001	11418654
16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone, a dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) analogue, inhibits plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei growth.	dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) and its analogue, 16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (alpha-epi-br), may have activity against viral and parasitic infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and cryptosporidium parvum. therefore, we evaluated its antimalarial effects on plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei. in vitro, chloroquine (cq)-sensitive and resistant strains of p. falciparum parasitized red blood cells were incubated with escalating doses of alpha-epi-br or cq. in vivo, 62 ra ...	2000	11421378
fluorescent plasmodium berghei sporozoites and pre-erythrocytic stages: a new tool to study mosquito and mammalian host interactions with malaria parasites.	to track malaria parasites for biological studies within the mosquito and mammalian hosts, we constructed a stably transformed clonal line of plasmodium berghei, pbfluspo, in which sporogonic and pre-erythrocytic liver-stage parasites are autonomously fluorescent. a cassette containing the structural gene for the facs-adapted green fluorescent protein mutant 2 (gfpmut2), expressed from the 5' and 3' flanking sequences of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein gene, was integrated and expressed at the ...	2001	11422080
penetration of erythrocytes by merozoites of mammalian and avian malarial parasites. 1969.		2001	11426708
synthesis and antimalarial activity of novel medium-sized 1,2,4,5-tetraoxacycloalkanes.	csoh- or ag(2)o-mediated cycloalkylation of (alkylidene)bisperoxides 3 and 1,n-dihaloalkanes (n = 3-8) provided the corresponding medium-sized 1,2,4,5-tetraoxacycloalkanes 4-8 in moderate yields. subsequent evaluation of the antimalarial activity of the cyclic peroxides 4-8 in vitro and in vivo revealed that 1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadecane 4a has considerable potential as a new, inexpensive, and potent antimalarial drug.	2001	11428929
changes in rodent-erythrocyte methemoglobin reductase system produced by two malaria parasites, viz. plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis and plasmodium berghei.	the methemoglobin reductase system plays a vital role in maintaining the equilibrium between hemoglobin and methemoglobin in blood. exposure of red blood cells to oxidative stress (pathological/physiological) may cause impairment to this equilibrium. we studied the status of erythrocytic methemoglobin and the related reductase system during plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection in mice and p. berghei infection in mastomys. malaria infection was induced by intraperitoneal inoculation with 10(6) ...	2001	11435127
cytokine and chemokine mrna expression in neutrophils from cba/nslc mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka that induces experimental cerebral malaria.	to investigate the role of neutrophils in experimental cerebral malaria (ecm), in a previous study we found that early neutrophil depletion prevented the development of ecm and down regulated the expression of th1 cytokines in the brain. to further clarify the mechanisms responsible for these findings, in the present study, using rt-pcr, we examined the expression of cytokine and chemokine mrnas in neutrophils and macrophages after pba infection. we found that, after infection, neutrophils not o ...	2001	11438437
interaction between host complement and mosquito-midgut-stage plasmodium berghei.	after ingestion by mosquitoes, gametocytes of malaria parasites become activated and form extracellular gametes that are no longer protected by the red blood cell membrane against immune effectors of host blood. we have studied the action of complement on plasmodium developmental stages in the mosquito blood meal using the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei and rat complement as a model. we have shown that in the mosquito midgut, rat complement components necessary to initiate the altern ...	2001	11447187
potentiation by a novel alkaloid glycoside adjuvant of a protective cytotoxic t cell immune response specific for a preerythrocytic malaria vaccine candidate antigen.	we have recently demonstrated that the novel glycoalkaloid tomatine, derived from leaves of the wild tomato lycopersicon pimpinellifolium, can act as a powerful adjuvant for the elicitation of antigen-specific cd8+ t cell responses. here, we have extended our previous investigation with the model antigen ovalbumin to an established malaria infection system in mice and evaluated the cellular immune response to a major preerythrocytic stage malaria vaccine candidate antigen when administered with ...	2001	11457540
von willebrand factor a domain-related protein, a novel microneme protein of the malaria ookinete highly conserved throughout plasmodium parasites.	the mosquito-invasive form of the malarial parasite, the ookinete, develops numerous secretory organelles, called micronemes, in the apical cytoplasm. micronemal proteins are thought to be secreted during midgut invasion and to play a crucial role in attachment and motility of the ookinete. we found a novel ookinete micronemal protein of rodent malarial parasite plasmodium berghei, named p. berghei von willebrand factor a domain-related protein (pbwarp), and report it here as a putative soluble ...	2001	11463467
ctl activation is induced by cross-linking of tcr/mhc-peptide-cd8/p56lck adducts in rafts.	to investigate the role of the coreceptor cd8 and lipid rafts in cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activation, we used soluble mono-and multimeric h-2kd-peptide complexes and cloned s14 ctl specific for a photoreactive derivative of the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (pbcs) peptide 252-260 [pbcs(aba)]. we report that activation of ctl in suspension requires multimeric kd-pbcs(aba) complexes co-engaging tcr and cd8. using tcr ligand photo-cross-linking, we find that monomeric kd-pbcs(aba) complex ...	2001	11465114
flow cytometric enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes: high transferability among 14 laboratories.	this laboratory previously described a single-laser flow cytometric method, which effectively resolves micronucleated erythrocyte populations in rodent peripheral blood samples. even so, the rarity and variable size of micronuclei make it difficult to configure instrument settings consistently and define analysis regions rationally to enumerate the cell populations of interest. murine erythrocytes from animals infected with the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei contain a high prevalence of ery ...	2001	11473389
antimalarial in-vivo activity of bis(9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridines).	in the fight against malaria, chemotherapy using bisacridines may represent an alternative method to overcoming chloroquine-resistance. eight bis(9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridines), in which acridine moieties were linked by polyamines substituted with a side chain, were tested for their in-vivo activity upon mice infected by plasmodium berghei. three of the compounds revealed antimalarial activity but no relationship could be deduced from a comparison of in-vitro and in-vivo activities. n-alky ...	2001	11480542
a search for natural bioactive compounds in bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. part v. evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the tacana indians.	one hundred and twenty-five extracts of 122 different plant species traditionally used by the tacana, a native community living in lowland forest at the base of the last foothills of the cordillera oriental of the bolivian andes, were screened for antimalarial activity in vitro on plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistant (d2) and sensitive strains (f32), and were evaluated in vivo on rodent malaria plasmodium berghei. five ethanolic stembark extracts showed marked activity either in vitro or ...	2001	11483383
p25 and p28 proteins of the malaria ookinete surface have multiple and partially redundant functions.	the ookinete surface proteins (p25 and p28) are proven antimalarial transmission-blocking vaccine targets, yet their biological functions are unknown. by using single (sko) and double gene knock-out (dko) plasmodium berghei parasites, we show that p25 and p28 share multiple functions during ookinete/oocyst development. in the midgut of mosquitoes, the formation of ookinetes lacking both proteins (dko parasites) is significantly inhibited due to decreased protection against lethal factors, includ ...	2001	11483501
role of cd40-cvd40l in mouse severe malaria.	we explored the role of cd40-cd40l (cd154) in the severe malaria elicited by plasmodium berghei anka infection in mice. mortality was >90% by day 8 after infection in +/+ mice, but markedly decreased in cd40-/- or in cd40l-/- mice, as well as in +/+ mice treated with anti-cd40l monoclonal antibody. parasitemia was similar in the different conditions. breakdown of the blood-brain barrier was evident in infected +/+, but not in cd40-/- mice. thrombocytopenia was less severe in cd40-/- mice than in ...	2001	11485931
synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of new 4-anilinoquinolines.	a new series of 4-anilinoquinolines with two proton-accepting side chains has been synthesized. antimalarial activity and levels of cytotoxicity upon both mrc-5 cells and macrophages were found to be highly dependent upon the features of these side chains. several compounds were found to be active in the low nanomolar range, against both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum in vitro. from among them, a morpholino derivative cured mice infected by plasmodium bergh ...	2001	11495593
superoxide-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in the transmission blocking of malaria.	superoxide plays a crucial role in innate immunity to various pathogens. we examined the role of superoxides in the transmission of malaria using gp91phox knockout (x-cgd) mice that lack the ability to produce superoxide. mosquitoes that fed on x-cgd mice infected intraperitoneally with plasmodium berghei nk65 anka formed more oocysts than did those that fed on control mice at any day after infection. the number of oocysts peaked on day 5 post-infection in x-cgd and control mice and then decreas ...	2001	11510994
"one-pot" synthesis and antimalarial activity of formamidine derivatives of 4-anilinoquinoline.	amodiaquine (aq) is an antimalarial which is effective against chloroquino-resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum but whose clinical use is severely restricted because of associated hepatotoxicity and agranulocytosis. "one-pot" synthesis of formamidines likely to be transformed into aq derivatives is reported. compared with aq, the new compounds were devoid of in vitro cytotoxicity upon human embryonic lung cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. one showed a potent in vivo activity in mice ...	2001	11515580
the role of cerebral oedema in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.	it has been suggested that sequestration of parasitized red blood cells might contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (cm), by hypoxia causing either: (i) compensatory vasodilatation with a resultant increase in the brain volume; or (ii) enhancing cytokine-induced nitric oxide (no) production via induction of inducible no synthase (inos). available evidence suggests that cerebral oedema is the initiating and probably the most important factor in the pathogenesis of murine cm. the rele ...	2001	11523587
phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species and the immunology and pathology of murine malaria.		2001	11523600
synthesis of quinolinyl chalcones and evaluation of their antimalarial activity.	quinolinyl chalcones were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibition of the plasmodium falciparum cystein protease falcipain and their activity against cultured p. falciparum parasites. they were also tested for in vivo efficacy in a rodent p. berghei model. their activity against falcipain and as antimalarials was moderate, but antimalarial activity was probably not due to the inhibition of falcipain and may follow a different mechanism. 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-[3-(2-chloro-6,7-dimethoxiqu ...	2001	11525846
antimalarial t-butylperoxyamines.	twelve t-butylperoxyamines (6-17) were synthesized as targeted antimalarials and evaluated for antimalarial activity in vivo against plasmodium berghei in mice and in vitro against both chloroquine sensitive and chloroquine resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum. compound 8 was found to have highest potency with activity at 80 and 160mg/kg dose in vivo and compound 11 exhibited highest efficacy in vitro.	2001	11527712
antimalarial simplified 3-aryltrioxanes: synthesis and preclinical efficacy/toxicity testing in rodents.	a streamlined five-step chemical synthesis of rationally designed, simplified 3-aryltrioxane 8a is described. a noteworthy feature of this synthetic scheme is use of air rather than expensive molecular oxygen as the source of the pharmacologically critical peroxide unit in trioxane 8a. this simplified acetal trioxane carboxylic acid 8a is thermally stable, and it is hydrolytically stable in water even at 40 degrees c and ph 7.4 for at least 7 days. preclinical evaluation of this water-soluble sy ...	2001	11543673
synthesis and evaluation of cryptolepine analogues for their potential as new antimalarial agents.	the indoloquinoline alkaloid cryptolepine 1 has potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity, but it is also a dna intercalator with cytotoxic properties. we have shown that the antiplasmodial mechanism of 1 is likely to be due, at least in part, to a chloroquine-like action that does not depend on intercalation into dna. a number of substituted analogues of 1 have been prepared that have potent activities against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum a ...	2001	11543688
is ischemia involved in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria?	sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in the central nervous system microcirculation and increased cerebrospinal fluid lactate are prominent features of cerebral malaria (cm), suggesting that sequestration causes mechanical obstruction and ischemia. to examine the potential role of ischemia in the pathogenesis of cm, plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection in cba mice was compared to infection with p. berghei k173 (pbk) which does not cause cm (the non-cm model, ncm). cerebral metabolite poo ...	2001	11549603
protection of mice from malaria after co-administration of recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor and methionine-enkephalin.	the protective effect of co-administration of recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmgm-csf) and synthetic peptide met-enkephalin (m-enk) against blood-induced plasmodium berghei infection in swiss mice was investigated. mice co-administered with rmgm-csf (10.0 mug/kg) and m-enk (2.0 mg/kg) x 3/day, i.p., beginning on day -1 and continuing through day +4 after the initiation of infection, showed significant suppression (p < 0.05) (sometimes even complete eliminatio ...	2001	11566634
immune-mediated parasite clearance in mice infected with plasmodium berghei following treatment with manzamine a.	manzamine a, a sponge-derived alkaloid, was recently shown to possess in vivo antimalarial activity against the blood stages of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. a single intraperitoneal dose of 100 micromol/kg of manzamine a suppressed parasite growth but was followed by parasite recrudescence. forty percent of mice with recrudescing parasites were able to recover and clear the fulminating parasitaemia. examination of sera from these mice revealed that infected mice treated with m ...	2001	11570556
characterization and identification of exflagellation-inducing factor in the salivary gland of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).	gamete activation factor (gaf) induces exflagellation of plasmodium microgametes. we found gaf in the salivary glands of female mosquitoes, anopheles stephensi. the exflagellation was induced in a concentration-dependent manner in the supernatant of salivary gland's crude homogenate. the exflagellation-inducing activity in the salivary gland was higher than that in the midgut and the head. gaf in the salivary glands was found to be heat stable and low molecular weight (<3000 molecular weight). a ...	2001	11573943
pathogenesis of cerebral malaria: recent experimental data and possible applications for humans.	malaria still is a major public health problem, partly because the pathogenesis of its major complication, cerebral malaria, remains incompletely understood. experimental models represent useful tools to better understand the mechanisms of this syndrome. here, data generated by several models are reviewed both in vivo and in vitro; we propose that some pathogenic mechanisms, drawn from data obtained from experiments in a mouse model, may be instrumental in humans. in particular, tumor necrosis f ...	2001	11585786
nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen intermediates during lethal and nonlethal strains of murine malaria.	the virulence of plasmodia depends partly on the strain of parasite and partly on the host. in this study, plasmodium berghei n/13/1a/4/203 caused the death of mice, whereas plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi as was not lethal. current opinion is that nitric oxide (no) and other reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) are produced in several host organs during malaria to resist infection or produce tissue damage. no and rni production in blood or plasma, brain, liver and spleen in mf1 mice was investiga ...	2001	11589778
potent antimalarial activities of polyether antibiotic, x-206.	in the course of our screening program to discover antimalarial antibiotics, which are active against drug resistant plasmodium falciparum in vitro and rodents infected with p. berghei in vivo, from the culture broth of microorganisms, we found a selective and potent active substance produced by an actinomycete strain k99-0413. it was identified as a known polyether antibiotic, x-206. we also compared the in vitro antimalarial activities and cytotoxicities of 12 known polyethers with x-206. amon ...	2001	11592502
[synthesis and antimalarial activities of fluorenemethanols].	for the purpose of improving the oral antimalarial activities of the fluorenemethanols (reported by us in previous articles) which were less effective by oral than by subcutaneous administration, 24 alpha-(alkylaminomethyl)-2, 7-dichloro-9-substituted benzylidene-4-fluorenemethanols (iii) were synthesized. the results of preliminary screenings demonstrated that five compounds (no. 1-4, 8) exhibited significant antimalarial activities against plasmodium berghei nk65 strain in mice by oral adminis ...	1997	11596209
gambicin: a novel immune responsive antimicrobial peptide from the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	a novel mosquito antimicrobial peptide, gambicin, and the corresponding gene were isolated in parallel through differential display-pcr, an expressed sequence tag (est) project, and characterization of an antimicrobial activity in a mosquito cell line by reverse-phase chromatography. the 616-bp gambicin orf encodes an 81-residue protein that is processed and secreted as a 61-aa mature peptide containing eight cysteines engaged in four disulfide bridges. gambicin lacks sequence homology with othe ...	2001	11606751
targeting plasmodium ligands on mosquito salivary glands and midgut with a phage display peptide library.	despite vast efforts and expenditures in the past few decades, malaria continues to kill millions of persons every year, and new approaches for disease control are urgently needed. to complete its life cycle in the mosquito, plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has to traverse the epithelia of the midgut and salivary glands. although strong circumstantial evidence indicates that parasite interactions with the two organs are specific, hardly any information is available about the interacti ...	2001	11687659
phenoxypropoxybiguanides, prodrugs of dhfr-inhibiting diaminotriazine antimalarials.	a total of 34 analogues of the biguanide ps-15 (5s), a prodrug of the diaminotriazine wr-99210 (8s), have been prepared. several of them, such as 5b (ps-33) and 5m (ps-26), maintain or exceed the in vivo activity of ps-15 while not requiring the use of highly regulated starting materials. the putative diaminotriazine metabolites of these new analogues (compounds 8) have also been prepared and shown to maintain the activity against resistant p. falciparum strains. the structure-activity relations ...	2001	11689078
enhanced immunostimulant activity and protective effect of a synthetic lipopeptide after liposomization against plasmodium berghei infection in mice.	the immunostimulant activity of non-pyrogenic, sugar-free immunomodulator lipopeptide, ala-d-glu(gly-lys-co.c11h23)-nh2 (comp. no 84/201), and its liposomized formulation has been studied. liposomization of this lipopeptide significantly enhanced its antigen specific as well as nonspecific immune responses, as compared to the free lipopeptide. the liposomized formulation of lipopeptide significantly stimulated both the antibody and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in balb/c mice, and also ...	2001	11697027
plasmodium berghei infection in mice induces liver injury by an il-12- and toll-like receptor/myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent mechanism.	malaria, caused by infection with plasmodium spp., is a life cycle-specific disease that includes liver injury at the erythrocyte stage of the parasite. in this study, we have investigated the mechanisms underlying plasmodium berghei-induced liver injury, which is characterized by the presence of apoptotic and necrotic hepatocytes and dense infiltration of lymphocytes. although both il-12 and il-18 serum levels were elevated after infection, il-12-deficient, but not il-18-deficient, mice were re ...	2001	11698470
the gametocyte-activating factor xanthurenic acid stimulates an increase in membrane-associated guanylyl cyclase activity in the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum.	sex is an obligate step in the life cycle of the malaria parasite and occurs in the midgut of the mosquito vector. with both plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei, the tryptophan metabolite xanthurenic acid induces the release of motile male gametes from red blood cells (exflagellation), a prerequisite for fertilization. the addition of cgmp or phosphodiesterase inhibitors to cultures of mature gametocytes has also been shown to stimulate exflagellation. here, we demonstrate that there is ...	2001	11703675
cd8(+)-t-cell depletion ameliorates circulatory shock in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	the plasmodium berghei-infected mouse model is a well-recognized model for human cerebral malaria. mice infected with p. berghei exhibit (i) metabolic acidosis (ph < 7.3) associated with elevated plasma lactate concentrations, (ii) significant (p < 0.05) vascular leakage in their lungs, hearts, kidneys, and brains, (ii) significantly (p < 0.05) higher cell and serum glutamate concentrations, and (iv) significantly (p < 0.05) lower mean arterial blood pressures. because these complications are si ...	2001	11705906
a prodrug form of a plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase inhibitor conjugated with a 4-anilinoquinoline.	glutathione (gsh), which is known to guard plasmodium falciparum from oxidative damage, may have an additional protective role by promoting heme catabolism. an elevation of gsh content in parasites leads to increased resistance to chloroquine (cq), while gsh depletion in resistant p. falciparum strains is expected to restore the sensitivity to cq. high intracellular gsh levels depend inter alia on the efficient reduction of gssg by glutathione reductase (gr). on the basis of this hypothesis, we ...	2001	11708927
cd8beta endows cd8 with efficient coreceptor function by coupling t cell receptor/cd3 to raft-associated cd8/p56(lck) complexes.	the extraordinary sensitivity of cd8+ t cells to recognize antigen impinges to a large extent on the coreceptor cd8. while several studies have shown that the cd8beta chain endows cd8 with efficient coreceptor function, the molecular basis for this is enigmatic. here we report that cell-associated cd8alphabeta, but not cd8alphaalpha or soluble cd8alphabeta, substantially increases the avidity of t cell receptor (tcr)-ligand binding. to elucidate how the cytoplasmic and transmembrane portions of ...	2001	11714755
isolation and biological evaluation of filiformin, plakortide f, and plakortone g from the caribbean sponge plakortis sp.	the bioassay- and spectroscopic-guided fractionation of the antimalarial extract from a jamaican sponge, plakortis sp., resulted in the isolation of three metabolites. the previously reported bromoaromatic filiformin (1) was obtained from our sample of plakortis sp., and the potential origins of this compound are discussed. the peroxide-containing metabolite, plakortide f (2), is a more typical plakortis metabolite and was shown to exhibit significant activity against plasmodium falciparum in vi ...	2001	11720540
virus-like particles as vaccine adjuvants.	virus-like particles (vlps) consist of one or more viral coat proteins that assemble into particles. they can be taken up by antigen presenting cells (apc), peptides derived from them are presented on mhc class i molecules at the cell surface, and thereby prime a cd8+ t cell response, either against the particle-forming protein itself (such as hepatitis b surface antigen) or additional peptide sequences that are produced as fusions with the particle-forming protein. this article describes the pr ...	2001	11725486
antimalarial alkoxylated and hydroxylated chalcones [corrected]: structure-activity relationship analysis.	chalcones with 2',3',4'-trimethoxy, 2',4'-dimethoxy, 4'-methoxy, 4'-ethoxy, 2',4'-dihydroxy, and 4'-hydroxy groups on ring b were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against plasmodium falciparum (k1) in a [3h] hypoxanthine uptake assay. the other ring a was quinoline, pyridine, naphthalene, or phenyl rings with electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents of varying lipophilicities. trimethoxy 6 and 27, dimethoxy 7, 8, 29, and methoxy 31 analogues had good in vitro activities (ic(50) < ...	2001	11728189
comparative genomics in plasmodium: a tool for the identification of genes and functional analysis.	comparative genomics allows inferences to be drawn about the coding potential of related genomes, and the evolutionary forces that have influenced genome organisation. early comparisons have indicated that there is significant synteny (conserved physical association of genes) between the human parasite plasmodium falciparum and the malaria parasites of rodents, such as plasmodium berghei. the various plasmodium genome initiatives have now provided the opportunity to perform comparative genomics ...	2001	11738705
profiling the malaria genome: a gene survey of three species of malaria parasite with comparison to other apicomplexan species.	we have undertaken the first comparative pilot gene discovery analysis of approximately 25,000 random genomic and expressed sequence tags (ests) from three species of plasmodium, the infectious agent that causes malaria. a total of 5482 genome survey sequences (gsss) and 5582 ests were generated from mung bean nuclease (mbn) and cdna libraries, respectively, of the anka line of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei, and 10,874 gsss generated from mbn libraries of the salvador i and bele ...	2001	11738710
effects of dna vaccine in murine malaria using a full-length cdna library.	in an attempt to develop a novel malaria vaccine, we constructed a full-length cdna library from the erythrocytic-stage parasites of plasmodium berghei anka strain using the plasmid vector pce-fl, which is driven by an ef321 promoter and a cmv-ie enhancer. here we report the initial trial to screen this library for dna vaccine candidates against malaria parasite infection in mice. the library of p. berghei was divided into five groups, each representing 2,000 independent clones. eight female bal ...	2001	11758646
incidence of apoptosis in the lymphoid organs of normal or malaria infected mice is decreased in cd18 and urokinase-receptor (upar, cd87) deficient mice.	incidence of apoptosis was investigated in the spleen and lymph nodes of +/+, cd18 -/- and urokinase receptor (upar, cd87) -/- mice, untreated or plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infected. in non infected mice, incidence of apoptosis was lower in the lymph nodes of cd18 -/- and upar -/- than in +/+ mice, as seen by facs analysis to count the number of hypodiploid and annexin-v binding cells. infection of mice with pba resulted in a marked increase in the size of spleen and lymph nodes 7-8 days afte ...	2001	11785668
effect of solanum nudum extracts on the liver of mice infected with plasmodium berghei.	the plant solanum nudum has been used by the community of tumaco (nariño, colombia) as a cure for malaria. our group has confirmed the in vitro antimalarial activity against the strain of plasmodium falciparum fcb-2. during our in vivo studies on the therapeutic effect of solanum nudum extracts on mice infected with plasmodium berghei, we observed yellowish tint in the palms of mice treated with the aqueous extract via i.p. at a concentration of 2.4% w/vol. this finding suggested the need to car ...	2001	11789590
the role of plasmodium berghei ookinete proteins in binding to basal lamina components and transformation into oocysts.	the ookinete is a motile form of the malaria parasite that travels from the midgut lumen of the mosquito, invades the epithelial cells and settles beneath the basal lamina. the events surrounding cessation of ookinete motility and its transformation into an oocyst are poorly understood, but interaction between components of the basal lamina and the parasite surface has been implicated. here we report that interactions occur between basal lamina constituents and ookinete proteins and that these i ...	2002	11796126