Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| the effect of bacterial enterotoxins implicated in sids on the rabbit intestine. | the aim of this project was to characterise the type of damage caused to the intestine of the infant rabbit by bacterial enterotoxins implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (sids). samples of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and large intestine exposed to the toxins for up to 6 hours were examined by scanning (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). the damage was quantitatively assessed (% villi damaged) by sem and qualitatively by sem and tem. clostridium perfringens enterotox ... | 2001 | 11358052 |
| intestinal epithelial damage in sids babies and its similarity to that caused by bacterial toxins in the rabbit. | sections of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and large intestine from 14 sudden infant death syndrome (sids) babies were examined by scanning (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). the type and amount of damage was characterised and quantitated and compared with the presence of clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus in faecal samples from the babies and toxins from the bacteria in faecal samples and serum from the babies. the dat ... | 2001 | 11358053 |
| virulence of clostridium difficile toxin a negative strains. | 2001 | 11358476 | |
| infection of hamsters with epidemiologically important strains of clostridium difficile. | five different toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile of known human epidemiologic importance were tested for virulence in hamsters. three strains-types b1, j9, and k14-have caused hospital outbreaks. type y2 is associated with a high rate of asymptomatic colonization in patients. the fifth strain, type cf2, is a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain implicated in multiple human cases of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. groups of 10 hamsters per strain were given 1 dose of clindamycin, ... | 2001 | 11372028 |
| regulation of connective tissue growth factor (ccn2; ctgf) gene expression in human mesangial cells: modulation by hmg coa reductase inhibitors (statins). | connective tissue growth factor (ccn; ctgf) gene expression is upregulated in fibrotic renal glomeruli. therefore, the regulation and pharmacological modulation of ccn2 (ctgf) mrna expression was investigated in a human renal mesangial cell line. | 2001 | 11376131 |
| a comparison of multifaceted versus clostridium difficile-focused vre surveillance strategies in a low-prevalence setting. | we compared our current screening strategy for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) with a focused strategy that screens all stool samples sent for clostridium difficile toxin assay but limits rectal swab screening to wards with new vre cases detected via c. difficile samples. the proposed strategy detects 72.7% of new vre cases, with substantial cost savings. | 2001 | 11379713 |
| phospholipases stimulate secretion in rbl mast cells. | roles for glycerophospholipids in exocytosis have been proposed, but remain controversial. phospholipases are stimulated following the activation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin e (ige) in mast cells. to study the biochemical sequelae that lead to degranulation, broken cell systems were employed. we demonstrate that the addition of three distinct types of exogenous phospholipases (i.e., bcplc, scpld, and tfpla(2)), all of which hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (pc), trigger degranu ... | 2001 | 11380253 |
| [nosocomial epidemiology and transmission of clostridium difficile infection]. | clostridium difficile is of growing importance as a hospital-acquired pathogen. pseudomembraneous colitis is the main clinical disease. transmission and epidemiological features are not yet fully understood. | 2001 | 11381634 |
| acute appendicitis: the role of enterotoxigenic strains of bacteroides fragilis and clostridium difficile. | the aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between enterotoxin-producing b. fragilis strains and toxigenic c. difficile strains and the pathogenesis of acute appendicitis. | 2001 | 11386013 |
| nerves and intestinal mast cells modulate responses to enterotoxins. | experiments in intact animals exposed to enterotoxins demonstrate that neurons and immune cells of the lamina propria regulate toxin-induced diarrhea and tissue damage. clostridium difficile toxins cause profound diarrhea and acute inflammation by activating a complex cascade initiated by toxin binding to enterocyte receptors. | 1998 | 11390763 |
| probiotics: future directions. | clinical studies have shown that certain probiotics may be useful in treating a variety of diarrheal disorders, including rotavirus diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile diarrhea, and traveler's diarrhea. new data suggest that probiotics might be useful in controlling inflammatory diseases, treating and preventing allergic diseases, preventing cancer, and stimulating the immune system, which may reduce the incidence of respiratory disease. different modes of administeri ... | 2001 | 11393194 |
| flow cytometric analysis of clostridium difficile adherence to human intestinal epithelial cells. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. bacterial adherence to gut epithelial cells is a likely prerequisite to infection and toxin production. a novel flow cytometric method was developed for detecting adherence of c. difficile to human colonic and small intestinal epithelial cells (ec) and human intestinal cell lines. small intestinal and colonic ec were isolated from biopsy specimens with mucolytic and chelating agents. adherence of fluorochrome-l ... | 2001 | 11393290 |
| antibiotic susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates from adult patients at two jamaican hospitals. clinical and epidemiological implications. | the susceptibility of 39 toxin producing clostridium difficile isolates from stools of hospitalized patients was determined, by disc diffusion, to six antibiotics. all but one isolate (toxin a negative) produced toxin a and toxin b. a wide variation in susceptibility to clindamycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol was noted. erythromycin and cotrimoxazole showed a clear-cut discrimination in resistance and susceptibility, while all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. erythromycin sensitive i ... | 2001 | 11398289 |
| [toxicity study of cefmatilen hydrochloride hydrate (s-1090) (5)--six-month repeated oral dose toxicity study and supplement study in rats]. | cefmatilen hydrochloride hydrate (s-1090) was orally administered to rats at dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg potency/kg once daily for 6 months. all the s-1090 treated groups showed soft feces, reddish-brown feces (due to chelated products of s-1090 or its decomposition products with fe3+ in the diet), abdominal distention, increased food and water consumption, lower urine ph, and a decrease of white blood cells counts (except for males of the 100 mg potency/kg group). one male in the 300 mg ... | 2001 | 11400319 |
| molecular characterization of the surface layer proteins from clostridium difficile. | many bacteria express a surface-exposed proteinaceous layer, termed the s-layer, which forms a regular two-dimensional array visible by electron microscopy. clostridium difficile is unusual in expressing two s-layer proteins (slps), which are of varying size in a number of strains. in an approach combining molecular biology with mass spectrometric sequencing strategies, we have identified the structural gene (slpa) for the s-layer from three strains of c. difficile. both proteins are derived fro ... | 2001 | 11401722 |
| regulation of i(cl,swell) in neuroblastoma cells by g protein signaling pathways. | guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) (gtpgammas) activated the i(cl,swell) anion channel in n1e115 neuroblastoma cells in a swelling-independent manner. gtpgammas-induced current was unaffected by atp removal and broadly selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, demonstrating that phosphorylation events do not regulate g protein-dependent channel activation. pertussis toxin had no effect on gtpgammas-induced current. however, cholera toxin inhibited the current approximately 70%. exposure of cells to ... | 2001 | 11401830 |
| effect of probiotics on enterocyte bacterial translocation in vitro. | enteral probiotics such as lactobacillus casei gg (lgg) have been used in the treatment of a variety of intestinal disorders in infants and children, including diarrhea, malabsorption, and clostridium difficile colitis. we have previously demonstrated that the probiotic bacterium lgg has an inhibitory effect on bacterial translocation (bt) in a neonatal rabbit model. however, this in-vivo model is limited for investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for probiotic inhibitio ... | 2001 | 11409159 |
| involvement of nerves and calcium channels in the intestinal response to clostridium difficile toxin a: an experimental study in rats in vivo. | the involvement of nerves and calcium channels in the intestinal response to clostridium difficile toxin a (luminal concentration 1 or 15 microg/ml) was studied in the small intestine of rats in vivo. | 2001 | 11413111 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | 2001 | 11413124 | |
| faecal concentrations of piperacillin and tazobactam in elderly patients. | 2001 | 11418534 | |
| molecular analysis of relapse vs re-infection in hiv-positive patients suffering from recurrent clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. | recurrence is a major complication of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea, especially in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive patients, and it is important to distinguish between relapse and re-infection in recurrent episodes. the aim of our study was to analyse c. difficile isolates obtained from hiv-positive patients with recurrent diarrhoea in order to distinguish between relapse and re-infection. this analysis was based on the study of dna similarities among isolates obtained f ... | 2001 | 11428873 |
| antibiotic prophylaxis and the risk of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | to test the hypothesis that extended antibiotic prophylaxis increases the risk of clostridium difficile -associated diarrhoea (cdad), we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 2641 patients under-going cardiovascular surgery. main outcome measures were the duration of prophylaxis (< 48 h vs. > 48 h) and the occurrence of cdad. cdad occurred in 31 patients (1.2%), who were significantly older (70 +/- 9 y vs. 66 +/- 10 y; p = 0.03), received more therapeutic antibiotics (2.2 +/- 1.9 vs. 0.4 +/- ... | 2001 | 11428874 |
| variant toxin b and a functional toxin a produced by clostridium difficile c34. | a particular property of clostridium difficile strain c34 is an insertion of approximately 2 kb in the tcda-c34 gene that does not hinder expression of a fully active tcda-c34 molecule. intoxication with tcda-c34 induced an arborized appearance in eukaryotic cells (d-type cytopathic effect); intoxication with tcdb-c34 induced a spindle-like appearance of cells (s-type cytopathic effect). inactivation of gtpases with purified toxins revealed that rho, rac, cdc42, and rap are substrates of tcda-c3 ... | 2001 | 11430410 |
| pseudomembranous colitis after eradication of helicobacter pylori infection with a triple therapy. | background: h.pylori (h.p.) infection of the gastric mucosa is causally related to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, malt-lymphoma and gastric cancer. there is also an evidence for a link between the h.p.-infection and non-ulcer dyspepsia and even extragastric diseases. the number of patients treated against h.p. infection is expanding. although in the last years the ppi-based triple therapies have been considered to be effective and safe, in some patients, however, severe side-effects ma ... | 2001 | 11433206 |
| [diarrhea due to clostridium difficile toxin in hemato-oncological patients]. | in two patients with multiple myeloma, men aged 72 and 54 years, diarrhoea developed upon chemotherapy with vincristin, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (vad). in the second patient, diarrhoea developed after subsequent peripheral stem cell mobilisation. pseudomembranous colitis was seen in the first patient during endoscopy but an enzyme immunoassay of the faeces was false negative for clostridium difficile enterotoxin. the bacterium was later cultured from stool samples and toxins were detected i ... | 2001 | 11433658 |
| "second-look" cytotoxicity: an evaluation of culture plus cytotoxin assay of clostridium difficile isolates in the laboratory diagnosis of cdad. | clostridium difficile is one of the most frequent causes of hospital-acquired diarrhoea. our objective was to prove that some stool samples with a direct negative cytotoxicity assay may indeed harbour toxigenic c. difficile and that this can be demonstrated by performing a "second-look" cytotoxicity assay using the isolated c. difficile strains. over an eight-year period (1992-1999), the 8241 stool samples submitted for direct cell culture from patients with suspected c. difficile-associated dia ... | 2001 | 11439012 |
| bacterial contamination of uniforms. | microbiological sampling of nurses' uniforms was undertaken using a casella slit sampler. staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococci were detected on uniforms both before and after a span of duty. recommendations for provision and changing of nurses' uniforms are made. | 2001 | 11439013 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming toxigenic bacterium that causes diarrhea and colitis, typically after the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. the clinical presentation ranges from self-limited diarrhea to fulminant colitis and toxic megacolon. the incidence of this disease is increasing, resulting in major medical and economic consequences. although most cases respond quickly to medical treatment, c difficile colitis may be serious, especially if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. recu ... | 2001 | 11444405 |
| evidence for holin function of tcde gene in the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile. | toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile produce two large bacterial toxins called toxins a (tcda) and b (tcdb). tcda and tcdb genes are located on the pathogenicity locus of c. difficile, a unique characteristic of toxigenic strains of this species. intergenic to the two toxin genes is tcde, a small 501-bp open reading frame of unknown function. expression of the tcde gene in escherichia coli caused bacterial cell death. computational analysis of the amino acid sequence of tcde revealed struc ... | 2001 | 11444771 |
| deletion of neutral endopeptidase exacerbates intestinal inflammation induced by clostridium difficile toxin a. | toxin a (txa) of clostridium difficile induces acute inflammation of the intestine initiated by release of substance p (sp) and activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor. however, the mechanisms that terminate this response are unknown. we determined whether the sp-degrading enzyme neutral endopeptidase (nep, ec 3.4.24.11) terminates txa-induced enteritis. we used both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of nep to test this hypothesis. in wild-type mice, instillation of txa (0.5-5 micr ... | 2001 | 11447035 |
| activity of bms284756 (t-3811) tested against anaerobic bacteria, campylobacter jejuni, helicobacter pylori and legionella spp. | bms284756, a novel des-fluoro (6) quinolone (formerly t-3811), was tested for activity and spectrum using reference agar dilution (ad) and etest (ab biodisk, solna, sweden) methods. the antimicrobial activities of bms284756, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin were evaluated against campylobacter jejuni (38 strains), helicobacter pylori (21 strains), legionella spp. (66 strains), and 197 anaerobic isolates. bms284756 (mic(90), 0.008 microg/ml) was four-fold more active t ... | 2001 | 11448563 |
| probiotics: "living drugs". | the uses, mechanisms of action, and safety of probiotics are discussed. probiotics are live microorganisms or microbial mixtures administered to improve the patient's microbial balance, particularly the environment of the gastrointestinal tract and the vagina. the yeast saccharomyces boulardii and the bacterium lactobacillus rhamnosus, strain gg, have shown efficacy in clinical trials for the prevention of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea. other probiotics that have demonstrated at least some p ... | 2001 | 11449853 |
| gt160-246, a toxin binding polymer for treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | gt160-246, a high-molecular-weight soluble anionic polymer, was tested in vitro and in vivo for neutralization of clostridium difficile toxin a and b activities. five milligrams of gt160-246 per ml neutralized toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in vero cells induced by 5 ng of toxin a per ml or 1.25 ng of toxin b per ml. in ligated rat ileal loops, 1 mg of gt160-246 neutralized fluid accumulation caused by 5 microg of toxin a. at doses as high as 80 mg/loop, cholestyramine provided i ... | 2001 | 11451694 |
| resistance to moxifloxacin in toxigenic clostridium difficile isolates is associated with mutations in gyra. | clostridium difficile is the etiological agent of antibiotic-associated colitis and the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea. fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are associated with lower risks of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. in this study, we have analyzed 72 c. difficile isolates obtained from patients with different clinical courses of disease, such as toxic megacolon and relapses; the hospital environment; public places; and horses. they were investigated for th ... | 2001 | 11451695 |
| the effect of tumour necrosis factor (tnf) inhibitors in clostridium difficile toxin-induced paw oedema and neutrophil migration. | clostridium difficile produces a potent enterotoxin and a cytotoxin, toxin a and toxin b, respectively. these toxins are associated with pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. in the present study, we investigated the oedematogenic activity of both toxins, characterizing the time-course and dose-response of this pro-inflammatory event. we also explored the effects of two inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor (tnf) production, thalidomide and pentoxifylline, in neutrophil re ... | 2001 | 11453371 |
| serum antibody responses to clostridium difficile toxin a: predictive and protective? | 2001 | 11454789 | |
| regulation by rho family gtpases of il-1 receptor induced signaling: c3-like chimeric toxin and clostridium difficile toxin b inhibit signaling pathways involved in il-2 gene expression. | in this study the participation of rho family gtpases in the regulation of il-1-activated protein kinase cascades controlling il-2 synthesis was investigated in murine el-4 thymoma cells. the recombinant c3-like chimeric toxin, which consists of the c3 toxin of clostridium limosum and the n-terminal part of clostridium botulinum c2 toxin (c2in-c3) interacting with the c2ii binding subunit to facilitate uptake into cells, and selectively inactivates rho a by adp-ribosylation, prevented il-1-stimu ... | 2001 | 11465119 |
| the roles of clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in diarrhea in dogs. | in this prospective study, feces of dogs with diarrhea were compared with feces of normal dogs for the presence of clostridium difficile, c difficile toxins a and b, c perfringens, and c perfingens enterotoxin (cpe). c difficile toxins a, b, or both were present in feces of 18 of 87 (21%) dogs with diarrhea and 4 of 55 (7%) normal dogs (p = 0.03), whereas cpe was present in the feces of 24 of 87 (28%) dogs with diarrhea and 3 of 55 (5%) normal dogs (p = 0.01). c difficile was isolated from 2 of ... | 2001 | 11467596 |
| molecular epidemiology of endemic clostridium difficile infection. | this is the first study to provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular epidemiology of endemic clostridium difficile and particularly that associated with a recently recognized epidemic strain. we dna fingerprinted all c. difficile isolates from the stools of patients with symptomatic antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and from repeated samples of the inanimate ward environment on two elderly medicine hospital wards over a 22-month period. notably, c. difficile was not recoverable from eithe ... | 2001 | 11467790 |
| ischemic colitis associated with paclitaxel. | systemic chemotherapy can be complicated by colonic toxicity, which usually determines the onset of pseudomembranous colitis and, rarely, of ischemic colitis in patients with cancer. this report describes the case of a 49-year-old woman with liver metastases from a neuroendocrine tumor of unknown origin who developed mild ischemic colitis after chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. the patient developed symptoms of gastrointestinal toxicity with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, which ... | 2001 | 11468447 |
| culturing of stool samples from hospital inpatients. | 2001 | 11469241 | |
| culturing of stool samples from hospital inpatients. | 2001 | 11469243 | |
| patients' dying wishes. | 2001 | 11469248 | |
| a prospective study of the roles of clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea. | faecal samples from adult horses and from foals with diarrhoea or with normal faeces were evaluated for the presence of clostridium difficile, c. difficile toxins, c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and c. perfringens spore counts. clostridium difficile was isolated from 7/55 horses (12.7%) and 11/31 foals (35.5%) with colitis, but from 1/255 normal adults (0.4%) and 0/47 normal foals (p<0.001). clostridium difficile toxins a and/or b were detected in 12/55 diarrhoeic adults (21.8%) and 5/30 diarr ... | 2001 | 11469775 |
| optimum use of the microbiology laboratory in testing for stool pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (amst). | 2001 | 11471325 | |
| evaluation of methods for detection of toxins in specimens of feces submitted for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is the principal pathogen associated with hospital-acquired acute diarrheal disease. we have evaluated the performances of six approaches for diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). consecutive stool specimens (n = 200) from 133 patients were examined by cytotoxin assay, by culture of c. difficile on cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar, and by toxin detection using four rapid immunoassay systems (oxoid toxin a test, immunocard toxin a test, techlab tox a/b ii ... | 2001 | 11474001 |
| role of inducible cyclooxygenase and prostaglandins in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced secretion and inflammation in an animal model. | cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 expression and inhibition were investigated in a rabbit ileal loop model of clostridium difficile colitis and diarrhea. intestinal tissue stimulated with c. difficile toxin a showed up-regulation of cox-2 expression in lamina propria macrophages and elevated prostaglandin levels. toxin a-stimulated loops exhibited severe inflammation and increased secretory volume. celecoxib, a specific cox-2 inhibitor, significantly reduced toxin a-induced prostaglandin production. furthe ... | 2001 | 11474431 |
| the uptake and degradation of matrix-bound lipoproteins by macrophages require an intact actin cytoskeleton, rho family gtpases, and myosin atpase activity. | a key cellular event in atherogenesis is the interaction of macrophages with lipoproteins in the subendothelium. in vivo, these lipoproteins are bound to matrix and often aggregated, yet most cell-culture experiments explore these events using soluble monomeric lipoproteins. we hypothesized that the internalization and degradation of matrix-retained and aggregated low density lipoprotein (ldl) by macrophages may involve the actin-myosin cytoskeleton in a manner that distinguishes this process fr ... | 2001 | 11477084 |
| colonisation and transmission of clostridium difficile in healthy individuals examined by pcr ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | healthy adults who had not been exposed to antimicrobial agents for the preceding 4 weeks were examined for intestinal carriage of clostridium difficile. the 1234 individuals examined were composed of seven groups: three classes of university students, hospital workers at two hospitals, employees of a company and self-defence force personnel at a local station. overall, 94 (7.6%) individuals were positive for c. difficile by faecal culture but carriage rates among the study groups ranged from 4. ... | 2001 | 11478676 |
| [clostridium difficile diarrhea: frequency of detection in a medical center in buenos aires, argentina]. | clostridium difficile has been recognized as the most important enteric pathogen of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea (cdad) in adults from industrialized countries. the importance of c. difficile as a cause of diarrhea in ambulatory patients appears underestimated or under-recognized. since the 1980's, outbreaks of cdad have been increasingly reported, but there are few data available in argentina. we developed a retrospective study to provide some information about cdad in our country. ... | 2001 | 11494752 |
| isolation of clostridium innocuum from cases of recurrent diarrhea in patients with prior clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | clostridium innocuum isolates resistant to vancomycin (mic values of 16-24 microg/ml) were isolated from three patients with recurrent clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea (cdad). we discuss the clinical significance and problems associated with the identification and differentiation of these two clostridial species, which may result in misdiagnosis of patients. | 2001 | 11502376 |
| fatal clostridium difficile infection of the small bowel after complex colorectal surgery. | 2001 | 11504300 | |
| an essential role for rac/cdc42 gtpases in cerebellar granule neuron survival. | rho family gtpases are critical molecular switches that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and cell function. in the current study, we investigated the involvement of rho gtpases in regulating neuronal survival using primary cerebellar granule neurons. clostridium difficile toxin b, a specific inhibitor of rho, rac, and cdc42, induced apoptosis of granule neurons characterized by c-jun phosphorylation, caspase-3 activation, and nuclear condensation. serum and depolarization-dependent survival signa ... | 2001 | 11509562 |
| [diagnosis of clostridium difficile diarrhea: in search of a more efficient clinical focus]. | the clinical parameters for the suspicion of clostridium difficile infections, namely the use of antimicrobials and diarrhea, have a low predictive value for the diagnosis. | 2001 | 11510201 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with neutropenia. | clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. the importance of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has been poorly investigated in patients with neutropenia who have hematologic malignancies. a retrospective chart review of all patients treated in the leukemia ward of a university medical center during 1991-2000 determined that 875 courses of myelosuppressive chemotherapy were administered. cdad occurred in 7.0% of all cycles. in 8.2% of the patients, ... | 2001 | 11512083 |
| fatal chemotherapy associated clostridium difficile infection--a case report. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea or pseudomembranous colitis occasionally occurs without prior antibiotic usage. while the association of chemotherapy and clostridium difficile infection has previously been well recorded, the true incidence is unknown. we report a case of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea after chemotherapy for lung cancer. the fatal outcome in this case and the increasing use of chemotherapy in this country highlights the need to have a high index of suspicio ... | 2001 | 11513059 |
| the capsaicin vr1 receptor mediates substance p release in toxin a-induced enteritis in rats. | the mechanism by which clostridium difficile toxin a causes substance p (sp) release and subsequent inflammation in the rat ileum is unknown. pretreatment with the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (vr1) antagonist, capsazepine, before toxin a administration significantly inhibited toxin a-induced sp release and intestinal inflammation. intraluminal administration of the vr1 agonist capsaicin caused intestinal inflammation similar to the effects of toxin a. pretreatment with capsazepine before capsai ... | 2001 | 11514026 |
| establishment of specific pathogen-free (spf) rat colonies using gnotobiotic techniques. | gnotobiotic wistar rats were produced using gnotobiotic techniques, which were established in the production of a spf mouse colony, in order to establish a barrier-sustained colony. one strain of escherichia coli, 28 strains of bacteriodaceae (b-strains), three strains of lactobacillus (l-strains) and a chloroform-treated fecal suspension (chf, clostridium mixture) were prepared from conventional wistar rats as the microflora source. two groups of limited-flora rats, e. coli plus b-strains and e ... | 2001 | 11515091 |
| persistent epithelial dysfunction and bacterial translocation after resolution of intestinal inflammation. | epithelial secretion may play an important role in reducing bacterial colonization and translocation in intestine. if so, secretory dysfunction could result in increased susceptibility to infection and inflammation. we investigated whether long-term colonic secretory dysfunction occurs after a bout of colitis and if this is accompanied by an increase in bacterial colonization and translocation. rats were studied 6 wk after induction of colitis with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid when inflammation ... | 2001 | 11518675 |
| expression of connective tissue growth factor in human renal fibroblasts: regulatory roles of rhoa and camp. | the induction of connective tissue growth factor (ctgf) was investigated in a human renal fibroblast cell line that exhibited many characteristics of primary human renal fibroblasts. induction of ctgf mrna was observed after treatment of the cells with transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) or, even more prominently, lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). lpa induced a rapid transient increase in ctgf mrna expression, with maximal levels being observed after 1 to 2 h. this increase was accompanied by ... | 2001 | 11518778 |
| the accordion sign at ct: report of a case of crohn's disease with diffuse colonic involvement. | the accordion sign is a finding that could be seen on ct scans of the abdomen in patients who have received oral contrast material. initially, it was described as a sign specific of clostridium difficile colitis, but it is also reported to represent a sign of diffuse colonic edema of several other etiologies. we report a case of a patient with crohn's pancolitis whose abdominal ct scan presented the accordion sign throughout the entire large bowel together with signs of crohn's disease of the sm ... | 2001 | 11519553 |
| life-threatening clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea induced by paclitaxel-carboplatin combination chemotherapy. | 2001 | 11531624 | |
| intravenous metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | severe clostridium difficile colitis may produce abdominal distention and ileus, precluding oral antibiotic therapy. stimulated by several case reports in which intravenous metronidazole was used, we reviewed our experience. | 2001 | 11535859 |
| insulin-stimulated glut4 translocation in adipocytes is dependent upon cortical actin remodeling. | rhodamine-labeled phalloidin staining of morphologically differentiated 3t3l1 adipocytes demonstrated that f-actin predominantly exists juxtaposed to and lining the inner face of the plasma membrane (cortical actin) with a smaller amount of stress fiber and/or ruffling actin confined to the cell bottom in contact with the substratum. the extent of cortical actin disruption with various doses of either latrunculin b or clostridium difficile toxin b (a rho family small gtp-binding protein toxin) d ... | 2001 | 11546823 |
| variation in the surface layer proteins of clostridium difficile. | surface layers (s-layers) form regular crystalline structures on the outermost surface of many bacteria. clostridium difficile possesses such an s-layer consisting of two protein subunits. treatment of whole cells of c. difficile with 5 m guanidine hydrochloride revealed two major proteins of different molecular masses characteristic of the s-layer on sds-page. in this study 25 isolates were investigated. a high degree of variability in the molecular mass of the two s-layer proteins was evident. ... | 2001 | 11549420 |
| a comparison of side effects of levofloxacin to other agents concerning the ecological and microbiological effects on normal human flora. | the safety of levofloxacin was compared to that of non-fluoroquinolone alternatives used for respiratory tract infections. results from five randomised controlled trials revealed that the incidence of any adverse events possibly associated with levofloxacin ranged from 5.8% to 22.7%, whereas that of comparators (ceftriaxone, cefuroxime axetil, clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) ranged from 8.5% to 39.3%. the rate of adverse drug reactions (adrs) was lower for levofloxacin in all tri ... | 2001 | 11549785 |
| influence of anti-helicobacter triple-therapy with metronidazole, omeprazole and clarithromycin on intestinal microflora. | proton pump inhibitor-based therapy including two antibiotics is the treatment of choice for helicobacter pylori infection. oral antibiotic treatment can lead to intestinal overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. | 2001 | 11552917 |
| characterization of the enzymatic component of the adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdta from clostridium difficile. | certain strains of clostridium difficile produce the adp-ribosyltransferase cdt, which is a binary actin adp-ribosylating toxin. the toxin consists of the binding component cdtb, which mediates receptor binding and cellular uptake, and the enzyme component cdta. here we studied the enzyme component (cdta) of the toxin using the binding component of clostridium perfringens iota toxin (ib), which is interchangeable with cdtb as a transport component. ib was used because cdtb was not expressed as a ... | 2001 | 11553537 |
| lack of effect of lactobacillus gg on antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | to assess the efficacy of lactobacillus gg in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) in adults and, secondarily, to assess the effect of coadministered lactobacillus gg on the number of tests performed to determine the cause of diarrhea. | 2001 | 11560298 |
| fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin a immunoassay. | many clinical laboratories use toxin a immunoassays to test for clostridium difficile. | 2001 | 11560456 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile by e test. | the in vitro inhibitory activity of 11 antimicrobials against 44 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile was investigated. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined using e test. metronidazole (mic90 0.38 microg/ml), teicoplanin (mic90 0.75 microg/ml) and vancomycin (mic90 1.0 microg/ml) were very active against the isolates examined, whereas, resistance to imipenem, cefoxitin, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin was found in most of the tested strains. we concluded that teicoplanin ... | 1999 | 11561576 |
| clostridium difficile small bowel enteritis occurring after total colectomy. | clostridium difficile infection is usually associated with antibiotic therapy and is almost always limited to the colonic mucosa. small bowel enteritis is rare: only 9 cases have been previously cited in the literature. this report describes a case of c. difficile small bowel enteritis that occurred in a patient after total colectomy and reviews the 9 previously reported cases of c. difficile enteritis. | 2001 | 11565085 |
| failure of single-toxin assays to detect clostridium difficile infection in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. | the aims of this retrospective study were 1) to determine the ability of single-toxin assays for clostridium difficile to detect infection among pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and 2) to determine the toxin assays routinely used by pediatric tertiary care hospitals in the united states. | 2001 | 11569696 |
| [diarrhea by clostridium difficile]. | 2001 | 11571128 | |
| [diarrhea due to a toxin of clostridium difficile in hemato-oncological patients]. | 2001 | 11572182 | |
| colonic disorders in adult cystic fibrosis. | by 1996, the median survival of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) in north america had increased to 31 years. with the markedly improved life expectancy, many cf patients are now adults. there is an associated increased risk of certain colonic disorders, and the emergence of other previously unrecognized disorders, in adult cf patients. the distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (dios), which is more common in older patients, is a frequent cause of abdominal pain. intussusception may complicate ... | 2001 | 11573101 |
| summaries for patients. fatal inflammatory condition in a patient with a variant bacterial strain. | 2001 | 11575281 | |
| evidence for antibiotic induced clostridium perfringens diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is a well documented cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients, but may account for only approximately 20% of all cases. this leader reviews the current knowledge and understanding of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnosis of non-food borne clostridium perfringens diarrhoea. although enterotoxigenic c perfringens has been implicated in some c difficile negative cases of antibiotic associated diarrhoea, c perfringens enterotoxin detection metho ... | 2001 | 11577119 |
| genomic analysis of the erythromycin resistance element tn5398 from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes a range of chronic intestinal diseases, usually as a result of antimicrobial therapy. macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls) resistance in c. difficile is encoded by the erm b resistance determinant, which is thought to be located on a conjugative transposon, tn5398. the 9630 bp tn5398 element has been cloned and completely sequenced and its insertion site determined. analysis of the resultant data reveals that tn5398 is not a class ... | 2001 | 11577151 |
| pseudomembranous colitis without diarrhea presenting clinically as acute intestinal pseudo-obstruction. | pseudomembranous colitis usually presents with diarrhea in a clinical setting of recent antibiotic use. it is uncommon to see it as a cause of obstipation and colonic pseudo-obstruction. we report an unusual case of an elderly woman with hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus, who was admitted with fever, abdominal pain, and distension without diarrhea. she presented with decreased stool frequency and obst ... | 2001 | 11578068 |
| radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for early invasive cancer of the cervix - 14-year experience. | during a 14-year period, 397 radical hysterectomies and pelvic lymphadenectomies were performed for early invasive carcinoma of the cervix. twenty-one patients were in stage ia2 with lymphatic/vascular channel permeation (5.2%), 340 in stage ib (85.6%) and 34 in early stage 2a disease (8.5%). eighteen patients (4.5%) were pregnant. adenocarcinoma comprised 26.9% of cases. the mean operative time was 4.14 h; the intraoperative blood loss was less than 1.51 in 77.3% patients. there was no operativ ... | 1993 | 11578351 |
| necrotizing fasciitis: a case of clostridial myonecrosis. | 2001 | 11579903 | |
| the problem with cephalosporins. | the cephalosporin antibiotics have become a major part of the antibiotic formulary for hospitals in affluent countries. they are prescribed for a wide variety of infections every day. their undoubted popularity relies upon lesser allergenic and toxicity risks as well as a broad spectrum of activity. it is the latter feature, however, that encourages the selection of microorganisms that are resistant to these agents. there are long-term implications for the treatment and control of this heterogen ... | 2001 | 11581224 |
| clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. the incidence of infection with this organism is increasing in hospitals worldwide, consequent to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. pathogenic strains of c. difficile produce two protein exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b, that cause colonic mucosal injury and inflammation. many patients who are colonized are asymptomatic, and recent evidence indicates that diarrhea and colitis occur in those indivi ... | 2001 | 11586556 |
| the role of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diarrhea. | infectious diarrhea is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and a common complaint in clinical practice. routine empirical use of antibiotics for infectious diarrhea should be avoided because of the self-limited nature of most cases, the cost of antibiotics, and the potential to worsen the already significant problem of antibiotic resistance of enteric pathogens. for patients with severe invasive or prolonged diarrhea or who are at high risk of complications, such as the elderly, diabe ... | 2001 | 11586559 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated infections. | clostridium difficile is responsible for 15-25% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and for virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). this anaerobic bacterium has been identified as the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults and can be responsible for large outbreaks. nosocomial c. difficile infection results in an increased length of stay in hospital ranging from 8 to 21 days. risk factors for c. difficile-associated diarrhea in ... | 2001 | 11591202 |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is based on culture and toxin detection in fecal specimens. culture is performed on a commercially available selective media. c. difficile colony morphology is typical when viewed under a dissecting microscope. definitive identification is best obtained by gas liquid chromatography. culture is very sensitive but, when used alone without toxin testing, it leads to low specificity and misdiagnosis of cdad when high rates o ... | 2001 | 11591203 |
| how to detect clostridium difficile variant strains in a routine laboratory. | toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strains (a-/b+) are the best studied examples of clostridium difficile variant strains. in addition, there are some other groups of variant c. difficile strains that produce both toxins (a+/b+) or are non-cytotoxic (a-/b-) but differ from the reference strain vpi 10463 in their toxin genes. here we describe two simple methods (amplification of the tcda gene and amplification of the binary toxin gene cdta) which can be used in rapid screening for variant c. diff ... | 2001 | 11591204 |
| the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile. | it is now well established that the major virulence factors of c. difficile are the two toxins a and b. however, the organism possesses an array of other putative virulence factors that may be important for localisation within the colon, and in evasion of the immune system. it has been observed that certain types of c. difficile are more commonly found causing disease than others, and this seems to be independent of toxin production. is this simply a reflection of their abundance in the hospital ... | 2001 | 11591205 |
| typing of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is primarily recognised as a nosocomially acquired pathogen manifesting in gastrointestinal disease subsequent to the patient receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. infection can be sporadic, but outbreaks commonly occur within a ward or hospital as a result of cross-infection. since the 1980s, the epidemiology of c. difficile disease has been studied by the application of many different typing or fingerprinting methods; these, and the lessons learned, are reviewed herein. | 2001 | 11591206 |
| mathematical modeling of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals. however, the number of cases in an outbreak is usually relatively small. this precludes many traditional statistical methods of modeling epidemics. stochastic models are designed to deal with small numbers and are promising methods of understanding c. difficile epidemiology. this is illustrated by a reversible jump markov chain monte carlo model based on the herd immunity hypothesis of c. difficile outbreaks ... | 2001 | 11591207 |
| characteristics of clostridium difficile strains isolated from asymptomatic individuals and from diarrheal patients. | to characterise genotypes of clostridium difficile strains isolated from asymptomatic individuals and patients with diarrhea. | 2001 | 11591208 |
| clonal dissemination of a toxin-a-negative/toxin-b-positive clostridium difficile strain from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in poland. | to determine the incidence of toxin-a-negative/toxin-b-positive clostridium difficile strains and their genetic relatedness in the feces of patients suffering from antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) in polish hospitals. | 2001 | 11591209 |
| clostridium difficile cytotoxin b in adults with diarrhea: a comparison of patients treated or not treated with antibiotics prior to infection. | to study the detection rate of clostridium difficile cytotoxin b in stool specimens from adults with diarrhea as related to previous antimicrobial treatment. | 2001 | 11591210 |
| clinical microbiological case: a heart transplant recipient with diarrhea and abdominal pain. recurring c. difficile infection. | 2001 | 11591211 | |
| extra-intestinal infections caused by clostridium difficile. | the objective of this paper was to investigate the incidence of extra-intestinal infections caused by clostridium difficile. during a 10-year period, the microbiology laboratory of our institution isolated 2034 isolates of c. difficile. of the 2034 isolates, 21 (1.08%) were obtained from extra-intestinal sources. this represents an incidence of extra-intestinal isolation of four cases per 100 000 admissions. we were able to review the records of 17 patients for our study. the isolates in 12 pati ... | 2001 | 11591212 |
| iron-sulfur flavoprotein (isf) from methanosarcina thermophila is the prototype of a widely distributed family. | a total of 35 homologs of the iron-sulfur flavoprotein (isf) from methanosarcina thermophila were identified in databases. all three domains were represented, and multiple homologs were present in several species. an unusually compact cysteine motif ligating the 4fe-4s cluster in isf is conserved in all of the homologs except two, in which either an aspartate or a histidine has replaced the second cysteine in the motif. a phylogenetic analysis of isf homologs identified four subgroups, two of wh ... | 2001 | 11591665 |
| modulation of cox-2 expression by statins in human aortic smooth muscle cells. involvement of geranylgeranylated proteins. | cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 and cox-1 play an important role in prostacyclin production in vessels and participate in maintaining vascular homeostasis. statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a (hmg coa) reductase, which is crucial in cholesterol biosynthesis. recently, cholesterol-independent effects of statins have been described. in this study, we evaluated the effect of two inhibitors of hmg coa reductase, mevastatin and lovastatin, on the production of prostacyclin and the ... | 2001 | 11591701 |
| decompressive colonoscopy with intracolonic vancomycin administration for the treatment of severe pseudomembranous colitis. | we explored the potential of early decompressive colonoscopy with intracolonic vancomycin administration as an adjunctive therapy for severe pseudomembranous clostridium difficile colitis with ileus and toxic megacolon. | 2001 | 11591962 |
| [clostridium difficile reactive arthritis]. | 2001 | 11598549 |