Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| optimizing the interfacial binding and activity of a bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c. | the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c from bacillus thuringiensis can be activated by nonsubstrate interfaces such as phosphatidylcholine micelles or bilayers. this activation corresponds with partial insertion into the interface of two tryptophans, trp-47 in helix b and trp-242 in a loop, in the rim of the alphabeta-barrel. both w47a and w242a have much weaker binding to interfaces and considerably lower kinetic interfacial activation. tryptophan rescue mutagenesis, reinsertion of a ... | 2003 | 12714598 |
| specific mutations within the alpha4-alpha5 loop of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4b toxin reveal a crucial role for asn-166 and tyr-170. | the widely accepted model for toxicity mechanisms of the bacillus thuringiensis cry delta-endotoxins suggests that helices alpha4 and alpha5 form a helix-loop-helix hairpin structure to initiate membrane insertion and pore formation. in this report, alanine substitutions of two polar amino acids (asn-166 and tyr-170) and one charged residue (glu-171) within the alpha4-alpha5 loop of the 130-kda cry4b mosquito-larvicidal protein were initially made via polymerase chain reaction-based directed mut ... | 2003 | 12721492 |
| concerns over refuge size for us epa-approved bt corn. | 2003 | 12721555 | |
| the genome sequence of bacillus anthracis ames and comparison to closely related bacteria. | bacillus anthracis is an endospore-forming bacterium that causes inhalational anthrax. key virulence genes are found on plasmids (extra-chromosomal, circular, double-stranded dna molecules) pxo1 (ref. 2) and pxo2 (ref. 3). to identify additional genes that might contribute to virulence, we analysed the complete sequence of the chromosome of b. anthracis ames (about 5.23 megabases). we found several chromosomally encoded proteins that may contribute to pathogenicity--including haemolysins, phosph ... | 2003 | 12721629 |
| genome sequence of bacillus cereus and comparative analysis with bacillus anthracis. | bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen causing food poisoning manifested by diarrhoeal or emetic syndromes. it is closely related to the animal and human pathogen bacillus anthracis and the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis, the former being used as a biological weapon and the latter as a pesticide. b. anthracis and b. thuringiensis are readily distinguished from b. cereus by the presence of plasmid-borne specific toxins (b. anthracis and b. thuringiensis) and capsule (b. anthracis). ... | 2003 | 12721630 |
| stable integration and expression of mosquito-larvicidal genes from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus into the chromosome of enterobacter amnigenus: a potential breakthrough in mosquito biocontrol. | previously, we have successfully integrated a spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance gene into enterobacter amnigenus strain an11, a potential host for mosquito control, using in vivo recombination via homologous recombination (an11s4::omega). we now report the successful transfer of two mosquito-larvicidal genes, cry4b from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and binary toxin genes from bacillus sphaericus, into the host genome. to facilitate the screening procedure, the e. amnigenus deriv ... | 2003 | 12725934 |
| expression in pichia pastoris and purification of a membrane-acting immunotoxin based on a synthetic gene coding for the bacillus thuringiensis cyt2aa1 toxin. | we explored the production in pichia pastoris of a membrane-acting immunotoxin (it) based on the cyt2aa1 toxin from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kyushuensis. initial attempts at the p. pastoris expression of cyt2aa1 were not successful due to the high a+t-content of the native bacterial gene, resulting in premature transcription termination. accordingly, we designed and constructed a synthetic cyt2aa1 gene (syncyt2aa1)(2) that was optimised for expression in this eukaryotic ho ... | 2003 | 12729731 |
| cytolytic toxin cyt1a and its mechanism of membrane damage: data and hypotheses. | 2003 | 12732506 | |
| genome differences that distinguish bacillus anthracis from bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis. | the three species of the group 1 bacilli, bacillus anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis, are genetically very closely related. all inhabit soil habitats but exhibit different phenotypes. b. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax and is phylogenetically monomorphic, while b. cereus and b. thuringiensis are genetically more diverse. an amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis described here demonstrates genetic diversity among a collection of non-anthrax-causing bacillus species, ... | 2003 | 12732546 |
| molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of bacillus thuringiensis from root voles. | the root voles intestinal strains of bacillus thuringiensis, were characterised by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). for 14 isolates, three pulsotypes were found, with the use of smai or noti as restriction enzymes. strains in each pulsotypes presented identical dna patterns, indicating that the population structure of b. thuringiensis from root voles is clonal. the similarities in banding patterns were estimated at 56% and 33% for smai and noti digests, respectively. the strains under st ... | 2003 | 12732973 |
| characterization of flagellar antigens and insecticidal activities of bacillus thuringiensis populations in animal feces. | in total, 287 bacillus thuringiensis isolates, recovered from feces of 28 zoo-maintained animal species, were examined for flagellar (h) antigenicity and insecticidal activity. serologically, 209 isolates (72.8%) were allocated to the 8 h serogroups, 4 were untypable, and 74 were untestable. among the 8 h serotypes detected, h3abc (serovar kurstaki) predominated at a high frequency of 88.0%, followed by h6 (serovar entomocidus) with a frequency of 7.7%. insecticidal activity was associated with ... | 2003 | 12732979 |
| initial frequency of alleles conferring resistance to bacillus thuringiensis poplar in a field population of chrysomela tremulae. | globally, the estimated total area planted with transgenic plants producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins was 12 million hectares in 2001. the risk of target pests becoming resistant to these toxins has led to the implementation of resistance-management strategies. the efficiency and sustainability of these strategies, including the high-dose plus refuge strategy currently recommended for north american maize, depend on the initial frequency of resistance alleles. in this study, we estimate ... | 2003 | 12737656 |
| bacillus thuringiensis associated with faeces of the kerama-jika, cervus nippon keramae, a wild deer indigenous to the ryukyus, japan. | faeces of the kerama-jika (cervus nippon keramae), a wild shika deer indigenous to the ryukyus, japan, were examined for the natural occurrence of bacillus thuringiensis. of the ten faecal samples tested, seven contained this organism. the frequency of b. thuringiensis was 8.5% among 387 colonies of spore-forming bacteria belonging to the bacillus cereus/b. thuringiensis group. of 33 b. thuringiensis isolates recovered, only one isolate, assigned to the serotype h3abc (serovar kurstaki), exhibit ... | 2003 | 12746858 |
| frequency of alleles conferring resistance to bt maize in french and us corn belt populations of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis. | farmers, industry, governments and environmental groups agree that it would be useful to manage transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins to delay the evolution of resistance in target pests. the main strategy proposed for delaying resistance to bacillus thuringiensis ( bt) toxins in transgenic crops is the high-dose/refuge strategy. this strategy is based on the unverified assumption that resistance alleles are initially rare (<10(-3)). we used an f(2) screen on >1,200 isofemale lines of ... | 2003 | 12748773 |
| the patchwork nature of rolling-circle plasmids: comparison of six plasmids from two distinct bacillus thuringiensis serotypes. | bacillus thuringiensis, the entomopathogenic bacteria from the bacillus cereus group, harbors numerous extrachromosomal molecules whose sizes vary from 2 to more than 200kb. apart from the genes coding for the biopesticide delta-endotoxins located on large plasmids, little information has been obtained on these plasmids and their contribution to the biology of their host. in this paper, we embarked on a detailed comparison of six small rolling-circle replicating (rcr) plasmids originating from t ... | 2003 | 12749835 |
| effects of transgenic bt corn litter on the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. | a 200-day study was carried out to investigate the impact of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn on immature and adult lumbricus terrestris in the field and in the laboratory. another objective of this study was to develop test methods that could be used for standard testing of the impact of transgenic plants on different earthworm species in the field and in the laboratory. for this purpose two different experiments were involved, a laboratory experiment with adult l. terrestris and a f ... | 2003 | 12753225 |
| genes of bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis encoding proteins of the exosporium. | the exosporium is the outermost layer of spores of bacillus cereus and its close relatives bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis. for these pathogens, it represents the surface layer that makes initial contact with the host. to date, only the bcla glycoprotein has been described as a component of the exosporium; this paper defines 10 more tightly associated proteins from the exosporium of b. cereus atcc 10876, identified by n-terminal sequencing of proteins from purified, washed exospori ... | 2003 | 12754235 |
| relationship of plcr-regulated factors to bacillus endophthalmitis virulence. | the explosive, destructive course of bacillus endophthalmitis has been attributed to the production of toxins during infection. in this study we analyzed the contribution of toxins controlled by the global regulator plcr to the pathogenesis of experimental bacillus endophthalmitis. isogenic plcr-deficient mutants of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis were constructed by insertional inactivation of plcr by the kanamycin resistance cassette, apha3. rabbit eyes were injected intravitreally ... | 2003 | 12761089 |
| comparison of the response of midgut epithelial cells and cell lines from lepidopteran larvae to cryia toxins from bacillus thuringiensis. | the cytotoxic responses of midgut epithelial cells (mec) from spruce budworm (sbw), gypsy moth (gm) and silkworm (sw) larvae were compared with the cytotoxic response of lepidopteran cell lines (sf-9, se-1a, and cf-1) to cryia toxins from bacillus thuringiensis. the mec from sbw, sw and gm had binding proteins for cryia(a,b,c) toxins, whereas the lepidopteran cell lines had binding proteins for cryia(c). single mec exposed to cryia(a,b,c) toxins in a qualitative lawn assay were equally susceptib ... | 1997 | 12770494 |
| india dawdles over bt-cotton. | 2003 | 12776134 | |
| ahld, an n-acylhomoserine lactonase in arthrobacter sp., and predicted homologues in other bacteria. | quorum sensing is a signalling mechanism that controls diverse biological functions, including virulence, via n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) signal molecules in gram-negative bacteria. with the aim of isolating strains or enzymes capable of blocking quorum sensing by inactivating ahl, bacteria were screened for ahl degradation by their ability to utilize n-3-oxohexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (ohhl) as the sole carbon source. among four isolates, strain ibn110, identified as arthrobacter sp., was ... | 2003 | 12777494 |
| tritrophic choice experiments with bt plants, the diamondback moth (plutella xylostella) and the parasitoid cotesia plutellae. | parasitoids are important natural enemies of many pest species and are used extensively in biological and integrated control programmes. crop plants transformed to express toxin genes derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) provide high levels of resistance to certain pest species, which is likely to have consequent effects on parasitoids specialising on such pests. a better understanding of the interaction between transgenic plants, pests and parasitoids is important to limit disruption of bio ... | 2003 | 12779123 |
| determination of spore concentration in bacillus thuringiensis through the analysis of dipicolinate by capillary zone electrophoresis. | a new capillary zone electrophoresis (cze) method for the analysis of dipicolinic acid, a specific component found in spores but not in vegetative cells, was used to determine spore concentration in bacillus thuringiensis according to the relationship between the spore concentration and the content of dipicolinate. the quantitative relationship was established by using purified spores. electrolyte conditions that affected the separation efficiency of dipicolinate and the reproducibility were inv ... | 2003 | 12779231 |
| expression of a midgut-specific cadherin bt-r1 during the development of manduca sexta larva. | the btr-1 gene of manduca sexta (genbank af319973) encodes a cadherin, bt-r(1) (210-kda), which contains 12 ectodomain modules in association with a number of motifs potentially involved in interactions with cadherin and integrin. the molecule is a target receptor for bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxins that bind to bt-r(1) with high affinity and specificity. bt-r(1) is localized exclusively in the midgut epithelium. the amount of bt-r(1) protein increases dramatically during larval development, ... | 2003 | 12781980 |
| characterization of bacillus thuringiensis ser. jordanica (serotype h71), a novel serovariety isolated in jordan. | the novel strain of bacillus thuringiensis j112 isolated from a soil sample in jordan was classified and characterized in terms of toxicity against dipteran and nematode larvae, crystal protein pattern, plasmid profile, and cry gene content. a new name, bacillus thuringiensis serovariety jordanica (h serotype 71), is proposed for the reference strain j112. the parasporal crystal proteins were toxic to 3(rd) instar larvae of drosophila melanogaster and to 2(nd) stage juveniles of root knot nemato ... | 2003 | 12783189 |
| ex vivo cytotoxicity of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4b delta-endotoxin to isolated midguts of aedes aegypti larvae. | the pathological effect of the bacillus thuringiensis cry delta- endotoxins on susceptible insect larvae had extensive damage on the midgut epithelial cells. in this study, an ex vivo assay was devised for assessing the insecticidal potency of the cloned cry4b mosquito-larvicidal protein that is expressed in escherichia coli. determination of toxicity was carried out by using a cell viability assay on the midguts that were dissected from 5-day old aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. after incubation ... | 2003 | 12787485 |
| regulation of bt crops in canada. | the canadian food inspection agency (cfia) regulates environmental releases of plants with novel traits, which include transgenic plants such as bt crops. bt crops are regulated in canada because they express insect resistance novel to their species. commercialization of crops with novel traits such as the production of insecticidal bt proteins requires an approval for environmental release, as well as approvals for use as feed and food. environmental factors such as potential impacts on non-tar ... | 2003 | 12788275 |
| legal and regulatory concerns about transgenic plants in brazil. | brazil has a biosafety law that was approved in 1995. this law provides for a horizontal type of regulation that coordinates other existing regulatory frameworks in the areas of agriculture, health and environment. various federal government departments are responsible for implementing the law. the national technical biosafety commission is the national competent authority on biosafety with overall responsibility. in the case of bt plants or any insecticidal organism, the agrochemical law also a ... | 2003 | 12788276 |
| regulatory and associated political issues with respect to bt transgenic maize in the european union. | legislation at the national level in europe as well as that developed by the european union (eu) generally permits release and commercialization of genetically modified organisms (gmos). however, only 10 plant/event combinations were registered as of 2002: three maize events (bt176, mon810, and bt11), with the other seven divided among carnation (3), oil-seed rape (2), tobacco (1), and raddiccio (1). of these, only one maize event (bt176) has been registered as a legal variety, and this was in s ... | 2003 | 12788278 |
| considerations for conducting research in agricultural biotechnology. | science has shown its increased vulnerability because of two recent high-profile articles published in major journals on corn produced through biotechnology: a laboratory report suggesting profound consequences to monarch butterfly populations due to bt corn pollen and a report suggesting transgenic introgression into mexican maize. while both studies have been widely regarded as having flawed methodology, publishing these studies has created great consternation in the scientific community, regu ... | 2003 | 12788279 |
| precautionary risk assessment of bt maize: what uncertainties? | gm crops have become a test case for the conflicting slogans of 'the precautionary principle' versus 'sound science.' the issues can be illustrated by developments in regulatory science for bt maize in the european union. as this case study suggests, risk assessment is always framed by some account of the relevant uncertainties. these in turn depend upon how the environment is valued and how scientific questions are posed about cause-effect pathways of potential harm. the slogan of 'sound scienc ... | 2003 | 12788280 |
| fluorescent heteroduplex assay for monitoring bacillus anthracis and close relatives in environmental samples. | a fluorescent heteroduplex method was developed to assess the presence of 16s rrna gene (rdna) sequences from bacillus anthracis and close relatives in pcr-amplified 16s rdna sequence mixtures from environmental samples. the method uses a single-stranded, fluorescent dna probe, 464 nucleotides in length, derived from a b. anthracis 16s rrna gene. the probe contains a unique, engineered deletion such that all probe-target duplexes are heteroduplexes with an unpaired g at position 343 (deltag343). ... | 2003 | 12788732 |
| transgene expression in broccoli (brassica oleracea var. italica) clones propagated in vitro via leaf explants. | we have developed an efficient protocol for the in vitro propagation of transgenic broccoli plants using leaf explants as starting material. a high frequency of shoot formation from leaf explants was obtained on murashige and skoog medium containing benzyladenine (ba, 5 mg/l) and naphthaleneacetic acid (0.5 mg/l). frequent subcultures of existing shoots and shoot clusters to medium containing only ba (2 mg/l) promoted rapid shoot multiplication. the use of a 1:1 mixture of agargel and gelrite in ... | 2003 | 12789524 |
| investigation of the pore-forming mechanism of a cytolytic delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis. | cyt2aa1 is a cytolytic protein produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kyushuensis. penetration of the toxin into membranes has been studied to learn more about membrane-insertion mechanisms and transmembrane-pore formation. the haemolysis assay of cyt2aa1 showed a steep and sigmoidal dose-response curve, indicating that toxin aggregation or oligomerization is required for pore formation. studies of the effect of temperature on pore formation and fluorimetric studies of acrylodan-labelled toxi ... | 2003 | 12795638 |
| pulsed field gel electrophoresis of chromosomal dna reveals a clonal population structure to bacillus thuringiensis that relates in general to crystal protein gene content. | seventy strains of bacillus thuringiensis representing 21 serovars were allocated to 38 genomic groups using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of restriction enzyme-digested dna. there was a broad correlation between pfge type and serotype for serovars darmstadiensis, israelensis, kenyae, kumamotoensis, kurstaki, sotto, thuringiensis, and tolworthi, although some serovars included atypical strains. serovars canadensis and entomocidus were heterogeneous. detection of crystal protein genes b ... | 2003 | 12799001 |
| the nicking homing endonuclease i-basi is encoded by a group i intron in the dna polymerase gene of the bacillus thuringiensis phage bastille. | here we describe the discovery of a group i intron in the dna polymerase gene of bacillus thuringiensis phage bastille. although the intron insertion site is identical to that of the bacillus subtilis phages spo1 and sp82 introns, the bastille intron differs from them substantially in primary and secondary structure. like the spo1 and sp82 introns, the bastille intron encodes a nicking dna endonuclease of the h-n-h family, i-basi, with a cleavage site identical to that of the spo1-encoded enzyme ... | 2003 | 12799434 |
| factors influencing the toxicity of xenobiotics against larval mosquitoes. | in order to examine the factors influencing xenobiotic toxicity against larval mosquitoes, the larvicidal performances of two conventional insecticides (temephos and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis: bti) and a new potential phyto-insecticide (decomposed leaf litter) were compared under different conditions against three detritivorous larval mosquito types. bioassays performed under standard conditions indicated differential tolerance levels according to the xenobiotic and the larval type ... | 2003 | 12806839 |
| phylogenetic relationships between bacillus species and related genera inferred from comparison of 3' end 16s rdna and 5' end 16s-23s its nucleotide sequences. | the nucleotide sequences of the 3' end of the 16s rdna and the 16s-23s internal transcribed spacer (its) of 40 bacillaceae species were determined. these included 21 bacillus, 9 paenibacillus, 6 brevibacillus, 2 geobacillus, 1 marinibacillus and 1 virgibacillus species. comparative sequence analysis of a 220 bp region covering a highly conserved 150 bp sequence located at the 3' end of the 16s rrna coding region and a conserved 70 bp sequence located at the 5' end of the 16s-23s its of the 40 sp ... | 2003 | 12807189 |
| cloning and study of the expression of a novel cry1ia-type gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. | cloning and expression of a new cry1ia-type gene of bacillus thuringiensis. | 2003 | 12807450 |
| [cloning and sequencing of chitinase gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis]. | chitin, a linear homopolymer of n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, is a common constituent of fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of insects, and shells of invertebrates. thus, chitinase, a chitin hydrolytic enzyme, has become of interest for potential use as biopesticides for controlling insect pests. using a pair of specific primers, chitinase gene (ichi) was amplified by touchdown pcr from bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis chromosomal dna, and then subcloned into pgem-t easy vector. ichi sequence (ge ... | 2003 | 12812063 |
| clinical and laboratory investigation of allergy to genetically modified foods. | technology has improved the food supply since the first cultivation of crops. genetic engineering facilitates the transfer of genes among organisms. generally, only minute amounts of a specific protein need to be expressed to obtain the desired trait. food allergy affects only individuals with an abnormal immunologic response to food--6% of children and 1.5-2% of adults in the united states. not all diseases caused by food allergy are mediated by ige. a number of expert committees have advised t ... | 2003 | 12826483 |
| [hplc analysis of main flavonoid chemicals and their spatio-temporal dynamics in bt transgenic cotton]. | flavonoids are important chemicals of resistance to pests in cotton plant. the main flavonoid chemicals and their spatio-temporal dynamics of content in bt transgenic cotton were tested by hplc. the results showed that the flavonoid chemicals of resistance to pests mainly including rutin, isoquercitrin and quercetin could be detected and quantitatively analyzed by hplc. the contents of rutin, isoquercitrin and quercetin were the highest in petal, but lower in calyx, bract and cotton boll. moreov ... | 2003 | 12827880 |
| the cytotoxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. coreanensis a1519 strain against the human leukemic t cell. | a novel cytotoxic protein was isolated from the crystal produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. coreanensis a1519 strain. upon treatment of the crystal proteins by proteinase k, the significant cytotoxicity toward the leukemic t cell, molt-4, was exhibited. the microscopic observation indicated that the cell death was accompanied by no extensive rupture of the cell membrane. it was, therefore, suggested that the cell death of molt-4 was induced through a mechanism other than the colloid-osmoti ... | 2003 | 12829258 |
| water-miscible organic cosolvents enhance phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c phosphotransferase as well as phosphodiesterase activity. | phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) from bacillus thuringiensis catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (pi) in a ca(2+)-independent two-step mechanism: (i) an intramolecular phosphotransferase reaction to form inositol 1,2-(cyclic)-phosphate (cip), followed by (ii) a cyclic phosphodiesterase activity that converts cip to inositol 1-phosphate (i-1-p). moderate amounts of water-miscible organic solvents have previously been shown to dramatically enhance the cyclic phos ... | 2003 | 12832083 |
| [ecological risk of bt transgenic cotton and its management strategy]. | there may be several ecological impacts induced by transgenic cottons, apart from their direct impact on target pest. the interactions between target insect and transgenic cotton, and the way of toxic expressed by transgenic cotton varied with plant spatial parts and different growing stages are regarded as the main cause for insect to develop resistance. in transgenic cotton field, although chemicals applied to control major insect pest could be reduced greatly, insect community structure inclu ... | 2003 | 12836558 |
| activity of free and clay-bound insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis against the mosquito culex pipiens. | bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis produces parasporal insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) that have larvicidal activity against some members of the order diptera, such as blackflies and mosquitoes. hydrolysis of the icps in the larval gut results in four major proteins with a molecular mass of 27, 65, 128, and 135 kda. toxicity is caused by synergistic interaction between the 25-kda protein (proteolytic product of the 27-kda protein) and one or more of the higher-molecular-mass proteins ... | 2003 | 12839788 |
| identification of bacillus anthracis by rpob sequence analysis and multiplex pcr. | comparative sequence analysis was performed upon bacillus anthracis and its closest relatives, b. cereus and b. thuringiensis. portions of rpob dna from 10 strains of b. anthracis, 16 of b. cereus, 10 of b. thuringiensis, 1 of b. mycoides, and 1 of b. megaterium were amplified and sequenced. the determined rpob sequences (318 bp) of the 10 b. anthracis strains, including five korean isolates, were identical to those of ames, florida, kruger b, and western na strains. strains of the "b. cereus gr ... | 2003 | 12843020 |
| distribution of bollworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), injured reproductive structures on genetically engineered bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki berliner cotton. | bollworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), larvae are commonly observed feeding in genetically engineered bollgard cotton. although no information is currently available characterizing the levels of injury bollworms cause, aproximately 25% of the bollgard acreage in the united states receives at least one insecticide application annually targeting bollworm populations. studies were conducted to determine the levels of fruiting form injury that can occur from bollworm larvae feeding on white flowers of ... | 2003 | 12852607 |
| field and laboratory evaluations of transgenic cottons expressing one or two bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki berliner proteins for management of noctuid (lepidoptera) pests. | field studies were conducted from 1999 to 2001 to evaluate the efficacy of the transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum (l.), genotype, bollgard ii (monsanto 15985), which expresses two bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) proteins (cry1ac + cry2ab) that are active against lepidopterous pests. bollgard ii was compared with bollgard (dp50b), which expresses only one bt protein (cry1ac), and, in all tests, the conventional variety, dp50, was used as a non-bt control. larval populations of the bollwor ... | 2003 | 12852613 |
| susceptibility of leafrollers (lepidoptera: tortricidae) from organic and conventional orchards to azinphosmethyl, spinosad, and bacillus thuringiensis. | populations of obliquebanded leafroller, choristoneura rosaceana harris, and three-lined leafroller, pandemis limitata robinson, were obtained from seven sites in the okanagan and similkameen valleys of british columbia and assayed for their responses to three insecticides using a leaf disk bioassay. lethal concentration ratios (lcrs) were calculated for all populations compared with a susceptible laboratory colony of c. rosaceana; significant variation was detected in response to all three inse ... | 2003 | 12852631 |
| effect of maysin on wild-type, deltamethrin-resistant, and bt-resistant helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae). | larvae of the old world corn earworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner), were fed diets containing lyophilized silks from maize genotypes expressing varying levels of maysin, a flavone glycoside known to be toxic to the new world corn earworm, helicoverpa zea boddie. three different h. armigera colonies were tested: a wild-type colony (96-s), a colony selected for resistance to deltamethrin (del-r), and a colony selected for resistance to the cry1ac protoxin of bacillus thuringiensis (bt-r). a colon ... | 2003 | 12852635 |
| development, survival and fitness performance of helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in mon810 bt field corn. | helicoverpa zea (boddie) development, survival, and feeding injury in mon810 transgenic ears of field corn (zea mays l.) expressing bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki (bt) cry1ab endotoxins were compared with non-bt ears at four geographic locations over two growing seasons. expression of cry1ab endotoxin resulted in overall reductions in the percentage of damaged ears by 33% and in the amount of kernels consumed by 60%. bt-induced effects varied significantly among locations, partly becaus ... | 2003 | 12852636 |
| effects of mon810 bt field corn on adult emergence of helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae). | a 3-yr study (1996-1998) was conducted to evaluate the effects of mon810 bt corn on helicoverpa zea (boddie) emergence and to determine whether delayed larval development as a result of bt intoxication results in higher levels of diapause induction and pupal mortality. in the 1997 study, there was no difference in prepupal mortality between corn types, although significantly more prepupae from bt plots than from non-bt plots died in emergence buckets before constructing pupal chambers in 1998. i ... | 2003 | 12852637 |
| effect of mon810 bt field corn on helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) cannibalism and its implications to resistance development. | pairs of helicoverpa zea (boddie) larvae reared on diet-incorporated mon810 transgenic leaf tissue of field corn (zea mays l.) were observed in the laboratory to characterize effects of sublethal levels of bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki (bt) cry1ab endotoxins on cannibalistic behavior and mortality. feeding on sublethal levels of bt corn reduced the frequency of cannibalistic behaviors exhibited by h. zea when uneven instars were paired together. exposure to the bt endotoxin had no sign ... | 2003 | 12852638 |
| evaluation of transgenic bt corn for resistance to the asian corn borer (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | the asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis (guenée), is the most important insect pest on corn in china. bt transgenic corn provides a new tool for asian corn borer control. monsanto's yieldgard bt transgenic corn expressing cry1ab protein, and a non-bt control, were evaluated in beijing. laboratory bioassays were carried out by exposing neonates to an agar-free diet containing bt corn whorl leaves, tassels, and anthers, or by exposing neonates directly to fresh silk and pollen. these are the tis ... | 2003 | 12852639 |
| economic analysis of planting dates to manage european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) with bt corn. | planting dates of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) corn were adjusted to determine the utility in managing european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner). transgenic bt (events 176 and bt11) corn and non-bt corn were planted at three different times to use the early- and late- planted corn as a potential trap crop for ovipositing european corn borer moths. grain moisture and yields were recorded to determine the economic benefits of bt corn planted on the different dates, based ... | 2003 | 12852640 |
| transgenic bacillus thuringiensis corn hybrid performance against univoltine ecotype european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) in south dakota. | the performances of bt-corn hybrids against univoltine ecotype european corn borer larvae were evaluated in south dakota from 1997 to 1999. the corn hybrids were exposed to natural seasonal fluctuations of a univoltine ecotype european corn borer population. larval injury parameters, grain yields, and gross incomes were quantified during the 3-yr study. in general, the bt-corn hybrids had significantly higher yields than the untreated non-bt isolines in 1997 and 1998 when corn borer pressures we ... | 2003 | 12852642 |
| pest resistance feared as farmers flout rules. | 2003 | 12853913 | |
| comparison of the expression of bacillus thuringiensis full-length and n-terminally truncated vip3a gene in escherichia coli. | studies were performed to demonstrate the function of the putative signal peptide of vip3a proteins in escherichia coli. | 2003 | 12859763 |
| molecular typing of bacillus thuringiensis serovars by rapd-pcr. | one hundred and twenty-six strains of bacillus thuringiensis representing 57 serovars were allocated to 58 genomic types using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd)-pcr patterns. serovars darmstadiensis, israelensis, kenyae, kumamotoensis, kurstaki, morrisoni, pakistani, sotto, thuringiensis and tolworthi each encompassed identical or closely related strains. despite this genomic homogeneity, most of these serovars also included at least one variant strain. serovars aizawai, canadensis, entomo ... | 2003 | 12866852 |
| the hidden lifestyles of bacillus cereus and relatives. | bacillus cereus sensu lato, the species group comprising bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis and b. cereus (sensu stricto), has previously been scrutinized regarding interspecies genetic correlation and pathogenic characteristics. so far, little attention has been paid to analysing the biological and ecological properties of the three species in their natural environments. in this review, we describe the b. cereus sensu lato living in a world on its own; all b. cereus sensu lato can grow ... | 2003 | 12871230 |
| a constitutively expressed 36 kda exochitinase from bacillus thuringiensis hd-1. | a 36 kda chitinase was purified by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography from the culture supernatant of bacillus thuringiensis hd-1. the chitinase production was independent of the presence of chitin in the growth medium and was produced even in the presence of glucose. the purified chitinase was active at acidic ph, had an optimal activity at ph 6.5, and showed maximum activity at 65 degrees c. of the various substrates, the enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of the disaccharide 4-mu(gln ... | 2003 | 12893268 |
| the mode of action of the bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein vip3a differs from that of cry1ab delta-endotoxin. | the vip3a protein, secreted by bacillus spp. during the vegetative stage of growth, represents a new family of insecticidal proteins. in our investigation of the mode of action of vip3a, the 88-kda vip3a full-length toxin (vip3a-f) was proteolytically activated to an approximately 62-kda core toxin either by trypsin (vip3a-t) or lepidopteran gut juice extracts (vip3a-g). biotinylated vip3a-g demonstrated competitive binding to lepidopteran midgut brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv). furthermor ... | 2003 | 12902253 |
| pgil01, a linear tectiviral plasmid prophage originating from bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis. | bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis harbours, in addition to several circular plasmids, a small linear molecule of about 15 kb. sequence analysis of this molecule, named pgil01, showed the presence of at least 30 orfs, five of which displayed similarity with proteins involved in phage systems: a b-type family dna polymerase, a lexa-like repressor, two potential muramidases and a dna-packaging protein (distantly related to the p9 protein of the tectiviral phage prd1). experimental evidence ... | 2003 | 12904548 |
| binding of bacillus thuringiensis toxins in resistant and susceptible strains of pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella). | evolution of resistance by pests could cut short the success of transgenic plants producing toxins from bacillus thuringiensis, such as bt cotton. the most common mechanism of insect resistance to b. thuringiensis is reduced binding of toxins to target sites in the brush border membrane of the larval midgut. we compared toxin binding in resistant and susceptible strains of pectinophora gossypiella, a major pest of cotton worldwide. using cry1ab and cry1ac labeled with (125)i and brush border mem ... | 2003 | 12915184 |
| beta-glucosidase enzymatic activity of crystal polypeptide of the bacillus thuringiensis strain 1.1. | the crystals of bacillus thuringiensis strain 1.1 consist of the 140 kda delta-endotoxin, which exhibits beta-glucosidase enzymatic activity, based on the following data. (i) purified crystals exhibit beta-glucosidase enzymatic activity. when the crystals are reacted with specific antibodies directed either against the commercial (almond purified) beta-glucosidase or against the 140 kda polypeptide, then considerable reduction of enzymatic activity is observed almost at the same level with both ... | 2003 | 12935352 |
| cross-resistance between strains of bacillus sphaericus but not b. thuringiensis israelensis in colonies of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus. | two colonies of culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) were selected with bacillus sphaericus strains c3-41 and iab59 in the laboratory for 13 and 18 generations; they attained 145,000- and 48.3-fold resistance, respectively, in comparison with a susceptible laboratory colony (slcq) and showed very high levels of cross-resistance (8500- to 145,000-fold) to b. sphaericus strains c3-41, 1593, 2297 and 2362. they were relatively susceptible to b. sphaericus strains lp1-g and 47-6b (only 0. ... | 2003 | 12941008 |
| resistance to a bacterial toxin is mediated by removal of a conserved glycosylation pathway required for toxin-host interactions. | crystal (cry) proteins made by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis are pore-forming toxins that specifically target insects and nematodes and are used around the world to kill insect pests. to better understand how pore-forming toxins interact with their host, we have screened for caenorhabditis elegans mutants that resist cry protein intoxication. we find that cry toxin resistance involves the loss of two glycosyltransferase genes, bre-2 and bre-4. these glycosyltransferases function in the in ... | 2003 | 12944392 |
| [effect of mineral nutrition sources on the growth and toxin formation of the entomopathogenic bacteria bacillus thuringiensis]. | mineral composition of culture medium has been studied for its effect on the processes of growth, spore-and-toxin formation of entomopathogenic bacteria bacillus thuringiensis. it has been shown that salts na2so4, na2sio3.9h2o, mgso4.7h2o increase the yield of biomass and endotoxin; feso4.7h2o, cacl2, mnso4.4h2o increase only the yield of biomass; cdso4.7h2o and cocl2.6h2o--inhibit the processes of spore-and-toxin formation, but increase the cell titre. a complex of mineral salts has been found ... | 2003 | 12945189 |
| resistance to bt toxin surprisingly absent from pests. | 2003 | 12949541 | |
| bt crop risk assessment in the netherlands. | 2003 | 12949550 | |
| are bt crops safe? | 2003 | 12949561 | |
| molecular basis for bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin specificity: two structural determinants in the manduca sexta bt-r1 receptor interact with loops alpha-8 and 2 in domain ii of cy1ab toxin. | the identification of epitopes involved in cry toxin-receptor interaction could provide insights into the molecular basis of insect specificity and for designing new toxins to overcome the potential problem of insect resistance. in previous works, we determined that the manduca sexta cry1a cadherin-like receptor (bt-r(1)) interacts with cry1a toxins through epitope (865)nitihitdtnn(875) and by loop 2 of domain ii in the toxin (gomez, i., miranda-rios, j., rudiño-piñera, e., oltean, d. i., gill, ... | 2003 | 12950175 |
| comparative analysis of bacterial viruses bam35, infecting a gram-positive host, and prd1, infecting gram-negative hosts, demonstrates a viral lineage. | extra- and intracellular viruses in the biosphere outnumber their cellular hosts by at least one order of magnitude. how is this enormous domain of viruses organized? sampling of the virosphere has been scarce and focused on viruses infecting humans, cultivated plants, and animals as well as those infecting well-studied bacteria. it has been relatively easy to cluster closely related viruses based on their genome sequences. however, it has been impossible to establish long-range evolutionary rel ... | 2003 | 12954208 |
| identification of cry1i-type genes from bacillus thuringiensis strains and characterization of a novel cry1i-type gene. | a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for identification of cry1i-type genes from bacillus thuringiensis was established by designing a pair of universal primers based on the conserved regions of the genes to amplify 1,548-bp cry1i-type gene fragments. amplification products were digested with the bsp119i and bani enzymes, and four kinds of known cry1i-type genes were successfully identified. the results showed that cry1i-type genes appeared in 95 of 115 b. thuringiensis isolates ... | 2003 | 12957903 |
| diversity of bacillus thuringiensis strains from latin america with insecticidal activity against different mosquito species. | the characterization of selected bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from different latin america countries is presented. characterization was based on their insecticidal activity against aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus, and anopheles albimanus larvae, scanning electron microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and plasmid profiles as well as pcr analysis using novel general and specific primers for cry and cyt genes encoding proteins active against mosquit ... | 2003 | 12957913 |
| introduction of culex toxicity into bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba by protein engineering. | bacillus thuringiensis mosquitocidal toxin cry4ba has no significant natural activity against culex quinquefasciatus or culex pipiens (50% lethal concentrations [lc(50)], >80,000 and >20,000 ng/ml, respectively). we introduced amino acid substitutions in three putative loops of domain ii of cry4ba. the mutant proteins were tested on four different species of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, anopheles quadrimaculatus, c. quinquefasciatus, and c. pipiens. putative loop 1 and 2 exchanges eliminated activ ... | 2003 | 12957922 |
| effects of bacillus thuringiensis toxin on hepatic lipid peroxidation and free-radical scavengers in rats given alpha-tocopherol or acetylsalicylate. | the effect of dipel (d), a bacillus thuringiensis-based bioinsecticide, on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in rat liver was investigated. administration of d in a dose of 1 mg/100 g body mass for 4 successive days increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (gpx), glutathione reductase (gr) and the level of malondialdehyde (mda) in rat hepatocytes. the activity of superoxide dismutase (sod) and glutathione (gsh) level were decreased. administration of d in rat ... | 2003 | 12965185 |
| evaluation of the impact of bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis and temephos, used for the control of simulium (chirostilbia) pertinax kollar, 1832 (diptera, simuliidae) on the associated entomofauna, paraty, state of rio de janeiro, brazil. | the study was set up to evaluate the impact of two commercial larvicide formulations, bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis base (bti) at 15 ppm/1 min and temephos at 0.03 ppm of active ingredient, used to control simulium pertinax populations, on associated non-target entomofauna occupying the same breeding sites. the experiments were carried out on the pedra branca and muricana rivers, on the slopes of serra do mar massif, municipality of paraty, state of rio de janeiro, brazil. bti was a ... | 2003 | 12973540 |
| bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis is highly toxic to the coffee berry borer, hypothenemus hampei ferr. (coleoptera: scolytidae). | a native collection of bacillus thuringiensis strains was screened, once a reliable bioassay technique to assess the toxicity against the coffee berry borer (cbb) first-instar larvae was developed. a first round of bioassays with 170 strains indicated that the great majority of them showed no or very little insecticidal activity and that very few showed significant levels of toxicity. interestingly, only those strains that had previously been associated with mosquitocidal activity were also toxi ... | 2003 | 13129610 |
| the protein crystals of bacillus thuringiensis berliner. | 1955 | 13270146 | |
| [study of a strain of bacillus, pathogenic for certain insects, identifiable with bacillus thuringiensis berliner]. | 1955 | 13302859 | |
| [biological titration of preparations of spores of bacillus thuringiensis berliner]. | 1958 | 13609014 | |
| the production by bacillus thuringiensis berliner of a heat-stable substance toxic for insects. | 1959 | 13638893 | |
| enhancement of the efficacy of a combination of mesocyclops aspericornis and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis by community-based products in controlling aedes aegypti larvae in thailand. | prolonged efficacy of a combination of bacteria (bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis [bti] and copepods (mesocyclops aspericornis) in controlling immature forms of aedes aegypti in peridomestic water containers was achieved by adding various products from local villages as supplementary food for copepods. in all experiments, 100 first-instar larvae were added into the breeding containers every day for eight weeks. combinations of biological control agents and each local supplementary food we ... | 2003 | 13677377 |
| an improved baculovirus insecticide producing occlusion bodies that contain bacillus thuringiensis insect toxin. | baculovirus occlusion bodies, large proteinaceous structures which contain virions, have recently been engineered to incorporate foreign proteins. the major constituent protein of occlusion bodies from the baculovirus autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus is polyhedrin, and assembly of recombinant occlusion bodies which incorporate a foreign protein depends on an interaction between native polyhedrin and a polyhedrin-foreign protein fusion. this technology has now been applied to the gener ... | 2003 | 13678710 |
| additive transgene expression and genetic introgression in multiple green-fluorescent protein transgenic crop x weed hybrid generations. | the level of transgene expression in crop x weed hybrids and the degree to which crop-specific genes are integrated into hybrid populations are important factors in assessing the potential ecological and agricultural risks of gene flow associated with genetic engineering. the average transgene zygosity and genetic structure of transgenic hybrid populations change with the progression of generations, and the green fluorescent protein (gfp) transgene is an ideal marker to quantify transgene expres ... | 2003 | 13679991 |
| a simple and rapid agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.): embryogenic calli as a source to generate large numbers of transgenic plants. | a protocol is presented for efficient transformation and regeneration of cotton. embryogenic calli co-cultivated with agrobacterium carrying cry1ia5 gene were cultured under dehydration stress and antibiotic selection for 3-6 weeks to generate several transgenic embryos. an average of 75 globular embryo clusters were observed on selection plates and these embryos were cultured on multiplication medium followed by development of cotyledonary embryos on embryo maturation medium to obtain an averag ... | 2004 | 13680138 |
| [new data on the role of thermostable soluble toxin produced by bacillus thuringiensis berliner]. | 1960 | 13689013 | |
| [immunological relations of toxic proteins extracted from 3 strains of bacillus thuringiensis]. | 1961 | 13720385 | |
| [research on the mechanism of action of bacillus thuringiensis. effect of toxemia on the protein fractions of hemolymph]. | 1960 | 13724416 | |
| [biological titration of basic preparations of bacillus thuringiensis berliner in relation to anagasta (ephestia) kuhniella zell]. | 1959 | 13806070 | |
| lethality for mice of vegetative and spore forms of bacillus cereus and bacillus cereus-like insect pathogens injected intraperitoneally and subcutaneously. | lamanna, carl (army research office, washington, d.c.) and linda jones. lethality for mice of vegetative and spore forms of bacillus cereus and bacillus cereus-like insect pathogens injected intraperitoneally and subcutaneously. j. bacteriol. 85:532-535. 1963.-lethality for mice of bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis (two strains), var. sotto (one strain), var. alesti (one strain), and b. entomocidus var. entomocidus (one strain) maintained on artificial laboratory media is dependent upon ... | 1963 | 14042929 |
| the structure of bacillus thuringiensis berliner crystals. | 1964 | 14124032 | |
| an attempt of control of leptinotarsa decemlineata with adapted bacillus thuringiensis. | 1964 | 14170554 | |
| [action of the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner on blood cells of ephestia kueehniella zeller (lepidoptera)]. | 1965 | 14304698 | |
| bacillus thuringiensis as a feed additive to control dipterous pests of cattle. | 1965 | 14319398 | |
| the enzymic hydrolysis of bacillus thuringiensis berliner crystals, and the liberation of toxic fractions of bacterial origin by the chyle of pieris brassicae (linnaeus). | 1965 | 14323775 | |
| effects of parasporal inclusions of bacillus thuringiensis var. sotto ishiwata on the permeability of the gut wall of bompyx mori (linnaeus) larvae. | 1965 | 14323779 | |
| resistance of the house fly to bacillus thuringiensis berliner. | 1965 | 14323785 |