Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| collaboration with the voluntary sector in setting up an early medical abortion service in the pct. | the 1967 abortion act and the 1990 human fertilisation and embryology act amendment allow abortions in acute hospitals or licensed premises only. provision of abortions in community unlicensed premises is unlicensed and not legal. at abortion assessment, counselling, chlamydia testing and/or treatment/partner notification and a contraceptive package is included. this works towards the overall aim of reducing unwanted pregnancies and reducing the burden of sexually transmitted infections in the c ... | 2007 | 17701802 |
| multiple stable isotope (18o, 13c, 15n and 34s) analysis of human hair to identify the recent migrants in a rural community in sw england. | relationships between recent migration and hair delta(18)o values were examined for 40 people living in a rural community in sw england. the isotopic contents of 35 'local' hair samples were compared with those of 5 recently arrived individuals (from australia, canada, chile, germany and the usa). the hair delta(18)o values of these 'visitors' were +7.9 (omaha, usa), +11.2 (jena, germany), +12.1 (osorno, chile), +12.6 (montreal, canada) and +14.3 per thousand (adelaide, australia). the hair valu ... | 2007 | 17705338 |
| investigating the dynamics of nurse migration in early career: a longitudinal questionnaire survey of variation in regional retention of diploma qualifiers in england. | increasing mobility of healthcare professionals has led to concerns that certain countries or regions are depleted of sufficient staff to meet healthcare needs. in formulating appropriate strategies to ensure better retention locally, human resource managers are hindered by lack of information about migration patterns. purpose and aims: purposes included studying movement of diploma nurses qualifying in england and contributing to literature on developing methods for obtaining migration data. sp ... | 2008 | 17706221 |
| perspectives on injuries in snowboarders. | adopting effective injury prevention practices continues to be problematic within snowboarding and the participation of older individuals is associated with an appreciable injury burden. the haddon matrix provides an important framework for developing injury prevention interventions. since prevention behaviour must 'fit' within individual aspirations, our study investigated the meanings and behaviours associated with snowboarding and injury prevention and then applied the findings to the establi ... | 2007 | 17711064 |
| why sexual health promotion misses its audience: men who have sex with men reading the texts. | sexual health promotion aimed at men who have sex with men (msm) is not achieving its objective of reducing the incidence of new infections of sexually transmitted diseases, notably hiv/aids, in the msm population. the paper aims to raise awareness of possible unintended consequences when using visual culture and advertising techniques in the field of sexual (and other) health promotion and public health messages. | 2007 | 17713183 |
| detection of escherichia coli in biofilms from pipe samples and coupons in drinking water distribution networks. | fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) was used for direct detection of escherichia coli on pipe surfaces and coupons in drinking water distribution networks. old cast iron main pipes were removed from water distribution networks in france, england, portugal, and latvia, and e. coli was analyzed in the biofilm. in addition, 44 flat coupons made of cast iron, polyvinyl chloride, or stainless steel were placed into and continuously exposed to water on 15 locations of 6 distribution networks in ... | 2007 | 17720845 |
| prevalence of human papillomavirus antibodies in young female subjects in england. | sera from 1483 female subjects in england aged 10-29 years were tested. the age-standardised seroprevalence was 10.7% (95% confidence intervals 9.0-12.3) for human papillomavirus (hpv) 6, 2.7% (1.8-3.6) for hpv 11, 11.9% (10.2-13.6) for hpv 16, 4.7% (3.5-5.8) for hpv 18, and 20.7% (18.6-22.7) for any of the four types. | 2007 | 17726462 |
| 'incongruous juxtapositions': the chimaera and mrs mck. | a century ago, the german botanist hans winkler (best known for coining the term 'genome') accomplished two novel transplantations. first, he produced a single plant that grafted together two completely disparate species: tomato and nightshade. second, he chose the descriptive word 'chimaera' to name his innovation, transplanting the term from mythology to biology. this paper features mrs mck, the first human chimera, and thus follows the term from botany to clinical medicine. her remarkable sto ... | 2007 | 17727951 |
| varicella-zoster-virus genotypes in east london: a prospective study in patients with herpes zoster. | a total of 298 patients with herpes zoster were recruited as part of 2 community-based studies in east london between 1998 and 2003. single nucleotide-polymorphism analysis of 4 regions (genes 1, 21, 37, and 60) found that most genotypes were european strains c and b, representing 58% and 21% of all samples collected. no change in the proportion of these european clades has occurred during the past 80 years, strongly supporting the hypothesis that these strains are indigenous to the united kingd ... | 2007 | 17763323 |
| assessing the impacts of agricultural intensification on biodiversity: a british perspective. | agricultural intensification is best considered as the level of human appropriation of terrestrial net primary production. the global value is set to increase from 30%, increasing pressures on biodiversity. the pressures can be classified in terms of spatial scale, i.e. land cover, landscape management and crop management. different lowland agricultural landscapes in great britain show differences among these pressures when habitat diversity and nutrient surplus are used as indicators. eutrophic ... | 2008 | 17785274 |
| morbidity, mortality, and response to treatment by children in the united kingdom and ireland with perinatally acquired hiv infection during 1996-2006: planning for teenage and adult care. | recent evidence suggests that decreases in morbidity and mortality in cohorts of adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are showing signs of reversal. we describe changes over time in these characteristics and in the response to treatment among children in the united kingdom and ireland with perinatally acquired hiv infection, many of whom are now adolescents. | 2007 | 17806062 |
| serological responses to cryptosporidium in human populations living in areas reporting high and low incidences of symptomatic cryptosporidiosis. | one approach to investigating differences in the reported incidence of disease is to measure the extent of exposure to the organism in question by testing for a specific antibody response. igg responses to cryptosporidium sporozoite antigens of low molecular size in adults have been shown to be consistent and of sufficient intensity to act as reliable markers of exposure. this study used a western blot procedure to investigate the relative intensity of igg antibody responses to the 15/17-kda cry ... | 2007 | 17850343 |
| significant rising antibody titres to influenza a are associated with an acute reduction in milk yield in cattle. | sporadic cases of an acute fall in milk production, "milk drop", were investigated in a holstein friesian dairy herd in devon. the investigation was a case control study with two controls per case. paired blood samples demonstrated that rising antibody titres to human influenza a/england/333/80 (h1n1) and human influenza a/eng/427/88 (h3n2) were associated with an acute fall in milk production. rising titres to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvd), infect ... | 2008 | 17851097 |
| resting energy expenditure, adiponectin and changes in body composition of young children (earlybird 34). | objective. serum adiponectin levels are inversely related to adiposity and resting energy expenditure (ree) in adults yet may protect against excess weight gain. little is known of these associations in children, in whom obesity is rising. the aim of this study was therefore to investigate the relationships between ree, adiponectin and weight gain in young children. methods. adiponectin by elisa, ree by indirect calorimetry, fat-free mass (ffm) and fat mass (fm) by dexa were measured at 6.9 year ... | 2008 | 17852541 |
| how can hepatitis c be prevented in the long term? | significant advances have been made in preventing hiv infection among injectors but we still know little about preventing hepatitis c (hcv). both prevalence and incidence of hepatitis c can remain high among idus even in the context of widespread implementation of harm reduction programmes. we need to develop new ways to fill the knowledge gap regarding hcv prevention. one way is to learn from the experts--those idus who, after long-term injection in social milieus of high hepatitis c prevalence ... | 2007 | 17854720 |
| diagnosis of human metapneumovirus by immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antibodies in the north-east of england. | since its discovery in 2001 human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been shown to be a significant cause of human respiratory disease, responsible for 5-8% of respiratory infections in hospitalised children. diagnosis hitherto has been largely carried out by reverse tanscriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) but immunofluorescence staining of cells from nasopharyngeal secretions (if) offers advantages for some laboratories and may produce a more rapid result in urgent cases. we have recently demon ... | 2007 | 17869169 |
| barriers to the use of e-health technology in nurse practitioner-patient consultations. | this paper examines primary care nurse practitioners' (nps') use of information available via e-health technology (eht) within consultations. it explores which information resources nps use in clinical decision making, their comparative use of electronic versus paper-based and human information resources, the reasons behind their choices and how the use of different resources impacts on patient interactions. | 2007 | 17877872 |
| historical account: francis william aston: the man behind the mass spectrograph. | francis william aston was among the most accomplished physicists of the 20th century. a nobel laureate and fellow of the royal society, his research career spanned four decades. during this time, he provided experimental proof for the existence of isotopes of many of the chemical elements and recorded their masses using several, hand-built mass spectrographs. a rather private man who lived alone in trinity college for much of his adult life, aston remains a somewhat elusive and mysterious figure ... | 2007 | 17881785 |
| sir robert boyle and his unique case report on depressed cranial fracture. | sir robert boyle is one of the foremost english scientists in history. he received his inspiration from the scientific approaches initiated by galileo and his disciple, torricelli. through rigorous experimentation, boyle established the fundamental gas laws as we know them today. although not a physician himself, he contributed enormously to the practice of medical sciences. his voluminous observations and writings represent a landmark in the history of human thought. this article summarizes the ... | 2007 | 17881978 |
| transcript profile and localization of wnt signaling-related molecules in human endometrium. | the mrnas encoding several wnt ligands, frizzled receptors, and wnt antagonists were detected in human endometrium, including sfrp1; the levels of sfrp1 mrna were higher in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle and increased in endometriotic tissue compared with control eutopic endometrium, and they were detected in both glandular and stromal cells but were more abundant in the stroma. our results suggest that wnt signaling could function in normal endometrial physiology and the the wnt ... | 2008 | 17889861 |
| european bat lyssavirus type 2: human exposure in england. | 2007 | 17900428 | |
| the systematic monitoring of transfusion microbiology test kit performance. | the transfusion microbiology test systems monitoring group (tmtsmg) was established as a national blood service (nbs) working group to monitor the performance of the microbiology screening assays used within the nbs testing laboratories. the group's primary objective was to ensure that technical performance (especially sensitivity, specificity and wastage) remains consistent with that established during validation. this includes the identification and investigation of significant variation in pe ... | 2007 | 17903142 |
| influenza a and respiratory syncytial virus hospital burden in young children in east london. | epidemiological studies have demonstrated high hospitalization rates attributable to influenza and rsv in children aged 6 months and those aged <12 months, respectively (43 and 92.5/10 000 person-months, respectively). in conclusion, these high paediatric rsv and influenza incidence rates can be used to inform uk policy on childhood influenza immunization and subsequent rsv immunization in the future. | 2008 | 17903316 |
| walter whitehead: a brief history of the man and his varnish. | 2007 | 17928112 | |
| quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language. | human language is based on grammatical rules. cultural evolution allows these rules to change over time. rules compete with each other: as new rules rise to prominence, old ones die away. to quantify the dynamics of language evolution, we studied the regularization of english verbs over the past 1,200 years. although an elaborate system of productive conjugations existed in english's proto-germanic ancestor, modern english uses the dental suffix, '-ed', to signify past tense. here we describe th ... | 2007 | 17928859 |
| developments in influenza vaccination coverage in england, scotland and wales covering five consecutive seasons from 2001 to 2006. | this study aims at assessing trends in influenza vaccination coverage from 2001 to 2006 in great britain, at understanding drivers and barriers to vaccination and at identifying vaccination intentions for influenza season 2006/2007. in seasons 2001/2002 to 2005/2006, telephone-based household surveys representative of the population from age 16 were conducted, with about 2000 interviews per season (10,095 in total). overall influenza vaccination coverage rate in great britain reached 25.9% in se ... | 2007 | 17942197 |
| marathon man. interview by dina leifer. | mark dabbs is a remarkable nurse who iscommitted to patients and the wider community. as an unofficial ambassador, he represents his home town of walsall around the world. | 2007 | 17944134 |
| the use of chaperones for intimate examinations: the patient perspective based on an anonymous questionnaire. | the objective of the study was to identify genitourinary (gu) medicine patients' opinions concerning the offer and provision of chaperones and to audit adherence to clinic policy. an anonymous questionnaire was completed by patients after their examination in two gu medicine clinics in central and north london. in total, 750 patients were given questionnaires, of which 627 (84%) were completed and returned. less than half (45%) reported that they had been offered a chaperone. there was an associ ... | 2007 | 17945044 |
| the first description of the palmaris brevis muscle. | giovanni battista canano was born in italy in 1515 and his work has gone mostly unknown. very few copies of this anatomist and physician's book are known to exist. interestingly, canano reported and depicted what we believe, to be the first description of the palmaris brevis muscle. this description would be some 200 years prior to what is thought to be the earliest mention of this muscle by william cheselden in his book, the anatomy of the human body, published in 1713. | 2007 | 17950193 |
| parvovirus b19 infection in five european countries: seroepidemiology, force of infection and maternal risk of infection. | we conducted a seroprevalence survey in belgium, finland, england & wales, italy and poland on 13 449 serum samples broadly representative in terms of geography and age. samples were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin g antibody using an enzyme immunoassay. the age-specific risk of infection was estimated using parametric and non-parametric statistical modelling. the age-specific risk in all five countries was highest in children aged 7-9 years and lower in adults. the average proportion ... | 2008 | 17956642 |
| the bagenal letters. | in 2006 mrs john bagenal made a gift to the british dental association archive of part of the correspondence of her late husband john stuart bagenal. the 13 letters were written to his family during the spring and summer of 1940, when, having enlisted as a private in royal army medical corps, he was posted to colchester for training as a dental clerk-orderly. the letters are an invaluable record of the process by which new units of the army dental corps were staffed by other ranks, and show a yo ... | 2007 | 17965692 |
| children's participation in vaccine research: parents' views. | vaccine studies that evaluate the persistence of protection following immunisation require subjects to continue participation in a research protocol over many years. as parents' attitudes and opinions may change over time, and with experience of research, it is important to consider the factors influencing parents' decision-making about their child's continued participation in such prolonged vaccine studies. | 2007 | 17970358 |
| outbreaks of influenza and influenza-like illness in schools in england and wales, 2005/06. | in england and wales, clinical reports from primary care showed that influenza activity for the season 2005/06 only rose above the base line for four weeks during february 2006. however, outbreaks of influenza-like illness and/or gastrointestinal infection in schools began to be reported to the health protection agency, centre for infections in early january 2006. to quantify the type, size and the spread of these outbreaks a reporting form was distributed to local health protection units in eng ... | 2007 | 17991395 |
| fisheries: nets versus nature. | 2007 | 17994077 | |
| suitability of two carbon dioxide-baited traps for mosquito surveillance in the united kingdom. | rapidly changing environments and an increase in human movement around the globe have contributed to a rise in new and emerging diseases, many of which are arthropod borne. the threat posed to the united kingdom by such diseases is uncertain, and there is a real need to understand the distribution, seasonality and behaviour of potential vectors in the country. at present, there is no standard method for routine mosquito surveillance in the uk. here we compared the catching efficiency of two carb ... | 2007 | 17997872 |
| candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms from a genomewide association study of alzheimer disease. | to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) associated with risk and age at onset of alzheimer disease (ad) in a genomewide association study of 469 438 snps. | 2008 | 17998437 |
| the utility of carpals for sex assessment: a preliminary study. | sex assessment is key when investigating human remains either from medicolegal contexts or archaeological sites. sex is usually assessed by examination of the skull and pelvis, but this may not always be possible if skeletal material is fragmented or incomplete. the present study investigated the potential for using carpals to assess sex, utilizing 100 individuals of known-sex from the christ church, spitalfields collection, curated at the natural history museum (london). a series of newly-defin ... | 2008 | 18000885 |
| the frame research programme under the direction of dr richard clothier. | the work of dr richard clothier (reader in cellular toxicology and director of the frame alternatives laboratory in the university of nottingham medical school) in relation to the frame research programme, is reviewed. he made a very substantial contribution to frame's laboratory research work over the last 20 years, by publishing many research papers, mainly with respect to method development and the application of new replacement toxicity test methods, particularly those involving the use of h ... | 2007 | 18001175 |
| factors associated with hiv seroconversion in gay men in england at the start of the 21st century. | to detect and quantify current risk factors for hiv seroconversion among gay men seeking repeat tests at sexual health clinics. | 2008 | 18003707 |
| privates on parade: soldiers, medicine and the treatment of inguinal hernias in georgian england. | hernias were prevalent among servicemen, typically recruited from amongst the malnourished. civilian medical practice deemed the rupture incurable, taking a palliative approach. for the military this was unacceptable: wastage rates due to ruptures were high, servicemen were valuable commodities. examples here are used to illustrate that experimentation was a contentious activity, reliant on the whims of patronage and war-time budgets. although military hospitals provided a good venue to engage i ... | 2007 | 18005547 |
| 'a cheap, safe and natural medicine'. religion, medicine and culture in john wesley's primitive physic. | 2007 | 18005552 | |
| palliative. "a good death is part of life". | some 500,000 adults die in england every year but only 20 per cent get their wish to die at home. while institutional death is now the norm, quality varies with 21 per cent of care homes and hospitals failing to meet minimum standards on dignity and privacy. the forthcoming end-of-life strategy is expected to guarantee choice, consistent high quality and equity. | 2007 | 18019268 |
| chronic kidney disease prevalence in a uk residential care home population. | chronic kidney disease (ckd) is common ( approximately 30%) in non-institutionalized older people but little is known about the prevalence of ckd amongst older people living in residential care. | 2008 | 18029370 |
| excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the vikings in northwest england. | the genetic structures of past human populations are obscured by recent migrations and expansions and have been observed only indirectly by inference from modern samples. however, the unique link between a heritable cultural marker, the patrilineal surname, and a genetic marker, the y chromosome, provides a means to target sets of modern individuals that might resemble populations at the time of surname establishment. as a test case, we studied samples from the wirral peninsula and west lancashi ... | 2008 | 18032405 |
| can syndromic thresholds provide early warning of national influenza outbreaks? | influenza incidence thresholds are used to help predict the likely impact of influenza and inform health professionals and the public of current activity. we evaluate the potential of syndromic data (calls to a uk health helpline nhs direct) to provide early warning of national influenza outbreaks. | 2009 | 18032426 |
| human diseases - the newcastle experience. | the second edition of the first five years, published by the general dental council in 2002, identifies human diseases as a specific subject to be taught as part of the bds curriculum. it states clearly the particular learning outcomes of such a course and then identifies a range of subjects (pathology, microbiology, medicine, surgery, pharmacology, therapeutics, accident and emergency services and medical emergencies) which should constitute the programme. previously, many of these topics were ... | 2007 | 18037852 |
| lessons from 40 years' surveillance of influenza in england and wales. | the influenza virus continues to pose a significant threat to public health throughout the world. current avian influenza outbreaks in humans have heightened the need for improved surveillance and planning. despite recent advances in the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs, seasonal epidemics of influenza continue to contribute significantly to general practitioner workloads, emergency hospital admissions, and deaths. in this paper we review data produced by the royal college of general ... | 2008 | 18047750 |
| modelling the effect of urbanization on the transmission of an infectious disease. | this paper models the impact of urbanization on infectious disease transmission by integrating a ca land use development model, population projection matrix model and ca epidemic model in s-plus. the innovative feature of this model lies in both its explicit treatment of spatial land use development, demographic changes, infectious disease transmission and their combination in a dynamic, stochastic model. heuristically-defined transition rules in cellular automata (ca) were used to capture the p ... | 2008 | 18068198 |
| pilot scheme for monitoring sickness absence in schools during the 2006/07 winter in england: can these data be used as a proxy for influenza activity? | during influenza epidemics, school-aged children are amongst the first affected patients. they frequently then spread the virus within their families. recognising influenza activity in schools may therefore be an important indicator of early activity in the wider community. during 2005/06, influenza b was associated with high levels of morbidity in school-children and over 600 schools outbreaks were reported to the health protection agency by local health protection units. while it is not possib ... | 2007 | 18076857 |
| identifying and working with older male victims of abuse in england. | the abuse of men is still very much a taboo subject, so identifying older men who have been abused in childhood or adulthood can be very difficult. this paper discusses the problems in identifying older male victims by drawing on the findings of two research projects. statistical evidence is presented regarding the victims and the abuse they have experienced. it is argued that in general resources are not readily available to facilitate disclosure or to help men through the healing process. an e ... | 2007 | 18077273 |
| a bed too far. the implementation of freedom of choice policy in the nhs. | freedom of hospital choice has become a popular policy among the european public health services to ensure better patient rights, reduce waiting times and improve efficiency and quality in public hospitals. the english national health service has recently adopted this policy. this organisation needs to introduce important reforms in order to implement this policy, in particular in the information that it provides to patients. this paper presents the andalusian health service (sas) initiative in ... | 2008 | 18078681 |
| flu: effect of vaccine in elderly care home residents: a randomized trial. | to determine whether assessing seroprotection after influenza vaccine and administering booster vaccination where not achieved reduces hospitalization and death. to estimate the overall seroprotection rate of influenza vaccine. | 2007 | 18081669 |
| j.s. haldane and some of his contributions to physiology. | although the oxford conferences began in 1978 as a result of the inspiration of dan cunningham and others at the university laboratory of physiology in oxford, the roots of the meetings can be traced to john scott haldane (1860-1936) and his colleagues at the turn of the century. indeed, the laboratory (or its predecessor) has had an exemplary persistence (some might say an obsession) with the role of oxygen and, particularly, carbon dioxide in the control of breathing for over 100 years. an ear ... | 2008 | 18085239 |
| the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in england and wales: spatial patterns in transmissibility and mortality impact. | spatial variations in disease patterns of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic remain poorly studied. we explored the association between influenza death rates, transmissibility and several geographical and demographic indicators for the autumn and winter waves of the 1918-1919 pandemic in cities, towns and rural areas of england and wales. average measures of transmissibility, estimated by the reproduction number, ranged between 1.3 and 1.9, depending on model assumptions and pandemic wave and show ... | 2008 | 18156123 |
| detection and surveillance for animal trichinellosis in gb. | the zoonotic disease trichinellosis is considered one of the re-emerging diseases with surveillance and control methods constantly gaining more importance worldwide. recent change in european union (eu) legislation introduces trichinella-free production, and the possibility of risk-based monitoring for trichinella in pigs. this has increased the role of wildlife surveillance programmes and their impact on protecting human health as well as highlighted the need for harmonised surveillance protoco ... | 2008 | 18160221 |
| walter moxon, md, fcrp (1836-1886): the cerebro-vascular system and the syndrome of "congestion of the brain": an analysis of his 1881 croonian lectures. | walter moxon, md, frcp lived, practiced medicine, taught and wrote in the mid- to late- nineteenth-century victorian england, mostly at guy's hospital, london. he was widely informed in the "art of physic," writing on a range of issues from cerebral lateralization of articulate speech to angina pectoris. the present paper will trace briefly his contributions to the newly discovered asymmetry of articulate speech in the left frontal lobe (1866) and will in more detail trace and analyze his 1881 c ... | 2008 | 18161599 |
| comparison of candida albicans strain types among isolates from three countries. | multi-locus sequence typing data for 217 candida albicans isolates cultured since 1990 from blood and vaginal samples in japan, england/wales and the usa were analysed for geographically related variations. while no significant differences were found between distributions of diploid sequence types (dsts) in blood vs. vaginal isolates, there were highly significant differences in the clade distributions of isolates from the three geographical sources. clade 2 strains were predominantly isolates f ... | 2008 | 18165151 |
| assessing levels of contaminants in breast milk: methodological issues and a framework for future research. | to assess the scale of the possible exposure by the breast-fed infant to potentially harmful substances in breast milk, methodologically robust studies are essential. many studies in this field, however, do not report details of crucial issues such as recruitment and milk sampling. the aims of the study reported here were to develop robust methods for the study of contaminants in breast milk, and to develop a framework for future research and population monitoring. three cohorts of women and bab ... | 2008 | 18173786 |
| clinical trials and healthy volunteers. | 2008 | 18174206 | |
| sir humphry davy: boundless chemist, physicist, poet and man of action. | the years 2007 and 2008 mark the bi-centenary of two brilliant discoveries by sir humphry davy: the isolation of sodium and potassium (1807) and the subsequent first observation (1808) of the beautiful blue and bronze colours now known to be characteristic of the solvated electron(1) in potassium-ammonia systems. in celebration of these dazzling discoveries, we reflect on davy's many extraordinary contributions to science, technology and poetry. humphry davy, a truly great man, of cornish spirit ... | 2008 | 18175370 |
| comparison of antimicrobial resistance genes in nontyphoidal salmonellae of serotypes enteritidis, hadar, and virchow from humans and food-producing animals in england and wales. | isolates of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis (n = 17), hadar (n = 18), and virchow (n = 13) from cases of human infection and from food production animals were screened using a miniaturized antimicrobial microarray to determine the number and spectra of resistance genes. among enteritidis, the number of genes detected was: animal isolates, mean = 4.6; human isolates, mean = 5.3. resistance to streptomycin, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides was usually encoded by only one resistance gene in ... | 2007 | 18184054 |
| the birth prevalence of pku in populations of european, south asian and sub-saharan african ancestry living in south east england. | phenylketonuria (pku) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism (omim 261600). treatment with a low-phenylalanine diet following early ascertainment by newborn screening prevents impaired cognitive development, the major disease phenotype in pku. the overall birth prevalence of pku in european, chinese and korean populations is approximately 1/10,000. since the human pah locus contains pku-causing alleles and polymorphic core haplotypes that describe and corroborate an out-of-africa r ... | 2008 | 18184144 |
| uptake and acceptability of influenza vaccination in day nursery children. | preschoolers play an important role in the transmission of influenza, and suffer significant morbidity. paediatric vaccination could prevent serious outcomes and offer broader societal benefits. this study explored parental views on influenza and paediatric vaccination and determined the uptake of a nursery-based vaccination programme for infants aged 6-23 months. children were offered two doses of inactivated vaccine in 2004/05, and a single dose at the start of the 2005/06 season. an uptake ra ... | 2007 | 18186364 |
| growth in an english population from the industrial revolution. | the rapid urbanization of the industrial revolution in 18th-19th century england presented new health challenges. our aim is to investigate using english skeletal remains whether the living conditions for an urban working class group in the industrial revolution negatively impacted upon their skeletal growth compared with a population from a rural agrarian parish. the industrial revolution skeletal material is from st martin's churchyard, birmingham (smb), west midlands. it dates primarily from ... | 2008 | 18186509 |
| the liability of 'functional public authorities' for breach of echr rights: the house of lords endorses a palpable gap in human rights protection. | 2008 | 18187502 | |
| early predictors of mortality from pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients: 1985-2006. | pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (pcp) remains the leading cause of opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. previous studies of pcp that identified case-fatality risk factors involved small numbers of patients, were performed over few years, and often focused on patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit. | 2008 | 18190281 |
| preparedness of residential and nursing homes for pandemic flu. | work is being undertaken across a wide range of agencies to ensure a high level of preparedness for pandemic influenza. in england, the department of health has published a range of guidance to support this. the impact of pandemic flu on care homes, especially if unprepared may have a major knock on effect on the rest of the health and social care system. | 2008 | 18208814 |
| resituating the principle of equipoise: justice and access to care in non-ideal conditions. | the principle of equipoise traditionally is grounded in the special obligations of physician-investigators to provide research participants with optimal care. this grounding makes the principle hard to apply in contexts with limited health resources, to research that is not directed by physicians, or to nontherapeutic research. i propose a different version of the principle of equipoise that does not depend upon an appeal to the hippocratic duties of physicians and that is designed to be applica ... | 2007 | 18210980 |
| geostatistical conditional simulation for the assessment of contaminated land by abandoned heavy metal mining. | abandoned mine workings can undoubtedly cause varying degrees of contamination of soil with heavy metals such as lead and zinc has occurred on a global scale. exposure to these elements may cause to harm human health and environment. in the study, a total of 269 soil samples were collected at 1, 5, and 10 m regular grid intervals of 100 x 100 m area of carsington pasture in the uk. cell declustering technique was applied to the data set due to no statistical representativity. directional experim ... | 2008 | 18214925 |
| a survey of tuberculosis clinic provision in england and wales. | this paper presents the methods and findings of a survey of current service configuration in tuberculosis screening, treatment and prevention in england and wales, which was conducted as part of the development of the national institute for health and clinical excellence guidelines on tuberculosis for the country. | 2008 | 18222510 |
| imported chicken meat as a potential source of quinolone-resistant escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the uk. | escherichia coli producing ctx-m-15 enzyme began to rapidly spread in the uk from around 2003 but other types also occur, notably ctx-m-14. we examined breasts from uk-reared (n = 62) and imported (n = 27) chickens as potential sources of quinolone-resistant e. coli with bla(ctx-m) genes. a further 40 samples for which the country of rearing could not be identified were examined. | 2008 | 18222958 |
| selectivity of black death mortality with respect to preexisting health. | was the mortality associated with the deadliest known epidemic in human history, the black death of 1347-1351, selective with respect to preexisting health conditions ("frailty")? many researchers have assumed that the black death was so virulent, and the european population so immunologically naïve, that the epidemic killed indiscriminately, irrespective of age, sex, or frailty. if this were true, black death cemeteries would provide unbiased cross-sections of demographic and epidemiological co ... | 2008 | 18227518 |
| characterisation of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from wild birds in northern england from 2005 - 2006. | several studies have shown that a number of serovars of salmonella enterica may be isolated from wild birds, and it has been suggested that wild birds may play a role in the epidemiology of human and livestock salmonellosis. however, little is known about the relationship between wild bird s. enterica strains and human- and livestock- associated strains in the united kingdom. given the zoonotic potential of salmonellosis, the main aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology o ... | 2008 | 18230128 |
| human factors in anaesthetic practice: insights from a task analysis. | despite a growing recognition of the role of human error in anaesthesia, it remains unclear what should be done to mitigate its effects. we addressed this issue by using task analysis to create a systematic description of the behaviours that are involved during anaesthesia, which can be used as a framework for promoting good practice and highlight areas of concern. | 2008 | 18238839 |
| ownership and uses of human tissue: what are the opinions of surgical in-patients? | to investigate whether patient opinion about the uses of tissue removed at therapeutic operations has changed since the adverse publicity surrounding the alder hey and bristol royal infirmary inquiries, and to see whether it aligns with the human tissue act 2004. | 2008 | 18256118 |
| self-care and adherence to medication: a survey in the hypertension outpatient clinic. | self-care practices for patients with hypertension include adherence to medication, use of blood pressure self-monitoring and use of complementary and alternative therapies (cam) the prevalence of cam use and blood pressure self-monitoring have not been described in a uk secondary care population of patients with hypertension and their impact on adherence to medication has not been described. adherence to medication is important for blood pressure control, but poor adherence is common. the study ... | 2008 | 18261219 |
| smoke-free hospitals - the english experience: results from a survey, interviews, and site visits. | according to the provisions of the health act 2006, nhs acute trusts had to become smoke-free by july 2007. mental health trusts were granted a further year before all indoor smoking areas have to be removed. this study was carried out to determine the extent of smoke-free policy implementation in english nhs acute and mental health trusts, and to explore challenges and impacts related to policy implementation. | 2008 | 18282278 |
| comprehensive analysis of tagging sequence variants in dtnbp1 shows no association with schizophrenia or with its composite neurocognitive endophenotypes. | in a previous study we identified a relatively homogeneous subtype of schizophrenia characterized by pervasive cognitive deficit, which was the exclusive contributor to our findings of linkage to 6p25-p24. the 6p region contains dysbindin (dtnbp1), considered to be one of the major schizophrenia candidate genes. while multiple studies have reported association between genetic variation in dtnbp1 and schizophrenia, the findings have been inconsistent and controversial, leading to recent calls for ... | 2008 | 18314870 |
| exploitation and enrichment: the paradox of medical experimentation. | modern medicine is built on a long history of medical experimentation. experiments in the past often exploited more vulnerable patients. questionable ethics litter the history of medicine. without such experiments, however, millions of lives would be forfeited. this paper asks whether all the "unethical" experiments of the past were unjustifiable, and do we still exploit the poorer members of the community today? it concludes by wondering if harris is right in his advocacy of a moral duty to par ... | 2008 | 18316459 |
| the role of mannose-binding lectin in susceptibility to infection in preterm neonates. | preterm neonates are susceptible to infection due to a combination of sub-optimal immunity and increased exposure to invasive organisms. mannose-binding lectin (mbl) is a component of the innate immune system, which may be especially important in the neonatal setting. the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of mbl on susceptibility and severity of infection in preterm neonates during their first month of life. one hundred fifty eight preterm neonates were genotyped for mbl muta ... | 2008 | 18317236 |
| 'do you feel that your life is empty?' the clinical utility of a one-off question for detecting depression in elderly care home residents. | 2008 | 18346981 | |
| association of genetic variants at 8q24 with breast cancer risk. | recent whole genome association studies of prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer have identified susceptibility loci on 8q24. we genotyped three variants associated with prostate cancer (rs10090154, rs13254738, and rs7000448), one associated with both prostate and colorectal cancer (rs6983267), and one associated with breast cancer (rs13281615) in a series of 1,499 breast cancer cases and 1,390 controls. 1,267 (85%) of the cases had two primary breast cancers. our analysis provides further evi ... | 2008 | 18349290 |
| septal aperture of the humerus in a mediaeval human skeletal population. | humeral septal aperture is studied in a large mediaeval skeletal series from england. the aims are to investigate associations between septal aperture and sex, age, side and humeral robusticity; and to evaluate any associations with relative projection of ulna coronoid and olecranon processes. in this way, it is hoped to shed light on age at occurrence and the causation of the trait. results showed a paucity of cases in juveniles. in adults, the trait was more common in left bones and in females ... | 2008 | 18350584 |
| episodic sexual transmission of hiv revealed by molecular phylodynamics. | the structure of sexual contact networks plays a key role in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections, and their reconstruction from interview data has provided valuable insights into the spread of infection. for hiv, the long period of infectivity has made the interpretation of contact networks more difficult, and major discrepancies have been observed between the contact network and the transmission network revealed by viral phylogenetics. the high rate of hiv evolution in principle ... | 2008 | 18351795 |
| [bovine tuberculosis--human to human transmission is possible]. | 2008 | 18370350 | |
| causes of preventable drug-related hospital admissions: a qualitative study. | to explore the causes of preventable drug-related admissions (pdras) to hospital. | 2008 | 18385404 |
| comparison of campylobacter populations in wild geese with those in starlings and free-range poultry on the same farm. | wild geese are a potential source of campylobacter infection for humans and farm animals and have been implicated in at least two large waterborne disease outbreaks. there have been few investigations into the population biology of campylobacter in geese, carriage rates are reported to vary (0 to 100%), and no genetic characterization of isolates has been performed. fecal samples collected from wild geese in oxfordshire, united kingdom, were culture positive for c. jejuni (50.2%) and c. coli (0. ... | 2008 | 18390684 |
| dog-human and dog-dog interactions of 260 dog-owning households in a community in cheshire. | this study investigated the nature and frequency of the contacts that occur between dogs, and between dogs and people, by means of a questionnaire survey of 260 dog-owning households in a community in cheshire, uk. the contacts were highly variable and were affected by the size, sex and age of the dog, individual dog behaviours, human behaviours and human preferences in the management of the dog. a number of situations were identified that may be important in relation to zoonoses, including slee ... | 2008 | 18390853 |
| prevalence of type-specific hpv infection by age and grade of cervical cytology: data from the artistic trial. | human papillomavirus (hpv) infection causes cervical cancer and premalignant dysplasia. type-specific hpv prevalence data provide a basis for assessing the impact of hpv vaccination programmes on cervical cytology. we report high-risk hpv (hr-hpv) type-specific prevalence data in relation to cervical cytology for 24,510 women (age range: 20-64; mean age 40.2 years) recruited into the artistic trial, which is being conducted within the routine nhs cervical screening programme in greater mancheste ... | 2008 | 18392052 |
| modelling and prediction of weekly incidence of influenza a specimens in england and wales. | we propose a rather simple model, which fits well the weekly human influenza incidence data from england and wales. a standard way to analyse seasonally varying time-series is to decompose them into different components. the residuals obtained after eliminating these components often do not reveal time dependency and are normally distributed. we suggest that conclusions should not be drawn only on the basis of residuals and that one should consider the analysis of squared residuals. we show that ... | 2008 | 18394206 |
| estimates of daily net endogenous acid production in the elderly uk population: analysis of the national diet and nutrition survey (ndns) of british adults aged 65 years and over. | dietary intake has been shown to influence acid-base balance in human subjects under tightly controlled conditions. however, the net effect of food groups on alkali/acid loading in population groups is unclear. the aims of the present study were to: (1) quantify estimates of daily net endogenous acid production (neap) (meq/d) in a representative group of british elderly aged 65 years and older; (2) compare and characterise neap by specific nutrients and food groups likely to influence dietary ac ... | 2008 | 18394215 |
| measles on the edge: coastal heterogeneities and infection dynamics. | mathematical models can help elucidate the spatio-temporal dynamics of epidemics as well as the impact of control measures. the gravity model for directly transmitted diseases is currently one of the most parsimonious models for spatial epidemic spread. this model uses distance-weighted, population size-dependent coupling to estimate host movement and disease incidence in metapopulations. the model captures overall measles dynamics in terms of underlying human movement in pre-vaccination england ... | 2008 | 18398467 |
| liver cirrhosis, other liver diseases, pancreatitis and subsequent cancer: record linkage study. | to determine the risk of cancer in cohorts of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, other alcoholic liver diseases, other and unspecified cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis compared with the risk in a control cohort. | 2008 | 18403939 |
| campylobacter infection of broiler chickens in a free-range environment. | campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated chicken meat considered to represent a major source of human infection. biosecurity measures can reduce c. jejuni shedding rates of housed chickens, but the increasing popularity of free-range and organic meat raises the question of whether the welfare benefits of extensive production are compatible with food safety. the widespread assumption that the free-range environment contaminates extens ... | 2008 | 18412548 |
| exploring knowledge and skills on hiv in student nurses and midwives. | a cross-sectional survey design using a self-administered questionnaire was sent to a sample of 62 final-year student nurses and midwives to describe their knowledge of, skills related to, and attitudes towards, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. out of the 47 respondents who return the questionnaire, only 53% stated that they had received class instruction on the topic and 63.8% claimed to have increased their knowledge mainly from reading professional journals. a ... | 2008 | 18414260 |
| brian macmahon (1923-2007): founder of modern epidemiology. | brian macmahon was born in sheffield, uk in 1923. he served as chair of the department of epidemiology at harvard school of public health for more than 30 years. he was admired as a noble and generous man and respected for his shining intellect, scientific integrity, and broad culture. he set the pace for modern epidemiology and led the way for a whole school of epidemiologists who are now spread around the nation and the world. he made major scientific contributions, received several distinguis ... | 2008 | 18415024 |
| longitudinal study of the molecular epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni in cattle on dairy farms. | multilocus sequence typing (mlst), an accurate and phylogenetically robust characterization method for population studies of campylobacter, was applied to campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 297) from the fecal samples of cattle from five dairy farms in cheshire, united kingdom, collected throughout 2003. the population dynamics of the c. jejuni strains, as identified by the occurrence of sequence types and clonal complexes, demonstrated variations within and between cattle populations over time. ... | 2008 | 18424539 |
| drotrecogin alfa (activated): real-life use and outcomes for the uk. | in march 2001, the results of the recombinant human activated protein c worldwide evaluation in severe sepsis (prowess) study were published, which indicated a 6.1% absolute reduction in 28-day mortality. drotrecogin alfa (activated; drotaa) was subsequently approved for use in patients with severe sepsis. | 2008 | 18430215 |
| t.a. malloch's scrap-book of the 1914-18 war. | 1980 | 18434999 | |
| uptake of first two doses of human papillomavirus vaccine by adolescent schoolgirls in manchester: prospective cohort study. | to assess the feasibility and acceptability of delivering a human papillomavirus (hpv) vaccine to adolescent girls. | 2008 | 18436917 |