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antiviral properties of antineoplastic drugs. from herpes simplex-1 disappearance to a wide antiviral action: a serendipity case report.herein we report the clinical case of a 46 year old female affected by lung cancer and cerebral metastases who showed, one month after the beginning of an oncologic therapy with vinorelbine and cisplatin, the complete remission of periodic (every 15 days) recurrences of herpetic mouth lesions. more than one year after the disappearance of the herpetic lesions, no further evidence of them were found. subsequently, specific laboratory investigations, together with another case report that is prese ...200920578421
multifront assault on antigen presentation by japanese encephalitis virus subverts cd8+ t cell responses.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a frequent cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis. however, there is little information describing the mechanisms by which jev subverts immune responses that may predispose the host to secondary infections. in this study, we found that jev induced the subversion of cd8(+) t cell responses in a transient manner that was closely correlated with viral multiplication. subsequently, analysis using a tcr-transgenic system revealed that cd8(+) t cells purifi ...201020581148
a study of cytotoxicity of novel chlorokojic acid derivatives with their antimicrobial and antiviral activities.a series of 6-chloromethyl-3-hydroxy-2-substituted 4h-pyran-4-one derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial and antiviral activities. mannich base derivatives were prepared through the reaction of substituted piperazine or piperidine derivatives on chlorokojic acid and formaline. the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ir, (1)h and (13)c nmr, esi-ms, and elemental analysis. according to the activity studies, compounds 2-7 (mic: 1-2 microg/ml) were foun ...201020591538
antibody-mediated targeted gene transfer to nmda nr1-containing neurons in rat neocortex by helper virus-free hsv-1 vector particles containing a chimeric hsv-1 glycoprotein c-staphylococcus a protein.because of the heterogeneous cellular composition of the brain, and especially the forebrain, cell type-specific expression will benefit many potential applications of direct gene transfer. the two prevalent approaches for achieving cell type-specific expression are using a cell type-specific promoter or targeting gene transfer to a specific cell type. targeted gene transfer with herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) vectors modifies glycoprotein c (gc) to replace the heparin binding domain, which binds ...201020599821
hemophagocytic syndrome caused by primary herpes simplex virus 1 infection: report of a first case.hemophagocytic syndrome represents a severe hyperinflammatory condition by activated macrophages. leading viral triggering agents are epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and adenovirus.201020602145
short-term viral exposure and memory. 201120603634
molecular engineering and validation of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 transcriptionally targeted to midkine-positive tumors.expression profile analyses of midkine (mdk), a multifunctional protein important in development but repressed postnataly, indicate that it is highly expressed in approximately 80% of adult carcinomas and many childhood cancers including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (mpnst). in the present study, we sought to leverage its selective expression to develop a novel oncolytic herpes simplex virus (ohsv) capable of targeting developmentally primitive cancers that express mdk.201020603890
[analysis of mutations in dna polymerase and thymidine kinase genes of herpes simplex virus clinical isolates resistant to antiherpetic drugs].the primary structures of dna-polymerase (ul30) and thymidine kinase (ul23) genes from several herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) clinical isolates which differed in sensitivity for a number of antiherpetic drugs were determined and compared with those for two laboratory hsv-1 strains one of which was acv-sensitive (l2), while the another was resistant (l2) to acv. the phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed that conserved regions of ul30 gene of hsv-1 clinical isolates and l2 strain were ...201020608173
synthesis and biological evaluation of (+)-labdadienedial, derivatives and precursors from (+)-sclareolide.labdadienedial and a series of c15,c16-functionalized derivatives were synthesized from commercial (+)-sclareolide and evaluated for their cytotoxic, antimycotic, and antiviral activities. their precursors were similarly evaluated.201020619938
pi3k/akt signaling mediated apoptosis blockage and viral gene expression in oral epithelial cells during herpes simplex virus infection.phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (pi3ks) function in the anti-apoptotic pathway, and are commonly exploited by various viruses to accomplish the viral life cycle. this study examined the role of the pi3k pathway in human oral epithelial cells following herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection. the results showed that hsv-1 induced the phosphorylation of akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (gsk-3). phosphorylation of akt, but not gsk-3, induced by hsv-1 was pi3k-dependent. the expression of hsv ...201020620179
synergistic action of oncolytic herpes simplex virus and radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer cell lines.despite much research in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a fatal disease, highly resistant to all treatment modalities. recent developments in the field of herpes simplex virus (hsv) engineering have allowed the generation of a number of promising virus vectors for treatment of many cancers, including pancreatic tumours. this study examined the use of one such virus, nv1023, in combination with radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer cell lines.201020629009
egress of hsv-1 capsid requires the interaction of vp26 and a cellular tetraspanin membrane protein.hsv-1 viral capsid maturation and egress from the nucleus constitutes a self-controlled process of interactions between host cytoplasmic membrane proteins and viral capsid proteins. in this study, a member of the tetraspanin superfamily, ctmp-7, was shown to physically interact with hsv-1 protein vp26, and the vp26-ctmp-7 complex was detected both in vivo and in vitro. the interaction of vp26 with ctmp-7 plays an essential role in normal hsv-1 replication. additionally, analysis of a recombinant ...201020630051
myosin va enhances secretion of herpes simplex virus 1 virions and cell surface expression of viral glycoproteins.the final step in the egress of herpes simplex virus (hsv) virions requires virion-laden vesicles to bypass cortical actin and fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing virions into the extracellular space. little is known about the host or viral proteins involved. in the current study, we noted that the conformation of myosin va (myova), a protein known to be involved in melanosome and secretory granule trafficking to the plasma membrane in melanocytes and neuroendocrine cells, respectively, was ...201020631136
the varicella-zoster virus ie4 protein: a conserved member of the herpesviral mrna export factors family and a potential alternative target in antiherpetic therapies.during a viral infection, in addition to cellular mrnas, amounts of viral mrnas have to be efficiently transported to the cytoplasm for translation. it is now established that herpesviruses encode a conserved gene family whose proteins act as viral mrna export factors that mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport of viral transcripts and eventually modulate through this mechanism the antiviral response. this conserved family of proteins contains the ie4 protein of the varicella-zoster virus (vzv). he ...201020650265
interferon regulatory factor 3-dependent pathways are critical for control of herpes simplex virus type 1 central nervous system infection.the initiation of the immune response at the cellular level relies on specific recognition molecules to rapidly signal viral infection via interferon (ifn) regulatory factor 3 (irf-3)-dependent pathways. the absence of irf-3 would be expected to render such pathways inoperative and thereby significantly affect viral infection. unexpectedly, a previous study found no significant change in herpes simplex virus (hsv) pathogenesis in irf-3(-/-) mice following intravenous hsv type 1 (hsv-1) challenge ...201020660188
identification of binding domains in the herpes simplex virus type 1 small capsid protein pul35 (vp26).in this study, fragments of the small capsid protein pul35 (vp26) from herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) were generated to identify binding domains for a number of known ligands. analysis of the binding of dynein light chain subunits, dynlt1 and dynlt3, as well the hsv-1 structural proteins pul19 (vp5) and pul37 was then undertaken using the lexa yeast two-hybrid assay. the n-terminal half of pul35, in particular residues 30-43, was identified as a common region for the binding of dynlt1 and d ...201020668116
significance of host cell kinases in herpes simplex virus type 1 egress and lamin-associated protein disassembly from the nuclear lamina.the nuclear lamina is thought to be a steric barrier to the herpesvirus capsid. disruption of the lamina accompanied by phosphorylation of lamina proteins is a conserved feature of herpesvirus infection. in hsv-1-infected cells, protein kinase c (pkc) alpha and delta isoforms are recruited to the nuclear membrane and pkc delta has been implicated in phosphorylation of emerin and lamin b. we tested two critical hypotheses about the mechanism and significance of lamina disruption. first, we show t ...201020674954
seroprevalence of herpes simplex 1-2 antibodies in brazil.to estimate the seroprevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 antibodies in brazil and to analyze factors associated.201020676563
a single-amino-acid substitution in herpes simplex virus 1 envelope glycoprotein b at a site required for binding to the paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha (pilralpha) abrogates pilralpha-dependent viral entry and reduces pathogenesis.paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor α (pilrα) is a herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) entry receptor that associates with o-glycans on hsv-1 envelope glycoprotein b (gb). two threonine residues (thr-53 and thr-480) in gb, which are required for the addition of the principal gb o-glycans, are essential for binding to soluble pilrα. however, the role of the two threonines in pilrα-dependent viral entry remains to be elucidated. therefore, we constructed a recombinant hsv-1 carrying an alanine r ...201020686018
synthesis of substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dithiones and their s-glycoside analogues as potential antiviral and antibacterial agents.previously, we synthesized and evaluated several thienopyrimidine derivatives containing heterocyclic ring substituents linked to the pyrimidine-2-thione nucleus at c-2 by a two- to four-atom spacer as potential anti-hiv-1 and antimicrobial agents. also, from the literature, s-substituted pyrimidin-4-ones a and b exhibited interesting anti-hiv-1 activity. to further investigate the synthesis, tools and biological activities, we synthesized several new thienopyrimidine derivatives derived from th ...201020691339
infection of porcine cells with human herpesviruses.porcine organs are valuable candidate materials for xenotransplantation to humans. long-term maintenance of well functioning transplants is a prerequisite for success. transplanted organs may be damaged by immune reactions or by infectious agents in hosts. human herpesviruses (hhvs) establish life-long latency in humans after a primary infection. they can be reactivated with various stimuli, including immunosuppression. this study was performed to verify the infectivity of some hhvs toward porci ...201020692426
evaluation of a novel serology algorithm to detect herpes simplex virus 1 or 2 antibodies.herpes simplex virus (hsv)-type specific serology (tss) testing has been commercially available for nearly a decade. guidelines on appropriate use of such testing exist, including canadian-based recommendations. despite this, most canadian laboratories do not offer hsv-type specific serology and many provide only nontype-specific hsv serology tests.201020693937
characterization of specific cdna background synthesis introduced by reverse transcription in rt-pcr assays.to block expression of nmda receptor nr1 subunit, we injected into rat hippocampus a herpes simplex virus type 1 derived vector bearing a sequence for nr1 antisense. rt-pcr assays with rna from hippocampus of animals injected either with nr1 antisense vector, control vector or vehicle, showed an amplification signal compatible with nr1 antisense which could be attributed either to an endogenous nr1 antisense or to an artifact. rt-pcr was performed either with different primers or without primers ...201020709138
in vitro activity of dermaseptin s1 derivatives against genital pathogens.the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of nine dermaseptin-s1 (drs-s1) derivatives (synthesized by solid-phase methods and purified) against different pathogens causing genital infections (trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, papillomavirus). the in vitro activity on t. vaginalis was determined by counting the protozoon in a hemocytometer after vital staining with trypan blue; antiviral activity of the compounds was tested on monolayers of vero cells for herpes sim ...201020718719
activity investigation of pinostrobin towards herpes simplex virus-1 as determined by atomic force microscopy.in the present study, the antiviral activity of pinostrobin towards herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) was investigated by mtt assay and atomic force microscopy. pinostrobin can inhibit hsv-1 replication with 50% effective concentration (ec(50)) of 22.71 ± 1.72 μg/ml. mtt assay showed hsv-1 was significantly inhibited when pretreated with pinostrobin, with the inhibition of 85.69 ± 2.59%. significant changes in morphology and size of hsv-1 were observed by atomic force microscopy (afm) in response t ...201120739162
phosphoinositide 3 kinase signalling may affect multiple steps during herpes simplex virus type-1 entry.early interactions of herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) with cells lead to cytoskeletal changes facilitating filopodia formation and membrane fusion. here, we demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3 kinase (pi3k) signalling may affect multiple steps during hsv-1 entry. an inhibitor of pi3k (ly294002) blocked hsv-1 entry and the blockage was cell-type- and gd receptor-independent. entry inhibition was also observed with primary cultures of the human corneal fibroblasts and unrelated β- and γ-herpes ...201020810749
hsv-tk/gcv cancer suicide gene therapy by a designed recombinant multifunctional vector.the objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of a recombinant nonviral vector for targeted delivery of a thymidine kinase (tk) suicide gene to xenograft skov-3 tumors. the vector was genetically engineered and used to condense the tk gene into particles of less than 100 nm. the nanoparticles were used to transfect and kill skov-3 cancer cells in combination with ganciclovir (gcv) in vitro. the results demonstrated that the vector could effectively kill up to 80% of the skov-3 canc ...201120817124
application of bioluminescence imaging to therapeutic intervention of herpes simplex virus type i - thymidine kinase/ganciclovir in glioma.lentiviral vector containing the hsv1-tk and firefly luciferase (fluc) gene was infected into c6 and c6-tl expressing hsv1-tk and fluc gene was generated. c6-tl showed higher [(125)i]ivdu uptake than c6. the survival rate of c6-tl decreased more rapidly with increasing gcv dose and was well correlated with fluc activity. the images of micropet clearly demonstrated higher uptake of [(18)f]fhbg into the c6-tl tumor. inhibition of tumor growth was observed in c6-tl tumor-bearing mice treated with g ...201020819721
herpes simplex virus glycoprotein d interferes with binding of herpesvirus entry mediator to its ligands through downregulation and direct competition.to initiate membrane fusion and virus entry, herpes simplex virus (hsv) gd binds to a cellular receptor such as herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem). hvem is a tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor family member with four natural ligands that either stimulate (light and ltα) or inhibit (btla and cd160) t cell function. we hypothesized that the interaction of gd with hvem affects the binding of natural ligands, thereby modulating the immune response during infection. here, we investigated the effect ...201020826693
moxibustion activates host defense against herpes simplex virus type i through augmentation of cytokine production.moxibustion is a technique used in traditional oriental medicine, the aim of which is to cure and/or prevent illness by activating a person's ability for self-healing. in this study, we assessed how moxibustion would affect the immune system and whether it would augment protective immunity. mice were treated with moxibustion at zusanli (st36) acupoints; we analyzed mortality and cytokine activity in sera after infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), and cytokine gene expression in th ...201020840154
role of human herpes virus 6 in corneal inflammation alone or with human herpesviruses.: the purpose of this study was to determine the association of human herpes virus 6 (hhv-6) and/or other human herpesviruses in corneal inflammation using polymerase chain reaction (pcr).201120847652
evaluation of tear samples for herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv) detection in suspected cases of viral keratitis using pcr assay and conventional laboratory diagnostic tools.herpes simplex virus (hsv) keratitis is a leading cause of corneal blindness. definitive laboratory diagnosis is essential for timely management. collection of corneal scrapings in patients with advanced epithelial keratitis and corneal thinning poses perforation risks; tear fluid is a feasible and convenient alternative but has not been widely evaluated for hsv detection.201120852317
glycan structures and antiviral effect of the structural subunit rvh2 of rapana hemocyanin.molluscan hemocyanins are very large biological macromolecules and they act as oxygen-transporting glycoproteins. most of them are glycoproteins with molecular mass around 9000 kda. the oligosaccharide structures of the structural subunit rvh2 of rapana venosa hemocyanin (rvh) were studied by sequence analysis of glycans using maldi-tof-ms and tandem mass spectrometry on a q-trap mass spectrometer after enzymatical liberation of the n-glycans from the polypeptides. our study revealed a highly he ...201020863484
viral loads of herpes simplex virus in clinical samples--a 5-year retrospective analysis.viral loads of herpes simplex virus (hsv) are not monitored usually for the effective clinical management of hsv-related diseases. however, recently, there has been more interest about the typical hsv levels in clinical specimens, and how such data may improve understanding of the behavior of this virus in such clinical presentations, particularly in immunocompromised patients, where more prolonged therapy using higher doses of antiviral drugs may be required. using an in-house quantitative hsv- ...201020872718
the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein k is important for herpes simplex virus-1 propagation.the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnrnp) k is an evolutionarily conserved protein with roles in signal transduction and gene expression. an impact of hnrnp k on the life cycle of a broad range of viral pathogens was reported while functional data for herpesviruses were lacking. in this study we show that hnrnp k is important for herpes simplex virus 1 egress. in absence of hnrnp k, viral entry, gene expression, viral dna replication, and maturation of nuclear particles appear normal w ...201020888333
[use of interferon inducers for pharmacological correction of cytokine disturbances in patients with recurrent genital herpes].the level ofcytokines was studied in the blood of 111 women aged 18 to 56 with recurrent genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 or 2 (for the frequency of relapses within 6-9 year) treated with interferon inducers iodantipyrin, cycloferon and amixin in combination with basic aciclovir therapy. it is found that, in patients with clinical effect of treatment (decrease in the frequency of relapses) the level of cytokines of nonspecific immune response (alpha-interferon, beta-int ...201020919558
interferon alpha induces establishment of alphaherpesvirus latency in sensory neurons in vitro.several alphaherpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and pseudorabies virus (prv), establish lifelong latency in neurons of the trigeminal ganglion (tg). although it is thought that efficient establishment of alphaherpesvirus latency is based on a subtle interplay between virus, neurons and the immune system, it is not clear which immune components are of major importance for the establishment of latency.201020927329
the use of ozonated water and 0.2% chlorhexidine in the treatment of periodontitis patients: a clinical and microbiologic study.the development of periodontal disease has been thought to be associated with several restricted members of the oral anaerobic species, such as black-pigmented porphyromonas species and actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (aa), in the subgingival environment. apart from bacteria, certain viruses and fungi that are associated with periodontal disease are also present in the subgingival plaque .201020930341
characterisation of the epitope for a herpes simplex virus glycoprotein b-specific monoclonal antibody with high protective capacity.monoclonal antibody (mab) 2c, specific for glycoprotein b of herpes simplex virus (hsv), had been shown to mediate clearance of infection from the mucous membranes of mice, thereby completely inhibiting mucocutaneous inflammation and lethality, even in mice depleted of both cd4(+) and cd8(+) cells. additionally, ganglionic infection was highly restricted. in vitro, mab 2c exhibits a potent complement-independent neutralising activity against hsv type 1 and 2, completely inhibits the viral cell-t ...201020931340
1,2,4-triazoloazine derivatives as a new type of herpes simplex virus inhibitors.a new class of inhibitors of herpes simplex virus replication was found. the compounds under study are derived from condensed 1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazines and 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, structural analogues of natural nucleic bases. antiherpetic activity and cytotoxicity of the compounds were studied. the corresponding triphosphates of several active compounds were prepared and tested as inhibitors of dna synthesis catalyzed by herpes simplex virus polymerase. the potential mecha ...201020947122
characterization of the subcellular localization of herpes simplex virus type 1 proteins in living cells.in this study, we presented the construction of a library of expression clones for the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) proteome and subcellular localization map of hsv-1 proteins in living cells using yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) fusion proteins. as a result, 21 proteins showed cytoplasmic or subcytoplasmic localization, 16 proteins showed nuclear or subnuclear localization, and others were present both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. interestingly, most capsid proteins showed enriched or ...201020949280
coexistent cervical spine fusion and thoracic disc herniations with acute myelitis.thoracic disc herniations are commonly found in asymptomatic individuals, sometimes with genetic predisposition. congenital fusions of cervical vertebrae occur in klippel-feil syndrome, which may be asymptomatic or cause compressive myelitis due to cervical instability or associated herniated discs. we report the case of a 72-year-old man with monophasic acute transverse myelitis probably caused by herpes simplex virus, coexistent with fused cervical vertebrae (c4-c5) and thoracic herniated disc ...201020956874
the herpes simplex virus type 1 infected cell protein 22.as one of the immediate-early (ie) proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), icp22 is a multifunctional viral regulator that localizes in the nucleus of infected cells. it is required in experimental animal systems and some nonhuman cell lines, but not in vero or hep-2 cells. icp22 is extensively phosphorylated by viral and cellular kinases and nucleotidylylated by casein kinase ii. it has been shown to be required for efficient expression of early (e) genes and a subset of late (l) genes ...201020960278
herpes simplex virus type 1 icp27 protein: its expression, purification and specific antiserum production.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is the causative agent of cold sores and other more serious diseases. hsv-1 infected-cell protein 27 (icp27) is an immediate-early regulatory phosphoprotein homologous to gene products identified in all classes of herpesviruses so far. to raise the antiserum to icp27 for further characterization of its biological function, the icp27 gene was cloned into the pet-28a (+) vector, then icp27 protein was expressed in e. coli and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic ...201020960294
[genital herpes--epidemiological and clinical issue still of importance].genital herpes (gh) is one of the most frequent sexually transmitted diseases and the most frequent cause of genital ulcer diseases. its etiological agent is herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or 2 (hsv-2). the role of hsv-1 as a cause of gh is increasing, especially among adolescents in developed countries. the principal route of infection with hsv is asymptomatic viral shedding. the infection is life-long, despite treatment. the data on the prevalence and incidence of gh is incomplete, mainly ...201020976950
pemphigus vulgaris and herpesviruses: is there any relationship?pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder, which results from interaction of exogenous and endogenous factors. one of these environmental factors is viral infections particularly, herpesviruses. we aimed to detect the presence of hsv 1 and 2 (herpes simplex virus) and hhv8 (human herpesvirus 8) in our patients who were suffering from pemphigus vulgaris.201021038546
modalities to decrease stromal herpes simplex keratitis reactivation rates. 201021060060
head-to-tail intramolecular interaction of herpes simplex virus type 1 regulatory protein icp27 is important for its interaction with cellular mrna export receptor tap/nxf1.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) protein icp27 has many important functions during infection that are achieved through interactions with a number of cellular proteins. in its role as a viral rna export protein, icp27 interacts with tap/nxf1, the cellular mrna export receptor, and both the n and c termini of icp27 must be intact for this interaction to take place. here we show by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bifc) that icp27 interacts directly with tap/nxf1 during infection, and t ...201021060739
noncytotoxic inhibition of viral infection through eif4f-independent suppression of translation by 4egi-1.the eukaryotic initiation factor eif4f recruits ribosomes to capped mrnas while eif2 mediates start codon recognition to initiate protein synthesis. increasing interest in targeting translation to suppress tumor growth has led to the development of new classes of inhibitors, including 4egi-1, which disrupts eif4f complexes. however, the full effects of this inhibitor and its potential uses in the treatment of other disease states remain unclear. here, we show that overall rates of protein synthe ...201021068241
negative association of epstein-barr virus or herpes simplex virus-1 with tumefactive central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease.central nervous system (cns) demyelination has been suggested to be associated with infections caused by the epstein-barr virus (ebv) or herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1. cns inflammatory demyelinating disease (idd) rarely presents as a large lesion. we evaluated samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect recent infection with these viruses and analyzed csf and brain specimens by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) or immunohistochemical studies for evi ...201021070119
the effect of herpes simplex virus-1 on nitric oxide synthase in the rat brain: the role of glucocorticoids.herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) is a common cause of viral encephalitis manifested by activation of the adrenocortical axis, fever and behavioral changes. we investigated the early effects of hsv-1 on constitutive (c) and inducible (i) nitric oxide synthase (nos) activity in rat brain and in mixed glial cell culture. the effect of glucocorticoids (gcs) on nos responses to hsv-1 was also determined.201021071988
resistance of herpes simplex viruses to nucleoside analogues: mechanisms, prevalence, and management.herpes simplex viruses (hsv) type 1 and type 2 are responsible for recurrent orolabial and genital infections. the standard therapy for the management of hsv infections includes acyclovir (acv) and penciclovir (pcv) with their respective prodrugs valacyclovir and famciclovir. these compounds are phosphorylated by the viral thymidine kinase (tk) and then by cellular kinases. the triphosphate forms selectively inhibit the viral dna polymerase (dna pol) activity. drug-resistant hsv isolates are fre ...201021078929
changes to euchromatin on lat and icp4 following reactivation are more prevalent in an efficiently reactivating strain of hsv-1.epigenetic mechanisms, via post-translational histone modifications, have roles in the establishment and maintenance of latency of the hsv-1 genome in the sensory neurons. considering that many post-translational histone marks are reversible in nature, epigenetic mechanisms may also play a critical role in the process of induced hsv-1 reactivation.201021079815
inhibition of calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase blocks human cytomegalovirus-induced glycolytic activation and severely attenuates production of viral progeny.viruses depend on the host cell to provide the energy and biomolecular subunits necessary for production of viral progeny. we have previously reported that human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection induces dramatic changes to central carbon metabolism, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis, and nucleotide biosynthesis. here, we explore the mechanisms involved in hcmv-mediated glycolytic activation. we find that hcmv virion binding and tegument protein del ...201021084482
genital herpes evaluation by quantitative taqman pcr: correlating single detection and quantity of hsv-2 dna in cervicovaginal lavage fluids with cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical data.to evaluate the utility of a single quantitative pcr (qpcr) measurement of hsv (hsv-1&2) dna in cervicovaginal lavage (cvl) specimens collected from women with predominantly chronic hsv-2 infection in assessing genital hsv shedding and the clinical course of genital herpes (gh) within a cohort with semiannual schedule of follow up and collection of specimens.201021087488
projected cost-savings with herpes simplex virus screening in pregnancy: towards a new screening paradigm.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections in newborns are an uncommon but potentially devastating consequence of genital hsv infection in women. current practice focuses on preventing perinatal transmission by women with prevalent hsv, but transmission risk is greatest when genital hsv is acquired for the first time late in pregnancy. the objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of identifying pregnant women at risk of de novo hsv acquisition as a means of preve ...201021097810
tau cleavage at d421 by caspase-3 is induced in neurons and astrocytes infected with herpes simplex virus type 1.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is ubiquitous, neurotropic, and the most common pathogenic causes of sporadic acute encephalitis in humans. herpes simplex encephalitis is associated with a high mortality rate and significant neurological, neuropsychological, and neurobehavioral sequelae, which afflict patients for life. hsv-1 infects limbic system structures in the central nervous system and has been suggested as an environmental risk factor for alzheimer's disease. however, the possible mec ...201121098975
ethosomes for the delivery of anti-hsv-1 molecules: preparation, characterization and in vitro activity.this paper describes the production, characterization and in vitro activity of ethosomes containing two molecules with antiviral activity, such as acyclovir (acy) and n1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-pyrazole [3,4d]pyridazin-7(6p-chlorine-phenyl)-one nucleoside (n1cp). ethosomes were prepared and morphologically characterized by cryo-tem. the encapsulation efficiency was 92.3 +/- 2.5% for acy and 94.2 +/- 2.8% for n1cp. the release of the drug from vesicles, determined by a franz cell method, indicated t ...201021105576
seeing the portal in herpes simplex virus type 1 b capsids.resolving the nonicosahedral components in large icosahedral viruses remains a technical challenge in structural virology. we have used the emerging technique of zernike phase-contrast electron cryomicroscopy to enhance the image contrast of ice-embedded herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids. image reconstruction enabled us to retrieve the structure of the unique portal vertex in the context of the icosahedral capsid and, for the first time, show the subunit organization of a portal in a virus inf ...201021106752
in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus in the abalone haliotis laevigata.as viruses are extremely abundant in oceans, marine organisms may have evolved novel metabolites to protect themselves from viral infection. this research examined a well-known commercial gastropod, abalone (haliotidae), which in australia have recently experienced disease due to a neurotropic infection, abalone viral ganglioneuritis, caused by an abalone herpesvirus (abhv). due to the lack of molluscan cell lines for culturing abhv, the antiviral activity of the abalone haliotis laevigata was a ...201021123549
herpes simplex virus is akt-ing in translational control.all viruses depend on the cellular protein synthesis machinery for the production of viral proteins. thus, viruses have evolved a variety of strategies to avoid innate host responses that inhibit protein synthesis. in this issue of genes & development, chuluunbaatar and colleagues (pp. 2627-2639) demonstrate that herpes simplex virus-1 counteracts this response through viral kinase us3, which mimics cellular kinase akt to phosphorylate and repress tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (tsc2), resulting i ...201021123644
comprehensive characterization of interaction complexes of herpes simplex virus type 1 icp22, ul3, ul4, and ul20.5.it has been reported that herpes simplex virus type 1 ul3, ul4, and ul20.5 proteins are localized to small, dense nuclear bodies together with icp22 in infected cells. in the present study, we comprehensively characterized these interactions by subcellular colocalization, coimmunoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. for the first time, it was demonstrated that both ul3 and ul20.5 are targeted to small, dense nuclear bodies by a direct interaction with icp22, wherea ...201021147926
prevention of neonatal herpes.neonatal herpes can occur when the neonate is exposed to herpes simplex virus in the maternal genital tract during labour. attack rates are highest when the mother has a newly acquired infection and, therefore, does not have antibodies to protect the neonate. even with early therapy, there is significant morbidity and mortality associated with neonatal herpes, suggesting that preventing neonatal herpes simplex virus exposure or early recognition of exposure is important. the incidence of neonata ...201121159118
systemic immunological tolerance to ocular antigens is mediated by trail-expressing cd8+ t cells.systemic immunological tolerance to ag encountered in the eye restricts the formation of potentially damaging immune responses that would otherwise be initiated at other anatomical locations. we previously demonstrated that tolerance to ag administered via the anterior chamber (ac) of the eye required fas ligand-mediated apoptotic death of inflammatory cells that enter the eye in response to the antigenic challenge. moreover, the systemic tolerance induced after ac injection of ag was mediated b ...201021169546
a single mutation responsible for temperature-sensitive entry and assembly defects in the vp1-2 protein of herpes simplex virus.evidence for an essential role of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) tegument protein vp1-2 originated from the analysis of the temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant tsb7. at the nonpermissive temperature (npt), tsb7 capsids accumulate at the nuclear pore, with defective genome release and substantially reduced virus gene expression. we compared the ul36 gene of tsb7 with that of the parental strain hfem or strain 17 and identified four amino acid substitutions, 1061d → g, 1453y → h, 2273y → h, ...201021177812
pcr detection of multiple human herpesvirus dna in saliva from hiv-infected individuals in teresina, state of piauí, brazil.human herpesviruses are frequently associated with orofacial diseases in humans (hsv-1, ebv, cmv and hhv-8), some can also cause systemic disease (cmv and hhv-8). the transmission of these viruses occurs by contact with infected secretions, especially saliva. human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with an increased risk of hhvs and related diseases.201021181010
prurigo pigmentosa: a clinicopathological study and analysis of associated factors.prurigo pigmentosa (pp), a rare inflammatory disease of the skin, is mostly reported in the ethnic japanese population. its pathogenesis remains unclear. the chronic and recurrent nature of pp implies a possible role of viral infection in the pathogenesis. the anti-inflammatory mechanism of doxycycline, which is well documented as a good treatment for pp, is related to the suppression of interleukin expression.201121182500
controlling herpes simplex virus-induced ocular inflammatory lesions with the lipid-derived mediator resolvin e1.stromal keratitis (sk) is a chronic immunopathological lesion of the eye caused by hsv-1 infection and a common cause of blindness in humans. the inflammatory lesions are primarily perpetuated by neutrophils with the active participation of cd4(+) t cells. therefore, targeting these immune cell types represents a potentially valuable form of therapy to reduce the severity of disease. resolvin e1 (rve1), an endogenous lipid mediator, was shown to promote resolution in several inflammatory disease ...201021187448
reversal of heterochromatic silencing of quiescent herpes simplex virus type 1 by icp0.persisting latent herpes simplex virus genomes are to some degree found in a heterochromatic state, and this contributes to reduced gene expression resulting in quiescence. we used a relatively long-term quiescent infection model in human fibroblasts, followed by provision of icp0 in trans, to determine the effects of icp0 on the viral chromatin state as gene expression is reactivated. expression of icp0, even at low levels, results in a reduction of higher-order chromatin structure and heteroch ...201021191021
expression of the hsv-1 capsid protein vp19c in escherichia coli: a single amino acid change overcomes an expression block of the full-length polypeptide.the herpesvirus triplex is a key structural feature of the capsids of these viruses. it is composed of a hetero-trimer of one molecule of vp19c and two molecules of vp23. it acts to stabilize capsid shells by connecting the capsomeric subunits together. although it has been possible to over-express in escherichia coli and purify one component of the triplex, vp23; this has not been the case with vp19c. because an n-terminal polypeptide of vp19c could be expressed and purified using a gst affinit ...201021193049
proanthocyanidin-enriched extract from myrothamnus flabellifolia welw. exerts antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 by inhibition of viral adsorption and penetration.extracts from the aerial parts of the south african resurrection plant myrothamnus flabellifolia welw. have been used traditionally against infections of the upper respiratory tract and skin diseases. a polyphenol-enriched extract was investigated for potential antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and adenovirus, and the underlying mode of action was to be studied.201121211557
vitamin d status and antibody levels to common viruses in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis.the relative contribution and interaction of risk factors for multiple sclerosis (ms) have not been evaluated. objectives: to determine whether vitamin d status is associated with antibody levels to common viruses in pediatric-onset ms or clinically isolated syndrome (cis) patients and controls.201121212086
herpes simplex virus requires vp11/12 to activate src family kinase-phosphoinositide 3-kinase-akt signaling.we previously showed that the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) tegument protein vp11/12 activates the lymphocyte-specific src family kinase (sfk) lck and is tyrosine phosphorylated in an lck-dependent manner during t cell infection. we now extend these findings to show that ectopic expression of lck induces robust tyrosine phosphorylation of vp11/12 in vero cells, strongly suggesting that vp11/12 participates in an lck-mediated signaling pathway as a substrate of lck or a kinase activated by lck. ...201121228233
a herpesvirus virulence factor inhibits dendritic cell maturation through protein phosphatase 1 and ikappa b kinase.dendritic cells are sentinels in innate and adaptive immunity. upon virus infection, a complex program is in operation, which activates i?b kinase (ikk), a key regulator of inflammatory cytokines and costimulatory molecules. here we show that the ?(1)34.5 protein, a virulence factor of herpes simplex viruses, blocks toll-like receptor-mediated dendritic cell maturation. while the wild-type virus inhibits the induction of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii, cd86, interleukin-6 (il-6) ...201121248029
evolution of the antigen-specific cd8+ tcr repertoire across the life span: evidence for clonal homogenization of the old tcr repertoire.defects in t cell responses against pathogens and reduced diversity of tcrs have been described at both extremes of the life span. yet, we still lack information on how ag-specific t cell populations are maintained and/or altered from birth to old age. in this study, for the first time to our knowledge, we provide insight into ag-specific tcr repertoire changes over the life span at the single-cell level. we have examined the tcr diversity of the primary cd8(+) t cell response to the immunodomin ...201121248263
cellular snf2h chromatin-remodeling factor promotes herpes simplex virus 1 immediate-early gene expression and replication.like other dna viruses that replicate in the nucleus, herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) regulates the association of histones with its genome to promote viral replication and gene expression. we previously demonstrated that snf2h, a member of the iswi family of chromatin-remodeling factors, is concentrated in hsv-1 replication compartments in the nuclei of infected cells, suggesting that this cellular enzyme plays a role in viral replication. we show here that small interfering rna (sirna)-mediated ...201121249171
structural basis for the recognition of cellular mrna export factor ref by herpes viral proteins hsv-1 icp27 and hvs orf57.the herpesvirus proteins hsv-1 icp27 and hvs orf57 promote viral mrna export by utilizing the cellular mrna export machinery. this function is triggered by binding to proteins of the transcription-export (trex) complex, in particular to ref/aly which directs viral mrna to the tap/nfx1 pathway and, subsequently, to the nuclear pore for export to the cytoplasm. here we have determined the structure of the ref-icp27 interaction interface at atomic-resolution and provided a detailed comparison of th ...201121253573
exploitation of herpesviral transactivation allows quantitative reporter gene-based assessment of virus entry and neutralization.herpesviral entry is a highly elaborated process requiring many proteins to act in precise conjunction. neutralizing antibodies interfere with this process to abrogate viral infection. based on promoter transactivation of a reporter gene we established a novel method to quantify herpesvirus entry and neutralization by antibodies. following infection with mouse and human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1 we observed promoter transactivation resulting in substantial luciferase expression ...201121264213
mir-101 regulates hsv-1 replication by targeting atp5b.micrornas (mirnas) are short non-coding rnas that negatively modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are known to be involved in the cross-talk between the host and virus. using a standard plaque assay and real-time pcr method, we found that ectopic expression of mir-101 could significantly suppress herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) replication, and that blocking endogenous mir-101 could increase viral progeny without affecting cell viability. bioinformatics analysis indicate ...201121291913
review of the etiologies of viral meningitis and encephalitis in a dengue endemic region.to evaluate the etiology of viral meningitis and encephalitis in adults and adolescents living in areas affected by dengue.201121292281
in vitro cytotoxic and antiviral activities of ficus carica latex extracts.the latex of fig fruit (ficus carica) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of skin infections such as warts and also diseases of possible viral origin. five extracts (methanolic, hexanic, ethyl acetate, hexane-ethyl acetate (v/v) and chloroformic) of this species were investigated in vitro for their antiviral potential activity against herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1), echovirus type 11 (ecv-11) and adenovirus (adv). to evaluate the capacity of the extracts to inhibit the replication o ...201121294043
functional reorganization of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies during bk virus infection.bk virus (bkv) is the causative agent for polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, a severe disease found in renal transplant patients due to reactivation of a persistent bkv infection. bkv replication relies on the interactions of bkv with many nuclear components, and subnuclear structures such as promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (pml-nbs) are known to play regulatory roles during a number of dna virus infections. in this study, we investigated the relationship between pml-nbs and bkv during i ...201121304169
hydrolyzable tannins (chebulagic acid and punicalagin) target viral glycoprotein-glycosaminoglycan interactions to inhibit herpes simplex virus 1 entry and cell-to-cell spread.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is a common human pathogen that causes lifelong latent infection of sensory neurons. non-nucleoside inhibitors that can limit hsv-1 recurrence are particularly useful in treating immunocompromised individuals or cases of emerging acyclovir-resistant strains of herpesvirus. we report that chebulagic acid (chla) and punicalagin (pug), two hydrolyzable tannins isolated from the dried fruits of terminalia chebula retz. (combretaceae), inhibit hsv-1 entry at noncytotoxi ...201121307190
the role of lat in increased cd8+ t cell exhaustion in trigeminal ganglia of mice latently infected with herpes simplex virus 1.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is a classic example of latent viral infection in humans and experimental animal models. the hsv-1 latency-associated transcript (lat) plays a major role in the hsv-1 latency reactivation cycle and thus in recurrent disease. whether the presence of lat leads to generation of dysfunctional t cell responses in the trigeminal ganglia (tg) of latently infected mice is not known. to address this issue, we used lat-positive [lat(+)] and lat-deficient [lat(-)] virus ...201121307196
[polymorphism of il1α and il1β genes and bacterial invasion in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis].researchers studied polymorphism of il-1α and il-1β genes among patients of different ages with severe chronic generalized periodontitis and people with healthy periodontium. the study demonstrated a correlation between high frequency of genetic polymorphism in il-1α -899 and il-1β +3953 loci and development of severe periodontitis among patients less than 35 years of age, as well as markers of p. intermedia, t. denticola, hsv1 and ebv in periodontal pocket.201021311438
full length antigen priming enhances the ctl epitope-based dna vaccine efficacy.although cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope-based dna vaccination is valuable experience on vaccine research but many attempts are still continued to achieve acceptable protective response. to study the role of full length antigen in ctl epitope immunization, we evaluated cellular immunity of diverse patterns of complete herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein b (gb) and the immunodominant ctl epitope (498-505) dna injection in c57bl/6 mice. optimal immune response was observed i ...201121324438
[effect of hsv-1 infection on ngf and its receptor expression in human glioma cells].nerve growth factor (ngf) is mainly secreted by the neuroglia cells, which can exert biological effect through its receptors on the specific target cell surface. ngf is closely related to neurocyte growth, differentiation and apoptosis. as a neurotropic virus, hsv-1 an easily lead to neurocyte, neuroglia cells death or apoptosis. in this study, the u251 human glioma cells were chosen as target cells to study the change of ngf and its receptors in the apoptosis process of hsv-1 infection. our res ...201021344753
uncoupling uncoating of herpes simplex virus genomes from their nuclear import and gene expression.incoming capsids of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) enter the cytosol by fusion of the viral envelopes with host cell membranes and use microtubules and microtubule motors for transport to the nucleus. upon docking to the nuclear pores, capsids release their genomes into the nucleoplasm. progeny genomes are replicated in the nucleoplasm and subsequently packaged into newly assembled capsids. the minor capsid protein pul25 of alphaherpesviruses is required for capsid stabilization after genom ...201121345968
alphaherpes viral genes and their functionsin this chapter the emphasis is on viral replication and on the viral gene products that define the outcome of the interaction of the alphaherpesviruses with their host. viral replicative and host management functions account for some of the rnas and a large number of proteins encoded by the viruses. there are, however, numerous viral gene products whose functions have not been identified or which do not play a prominent role in viral replication in the systems in which t ...200721348062
molecular basis of hsv latency and reactivationprimary infection with hsv-1 or hsv-2 results in productive replication of the virus at the site of infection, following the pattern of gene expression described elsewhere in this volume. during this initial phase, virus enters sensory neurons via their termini and retrograde transport takes the genome to the neuronal nuclei in the sensory ganglia that innervate the infected dermatome. at early times after infection, virus replication occurs in ganglionic neurons but with ...200721348106
antiviral therapy of hsv-1 and -2the discovery of effective antiviral agents has been facilitated by advances in the fields of molecular biology and virology. in the pre-antiviral era, the widely held belief was that any therapeutically meaningful interference with viral replication would destroy the host cell upon which viral replication was dependent. a growing understanding of host cell–virus interactions and viral replication, however, has led to the development of safe and effective antivirals. thes ...200721348126
persistence in the population: epidemiology, transmissionherpes simplex viruses are among the most ubiquitous of human infections. the frequency of hsv infection has been measured by testing various populations for the presence of antibody, as both virus and the immune response are thought to persist after infection for the life of the host. worldwide, ∼90% of people have one or both viruses. hsv-1 is the more prevalent virus, with 65% of persons in the united states having antibodies to hsv-1 (xu et al., 2002). the epidemiology in ...200721348128
serological evidence of exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cognitive deficits in the catie schizophrenia sample.cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia. previous studies have indicated that exposure to neurotropic infectious agents such as herpes simplex virus type 1 may contribute to cognitive deficits and neuroanatomical abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia. we examined the association between exposure to neurotropic infectious agents and cognitive function in 1308 participants in the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness (catie) trial. this sample includ ...201121353483
deal watch: amgen buys oncolytic virus company. 201121358726
il-2 suppression of il-12p70 by a recombinant hsv-1 expressing il-2 induces t-cell auto-reactivity and cns demyelination.to evaluate the role of cellular infiltrates in cns demyelination in immunocompetent mice, we have used a model of multiple sclerosis (ms) in which different strains of mice are infected with a recombinant hsv-1 expressing il-2. histologic examination of the mice infected with hsv-il-2 demonstrates that natural killer cells, dendritic cells, b cells, and cd25 (il-2ra) do not play any role in the hsv-il-2-induced demyelination. t cell depletion, t cell knockout and t cell adoptive transfer experi ...201121364747
generation of recombinant herpes simplex virus ampiicons.the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) amphcon has been developed as a novel eukaryotic expression vector, which contains an hsv-1 ori for dna replication and a pac signal for cleaving/packaging genomes into viral capsids (1-4). as shown in fig. 1, amplicon vector can be amplified into head-to-tail concatemers and then packaged into defective hsv-1 viral particles up to one genome size (~150 kb) in the presence of hsv-1 helper viruses. the helper viruses provide all necessary proteins and enzym ...199921374396
[antiviral properties of the derivatives of netropsin and distamycin against herpes simplex viruses type 1 and variolovaccine].the antiherpesvirus activity of newly synthesized dna-binding compounds for cultured vero e6 cells was examined. the compounds were found to have selective antiherpesviral activity. their antiviral activity was shown against the virus strains isolated from clinical specimens. the test compounds were ascertained to have also a high activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1/l2 tc-) that was very resistant to acyclovir. the authors' data demonstrated an obvious dose-dependent antiviral ef ...201021381336
development of a glycoprotein d-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) recombinant viral vaccine against hsv-2 infection in mice.using the t-rex (invitrogen, california) gene switch technology and a dominant-negative mutant polypeptide of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1)-origin binding protein ul9, we previously constructed a glycoprotein d-expressing replication-defective and dominant-negative hsv-1 recombinant viral vaccine, cj9-gd, for protection against hsv infection and disease. it was demonstrated that cj9-gd is avirulent following intracerebral inoculation in mice, cannot establish detectable latent infection followi ...201121389121
phenotypic suppression of a herpes simplex virus 1 icp27 mutation by enhanced transcription of the mutant gene.icp27 is an essential herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) regulatory protein that enhances viral gene expression. although it is predominantly nuclear, it shuttles to the cytoplasm during infection using an n-terminal nuclear export signal (nes). we previously engineered an nes-negative icp27 mutant, dleu, that replicates poorly in cultured cells. in this study, we isolated dleur, a growth-competent revertant of dleu. we show that dleur possesses one or more extragenic mutations that enhance icp27 tr ...201121411532
host cell targets of tegument protein vp22 of herpes simplex virus 1.in the present study, seven novel host cell factors associated with vp22 were identified from the human leukocyte cdna library using a yeast two-hybrid high-throughput screening system. to confirm some of the interactions, vp22 and its homologues and two candidate targets were tagged with enhanced cyan or yellow fluorescent protein. while ring finger protein 10 (rnf10), wd repeat-containing protein 42a (wdr42a) or vp22 alone showed distinct subcellular localization patterns, rnf10 and wdr42a wer ...201121424732
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