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risk of african swine fever virus sylvatic establishment and spillover to domestic swine in the united states.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a high-consequence foreign animal disease that has emerged along international trade routes. owing to high lethality and resulting trade sanctions, establishment of this disease in the united states would have devastating economic consequences. asfv can be transmitted by soft ticks in the genus ornithodoros or directly between swine, including domestic, feral, and wild swine. consequently, the spatial risk of asfv establishment depends on where susceptible ...201930714881
reviewing the potential vectors and hosts of african swine fever virus transmission in the united states.african swine fever virus (asfv) continues to threaten global animal health and agricultural biosecurity. mitigating the establishment of asfv in the united states (u.s.) is contingent on (1) the identification of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts that are capable of viral maintenance and transmission in the u.s. and (2) knowledge of vector-host associations that may permit transmission. we aggregated data on vector competence, host competence and tick-host associations by systematic review ...201930785371
african swine fever.the continuing spread of african swine fever (asf) outside africa in europe, the russian federation, china and most recently to mongolia and vietnam, has heightened awareness of the threat posed by this devastating disease to the global pig industry and food security. in this review we summarise what we know about the african swine fever virus (asfv), the disease it causes, how it spreads and the current global situation. we discuss current control methods in domestic and wild pigs and prospects ...201930836106
reemergence of classical swine fever, japan, 2018.in september 2018, classical swine fever reemerged in japan after 26 years, affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. the causative virus belongs to the 2.1 subgenotype, which caused repeated outbreaks in eastern and southeast asia. intensive surveillance of swine and vaccination of wild boars will help control and eradicate this disease in japan.201930870139
the first complete genomic sequences of african swine fever virus isolated in poland.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious, notifiable viral disease, which is considered a significant threat not only for european, but also for worldwide pork production, since recently the virus emerged within numerous chinese pig herds. the disease was introduced in poland in 2014 and up to the end of 2018,  213 outbreaks in pigs and 3347 cases in wild boars have been reported. the presented study describes the whole genome sequencing of seven polish isolates, collected between 2016 and 2017 ...201930872594
cytokine responses in pigs after natural infection with classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious viral infection that affects domestic and wild pig population. the classical swine fever virus (csfv) targets immune cells which perturb the immune functions causing immunopathological disorders such as immunosuppression, leukopenia and haemorrhage. in the present study, elisa and quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) analysis was employed to determine cytokine profiles in pigs naturally infected with csfv using whole blood ...201930879314
african swine fever virus armenia/07 virulent strain controls interferon beta production through the cgas-sting pathway.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a complex, cytoplasmic double-stranded dna (dsdna) virus that is currently expanding throughout the world. currently, circulating virulent genotype ii armenia/07-like viruses cause fatal disease in pigs and wild boar, whereas attenuated strains induce infections with various levels of chronic illness. sensing cytosolic dsdna, mainly by the key dna sensor cyclic gmp-amp synthase (cgas), leads to the synthesis of type i interferon and involves signaling through ...201930918080
development of vaccines against african swine fever virus.an outbreak in the caucasus in 2007 initiated the spread of asfv through russia and eastern europe, subsequently affecting ukraine, belarus, poland, the baltic states, the czech republic, moldova, romania and bulgaria. the declaration of outbreaks in china and central europe in august 2018, definitely confirms the serious threat that the extension of asf represents for the global swine industry and the environment. despite the efforts of several groups to generate a vaccine against asfv, current ...201930922809
genetic characterization of african swine fever virus in cameroon, 2010-2018.african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease in domestic and wild swine that has acquired great importance in sub-saharan africa since 1997. asf was first reported in cameroon in 1982 and was detected only in southern cameroon (south, west, east, northwest, southwest, littoral, and centre regions) until february 2010 when suspected asf outbreaks were reported in the north and far north regions. we investigated those outbreaks by analysing samples that were collected from sic ...201930929230
african swine fever virus evasion of host defences.african swine fever virus causes a haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. the continuing spread in africa, europe and asia threatens the global pig industry. the lack of a vaccine limits disease control. to underpin rational strategies for vaccine development improved knowledge is needed of how the virus interacts with and modulates the host's responses to infection. the virus long double-stranded dna genome codes for more than 160 proteins of which many are non-essential for replica ...201930959069
first oral vaccination of eurasian wild boar against african swine fever virus genotype ii.african swine fever (asf), the most significant threat to the pig industry worldwide, has spread to more than 55 countries on three continents, and it affects more than 77% of the world swine population. in the european union, wild boar (sus scrofa) is the most severely affected host. the main reasons for the unprecedented and constant spread of asf in europe are the trade activities, the continuous movement of infected-wild boar populations among regions and the lack of vaccine to prevent asf i ...201931106218
risk analysis of african swine fever in poland based on spatio-temporal pattern and latin hypercube sampling, 2014-2017.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs. asf poses a potential threat to the world pig industry, due to the lack of vaccines and treatments. in this study, the geographic information system (gis) spatial analysis was applied to analyze the distribution, dispersion of the epidemic and clustering of asf in poland.201931118049
the genetics of life and death: virus-host interactions underpinning resistance to african swine fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease.pathogen transmission from wildlife hosts to genetically distinct species is a major driver of disease emergence. african swine fever virus (asfv) persists in sub-saharan africa through a sylvatic cycle between warthogs and soft ticks that infest their burrows. the virus does not cause disease in these animals, however transmission of the virus to domestic pigs or wild boar causes a hemorrhagic fever that is invariably fatal. asfv transmits readily between domestic pigs and causes economic hards ...201931130984
adenovirus-vectored african swine fever virus antigen cocktails are immunogenic but not protective against intranasal challenge with georgia 2007/1 isolate.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a hemorrhagic disease in swine and wild boars with a fatality rate close to 100%. less virulent strains cause subchronic or chronic forms of the disease. the virus is endemic in sub-saharan africa and an outbreak in georgia in 2007 spread to armenia, russia, ukraine, belarus, poland, lithuania, and latvia. in august 2018, there was an outbreak in china and in april 2019, asfv was reported in vietnam and cambodia. since no vaccine or treatment exists, a vac ...201931282366
african swine fever virus replication events and cell nucleus: new insights and perspectives.african swine fever (asf) is currently matter for major concerns in global swine industry as it is highly contagious and causes acute fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. the absence of effective vaccines and treatments pushes asf control to relay on strict sanitary and stamping out measures with costly socio-economic impacts. the current epidemic scenario of fast spreading throughout asiatic countries impels further studies on prevention and combat strategies against asf. he ...201931319112
newly emerged african swine fever virus strain belgium/etalle/wb/2018: complete genomic sequence and comparative analysis with reference p72 genotype ii strains.in a new example of pathogens hopscotching the globe, african swine fever virus hit north-western europe's wildlife in summer 2018, marking a further spread of a disease that had invaded central and eastern europe recently. the complete genomic sequence of the belgium/etalle/wb/2018 virus is reported, with the hope it will provide a valuable tool for tracing geographical spread and biologic evolution of the virus.201931332955
identification and characterization of the 285l and k145r proteins of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, against which no vaccines are available to date. the large dsdna genome of african swine fever virus (asfv) contains up to 167 orfs predicted to encode proteins. the functions and antigenic properties of many of these proteins are still unknown, which impedes vaccine development. based on the results of mass spectrometry-based proteome analyses of asfv-infected cells, two highly abundant but previously uncharacterized ...201931361215
plasticity of the hek-293 cells, related to the culture media, as platform to produce a subunit vaccine against classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is a contagious disease that causes a high mortality to domestic and wild pigs. its causative agent is an enveloped pestivirus named classical swine fever virus (csfv). due to the huge economic affectations produced by this disease to porcine industry, several vaccines have been developed using principally the csfv e2 glycoprotein. recently, a subunit vaccine based on this structural protein of the csfv fused to the porcine cd154 molecule as immunomodulator named e2-c ...201931486941
transmission of african swine fever virus via carrier (survivor) pigs does occur.we investigated whether asf carrier pigs that had completely recovered from an acute infection with asfv netherlands '86, could transmit the disease to naive pigs by direct contact transmission. for this, we used pigs that had survived an asfv infection, had recovered from disease, and had become carriers of asfv. these clinically healthy carriers were put together one-by-one with naive contact pigs. two of the twelve contact pigs developed an acute asfv infection. using the results of the exper ...201931521391
african swine fever: disease dynamics in wild boar experimentally infected with asfv isolates belonging to genotype i and ii.after the re-introduction of african swine fever virus (asfv) genotype ii isolates into georgia in 2007, the disease spread from eastern to western europe and then jumped first up to mongolian borders and later into china in august 2018, spreading out of control and reaching different countries of southeast asia in 2019. from the initial incursion, along with domestic pigs, wild boar displayed a high susceptibility to asfv and disease development. the disease established self-sustaining cycles w ...201931540341
serum-derived extracellular vesicles from african swine fever virus-infected pigs selectively recruit viral and porcine proteins.: african swine fever is a devastating hemorrhagic infectious disease, which affects domestic and wild swines (susscrofa) of all breeds and ages, with a high lethality of up to 90-100% in naïve animals. the causative agent, african swine fever virus (asfv), is a large and complex double-stranded dna arbovirus which is currently spreading worldwide, with serious socioeconomic consequences. there is no treatment or effective vaccine commercially available, and most of the current research is focus ...201931547130
bead-based multiplex assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) and classical swine fever (csf) are both highly contagious diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. in the last years, several cases of both diseases have been reported in the caucasus, russian federation and eastern europe. thus, the probability of encountering these two viruses in the same area is increasing. since differentiation by clinical or post-mortem examination is not possible, laboratory tools for differential diagnosis are required. in the present work, we h ...201931572739
african swine fever virus - persistence in different environmental conditions and the possibility of its indirect transmission.since 2007, african swine fever (asf) has posed a serious threat to the european swine industry. in poland, the numbers of reported outbreaks in pigs and affected areas grow every year. in 2018, the disease was noted in western europe, in belgium specifically, where several hundred infected wild boars have been detected so far. in 2018, the virus unexpectedly emerged in pig holdings in eastern china, northern mongolia, vietnam, and cambodia, causing worldwide concern about its further spread. si ...201931572808
evaluation of surface glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus as immunogens and reagents for serological diagnosis of infections in pigs: a recombinant newcastle disease virus approach.classical swine fever (csf) is an important viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. the structural proteins e2 and erns of classical swine fever virus (csfv), which participate in the attachment of the virion to the host cell surface and its subsequent entry, are immunogenic. the e2 and erns proteins are used for diagnosis and the development of vaccines against csfv infection in swine. newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been successfully used as a viral vector to express heterologous prote ...201931598846
crystal structure of african swine fever virus dutpase reveals a potential drug target.e165r, a highly specific dutp nucleotidohydrolase (dutpase) encoded by the african swine fever virus (asfv) genome, is required for productive replication of asfv in swine macrophages. here, we solved the high-resolution crystal structures of e165r in its apo state and in complex with its product dump. structural analysis explicitly defined the architecture of the active site of the enzyme as well as the interaction between the active site and the dump ligand. by comparing the asfv e165r structu ...201931662460
free-ranging pig and wild boar interactions in an endemic area of african swine fever.african swine fever virus (asfv) is spreading throughout eurasia and there is no vaccine nor treatment available, so the control is based on the implementation of strict sanitary measures. these measures include depopulation of infected and in-contact animals and export restrictions, which can lead to important economic losses, making currently african swine fever (asf) the greatest threat to the global swine industry. asf has been endemic on the island of sardinia since 1978, the longest persis ...201931737649
comparative vector competence of the afrotropical soft tick ornithodoros moubata and palearctic species, o. erraticus and o. verrucosus, for african swine fever virus strains circulating in eurasia.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild suids caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which threatens the swine industry globally. in its native african enzootic foci, asfv is naturally circulating between soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros, especially in the o. moubata group, and wild reservoir suids, such as warthogs (phacochoerus spp.) that are bitten by infected soft ticks inhabiting their burrows. while the ability of some afrotropical soft ...201931774871
assessment of the impact of forestry and leisure activities on wild boar spatial disturbance with a potential application to asf risk of spread.in europe, african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most threatening infectious transboundary diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. in september 2018, asf was detected in wild boar in the south of belgium. france, as a bordering country, is extremely concerned about the asf situation in belgium, and an active preparedness is ongoing in the country. one of the questions raised by this situation relates to disturbing activities that may affect wild boar movements and their possible impact ...202031821736
cas12a-based on-site and rapid nucleic acid detection of african swine fever.the mortality rate of hemorrhagic african swine fever (asf), which targets domestic pigs and wild boars is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), can reach 100%. since the first confirmed asf outbreak in china on 3 august 2018, 156 asf outbreaks were detected in 32 provinces. about 1,170,000 pigs were culled in order to halt further spread. there is no effective treatment or vaccine for it and the present molecular diagnosis technologies have trade-offs in sensitivity, specificity, cost and ...201931921018
the risk of infection by african swine fever virus in european swine through boar movement and legal trade of pigs and pig meat.african swine fever (asf) is currently spreading westwards throughout europe and eastwards into china, with cases occurring in both wild boar and domestic pigs. a generic risk assessment framework is used to determine the probability of first infection with asf virus (asfv) at a fine spatial scale across european union member states. the framework aims to assist risk managers across europe with their asf surveillance and intervention activities. performing the risk assessment at a fine spatial s ...201931998765
the african swine fever virus isolate belgium 2018/1 shows high virulence in european wild boar.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most important and complex viral diseases in domestic pigs and wild boar. over the last decade, the disease has spread to several european and asian countries and is now one of the major threats to profitable pig production worldwide. one of the more recently affected western countries is belgium. to date, only wild boar are affected in a rather defined area in the luxembourg region close to france, luxembourg and germany. while detailed sequence analyses ...202032009303
humoral immune response of pigs, sus scrofa domesticus, upon repeated exposure to blood-feeding by ornithodoros turicata duges (ixodida: argasidae).ornithodoros turicata is an important vector of both human and veterinary pathogens. one primary concern is the global spread of african swine fever virus and the risk of its re-emergence in the americas through potential transmission by o. turicata to domestic pigs and feral swine. moreover, in texas, african warthogs were introduced into the state for hunting purposes and evidence exists that they are reproducing and have spread to three counties in the state. consequently, it is imperative to ...202032051021
[characteristics of african swine fever virus and difficulties in vaccine development].african swine fever (asf) is a devastating disease of pigs caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which is considered to be the no. 1 killer to the global pig industry. highly virulent strains are usually responsible for the peracute and acute forms that provoke high mortality rates that may reach 100%. since asf was first introduced in august 2018 into china, 137 outbreaks in domestic and wild pigs had been reported from 32 provinces by june 06, 2019, causing severe socioeconomic consequen ...202032072777
crystal structure of african swine fever virus ps273r protease and implications for inhibitor design.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic and wild pigs that is responsible for serious economic and production losses. it is caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv), a large and complex icosahedral dna virus of the asfarviridae family. currently, there is no effective treatment or approved vaccine against the asfv. ps273r, a specific sumo-1 cysteine protease, catalyzes the maturation of the pp220 and pp62 polyprotein precursors into core-shell ...202032075933
adenovirus-vectored african swine fever virus antigens cocktail is not protective against virulent arm07 isolate in eurasian wild boar.: african swine fever (asf) is a viral disease of domestic and wild suids for which there is currently no vaccine or treatment available. the recent spread of asf virus (asfv) through europe and asia is causing enormous economic and animal losses. unfortunately, the measures taken so far are insufficient and an effective vaccine against asfv needs to be urgently developed. we hypothesized that immunization with a cocktail of thirty-five rationally selected antigens would improve the protective e ...202032121082
the evolution of african swine fever virus in sardinia (1978-2014) as revealed by whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease of pigs and wild boars, which is enzootic in many african countries and on the italian island of sardinia, where it has been present since 1978. previous genetic analyses of sardinian asf virus (asfv) isolates have revealed that they all belong to p72 genotype i, with only minor sequence variations. however, these studies examined only a few selected genes. to distinguish between these closely related isolates and better i ...202032163673
wild boar harbouring african swine fever virus in the demilitarized zone in south korea, 2019.the african swine fever virus (asfv) was first detected in wild boar in the demilitarized zone, a bordered area between south and north korea, on 2 october 2019. phylogenetic analyses of asfv genes encoding p72 and cd2v indicated that the causative strain belongs to genotype ii and serogroup 8, respectively, and contained additional tandem repeat sequences between the i73r and the i329l protein genes.202032183615
ecological drivers of african swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: insight for control.environmental sources of infection can play a primary role in shaping epidemiological dynamics; however, the relative impact of environmental transmission on host-pathogen systems is rarely estimated. we developed and fit a spatially explicit model of african swine fever virus (asfv) in wild boar to estimate what proportion of carcass-based transmission is contributing to the low-level persistence of asfv in eastern european wild boar. our model was developed based on ecological insight and data ...202032211160
a serological survey of selected pathogens in wild boar (sus scrofa) in northern turkey.during the hunting season in march 2012, a total of 93 blood samples were collected from wild boars (sus scrofa) shot in the area of northern turkey (samsun and gumushane provinces). these blood samples were examined by enzyme immunoassay (elisa) for the presence of antibodies to classical swine fever virus (csfv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), swine influenza virus (siv), porcine parvovirus (p ...201332214940
african swine fever virus survival in buried wild boar carcasses.since the first introduction of african swine fever (asf) into the european wild boar population in 1957, the question of virus survival in carcasses of animals that succumbed to the disease has been discussed. the causative african swine fever virus (asfv) is known to be very stable in the environment. thus, carcasses of infected wild boar could play a major role as asfv reservoir and thereby help to locally maintain and spread the disease in wild boar populations. to minimize this risk, remova ...202032216049
rapid spread of classical swine fever virus among south korean wild boars in areas near the border with north korea.there has been a rapid increase in the number of classical swine fever (csf) sero-positive wild boars captured near the demilitarized zone (dmz), located the border with north korea. in 2015-2016, few csfv-positive antibody boars were detected; however, the number has increased steeply since 2017. most occurred in the northern region of gyeonggi before spreading slowly to gangwon (west to east) in 2018-2019. multi-distance spatial cluster analysis provided an indirect estimate of the time taken ...202032218239
vertical transmission of anti-asfv antibodies as one of potential causes of seropositive results among young wild boar population in poland.the present study attempted to elucidate possible routes leading to the achievement of sero- positive results, among young (aged ≤1 year) wild boar population. in the years 2017-2018, the national reference laboratory (nrl) for african swine fever (asf) in poland examined nearly 27-thousand wild boar blood samples, collected during an active surveillance of asf risk zones, for the presence of viral dna and anti-asfv antibodies. out of all the examined samples, 420 were positive. however, in more ...202032233289
african swine fever virus - the possible role of flies and other insects in virus transmission.african swine fever (asf) is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease of pigs and wild boars. it presents a serious threat to pig production worldwide, and since 2007, asf outbreaks have been recorded in the caucasus, eastern europe, and the baltic states. in 2014, the disease was detected in poland. asf is on the list of notifiable diseases of the world organisation for animal health (oie). due to the lack of an available vaccine and treatment, the countermeasures against the disease consist in earl ...202032258793
rapid detection of african swine fever virus using cas12a-based portable paper diagnostics.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a dsdna virus responsible for a severe, highly contagious, and lethal disease affecting both domestic and wild pigs. asfv has brought enormous economic loss to a number of countries, and effective vaccine and therapy are still lacking. therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and field-deployable detection of asfv is important for disease surveillance and control. herein, we developed a cas12a-mediated portable paper assay to rapidly and precisely detect asfv. we identi ...202032284877
the epidemiological status of african swine fever in domestic swine herds in the tavush province region, armenia.keen the factors associated with the spread and persistence of african swine fever (asf) in the caucasus region remain to be fully identified. it is assumed that large naive populations of domestic free-ranging and wild pigs are critical to disease transmission and maintenance. nonetheless, 11 years since its epidemic introduction into the region in 2007, asf virus (asfv) is still circulating, suggesting that an endemic cycle has been established based on contact between free-ranging domestic pi ...201932286569
risk assessment of african swine fever virus exposure to sus scrofa in japan via pork products brought in air passengers' luggage.in recent years, african swine fever (asf) has become prevalent in many areas, including asia. the repeated detection of the asf virus (asfv) genome in pork products brought in air passenger's luggage (ppap) was also reported from japanese airports. in the present study, the risk of asfv exposure to susceptible hosts in japan via three different pathways was assessed. two quantitative stochastic risk assessment models were built to estimate the annual probability of asfv exposure to domestic pig ...202032326040
development of a triplex real-time pcr assay for detection and differentiation of gene-deleted and wild-type african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is an infectious disease of domestic and wild pigs, caused by asf virus (asfv). in this study, a triplex real-time pcr assay was developed to detect and differentiate the gene-deleted and wild-type asfv strains. three pairs of primers and probes were designed to target the conserved region of b646l gene (p72), mgf_360-14l gene (located in the middle of mgf360-505r gene) and cd2v gene, respectively. gene-deleted (with mgf360-505r and / or cd2v genes deletion) and wild-ty ...202032333943
evaluation of seven commercial african swine fever virus detection kits and three taq polymerases on 300 well-characterized field samples.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a complex double stranded dna virus, responsible for a highly infectious and fatal disease in pigs and boars and for important deterioration of animal welfare. over the last decade, the disease spread to several european and asian countries causing unprecedented dramatic economic losses in pig industry. in the absence of a vaccine, affected countries rely on trustful diagnostic tests and adapted testing policies to set up control programs to fight against the ...202032360149
african swine fever in a commercial pig farm: outbreak investigation and an approach for identifying the source of infection.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv). the disease has spread globally in recent years with serious economic consequences to pork production. this report describes an asf outbreak that occurred in a large-scale chinese commercial pig farm. the outbreak started in 2018 and presents the spatial and temporal spread of infection in an intensive pig farm. pig houses adjacent to exit rooms had a higher risk of infecti ...202032419367
monitoring relative abundance index and age ratios of wild boar (sus scrofa) in small scale population in gifu prefecture, japan during classical swine fever outbreak.although the first cases of classical swine fever were reported in 2018, no studies have explored this impact on wild boar populations in japan. comparing the relative abundance indices and age ratios in the wild boar population before and after the outbreak, we investigated the impact of classical swine fever virus on wild boar population dynamics in august 2017-december 2019. relative abundance indices declined from 2017 to 2019 drastically, while there were no significant differences in age r ...202032435014
detection of african swine fever virus in cell culture and wild boar tissues using a commercially available monoclonal antibody.following the introduction of african swine fever virus (asfv) into europe in 2007, asfv infection has spread continuously over the past years and it became a high level disease threat in europe and also asia. examination of suspect clinical cases for asf with rapid and sensitive laboratory methods can substantially contribute to the detection and characterization of new outbreaks. in this study two sensitive tests were developed for the detection of the p72 major capsid protein of asfv both in ...202032450150
stability of african swine fever virus on heat-treated field crops.african swine fever (asf) is an infectious disease of pigs and represents a massive threat to animal health and the pig industry worldwide. the asf virus (asfv) is efficiently transmitted via blood and meat from infected animals and can be highly stable in the environment. there is therefore great concern about the potential role of contaminated raw materials used for feed or bedding in the spread of asfv. especially crops and derived products originating from areas with asf in wild boar and thu ...202032460443
african swine fever virus: an emerging dna arbovirus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the sole member of the family asfarviridae, and the only known dna arbovirus. since its identification in kenya in 1921, asfv has remained endemic in africa, maintained in a sylvatic cycle between ornithodoros soft ticks and warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) which do not develop clinical disease with asfv infection. however, asfv causes a devastating and economically significant disease of domestic (sus scrofa domesticus) and feral (sus scrofa ferus) swine. th ...202032478103
substitution of warthog nf-κb motifs into rela of domestic pigs is not sufficient to confer resilience to african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a lethal, haemorrhagic disease in domestic swine that threatens pig production across the globe. unlike domestic pigs, warthogs, which are wildlife hosts of the virus, do not succumb to the lethal effects of infection. there are three amino acid differences between the sequence of the warthog and domestic pig rela protein; a subunit of the nf-κb transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infections. domestic pigs with a ...202032488046
a recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick for rapid and specific detection of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is an acute, hemorrhagic, highly contagious disease caused by african swine fever virus (asfv) infection of domestic pigs and wild boars, showing mortality rates up to 100 %. there are no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs available for asfv. therefore, disease control is mainly based on animal slaughtering and the enforcement of strict sanitary measures. in order to establish a rapid, sensitive and simple method for on-site detection of asfv, a recombinase polymeras ...202032492462
impaired t-cell responses in domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with a highly virulent african swine fever virus strain.since african swine fever (asf) first appeared in the caucasus region in 2007, it has spread rapidly and is now present in numerous european and asian countries. in europe, mainly wild boar populations are affected and pose a risk for domestic pigs. in asia, domestic pigs are almost exclusively affected. an effective and safe vaccine is not available, and correlates of protection are far from being understood. therefore, research on immune responses, immune dysfunction and pathogenesis is mandat ...202032530090
attempts at the development of a recombinant african swine fever virus strain with abrogated ep402r, 9gl, and a238l gene structure using the crispr/cas9 system.african swine fever (asf) is a pressing economic problem in a number of eastern european countries. it has also depleted the chinese sow population by 50%. managing the disease relies on culling infected pigs or hunting wild boars as sanitary zone creation. the constraints on the development of an efficient vaccine are mainly the virus' mechanisms of host immune response evasion. the study aimed to adapt a field asfv strain to established cell lines and to construct recombinant african swine fev ...202032587905
one year of african swine fever outbreak in china.african swine fever (asf) is a major threat to domestic pigs and wild boars. since 2018, asf outbreaks have been ongoing in china. as of august 3, 2019, a total of 151 asf clusters of outbreaks reported in china have caused severe economic losses for the industry, the pig farmers and pork producers, due to the lack of an efficacious vaccine. the present study aims to analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of asf outbreak that occurred in several regions across china during the period august 2 ...202032598922
epidemiological analyses of african swine fever in the baltic states and poland: (update september 2016-september 2017).efsa assisted four countries in the analysis of epidemiological data on african swine fever (asf), collected until september 2017. the temporal analysis demonstrated that the average proportions of pcr and antibody-elisa positive samples from the hunted wild boar remained below 3.9 and 6.6, respectively. a peak in the asf incidence was observed 6 months after the first observed case, followed by a significant reduction of the number of cases and low levels of african swine fever virus (asfv) cir ...201732625356
epidemiological analyses on african swine fever in the baltic countries and poland.african swine fever virus (asfv) has been notified in the baltic countries and the eastern part of poland from the beginning of 2014 up to now. in collaboration with the asf-affected member states (ms), efsa is updating the epidemiological analysis of asf in the european union which was carried out in 2015. for this purpose, the latest epidemiological and laboratory data were analysed in order to identify the spatial-temporal pattern of the epidemic and a risk factors facilitating its spread. cu ...201732625438
research gap analysis on african swine fever.the most significant knowledge gaps in the prevention and control of african swine fever (asf) were identified by the eu veterinary services and other stakeholders involved in pig production and wild boar management through an online survey. the respondents were asked to identify the major research needs in order to improve short-term asf risk management. four major gaps were identified: 'wild boar', 'african swine fever virus (asfv) survival and transmission', 'biosecurity' and 'surveillance'. ...201932626417
detection of african swine fever virus genotype xv in a sylvatic cycle in saadani national park, tanzania.african swine fever (asf) is a severe hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs caused by asf virus (asfv). asfv is transmitted by soft ticks (ornithodoros moubata complex group) and by direct transmission. in africa, asf is maintained in transmission cycles of asymptomatic infection involving wild suids, mainly warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). asf outbreaks have been reported in many parts of tanzania; however, active surveillance has been limited to pig farms in a few geographical locations. ther ...202032696552
putative role of arthropod vectors in african swine fever virus transmission in relation to their bio-ecological properties.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most important diseases in suidae due to its significant health and socioeconomic consequences and represents a major threat to the european pig industry, especially in the absence of any available treatment or vaccine. in fact, with its high mortality rate and the subsequent trade restrictions imposed on affected countries, asf can dramatically disrupt the pig industry in afflicted countries. in september 2018, asf was unexpectedly identified in wild boar ...202032698448
molecular characterization of african swine fever virus isolates in estonia in 2014-2019.after the extensive spread of the african swine fever virus (asfv) genotype ii in eastern europe, the first case of african swine fever (asf) in estonia was diagnosed in september 2014. by the end of 2019, 3971 asfv-positive wild boars were found, and 27 domestic pig outbreaks were reported. a selection of asfv isolates from wild boar and domestic pigs (during the period of september 2014-2019) was molecularly characterized using standardized genotyping procedures. one of the proven markers to c ...202032709020
health profile of free-range wild boar (sus scrofa) subpopulations hunted in santa catarina state, brazil.wild boars represent a potential dissemination source of important pathogens to public and animal health, since they can host several pathogens. this study aimed to evaluate the health profile of wild boars hunted for population control in the state of santa catarina (sc), south of brazil. for this study, tissue and blood samples were collected from 61 wild boars hunted from october 2017 to november 2018. all 61 serum samples were screened for antibodies by different assays, presenting the follo ...202032725949
identification of a continuously stable and commercially available cell line for the identification of infectious african swine fever virus in clinical samples.african swine fever virus (asfv) is causing outbreaks both in domestic pigs and wild boar in europe and asia. in 2018, the largest pig producing country, china, reported its first outbreak of african swine fever (asf). since then, the disease has quickly spread to all provinces in china and to other countries in southeast asia, and most recently to india. outbreaks of the disease occur in europe as far west as poland, and one isolated outbreak has been reported in belgium. the current outbreak s ...202032731642
toward better control of classical swine fever in wild boars: susceptibility of boar-pig hybrids to a recent japanese isolate and effectiveness of a bait vaccine.we analyzed the pathogenicity of a recent japanese classical swine fever virus (csfv) to wild boars via an experimental infection using boar-pig hybrids as an alternative to wild boars. we also investigated the effectiveness of a bait vaccine against the csfv. naïve boar-pig hybrids and pigs showed clinical signs such as fever, leucopenia, anorexia and conjunctivitis following the experimental infection. in contrast, the boar-pig hybrids administered the bait vaccine did not show any clinical si ...202032736657
an expert opinion assessment of blood-feeding arthropods based on their capacity to transmit african swine fever virus in metropolitan france.to deal with the limited literature data on the vectorial capacity of blood-feeding arthropods (bfas) and their role in the transmission of african swine fever virus (asfv) in metropolitan france, a dedicated working group of the french agency for food, environmental and occupational health & safety performed an expert knowledge elicitation. in total, 15 different bfas were selected as potential vectors by the ad hoc working group involved. ten criteria were considered to define the vectorial ca ...202032750188
genome sequences of three african swine fever viruses of genotypes iv and xx from zaire and south africa, isolated from a domestic pig (sus scrofa domesticus), a warthog (phacochoerus africanus), and a european wild boar (sus scrofa).we report here the genome sequences of three african swine fever virus isolates obtained from a domestic pig (zaire [zaire]), a warthog (rsa/w1/1999 [south africa]), and a european wild boar (rsa/2/2004 [south africa]) belonging to genotypes iv, xx, and xx, respectively. this report increases the number of genotype xx, wild boar, and warthog reference sequences available.202032763924
efficient inactivation of african swine fever virus by ozonized water.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the causative agent of african swine fever (asf), which is a devastating disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, causing significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. to evaluate the ability of ozonized water as a disinfectant to inactivate asfv, ozonized water of different concentrations was tested, and the viral reduction was determined by infectivity assay on porcine primary alveolar macrophages. the results showed that 2 log10 (99 %) reduction ...202032768237
expression of recombinant classical swine fever virus e2 glycoprotein by endogenous txnip promoter in stable transgenic cho cells.as the main immunogen that could stimulate neutralized antibody in pigs, recombinant e2 protein of csfv was expressed in cho-dhfr-cells driven by endogenous txnip promoter from chinese hamster. different fragments of txnip promoter were amplified by pcr from isolated genomic dna of cho cells and cloned into different expression vectors. compared with cmv promoter, cho-ptxnip-4-re2 (f12) cell clone with the highest yield of re2 protein was established by random insertion of the expression cassett ...202032774204
clinical validation of two recombinase-based isothermal amplification assays (rpa/raa) for the rapid detection of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf), caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), is a devastating infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars, and has tremendous negative socioeconomic impact on the swine industry and food security worldwide. it is characterized as a notifiable disease by world organisation for animal health (oie). no effective vaccine or treatment against asf has so far been available. early detection and rapid diagnosis are of potential significance to control the spread of asf. ...202032793160
comparative pathology of domestic pigs and wild boar infected with the moderately virulent african swine fever virus strain "estonia 2014".endemically infected european wild boar are considered a major reservoir of african swine fever virus in europe. while high lethality was observed in the majority of field cases, strains of moderate virulence occurred in the baltic states. one of these, "estonia 2014", led to a higher number of clinically healthy, antibody-positive animals in the hunting bag of north-eastern estonia. experimental characterization showed high virulence in wild boar but moderate virulence in domestic pigs. putativ ...202032824331
evaluation of un-methylated dna enrichment in sequencing of african swine fever virus complete genome.african swine fever is a febrile hemorrhagic fever disease that is caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv) and is lethal for domestic pigs and wild boar. asfv also infects soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros, some species of which can act as a vector for asfv. whole genome sequencing of asfv is a challenge because, due to the size difference of the host genome versus the viral genome, the higher proportion of host versus virus dna fragments renders the virus sequencing poorly efficient. ...202032828806
clinical course and gross pathological findings in wild boar infected with a highly virulent strain of african swine fever virus genotype ii.african swine fever (asf) is a notifiable disease that in recent years has spread remarkably in europe and asia. eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) plays a key role in the maintenance and spread of the pathogen. here we examined gross pathology of infection in wild boar with a highly virulent, hemadsorbing genotype ii asf virus (asfv) strain. to this end, six wild boars were intramuscularly inoculated with the 10 had50 arm07 asfv strain, and 11 wild boars were allowed to come into direct contact wi ...202032842614
a wide-ranging antiviral response in wild boar cells is triggered by non-coding synthetic rnas from the foot-and-mouth disease virus genome.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious viral disease that affects multiple cloven-hooved hosts including important livestock (pigs, cattle, sheep and goats) as well as several wild animal species. crossover of fmdv between domestic and wildlife populations may prolong virus circulation during outbreaks. the wild boar (sus scrofa) is considered a reservoir of various pathogens that can infect other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. as wild boar and ...202032851049
isolation and propagation of classical swine fever virus in porcine wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells.classical swine fever (csf) is an extremely infectious and deadly disease of pigs and wild boars caused by the csf virus (csfv) which is a member of the pestivirus genus and the family flaviviridae. this study was designed to detect the permissibility and replication of csfv in mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) monolayer derived from porcine wharton's jelly. porcine wharton's jelly mscs (pwj-mscs) were ex vivo expanded and propagated for more than 81 generations and third passage pwj-mscs were chara ...202032885744
porcine immunoglobulin fc fused p30/p54 protein of african swine fever virus displaying on surface of s. cerevisiae elicit strong antibody production in swine.african swine fever virus (asfv) infects domestic pigs and european wild boars with strong, hemorrhagic and high mortality. the primary cellular targets of asfv is the porcine macrophages. up to now, no commercial vaccine or effective treatment available to control the disease. in this study, three recombinant saccharomyces cerevisiae (s. cerevisiae) strains expressing fused asfv proteins-porcine ig heavy chains were constructed and the immunogenicity of the s. cerevisiae-vectored cocktail asfv ...202032915442
multifaceted immune responses to african swine fever virus: implications for vaccine development.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious, often fatal viral disease caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), leading to high fever, severe hemorrhages with high lethality in domestic pigs and wild boar. in 2007, asf was reintroduced into europe. since then, asf has spread to many european and asian countries and now becomes a major concern to the swine industry worldwide. there have been various vaccine attempts, but no commercial asf vaccines are available so far. a key hurdle in dev ...202032932135
genetically distinct pestiviruses pave the way to improved classical swine fever marker vaccine candidates based on the chimeric pestivirus concept.classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. in many countries, the use of vaccines is restricted due to limitations of subunit vaccines with regard to efficacy and onset of protection as well as failure of live vaccines to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (diva principle). chimeric pestiviruses based on csf virus (csfv) and the related bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) have been licensed as live marker vaccines in europe and asia, but cross-rea ...202032962557
identification of novel testing matrices for african swine fever surveillance.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating viral disease of pigs and wild boar, and it threatens global food security. we aimed to identify suitable sample matrices for use in asf surveillance programs. six pigs inoculated with asfv were sampled at postmortem. blood, bone marrow, ear biopsies, and oral, nasal, and rectal swabs were taken from all pigs. all samples were analyzed using 3 real-time pcr (rtpcr) assays and a lamp assay. asfv was detected at > 107 genome copies/ml in blood; bone marro ...202032964810
african swine fever circulation among free-ranging pigs in sardinia: data from the eradication program.african swine fever virus (asfv), the cause of a devastating disease affecting domestic and wild pigs, has been present in sardinia since 1978. in the framework of the regional asf eradication plan, 4484 illegal pigs were culled between december 2017 and february 2020. the highest disease prevalence was observed in the municipality with the highest free-ranging pig density, and culling actions drastically reduced asfv circulation among these animals. asfv-antibody were detected in 36.7% of teste ...202032967098
the spillover of african swine fever in western poland revealed its estimated origin on the basis of o174l, k145r, mgf 505-5r and igr i73r/i329l genomic sequences.the african swine fever epidemic occurred in poland at the beginning of 2014 and, up to date, the disease has been spreading mainly in the eastern part of the country. unexpectedly, in november 2019 an infected wild boar case was confirmed in lubuskie voivodship in western poland. during the following weeks, several dozen african swine fever virus (asfv)-positive animals were notified in the neighboring area, causing severe concern regarding further spread of the disease to the mostly pig-dense ...202032992547
persistent domestic circulation of african swine fever virus in tanzania, 2015-2017.african swine fever (asf) is a highly fatal viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs that threatens livelihoods and food security. in africa, asf virus (asfv) circulates in sylvatic (transmission between warthogs and soft argasid ticks) and domestic (transmission between domestic pigs) cycles, with outbreaks resulting from asfv spill-over from sylvatic cycle. a number of outbreaks were reported in different parts of tanzania between 2015 and 2017. the present study investigated asfv transmissi ...202033004025
rapid emergence of african swine fever virus variants with different numbers of a tandem repeat sequence in south korea.african swine fever virus variants with different numbers of a 10-bp tandem repeat were isolated in south korea soon after being identified in wild boar. the short emergence periods and sympatric distributions within a narrow geographical region suggest that the variants were sporadically generated in the pre-existing viral population.202033012101
stability of african swine fever virus in carcasses of domestic pigs and wild boar experimentally infected with the asfv "estonia 2014" isolate.europe is currently experiencing a long-lasting african swine fever (asf) epidemic, both in domestic pigs and wild boar. there is great concern that carcasses of infected wild boar may act as long-term virus reservoirs in the environment. we evaluated the tenacity of asf virus (asfv) in tissues and body fluids from experimentally infected domestic pigs and wild boar, which were stored on different matrices and at different temperatures. samples were analysed at regular intervals for viral genome ...202033019736
african swine fever in the lithuanian wild boar population in 2018: a snapshot.the first cases of african swine fever (asf) were detected in the lithuanian wild boar population in 2014. since then, the disease spread slowly through the whole country, affecting both, wild boar and domestic pigs. in the other baltic states, which both are also affected by asf since 2014, the recent course of asf prevalence suggests that the countries might be well under way of disease elimination. in contrast, in lithuania the epidemic seems to be still in full progress. in the present study ...202033028388
identification of african swine fever virus-like elements in the soft tick genome provides insights into the virus' evolution.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a most devastating pathogen affecting swine. in 2007, asfv was introduced into eastern europe where it continuously circulates and recently reached western europe and asia, leading to a socio-economic crisis of global proportion. in africa, where asfv was first described in 1921, it is transmitted between warthogs and soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros in a so-called sylvatic cycle. however, analyses into this virus' evolution are aggravated by the absence o ...202033032594
fecal microbiota transplantation from warthog to pig confirms the influence of the gut microbiota on african swine fever susceptibility.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the causative agent of a devastating hemorrhagic disease (asf) that affects both domestic pigs and wild boars. conversely, asfv circulates in a subclinical manner in african wild pigs, including warthogs, the natural reservoir for asfv. together with genetic differences, other factors might be involved in the differential susceptibility to asf observed among eurasian suids (sus scrofa) and african warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). preliminary evidence obtaine ...202033077775
identification and isolation of two different subpopulations within african swine fever virus arm/07 stock.no efficient vaccines exist against african swine fever virus (asfv), which causes a serious disease in wild boars and domestic pigs that produces great industrial and ecological concerns worldwide. an extensive genetic characterization of the original asfv stocks used to produce live attenuated vaccine (lav) prototypes is needed for vaccine biosecurity and control. here, we sequenced for the first time the arm/07 stock which was obtained from an infected pig during the armenia outbreak in 2007, ...202033113838
whole-genome sequence of an african swine fever virus isolate from the czech republic.between june 2017 and april 2018, an outbreak of african swine fever (asf) affected wild boar in the southeast of the czech republic. here, we present the whole-genome sequence of the causative asf virus. it belongs to genotype ii and shows very high identity with other strains from eastern europe.202033122412
african swine fever virus mgf360-12l inhibits type i interferon production by blocking the interaction of importin α and nf-κb signaling pathway.african swine fever (asf) is an infectious transboundary disease of domestic pigs and wild boar and spreading throughout eurasia. there is no vaccine and treatment available. complex immune escape strategies of african swine fever virus (asfv) are crucial factors affecting immune prevention and vaccine development. mgf360 genes have been implicated in the modulation of the ifn-i response. the molecular mechanisms contributing to innate immunity are poorly understood. in this study, we demonstrat ...202033141406
the recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing african swine fever virus cd2v protein is safe and effective in mice.african swine fever (asf) leads to high mortality in domestic pigs and wild boar and is caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv). currently, no vaccine is commercially available for prevention, and the epidemic is still spreading. here, we constructed a recombinant pseudorabies virus (prv) (prv-δge/δgi/δtk-(cd2v)) that expresses the cd2v protein of asfv and evaluated its effectiveness and safety as a vaccine candidate in mice.202033198749
achievements and challenges of classical swine fever eradication in brazil.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes one of the most critical diseases in the porcine industry worldwide. in brazil, the first description of the infection was reported in 1888, and the national recognition of the first free zone (fz) occurred in 2001. brazil has been recently recognized (2015-2016) by the world organisation for animal health (oie) with an fz involving 15 states and the federal district, corresponding to 95% of the industrial production of pigs in the country, and a non-fre ...202033227889
stability of african swine fever virus in soil and options to mitigate the potential transmission risk.understanding african swine fever virus (asfv) transmission is essential for strategies to minimize virus spread during an outbreak. asfv can survive for extended time periods in animal products, carcasses, and the environment. while the asfv genome was found in environments around infected farms, data on the virus survival in soil are scarce. we investigated different soil matrices spiked with asfv-positive blood from infected wild boar to see if asfv can remain infectious in the soil beneath i ...202033238521
genetic analysis of african swine fever virus from the 2018 outbreak in south-eastern burundi.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious viral disease that causes high mortality, approaching 100%, in domestic pigs and wild boars. the disease has neither a cure nor a vaccine, and it is caused by an asf virus (asfv), the only member of the family asfarviridae, genus asfivirus, and the only known dna arbovirus. twenty-four genotypes of asfv have been described to date, and all of them have been described in africa. asf is endemic in burundi, and several outbreaks have been reported in the co ...202033251264
african swine fever: a permanent threat to indian pigs.india has 9 million pigs, of which 45% are in the north eastern (ne) states of india. viral diseases affecting pigs are a major concern of mortality causing huge loss to the pig farmers. one such disease is african swine fever (asf) that has already knocked the porous borders of ne states of india. asf is a highly contagious devastating disease of pigs and wild boars causing 100% mortality. the causative agent african swine fever virus (asfv) belongs to the genus asfivirus, family asfarviridae. ...202033281367
the contribution of insects to african swine fever virus dispersal: data from domestic pig farms in lithuania.outbreaks of african swine fever (asf) in domestic pig farms in lithuania typically begin in june and are detected through october, suggesting that insects might be involved in the transmission of the virus. entomological collecting was performed to obtain two data sets: from farms with asf outbreaks, and from farms without asf outbreaks but in an asf-infected area. target insects from the families muscidae, calliphoridae and tabanidae were analysed for the presence of asf virus (asfv) dna. musc ...202033314280
assessment of risk factors of african swine fever in india: perspectives on future outbreaks and control strategies.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most important transboundary diseases of pigs. asf has been identified in india for the first time in domestic pigs from outbreaks reported in two of the northeastern states, arunachal pradesh and assam in 2020. a total of 11 asf outbreaks in different regions killed over 3700 pigs and devastated the economy of small-scale livestock owners of both the states. considering the first outbreak of asf in india, a generic risk assessment framework was determined ...202033322760
classical swine fever virus npro antagonises irf3 to prevent ifn-independent tlr3 and rig-i-mediated apoptosis.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, a notifiable disease of economic importance that causes severe leukopenia, fever and haemorrhagic disease in domesticated pigs and wild boar across the globe. csfv has been shown to antagonise the induction of type i ifn, partly through a function of its n-terminal protease (npro) which binds irf3 and targets it for proteasomal degradation. additionally, npro has been shown to antagonise apoptosis triggered by th ...202033328306
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