Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| determination of the functions of the putative metal-binding domain of the scv helicase. | 2009 | 19801711 | |
| the macrophage in the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | 2009 | 19801713 | |
| identification of human cell line model of persistent sars coronavirus infection and studies of the response to cytokines and chemokines. | 2009 | 19801717 | |
| dynamics of sars-coronavirus hr2 domain in the prefusion and transition states. | the envelope glycoproteins s1 and s2 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) mediate viral entry by conformational change from a prefusion state to a postfusion state that enables fusion of the viral and target membranes. in this work we present the characterization of the dynamic properties of the sars-cov s2-hr2 domain (residues 1141-1193 of s) in the prefusion and newly discovered transition states by nmr (15)n relaxation studies. the dynamic properties of the different st ... | 2009 | 19819173 |
| nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the nucleic acid-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 3. | the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) structure of a globular domain of residues 1071 to 1178 within the previously annotated nucleic acid-binding region (nab) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) has been determined, and n- and c-terminally adjoining polypeptide segments of 37 and 25 residues, respectively, have been shown to form flexibly extended linkers to the preceding globular domain and to the following, as yet uncharacterized domain. this extensi ... | 2009 | 19828617 |
| a two-pronged strategy to suppress host protein synthesis by sars coronavirus nsp1 protein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 protein suppresses host gene expression, including type i interferon production, by promoting host mrna degradation and inhibiting host translation, in infected cells. we present evidence that nsp1 uses a novel, two-pronged strategy to inhibit host translation and gene expression. nsp1 bound to the 40s ribosomal subunit and inactivated the translational activity of the 40s subunits. furthermore, the nsp1-40s ribosome complex induced the modifica ... | 2009 | 19838190 |
| evasion by stealth: inefficient immune activation underlies poor t cell response and severe disease in sars-cov-infected mice. | severe acute respiratory syndrome caused substantial morbidity and mortality during the 2002-2003 epidemic. many of the features of the human disease are duplicated in balb/c mice infected with a mouse-adapted version of the virus (ma15), which develop respiratory disease with high morbidity and mortality. here, we show that severe disease is correlated with slow kinetics of virus clearance and delayed activation and transit of respiratory dendritic cells (rdc) to the draining lymph nodes (dln) ... | 2009 | 19851468 |
| a new mouse-adapted strain of sars-cov as a lethal model for evaluating antiviral agents in vitro and in vivo. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a highly lethal emerging disease caused by coronavirus sars-cov. new lethal animal models for sars were needed to facilitate antiviral research. we adapted and characterized a new strain of sars-cov (strain v2163) that was highly lethal in 5- to 6-week-old balb/c mice. it had nine mutations affecting 10 amino acid residues. strain v2163 increased il-1alpha, il-6, mip-1alpha, mcp-1, and rantes in mice, and high il-6 expression correlated with mortality. ... | 2009 | 19853271 |
| identification of a new region of sars-cov s protein critical for viral entry. | infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is initiated by specific interactions between the sars-cov spike (s) protein and its receptor ace2. in this report, we screened a peptide library representing the sars-cov s protein sequence using a human immunodeficiency virus-based pseudotyping system to identify specific regions that affect viral entry. one of the 169 peptides screened, peptide 9626 (s residues 217-234), inhibited sars-cov s-mediated entry of the pseudotype ... | 2009 | 19853613 |
| the application of genomics to emerging zoonotic viral diseases. | interspecies transmission of pathogens may result in the emergence of new infectious diseases in humans as well as in domestic and wild animals. genomics tools such as high-throughput sequencing, mrna expression profiling, and microarray-based analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms are providing unprecedented ways to analyze the diversity of the genomes of emerging pathogens as well as the molecular basis of the host response to them. by comparing and contrasting the outcomes of an emerging ... | 2009 | 19855817 |
| antibody-mediated synergy and interference in the neutralization of sars-cov at an epitope cluster on the spike protein. | incomplete neutralization of virus, especially when it occurs in the presence of excess neutralizing antibody, represents a biological phenomenon that impacts greatly on antibody-mediated immune prophylaxis of viral infection and on successful vaccine design. to understand the mechanism by which a virus escapes from antibody-mediated neutralization, we have investigated the interactions of non-neutralizing and neutralizing antibodies at an epitope cluster on the spike protein of severe acute res ... | 2009 | 19861118 |
| differential downregulation of ace2 by the spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human coronavirus nl63. | the human coronaviruses (covs) severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov and nl63 employ angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) for cell entry. it was shown that recombinant sars-cov spike protein (sars-s) downregulates ace2 expression and thereby promotes lung injury. whether nl63-s exerts a similar activity is yet unknown. we found that recombinant sars-s bound to ace2 and induced ace2 shedding with higher efficiency than nl63-s. shedding most likely accounted for the previously observed ac ... | 2010 | 19864379 |
| the rna polymerase activity of sars-coronavirus nsp12 is primer dependent. | an rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is the central catalytic subunit of the rna-synthesizing machinery of all positive-strand rna viruses. usually, rdrp domains are readily identifiable by comparative sequence analysis, but biochemical confirmation and characterization can be hampered by intrinsic protein properties and technical complications. it is presumed that replication and transcription of the approximately 30-kb severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) rna genom ... | 2010 | 19875418 |
| evaluating protein similarity from coarse structures. | to unscramble the relationship between protein function and protein structure, it is essential to assess the protein similarity from different aspects. although many methods have been proposed for protein structure alignment or comparison, alternative similarity measures are still strongly demanded due to the requirement of fast screening and query in large-scale structure databases. in this paper, we first formulate a novel representation of a protein structure, i.e., feature sequence of surfac ... | 2009 | 19875857 |
| unraveling the complexities of the interferon response during sars-cov infection. | viruses employ different strategies to circumvent the antiviral actions of the innate immune response. sars coronavirus (sars-cov), a virus that causes severe lung damage, encodes an array of proteins able to inhibit induction and signaling of type-i interferons. however, recent studies have demonstrated that interferons are produced during sars-cov infection in humans and macaques. furthermore, nuclear translocation of activated stat1 and a range of interferon-stimulated genes could be demonstr ... | 2009 | 19885368 |
| the open reading frame 3a protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus promotes membrane rearrangement and cell death. | the genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) contains eight open reading frames (orfs) that encode novel proteins. these accessory proteins are dispensable for in vitro and in vivo replication and thus may be important for other aspects of virus-host interactions. we investigated the functions of the largest of the accessory proteins, the orf 3a protein, using a 3a-deficient strain of sars-cov. cell death of vero cells after infection with sars-cov was re ... | 2010 | 19889773 |
| integrity of the early secretory pathway promotes, but is not required for, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus rna synthesis and virus-induced remodeling of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. | to accommodate its rna synthesis in the infected cell, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) induces a cytoplasmic reticulovesicular network (rvn) that is derived from endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes. we set out to investigate how the early secretory pathway interacts with the rvn and the viral replication/transcription complex (rtc) that is anchored to it. when the secretory pathway was disrupted by brefeldin a (bfa) treatment at the start of infection, rvn formation and ... | 2010 | 19889777 |
| crystal structure of nl63 respiratory coronavirus receptor-binding domain complexed with its human receptor. | nl63 coronavirus (nl63-cov), a prevalent human respiratory virus, is the only group i coronavirus known to use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) as its receptor. incidentally, ace2 is also used by group ii sars coronavirus (sars-cov). we investigated how different groups of coronaviruses recognize the same receptor, whereas homologous group i coronaviruses recognize different receptors. we determined the crystal structure of nl63-cov spike protein receptor-binding domain (rbd) complexed wit ... | 2009 | 19901337 |
| cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infection in senescent balb/c mice: cd4+ t cells are important in control of sars-cov infection. | we characterized the cellular immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infection in 12- to 14-month-old balb/c mice, a model that mimics features of the human disease. following intranasal administration, the virus replicated in the lungs, with peak titers on day 2 postinfection. enhanced production of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [tnf-alpha] and interleukin-6 [il-6]) and chemokines (cxcl10, ccl2, ccl3, and ccl5) correlated with migration of nk cells, ... | 2010 | 19906920 |
| recombination, reservoirs, and the modular spike: mechanisms of coronavirus cross-species transmission. | over the past 30 years, several cross-species transmission events, as well as changes in virus tropism, have mediated significant animal and human diseases. most notable is severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), a lower respiratory tract disease of humans that was first reported in late 2002 in guangdong province, china. the disease, which quickly spread worldwide over a period of 4 months spanning late 2002 and early 2003, infected over 8,000 individuals and killed nearly 800 before it was s ... | 2010 | 19906932 |
| micrornome analysis unravels the molecular basis of sars infection in bronchoalveolar stem cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), caused by the coronavirus sars-cov, is an acute infectious disease with significant mortality. a typical clinical feature associated with sars is pulmonary fibrosis and associated lung failure. in the aftermath of the sars epidemic, although significant progress towards understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of the infection has been made, a large gap still remains in our knowledge regarding how sars-cov interacts with the host cell at the onse ... | 2009 | 19915717 |
| cleavage of the sars coronavirus spike glycoprotein by airway proteases enhances virus entry into human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. | entry of enveloped viruses into host cells requires the activation of viral envelope glycoproteins through cleavage by either intracellular or extracellular proteases. in order to gain insight into the molecular basis of protease cleavage and its impact on the efficiency of viral entry, we investigated the susceptibility of a recombinant native full-length s-protein trimer (trispike) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) to cleavage by various airway proteases. | 2009 | 19924243 |
| antibody binding site mapping of sars-cov spike protein receptor-binding domain by a combination of yeast surface display and phage peptide library screening. | the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) spike (s) protein plays an important role in viral infection, and is a potential major neutralizing determinant. in this study, three hybridoma cell lines secreting specific monoclonal antibodies against the rbd of the s protein were generated and their exact binding sites were identified. using yeast surface display, the binding sites of these antibodies were defined to two linear regions on the rbd: s ... | 2009 | 19951177 |
| protein transfer enhances cellular immune responses to dna vaccination against sars-cov. | the current dna vaccine formulations are not optimal for stimulation of cd8(+) t cells, which are required for clearing virally-infected cells. here we show that cd8(+) t cell-stimulating activity can be effectively augmented by combining dna vaccination with protein transfer. c57bl/6 mice were injected intramuscularly with an anti-sars-cov dna vaccine admixed with a lipid-derived conjugate of 4-1bbl, a potential cd8(+) t-cell co-stimulator. the inclusion of the lipidated co-stimulator greatly e ... | 2009 | 19951178 |
| tace antagonists blocking ace2 shedding caused by the spike protein of sars-cov are candidate antiviral compounds. | because outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) might reemerge, identifying antiviral compounds is of key importance. previously, we showed that the cellular factor tnf-alpha converting enzyme (tace), activated by the spike protein of sars-cov (sars-s protein), was positively involved in viral entry, implying that tace is a possible target for developing antiviral compounds. to demonstrate this possibility, we here tested the effects of tace inhibitors on viral entr ... | 2010 | 19995578 |
| a single tyrosine in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus membrane protein cytoplasmic tail is important for efficient interaction with spike protein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) encodes 3 major envelope proteins: spike (s), membrane (m), and envelope (e). previous work identified a dibasic endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal in the cytoplasmic tail of sars-cov s that promotes efficient interaction with sars-cov m. the dibasic signal was shown to be important for concentrating s near the virus assembly site rather than for direct interaction with m. here, we investigated the sequence requirements of the sars-cov ... | 2010 | 20007283 |
| establishment, immortalisation and characterisation of pteropid bat cell lines. | bats are the suspected natural reservoir hosts for a number of new and emerging zoonotic viruses including nipah virus, hendra virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and ebola virus. since the discovery of sars-like coronaviruses in chinese horseshoe bats, attempts to isolate a sl-cov from bats have failed and attempts to isolate other bat-borne viruses in various mammalian cell lines have been similarly unsuccessful. new stable bat cell lines are needed to help with these investig ... | 2009 | 20011515 |
| establishment, immortalisation and characterisation of pteropid bat cell lines. | bats are the suspected natural reservoir hosts for a number of new and emerging zoonotic viruses including nipah virus, hendra virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and ebola virus. since the discovery of sars-like coronaviruses in chinese horseshoe bats, attempts to isolate a sl-cov from bats have failed and attempts to isolate other bat-borne viruses in various mammalian cell lines have been similarly unsuccessful. new stable bat cell lines are needed to help with these investig ... | 2009 | 20011515 |
| annexin a2 on lung epithelial cell surface is recognized by severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus spike domain 2 antibodies. | severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) infection causes lung failure characterized by atypical pneumonia. we previously showed that antibodies against sars-cov spike domain 2 (s2) in the patient sera can cross-react with human lung epithelial cells; however, the autoantigen is not yet identified. in this study, we performed proteomic studies and identified several candidate autoantigens recognized by sars patient sera in human lung type ii epithelial cell a549. among ... | 2010 | 20015551 |
| intraspecies diversity of sars-like coronaviruses in rhinolophus sinicus and its implications for the origin of sars coronaviruses in humans. | the chinese rufous horseshoe bat (rhinolophus sinicus) has been suggested to carry the direct ancestor of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (scov), and the diversity of sars-like covs (slcov) within this rhinolophus species is therefore worth investigating. here, we demonstrate the remarkable diversity of slcovs in r. sinicus and identify a strain with the same pattern of phylogenetic incongruence (i.e. an indication of recombination) as reported previously in another slcov st ... | 2010 | 20016037 |
| intraspecies diversity of sars-like coronaviruses in rhinolophus sinicus and its implications for the origin of sars coronaviruses in humans. | the chinese rufous horseshoe bat (rhinolophus sinicus) has been suggested to carry the direct ancestor of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (scov), and the diversity of sars-like covs (slcov) within this rhinolophus species is therefore worth investigating. here, we demonstrate the remarkable diversity of slcovs in r. sinicus and identify a strain with the same pattern of phylogenetic incongruence (i.e. an indication of recombination) as reported previously in another slcov st ... | 2010 | 20016037 |
| the sars coronavirus 3a protein causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and induces ligand-independent downregulation of the type 1 interferon receptor. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is reported to cause apoptosis of infected cells and several of its proteins including the 3a accessory protein, are pro-apoptotic. since the 3a protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (er)-golgi compartment, its role in causing er stress was investigated in transiently transfected cells. cells expressing the 3a proteins showed er stress based on activation of genes for the er chaperones grp78 and grp94. since er stress can caus ... | 2009 | 20020050 |
| broad-spectrum in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of the antiviral protein griffithsin against emerging viruses of the family coronaviridae. | viruses of the family coronaviridae have recently emerged through zoonotic transmission to become serious human pathogens. the pathogenic agent responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), the sars coronavirus (sars-cov), is a member of this large family of positive-strand rna viruses that cause a spectrum of disease in humans, other mammals, and birds. since the publicized outbreaks of sars in china and canada in 2002-2003, significant efforts successfully identified the causative ... | 2010 | 20032190 |
| mutagenesis of the transmembrane domain of the sars coronavirus spike glycoprotein: refinement of the requirements for sars coronavirus cell entry. | the spike protein (s) of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) mediates entry of the virus into target cells, including receptor binding and membrane fusion. close to or in the viral membrane, the s protein contains three distinct motifs: a juxtamembrane aromatic part, a central highly hydrophobic stretch and a cysteine rich motif. here, we investigate the role of aromatic and hydrophobic parts of s in the entry of sars cov and in cell-cell fusion. this was investigated using the previously described sars ... | 2009 | 20034394 |
| engineering a novel endopeptidase based on sars 3cl(pro). | a 3c-like protease (3clpro) from the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) is required for viral replication, cleaving the replicase polyproteins at 11 sites with the conserved gln [downward arrow](ser, ala, gly) sequences. in this study, we developed a mutant 3clpro (t25g) with an expanded s1' space that demonstrates 43.5-fold better k(cat)/k(m) compared with wild-type in cleaving substrates with a larger met at p1' and is suitable for tag removal from recombinant fusion prot ... | 2009 | 20041855 |
| data mining pathogen genomes using geneorder and coregenes and cgug: gene order, synteny and in silico proteomes. | sequence databases are growing exponentially due to 'next generation' dna analysers and applications of these data. databases include multiple sequences of previously sequenced organisms, particularly ones of consequence to human health. applications are limited by tools available to mine them, particularly user-friendly tools that are useful for bench researchers. geneorder, coregenes and cgug are web-based 'on-the-fly' tools that examine gene order and synteny, as well as proteomes for compara ... | 2009 | 20054988 |
| ecoepidemiology and complete genome comparison of different strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related rhinolophus bat coronavirus in china reveal bats as a reservoir for acute, self-limiting infection that allows recombination events. | despite the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sarsr-cov) in rhinolophus chinese horseshoe bats (sarsr-rh-batcov) in china, the evolutionary and possible recombination origin of sarsr-cov remains undetermined. we carried out the first study to investigate the migration pattern and sarsr-rh-batcov genome epidemiology in chinese horseshoe bats during a 4-year period. of 1,401 chinese horseshoe bats from hong kong and guangdong, china, that were sampled, sarsr- ... | 2010 | 20071579 |
| ecoepidemiology and complete genome comparison of different strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related rhinolophus bat coronavirus in china reveal bats as a reservoir for acute, self-limiting infection that allows recombination events. | despite the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sarsr-cov) in rhinolophus chinese horseshoe bats (sarsr-rh-batcov) in china, the evolutionary and possible recombination origin of sarsr-cov remains undetermined. we carried out the first study to investigate the migration pattern and sarsr-rh-batcov genome epidemiology in chinese horseshoe bats during a 4-year period. of 1,401 chinese horseshoe bats from hong kong and guangdong, china, that were sampled, sarsr- ... | 2010 | 20071579 |
| construction of an implicit membrane environment for the lattice monte carlo simulation of transmembrane protein. | due to the complexity of biological membrane, computer simulation of transmembrane protein's folding is challenging. in this paper, an implicit biological membrane environment has been constructed in lattice space, in which the lipid chains and water molecules were represented by the unoccupied lattice sites. the biological membrane was characterized with three features: stronger hydrogen bonding interaction, membrane lateral pressure, and lipophobicity index for the amino acid residues. in addi ... | 2010 | 20079964 |
| epidemic viral pneumonia. | two recent viral epidemics producing pneumonitis (severe acute respiratory syndrome and pandemic influenza a h1n1) have highlighted the potential for viral infections to cause respiratory failure with a significant risk of mortality. this review describes these epidemics and other causes of epidemic viral pneumonia. | 2010 | 20087179 |
| dynamic innate immune responses of human bronchial epithelial cells to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. | human lung epithelial cells are likely among the first targets to encounter invading severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). not only can these cells support the growth of sars-cov infection, but they are also capable of secreting inflammatory cytokines to initiate and, eventually, aggravate host innate inflammatory responses, causing detrimental immune-mediated pathology within the lungs. thus, a comprehensive evaluation of the complex epithelial signaling to sars-c ... | 2010 | 20090954 |
| anti-sars coronavirus 3c-like protease effects of rheum palmatum l. extracts. | the present study aims to clarify the inhibitive effect of the compounds from rheum palmatum l. on the sars-3cl protease. the sars-cov 3cl gene was amplified from rna of the sars virus by pcr. the sars-cov 3cl protease was purified from a colon bacillus recombinant. drugs and 3cl protease were incubated together. the inhibition rate and ic(50) were calculated based on absorbance. components from the rheum palmatum l. had a high level of anti-sars-cov 3cl protease activity. the ic(50) was 13.76 + ... | 2009 | 20103835 |
| discrete epidemic models. | the mathematical theory of single outbreak epidemic models really began with the work of kermack and mackendrick about decades ago. this gave a simple answer to the long-standing question of why epidemics woould appear suddenly and then disappear just as suddenly without having infected an entire population. therefore it seemed natural to expect that theoreticians would immediately proceed to expand this mathematical framework both because the need to handle recurrent single infectious disease o ... | 2010 | 20104945 |
| the n-terminal region of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus protein 6 induces membrane rearrangement and enhances virus replication. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) accessory protein 6 (p6) is a 63-amino-acid multifunctional golgi-endoplasmic reticulum (er) membrane-associated protein, with roles in enhancing virus replication and in evading the innate immune response to infection by inhibiting stat1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1) translocation to the nucleus. here, we demonstrate that p6 has an n-terminal region-cytoplasm-c-terminal region-cytoplasm configuration with ... | 2010 | 20106914 |
| immunization with an attenuated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus deleted in e protein protects against lethal respiratory disease. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) caused substantial morbidity and mortality in 2002-2003. deletion of the envelope (e) protein modestly diminished virus growth in tissue culture but abrogated virulence in animals. here, we show that immunization with rsars-cov-deltae or sars-cov-delta[e,6-9b] (deleted in accessory proteins (6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9b) in addition to e) nearly completely protected balb/c mice from fatal respiratory disease caused by mouse-adapted sars-cov a ... | 2010 | 20110095 |
| identification of n-linked carbohydrates from severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) spike glycoprotein. | n-glycans were released from the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) spike glycoprotein produced in vero e6 cells and their structures were determined by a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (maldi) mass spectrometry, negative ion electrospray collision-induced dissociation time-of-flight mass spectrometry and normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with exoglycosidase digestion. major glycans were high-mannose (man(5-9)glcnac(2)), hybrid and bi-, tri- and tetra-anten ... | 2010 | 20129637 |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) in disease pathogenesis. | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), a first homolog of ace, regulates the renin-angiotensin system by counterbalancing ace activity. accumulating evidence in recent years has demonstrated a physiological and pathological role of ace2 in the cardiovascular, renal and respiratory systems. for instance, in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), ace, angii, and at1r promote the disease pathogenesis, whereas ace2 and the at2r protect from ards. importantly, ace2 has been identified as a ... | 2010 | 20134095 |
| automated detection of conformational epitopes using phage display peptide sequences. | precise determination of conformational epitopes of neutralizing antibodies represents a key step in the rational design of novel vaccines. a powerful experimental method to gain insights on the physical chemical nature of conformational epitopes is the selection of linear peptides that bind with high affinities to a monoclonal antibody of interest by phage display technology. however, the structural characterization of conformational epitopes from these mimotopes is not straightforward, and in ... | 2009 | 20140073 |
| exacerbated innate host response to sars-cov in aged non-human primates. | the emergence of viral respiratory pathogens with pandemic potential, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and influenza a h5n1, urges the need for deciphering their pathogenesis to develop new intervention strategies. sars-cov infection causes acute lung injury (ali) that may develop into life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) with advanced age correlating positively with adverse disease outcome. the molecular pathways, however, that cause virus- ... | 2010 | 20140198 |
| escape from human monoclonal antibody neutralization affects in vitro and in vivo fitness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged as a human disease in 2002. detailed phylogenetic analysis and epidemiologic studies have suggested that the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) originated from animals. the spike (s) glycoprotein has been identified as a major target of protective immunity and contains 3 regions that are targeted by neutralizing antibodies in the s1 and s2 domains. we previously characterized a panel of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mabs), but the majority of ... | 2010 | 20144042 |
| sars coronavirus protein 7a interacts with human ap4a-hydrolase. | the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) open reading frame 7a (orf 7a) encodes a 122 amino acid accessory protein. it has no significant sequence homology with any other known proteins. the 7a protein is present in the virus particle and has been shown to interact with several host proteins; thereby implicating it as being involved in several pathogenic processes including apoptosis, inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, and activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase. in this study we presen ... | 2010 | 20144233 |
| quantitative evaluation of infection control models in the prevention of nosocomial transmission of sars virus to healthcare workers: implication to nosocomial viral infection control for healthcare workers. | healthcare workers (hcws) are at high risk of acquiring emerging infections while caring for patients, as has been shown in the recent sars and swine flu epidemics. using sars as an example, we determined the effectiveness of infection control measures (icms) by logistic regression and structural equation modelling (sem), a quantitative methodology that can test a hypothetical model and validates causal relationships among icms. logistic regression showed that installing hand wash stations in th ... | 2010 | 20148749 |
| self-assembly of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus membrane protein. | coronavirus membrane (m) protein can form virus-like particles (vlps) when coexpressed with nucleocapsid (n) or envelope (e) proteins, suggesting a pivotal role for m in virion assembly. here we demonstrate the self-assembly and release of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) m protein in medium in the form of membrane-enveloped vesicles with densities lower than those of vlps formed by m plus n. although efficient n-n interactions require the presence of rna, we found that m ... | 2010 | 20154085 |
| achieving a golden mean: mechanisms by which coronaviruses ensure synthesis of the correct stoichiometric ratios of viral proteins. | in retroviruses and the double-stranded rna totiviruses, the efficiency of programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting is critical for ensuring the proper ratios of upstream-encoded capsid proteins to downstream-encoded replicase enzymes. the genomic organizations of many other frameshifting viruses, including the coronaviruses, are very different, in that their upstream open reading frames encode nonstructural proteins, the frameshift-dependent downstream open reading frames encode enzymes involved i ... | 2010 | 20164235 |
| recent advances in targeting viral proteases for the discovery of novel antivirals. | the occurrence of life-threatening viral infections and the establishment of appropriate defense strategies exhibit major challenges to the disease management in our society. the unpredictable character of viral outbreaks will even be enhanced in the future due to human activities such as increasing international travel, deforestation, changes in social conditions, or influences induced by the climate change. the defense against these pathogenic agents requires preparedness, including successful ... | 2010 | 20166951 |
| sars-cov 3clpro inhibitory effects of quinone-methide triterpenes from tripterygium regelii. | quinone-methide triterpenes, celastrol (1), pristimerin (2), tingenone (3), and iguesterin (4) were isolated from triterygium regelii and dihydrocelastrol (5) was synthesized by hydrogenation under palladium catalyst. isolated quinone-methide triterpenes (1-4) and 5 were evaluated for sars-cov 3cl(pro) inhibitory activities and showed potent inhibitory activities with ic(50) values of 10.3, 5.5, 9.9, and 2.6 microm, respectively, whereas the corresponding 5 having phenol moiety was observed in l ... | 2010 | 20167482 |
| neutralizing epitopes of the sars-cov s-protein cluster independent of repertoire, antigen structure or mab technology. | neutralizing antibody responses to the surface glycoproteins of enveloped viruses play an important role in immunity. many of these glycoproteins, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) spike (s) protein form trimeric units in the membrane of the native virion. there is substantial experimental and pre-clinical evidence showing that the s protein is a promising lead for vaccines and therapeutics. previously we generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to w ... | 2010 | 20168090 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | this article reviews the virology, history, pathology, epidemiology, clinical presentations, complications, radiology, laboratory testing, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of severe respiratory distress syndrome, with reference to documented outbreaks of the disease. | 2010 | 20171552 |
| deubiquitinating and interferon antagonism activities of coronavirus papain-like proteases. | coronaviruses encode multifunctional proteins that are critical for viral replication and for blocking the innate immune response to viral infection. one such multifunctional domain is the coronavirus papain-like protease (plp), which processes the viral replicase polyprotein, has deubiquitinating (dub) activity, and antagonizes the induction of type i interferon (ifn). here we characterized the dub and ifn antagonism activities of the plp domains of human coronavirus nl63 and severe acute respi ... | 2010 | 20181693 |
| structural considerations in the fitness landscape of a virus. | viral fitness is determined by replication within hosts and transmission between them. we examine how pleiotropic mutations that have antagonistic effects (i.e., antibody evasion vs. receptor binding) on viral replication within hosts can impact viral immune escape in the host population. when the host population is vaccinated, the virus escapes from passive immunity by mutations in the antibody-binding region on the surface of the target protein. however, the reduced ability of the antibody to ... | 2010 | 20194425 |
| group-specific structural features of the 5'-proximal sequences of coronavirus genomic rnas. | global predictions of the secondary structure of coronavirus (cov) 5' untranslated regions and adjacent coding sequences revealed the presence of conserved structural elements. stem loops (sl) 1, 2, 4, and 5 were predicted in all covs, while the core leader transcription-regulating sequence (l-trs) forms sl3 in only some covs. sl5 in group i and ii covs, with the exception of group iia covs, is characterized by the presence of a large sequence insertion capable of forming hairpins with the conse ... | 2010 | 20202661 |
| study on the influences of palindromes in protein coding sequences on the folding rates of peptide chains. | taking all the proteins of four virus genomes as samples, the segments of alpha-helix and beta-strand in proteins of the four viruses were obtained. linear regression analyses between the average polarities and the folding rates of peptide chains were performed for alpha-helices and beta-strands respectively. the results indicated that the folding rates show significant positive linear correlation for alpha-helices and negative linear correlation for beta-strands with the average polarities. bas ... | 2010 | 20205658 |
| [cell entry mechanisms of coronaviruses]. | enveloped viruses enter into cells via fusion of their envelope and cellular membrane. spike (s) protein of coronavirus (cov) is responsible for entry events. we studied the cell entry mechanisms of two different covs, murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). mhv-jhm that induces syncytia in infected cells entered directly from cell surface, i.e., fusion of envelope and plasma membrane, whereas sars-cov and mhv-2 that fail to in ... | 2009 | 20218330 |
| effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces. | assessment of the risks posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) on surfaces requires data on survival of this virus on environmental surfaces and on how survival is affected by environmental variables, such as air temperature (at) and relative humidity (rh). the use of surrogate viruses has the potential to overcome the challenges of working with sars-cov and to increase the available data on coronavirus survival on surfaces. two potential surrogates were evaluat ... | 2010 | 20228108 |
| induction of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 by sars-cov infection, interferon alfacon 1 and interferon inducer in human bronchial epithelial calu-3 cells and balb/c mice. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is poorly understood. several mechanisms involving both direct effects on target cells and indirect effects via the immune system might exist. sars-cov has been shown in vitro to induce changes of cytokines and chemokines in various human and animal cells. we previously reported that interferon (ifn) alfacon-1 was more active against sars-cov infection in human bronchial epithelial calu-3 cells than in african green mon ... | 2010 | 20231782 |
| induction of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 by sars-cov infection, interferon alfacon 1 and interferon inducer in human bronchial epithelial calu-3 cells and balb/c mice. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is poorly understood. several mechanisms involving both direct effects on target cells and indirect effects via the immune system might exist. sars-cov has been shown in vitro to induce changes of cytokines and chemokines in various human and animal cells. we previously reported that interferon (ifn) alfacon-1 was more active against sars-cov infection in human bronchial epithelial calu-3 cells than in african green mon ... | 2010 | 20231782 |
| lambda interferon renders epithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts resistant to viral infections. | virus-infected cells secrete a broad range of interferons (ifn) which confer resistance to yet uninfected cells by triggering the synthesis of antiviral factors. the relative contributions of the various ifn subtypes to innate immunity against virus infections remain elusive. ifn-alpha, ifn-beta, and other type i ifn molecules signal through a common, universally expressed cell surface receptor, whereas type iii ifn (ifn-lambda) uses a distinct cell-type-specific receptor complex for signaling. ... | 2010 | 20335250 |
| identification of key amino acid residues required for horseshoe bat angiotensin-i converting enzyme 2 to function as a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | angiotensin-i converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov). a previous study indicated that ace2 from a horseshoe bat, the host of a highly related sars-like coronavirus, could not function as a receptor for sars-cov. here, we demonstrate that a 3 aa change from she (aa 40-42) to fyq was sufficient to convert the bat ace2 into a fully functional receptor for sars-cov. we further demonstrate that an ace2 molecule from a fruit bat, ... | 2010 | 20335495 |
| the route of inoculation determines the tissue tropism of modified vaccinia tiantan expressing the spike glycoprotein of sars-cov in mice. | the live replication-competent modified vaccinia virus tiantan (mvtt) is an attractive vaccine vector, yet little is known about its tissue tropism and pathology in vivo. recently, we demonstrated that a recombinant mvtt expressing the spike glycoprotein of sars-cov (namely mvtt-s) is superior to the non-replicating modified vaccinia ankara (mva-s) for inducing high level of neutralizing antibodies through mucosal vaccination. in this study, we further determined the tissue tropism and safety of ... | 2010 | 20336714 |
| infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome during its incubation period. | to evaluate the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) during its incubation period by investigating chains of transmission and individuals isolated for medical observation with a view to providing scientific evidence for updating protocols of medical isolation. | 2009 | 20337224 |
| is systems biology the key to preventing the next pandemic? | sporadic outbreaks of epizootics including sars coronavirus and h5n1 avian influenza remind us of the potential for communicable diseases to quickly spread into worldwide epidemics. to confront emerging viral threats, nations have implemented strategies to prepare for pandemics and to control virus spread. despite improved surveillance and quarantine measures, we find ourselves in the midst of a h1n1 influenza pandemic. effective therapeutics and vaccines are essential to protect against current ... | 2009 | 20352075 |
| cd209 (dc-sign) -336a>g promoter polymorphism and severe acute respiratory syndrome in hong kong chinese. | cd209 (dc-sign) is an important c-type lectin which acts a receptor of many pathogens. the single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) -336a>g in the cd209 promoter has been demonstrated to regulate promoter activity and to be associated with several important infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1), mycobacterium tuberculosis, and dengue fever. cd209 facilitates severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus spike protein-bearing pseudotype driven infection of permiss ... | 2010 | 20359516 |
| mutation of glu-166 blocks the substrate-induced dimerization of sars coronavirus main protease. | the maturation of sars coronavirus involves the autocleavage of polyproteins 1a and 1ab by the main protease (mpro) and a papain-like protease; these represent attractive targets for the development of anti-sars drugs. the functional unit of mpro is a homodimer, and each subunit has a his-41cdots, three dots, centeredcys-145 catalytic dyad. current thinking in this area is that mpro dimerization is essential for catalysis, although the influence of the substrate binding on the dimer formation ha ... | 2010 | 20371333 |
| a 219-mer cho-expressing receptor-binding domain of sars-cov s protein induces potent immune responses and protective immunity. | development of vaccines is essential for the prevention of future recurrences of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), caused by the sars coronavirus (sars-cov). the spike (s) protein, especially receptor-binding domain (rbd) of sars-cov, plays important roles in the prevention of sars infection, and is thus an important component in sars vaccine development. in this study, we expressed a 219-mer (residues 318-536) rbd protein in chinese hamster ovary (cho)-k1 cells (rbd219-cho), and tested ... | 2010 | 20374001 |
| a 219-mer cho-expressing receptor-binding domain of sars-cov s protein induces potent immune responses and protective immunity. | development of vaccines is essential for the prevention of future recurrences of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), caused by the sars coronavirus (sars-cov). the spike (s) protein, especially receptor-binding domain (rbd) of sars-cov, plays important roles in the prevention of sars infection, and is thus an important component in sars vaccine development. in this study, we expressed a 219-mer (residues 318-536) rbd protein in chinese hamster ovary (cho)-k1 cells (rbd219-cho), and tested ... | 2010 | 20374001 |
| sars-cov pathogenesis is regulated by a stat1 dependent but a type i, ii and iii interferon receptor independent mechanism. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infection often caused severe end stage lung disease and organizing phase diffuse alveolar damage, especially in the elderly. the virus-host interactions that governed development of these acute end stage lung diseases and death are unknown. to address this question, we evaluated the role of innate immune signaling in protection from human (urbani) and a recombinant mouse adapted sars-cov, designated rma15. in contrast to most models of vi ... | 2010 | 20386712 |
| quantitative proteomics analysis reveals bag3 as a potential target to suppress severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication. | the discovery of a novel coronavirus (cov) as the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has highlighted the need for a better understanding of cov replication. the replication of sars-cov is highly dependent on host cell factors. however, relatively little is known about the cellular proteome changes that occur during sars-cov replication. recently, we developed a cell line expressing a sars-cov subgenomic replicon and used it to screen inhibitors of sars-cov replication. t ... | 2010 | 20392858 |
| immunogenetic studies in sars: developing a clinical prognostic profile for severe diseases. | 2009 | 20393204 | |
| sars diagnosis, monitoring and prognostication by sars-coronavirus rna detection. | 2009 | 20393205 | |
| functional roles of 3a protein in the pathogenesis of sars. | 2009 | 20393207 | |
| correlation of clinical outcomes and radiographic features in sars patients. | 2009 | 20393209 | |
| epidemiology of sars in the 2003 hong kong epidemic. | 1. the temporal and spatial evolution of the sars epidemic in hong kong is described. 2. estimates of key epidemiological distributions and their stability over the course of the epidemic are derived. 3. the characteristics of those who contracted the disease are determined including factors associated with the likelihood of mortality as a result of sars coronavirus infection. | 2009 | 20393218 |
| viral loads in clinical specimens and sars manifestations. | 1. a high viral load in nasopharyngeal aspirate (with or without a high viral load in serum) is a useful prognostic indicator of respiratory failure or mortality. the presence of viral rna in multiple body sites is also indicative of poor prognosis. 2. early treatment with an effective antiviral agent before day 10 may decrease the peak viral load, and thus ameliorate the clinical symptoms and mortality, and reduce viral shedding and the risk of transmission | 2009 | 20393220 |
| comparative host gene transcription by microarray analysis early after infection of the huh7 cell line by sars coronavirus and human coronavirus 229e. | during the early stages of infection, sars-cov produces more severe perturbation of host cell gene expression in a human epithelial cell line of liver origin than the hcov-229e. | 2009 | 20393221 |
| prevalence of sars-cov antibody in all hong kong patient contacts. | the near absence of transmission (seroprevalence=0.19%) resulting in asymptomatic infection in this representative high-risk group of close contacts indicates that the prevailing sars-cov strains in hong kong almost always led to clinically apparent disease. | 2009 | 20393222 |
| mechanistic study of the reaction of thiol-containing enzymes with alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl substrates by computation and chemoassays. | we investigated the reactions between substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (michael systems) and thiols by computations as well as chemoassays. the results give insight into variations in the underlying mechanisms as a function of the substitution pattern. this is of interest for the mechanisms of inhibition of the sars coronavirus main protease (sars-cov m(pro)) by etacrynic acid derivatives as well as for the excess toxicity of substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compo ... | 2010 | 20401893 |
| effect of mucosal and systemic immunization with virus-like particles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mice. | nasal administration has emerged as a promising and attractive route for vaccination, especially for the prophylaxis of respiratory diseases. our previous studies have shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) virus-like particles (vlps) can be assembled using a recombinant baculovirus (rbv) expression system and such vlps induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice after subcutaneous injection. here, we investigated mucosal immune responses to sars-co ... | 2010 | 20406307 |
| the envelope protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus interacts with the non-structural protein 3 and is ubiquitinated. | to analyze the proteins interacting with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) envelope (e) protein, a sars-cov was engineered including two tags associated to the e protein. using this virus, complexes of sars-cov e and other proteins were purified using a tandem affinity purification system. several viral and cell proteins including spike, membrane, non-structural protein 3 (nsp3), dynein heavy chain, fatty acid synthase and transmembrane protein 43 bound e protein. in t ... | 2010 | 20409569 |
| mutation of asn28 disrupts the dimerization and enzymatic activity of sars 3cl(pro) . | coronaviruses are responsible for a significant proportion of annual respiratory and enteric infections in humans and other mammals. the most prominent of these viruses is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) which causes acute respiratory and gastrointestinal infection in humans. the coronavirus main protease, 3cl(pro), is a key target for broad-spectrum antiviral development because of its critical role in viral maturation and high degree of structural conservation amon ... | 2010 | 20420403 |
| in vitro reconstitution of sars-coronavirus mrna cap methylation. | sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) genome expression depends on the synthesis of a set of mrnas, which presumably are capped at their 5' end and direct the synthesis of all viral proteins in the infected cell. sixteen viral non-structural proteins (nsp1 to nsp16) constitute an unusually large replicase complex, which includes two methyltransferases putatively involved in viral mrna cap formation. the s-adenosyl-l-methionine (adomet)-dependent (guanine-n7)-methyltransferase (n7-mtase) activity was recen ... | 2010 | 20421945 |
| production of specific antibodies against sars-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein without cross reactivity with human coronaviruses 229e and oc43. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a life-threatening disease for which accurate diagnosis is essential. although many tools have been developed for the diagnosis of sars, false-positive reactions in negative sera may occur because of cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses. we have raised polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (abs) using a recombinant form of the sars virus nucleocapsid protein. cross-reactivity of these anti-sars abs against human coronavirus (hcov) 229e and hcov oc4 ... | 2010 | 20458159 |
| significance of the myxovirus resistance a (mxa) gene -123c>a single-nucleotide polymorphism in suppressed interferon beta induction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | myxovirus resistance a (mxa) is an antiviral protein induced by interferon alpha and beta (ifn-alpha, ifn-beta) that can inhibit viral replication. the minor alleles of the -88g>t and -123c>a mxa promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are associated with increased promoter activity and altered response to ifn-alpha and ifn-beta treatment. here, we demonstrate that the -123a minor allele provided stronger binding affinity to nuclear proteins extracted from ifn-beta-untreated cells than d ... | 2010 | 20462354 |
| infidelity of sars-cov nsp14-exonuclease mutant virus replication is revealed by complete genome sequencing. | most rna viruses lack the mechanisms to recognize and correct mutations that arise during genome replication, resulting in quasispecies diversity that is required for pathogenesis and adaptation. however, it is not known how viruses encoding large viral rna genomes such as the coronaviridae (26 to 32 kb) balance the requirements for genome stability and quasispecies diversity. further, the limits of replication infidelity during replication of large rna genomes and how decreased fidelity impacts ... | 2010 | 20463816 |
| a small-molecule oxocarbazate inhibitor of human cathepsin l blocks severe acute respiratory syndrome and ebola pseudotype virus infection into human embryonic kidney 293t cells. | a tetrahydroquinoline oxocarbazate (pubchem cid 23631927) was tested as an inhibitor of human cathepsin l (ec 3.4.22.15) and as an entry blocker of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus and ebola pseudotype virus. in the cathepsin l inhibition assay, the oxocarbazate caused a time-dependent 17-fold drop in ic(50) from 6.9 nm (no preincubation) to 0.4 nm (4-h preincubation). slowly reversible inhibition was demonstrated in a dilution assay. a transient kinetic analysis using a sing ... | 2010 | 20466822 |
| interactions of sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein with the host cell proteasome subunit p42. | severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) spreads rapidly and has a high case-mortality rate. the nucleocapsid protein (np) of sars-cov may be critical for pathogenicity. this study sought to discover the host proteins that interact with sars-cov np. | 2010 | 20478047 |
| detection of a virus related to betacoronaviruses in italian greater horseshoe bats. | the association between coronaviruses and bats is a worldwide phenomenon and bats belonging to genus rhinolophus are the reservoir host for several coronaviruses, including a large number of viruses closely related genetically to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov). we carried out a survey in colonies of italian bats (rhinolophus ferrumequinum) for the presence of coronaviruses. two of 52 r. ferrumequinum captured from different italian areas tested positive by reverse trans ... | 2011 | 20478089 |
| detection of a virus related to betacoronaviruses in italian greater horseshoe bats. | the association between coronaviruses and bats is a worldwide phenomenon and bats belonging to genus rhinolophus are the reservoir host for several coronaviruses, including a large number of viruses closely related genetically to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov). we carried out a survey in colonies of italian bats (rhinolophus ferrumequinum) for the presence of coronaviruses. two of 52 r. ferrumequinum captured from different italian areas tested positive by reverse trans ... | 2011 | 20478089 |
| antiproliferative effect of toona sinensis leaf extract on non-small-cell lung cancer. | toona sinensis (ts), which is also known as cedrela sinensis, belongs to meliaceae family, the compounds identified from this ts leaves possess a wide range of biologic functions, such as hypoglycemic effects, anti-ldl glycative activity, antioxidant activities, and inhibition of sudden acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus replication. however, their effect against cancer cells is not well explored. in this study, to understand the cytotoxic effect and molecular mechanism stimulated by ... | 2010 | 20478545 |
| upregulation of the chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 2 via a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike-ace2 signaling pathway. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) was identified to be the causative agent of sars with atypical pneumonia. angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the major receptor for sars-cov. it is not clear whether ace2 conveys signals from the cell surface to the nucleus and regulates expression of cellular genes upon sars-cov infection. to understand the pathogenesis of sars-cov, human type ii pneumocyte (a549) cells were incubated with the viral spike protein or with sars-cov v ... | 2010 | 20484496 |
| the ubiquitin-proteasome system plays an important role during various stages of the coronavirus infection cycle. | the ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups) is a key player in regulating the intracellular sorting and degradation of proteins. in this study we investigated the role of the ups in different steps of the coronavirus (cov) infection cycle. inhibition of the proteasome by different chemical compounds (i.e., mg132, epoxomicin, and velcade) appeared to not only impair entry but also rna synthesis and subsequent protein expression of different covs (i.e., mouse hepatitis virus [mhv], feline infectious per ... | 2010 | 20484504 |