Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| elk-1 is a novel protein-binding partner for fak, regulating phagocytosis in medfly hemocytes. | focal adhesion kinase (fak) and its downstream signaling targets, mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapks), are implicated in the process of phagocytosis by insect hemocytes. the goal of this study was to explore further the signaling pathways underlining the process of phagocytosis. the combination of bioinformatics, biochemical, and immunofluorescence approaches strongly support the expression of elk-1-like protein in medfly hemocytes. elk-1 is phosphorylated in e. coli or latex beads-challeng ... | 2008 | 17955497 |
| nuclear exclusion of forkhead box o and elk1 and activation of nuclear factor-kappab are required for c2c12-rasv12c40 myoblast differentiation. | activating ras point mutations are frequently found in skeletal muscle tumors such as rhabdomyosarcomas. in this study we investigated the impact of two different h-ras mutants in skeletal muscle differentiation: rasv12, a constitutively active form, and rasv12c40, a mutant deficient in raf1 activation. stably transfected c2c12-rasv12 myoblasts actively proliferated as indicated by the sustained expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and retinoblastoma at the hyperphosphorylated state ... | 2008 | 17962350 |
| species barriers for chronic wasting disease by in vitro conversion of prion protein. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that can affect north american cervids (deer, elk, and moose). using a novel in vitro conversion system based on incubation of prions with normal brain homogenates, we now report that prp(cwd) of elk can readily induce the conversion of normal cervid prp (prp(c)) molecules to a protease-resistant form, but is less efficient in converting the prp(c) of other species, such as human, bovine, hamster, and mouse. however, when ... | 2007 | 17964288 |
| hemin upregulates egr-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells via reactive oxygen species erk-1/2-elk-1 and nf-kappab. | reactive oxygen species (ros) and oxidant stress are important mediators of cardiovascular pathologies including atherosclerosis. one source of ros in the vasculature is free heme released from hemoglobin. because egr-1, the regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis, is also induced by oxidant stress and is likewise implicated in atherosclerosis, we examined the regulation of egr-1 by heme in vascular smooth muscle cells (smcs). hemin increased egr-1 expression (mrna, protein) within 30 minu ... | 2008 | 17967787 |
| transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and extracellular matrix-regulating genes in cerebral arteries following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. laboratory investigation. | subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) results in the expression of inflammatory and extracellular matrix (ecm)-related genes and various g protein-coupled receptors. in the present study, the authors evaluated the time course and sequence of the transduction pathways, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and 2 (erk1/2), and associated transcription factor activation as well as gene regulation and associated protein levels. | 2007 | 17977275 |
| raf signaling but not the erk effector sap-1 is required for regulatory t cell development. | regulatory t cells (t(reg)) play an important role in immune regulation. their development in the thymus requires tcr activation and recognition of peptide-mhc, although the downstream signals controlling commitment to the lineage are unclear. to compare the requirements for positive selection and t(reg) development, we studied knockout and transgenic mice defective in raf signaling and the erk effector srf accessory protein 1 (sap-1), a member of the ternary complex factor family of ets domain ... | 2007 | 17982074 |
| anaplastic oligodendroglioma with meningeal infiltration in a free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus). | this report describes an anaplastic oligodendroglioma in a red deer, extending from the cerebellum and anterior medulla along the dorsal part of the brain stem to the posterior cerebral hemispheres and infiltrating the meninges. immunohistologically, the tumour cells were labelled for s-100 but were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin and synaptophysin. this would appear to be the first report of an oligodendroglioma in a deer. | 2008 | 17983625 |
| febrile response and decrease in circulating lymphocytes following acute infection of white-tailed deer fawns with either a bvdv1 or a bvdv2 strain. | although commonly associated with infection in cattle, bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) also replicate in many domestic and wildlife species, including cervids. bovine viral diarrhea viruses have been isolated from a number of cervids, including mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), european roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and mouse deer (tragulus javanicus), but little information is available regarding clinical presentation ... | 2007 | 17984260 |
| dna-based identification of a hepatic trematode in an elk calf. | liver fluke infection was identified as a probable cause of clinical disease in an approximately 6-mo-old elk (cervus elaphus) in coastal oregon. clinical pathology and necropsy findings are described. the alcohol-fixed flukes that were submitted for identification were similar in size to fasciola hepatica, but their shape resembled fascioloides magna in that they lacked a distinctive anterior cone. a few structures consistent with the eggs of f. magna were observed in liver lesions, suggesting ... | 2007 | 17984277 |
| elk use of wallows and potential chronic wasting disease transmission. | deposition of prions into the environment by infected animals may contribute to transmission and spread of chronic wasting disease (cwd) among free-ranging cervids, and identification of such environmental sources may provide an avenue for managing cwd. we evaluated the role that wallow use by elk (cervus elaphus) may play in cwd transmission by monitoring wallows with animal-activated cameras throughout their period of use. we monitored 39 wallows from 5 august 2005 to 14 october 2005. elk visi ... | 2007 | 17984281 |
| hierarchical path analysis of deer responses to direct and indirect effects of climate in northern forest. | a problem in climate studies has been on how to treat causal chains of explanations and both direct and indirect effects. mammals in strongly seasonal environments of the boreal forest typically lose condition during winter and gain mass (and reproduce) during the summer season when biomass and plant quality peak. mass decay of large herbivores during winter is due to direct effects of winter weather, such as increased costs of movement, thermoregulation and reduced access to food when snow is d ... | 2008 | 18006411 |
| [effect of precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on hippocampal neuron survival and its mechanism]. | to explore the effect of precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (probdnf) on cultured hippocampal neuron and its intracellular mechanism. | 2007 | 18007074 |
| elk with a long incubation prion disease phenotype have a unique prpd profile. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) invariably result in fatal neurodegeneration and accumulation of prp, an abnormal form of the host prion protein prp, encoded by the prnp gene. a naturally occurring polymorphism (methionine/valine) at prnp codon 129 is associated with variation in relative disease susceptibility, incubation time, clinical presentation, neuropathology, and/or prp biochemical characteristics in a range of human tses. a methionine/leucine polymorphism at the cor ... | 2007 | 18007190 |
| mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 deficiency is involved in expanded-huntingtin-induced transcriptional dysregulation and striatal death. | huntington's disease (hd) is a neurodegenerative disorder due to an abnormal polyglutamine expansion in the n-terminal region of huntingtin protein (exp-htt). this expansion causes protein aggregation and neuronal dysfunction and death. transcriptional dysregulation due to exp-htt participates in neuronal death in hd. here, using the r6/2 transgenic mouse model of hd, we identified a new molecular alteration that could account for gene dysregulation in these mice. despite a nuclear activation of ... | 2008 | 18029446 |
| molecular characterization of the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prnp putative promoter. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) affecting deer (odocoileus spp.), moose (alces alces), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). leucine homozygosity at elk prnp codon 132 has been associated with reduced cwd susceptibility. however, naturally acquired cwd has been detected in elk possessing the 132 leu/leu genotype. recent human and bovine studies indicate that prnp regulatory polymorphisms may also influence tse occurrence. therefore, we ... | 2007 | 18032463 |
| map-kinase activity necessary for tgfbeta1-stimulated mesangial cell type i collagen expression requires adhesion-dependent phosphorylation of fak tyrosine 397. | the signals mediating transforming growth factor beta (tgfbeta)-stimulated kidney fibrogenesis are poorly understood. we previously reported tgfbeta-stimulated, smad-mediated collagen production by human kidney mesangial cells, and that erk map kinase activity optimizes collagen expression and enhances phosphorylation of the smad3 linker region. furthermore, we showed that disrupting cytoskeletal integrity decreases type i collagen production. focal adhesion kinase (fak, ptk2) activity could int ... | 2007 | 18032789 |
| activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways after soman poisoning in rat cerebellar granule neurons. | the expression of activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and activated mapk transcription factors c-jun, c-myc and elk-1 were examined in rat cerebellum after soman poisoning to determine the pathogenetic mechanism of the non-specific long-term effects of nerve agents. male wistar rats were poisoned by intramuscular administration of soman at a dose 60 microg kg(-1) (70% ld(50)) and samples were taken 1, 7 and 14 days after poisoning, immunohistochemically stained and p-p38mapk, p ... | 2008 | 18041744 |
| evidence of parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) in southern ontario. | the antemortem detection of a parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in a free-ranging wild elk (cervus elaphus) in southern ontario is documented. postmortems on other free-ranging elk that died during 2000-2005 indicated that 59% (17/29) were infected with p. tenuis, based on presence of lesions in the brain. | 2007 | 18050795 |
| environmental conditions in early life influence ageing rates in a wild population of red deer. | 2007 | 18054756 | |
| intra-uterine transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in subclinically affected red deer (cervus elaphus). | to determine the rate of transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (m. ptb) from hind to fetus in utero, and the risk of transmission from dam to fawn via infected colostrum and milk in subclinically affected red deer hinds. | 2007 | 18059649 |
| transcriptional response to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation: regulation of egr-1 biosynthesis by erk, elk-1, mkp-1, and calcineurin in carbachol-stimulated human neuroblastoma cells. | carbachol-mediated activation of type m(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors induces the biosynthesis of the transcription factor egr-1 in human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells involving an activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase. carbachol triggered the phosphorylation of the ternary complex factor elk-1, a key transcriptional regulator of serum response element-driven gene transcription, and strikingly enhanced the transcriptional activation potential of elk-1. chromatin immun ... | 2008 | 18061571 |
| an alternative approach to reconstructing organic matter accumulation with contrasting watershed disturbance histories from lake sediments. | a number of proxies, including carbon to nitrogen ratio (c:n) and stable isotopes (delta(13)c and delta(15)n), have been used to reconstruct organic matter (om) profiles from lake sediments and these proxies individually or in combination cannot clearly discriminate different sources. here we present an alternative approach to elucidate this problem from lake sediments as a function of watershed scale land use changes. stable isotope signatures of defined om sources from the study watersheds, sh ... | 2008 | 18063254 |
| heterologous in vitro fertility evaluation of cryopreserved iberian red deer epididymal spermatozoa with zona-intact sheep oocytes and its relationship with the characteristics of thawed spermatozoa. | a heterologous in vitro system, using zona-intact sheep oocytes, was used to evaluate the relationship between sperm factors of iberian red deer thawed epididymal sperm and the percentage of cleaved oocytes. epididymal spermatozoa were recovered from six males, diluted with freezing extender and cryopreserved. after thawing sperm motility (sm) and acrosome and membrane integrities were evaluated. again, these parameters were assessed after incubation in freezing extender at 37 degrees c for 2 h. ... | 2008 | 18067534 |
| taxol-induced mitochondrial stress in melanoma cells is mediated by activation of c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) and p38 pathways via uncoupling protein 2. | taxol (paclitaxel) is a new antineoplastic drug that has shown promise in the treatment of different tumor types. however, the molecular mechanisms governing taxol-induced apoptosis are poorly understood. activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases is induced by a wide variety of external stress signals and may lead to apoptosis. therefore, we challenged the human melanoma cell lines a375 and blm with taxol and characterized the molecular mechanisms regulating taxol-induced apoptosis. ... | 2008 | 18068334 |
| role played by disabled-2 in albumin induced map kinase signalling. | albumin has been shown to activate the mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway in proximal tubular cells (ptecs) of the kidney. megalin, the putative receptor for albumin has potential signalling properties. however, the mechanisms by which megalin signals are unclear. the adaptor phosphoprotein disabled-2 (dab2) is known to interact with the cytoplasmic tail of megalin and may be involved in albumin-mediated mapk signalling. in this study, we investigated the role of dab2 in albumin-med ... | 2008 | 18070591 |
| association of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (lrp5) promoter snp with peak bone mineral density in chinese women. | low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (lrp5) is important for osteoblast differentiation and mutations of the gene are associated with both low and high bone mass syndromes. our study aimed to evaluate the importance of lrp5 in the determination of peak bone mass acquisition in chinese females in the general population. | 2008 | 18073493 |
| [significance of red deer (cervus elaphus) in the ecology of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato]. | background: red deer (cervus elaphus) is one of the most important host of the adult tick (ixodes ricinus) which is the basic vector of the lyme disease causative agent--borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in europe. the aim of the present study was to establish the role of red deer in the transmission of b. burgdorferi s.1. material and methods. tissues from 74 red deers were evaluated and the presence of b. burgdorferi s.1 dna was identified using nested pcr technique based on fla gene. the identi ... | 2007 | 18075156 |
| a randomized clinical trial of elk velvet antler in rheumatoid arthritis. | this article examines the effects of elk velvet antler on joint pain and swelling, patient/physician global assessment of disease activity, functional ability, quality of life, blood levels of c-reactive protein, and adverse events in persons with stage 2 to 3 rheumatoid arthritis experiencing residual symptoms after standard treatment. patients (n=168) were enrolled in a 6-month randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. instruments included the arthritis impact measurement sc ... | 2008 | 18077778 |
| a multiplex assay to identify 18 european mammal species from mixtures using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. | a novel species-specific multiplex to identify 18 common european mammalian species (badger, cat, cow, dog, donkey, fox, goat, guinea pig, harvest mouse, hedgehog, horse, house mouse, human, pig, rabbit, rat, red deer and sheep), many of which are often associated with forensic investigations, has been developed. the assay is based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, which is commonly used in species identification and phylogeny studies. areas of homology and variation were identified and we ... | 2008 | 18080254 |
| the geography of conflict between elk and agricultural values in the cypress hills, canada. | complex ecological issues like depredation and its management are determined by multiple factors acting at more than one scale and are interlinked with complex human social and economic behaviour. depredation by wild herbivores can be a major obstacle to agricultural community support for wildlife conservation. for three decades, crop and fence damage, competition with livestock for native rangeland and tame pasture, and depredation of stored feed by elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) have been the ... | 2009 | 18082311 |
| cdna microarray analysis of the differentially expressed genes involved in murine pre-osteoclast raw264.7 cells proliferation stimulated by dexamethasone. | glucocorticoids (gcs) are hormones with anti-inflammatory and immuno-suppressive effects. the use of hormonal medicine like gcs may cause systemic adverse effects. in the present study, the cellular response of murine pre-osteoclast cell line raw264.7 to dexamethasone (dex) was investigated and the result demonstrated that dex may stimulate raw264.7 cells proliferation. changes in gene expression involved in raw264.7 cells proliferation stimulated by dexamethasone were investigated using cdna mi ... | 2008 | 18083200 |
| ccdc134, a novel secretory protein, inhibits activation of erk and jnk, but not p38 mapk. | in this study, we report a novel gene, ccdc134 (coiled-coil domain containing 134), that encodes a secretory protein that can inhibit the mapk pathway as a novel human mapk-regulating protein. the ccdc134 mrna contains 1280 nucleotides, encoding a protein of 229 amino acids. ccdc134 is a classical secretory protein. expression profile analysis by northern blot, rt-pcr, immunohistochemistry and western blot reveals that ccdc134 is widely expressed in normal adult tissues, tumor tissues and cell l ... | 2008 | 18087676 |
| serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 enhances zif268 expression through the mediation of srf and creb1 associated with spatial memory formation. | serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (sgk1) has been shown to play an important role in spatial memory formation, but the molecular mechanism underlying this effect of sgk1 was not known. zif268 is an immediate early gene that is induced by water maze learning. to investigate the role of sgk1 in the regulation of zif268 expression, the dominant negative mutant of sgk1, sgk1 s422a, was infused to the hippocampal ca1 area of rats, and was found to decrease significantly the mrna level of z ... | 2008 | 18088355 |
| expression and localization of insulin-like growth factor-i in four parts of the red deer antler. | the expression and localization of insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) in the four parts (tip, upper, mid and base) of the red deer antler has been extensively investigated. we used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real time rt-pcr), in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques to localize igf-i messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) and igf-i peptide in the four parts of the antler. the ... | 2007 | 18092234 |
| development of body condition in hinds of iberian red deer during gestation and its effects on calf birth weight and milk production. | reproductive effort affects body reserves and subsequent ability to reproduce. in fact, the energy costs of gestation and lactation in hinds of red deer have a marked effect on maternal condition. the objectives of this study were to examine the development of hind monthly body condition during gestation in relation to reproductive rest, age and age class, just as its effects on total milk yield and calf birth weight. eighty hinds of iberian red deer were used as subjects during 2 years of study ... | 2008 | 18095326 |
| cloth-based hybridization array system for expanded identification of the animal species origin of derived materials in feeds. | a cloth-based hybridization array system (chas) previously developed for the detection of animal species for which prohibited materials have been specified (cattle, sheep, goat, elk, and deer) has been expanded to include the detection of animal species for which there are no prohibitions (pig and horse) in canadian and american animal feeds. animal species were identified by amplification of mitochondrial dna sequences by pcr and subsequent hybridization of the amplicons with an array of specie ... | 2007 | 18095452 |
| cloning and characterization of the promoter of hugl-2, the human homologue of drosophila lethal giant larvae (lgl) polarity gene. | the human lgl gene, hugl-2 (llgl2, lgl2), codes for a cytoskeletal protein involved in regulating cell polarity. here, we report the identification and functional characterization of the promoter region ( approximately 1.2kb) of the hugl-2 gene. luciferase expression assays show a high basal hugl-2 promoter activity in different cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. truncations of the promoter identified a gc-rich region important for this activity. alignment of human and mouse genomic seque ... | 2008 | 18155665 |
| regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of ever-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses. | epidermodysplasia verruciformis (ev) is a genodermatosis associated with skin cancers that results from a selective susceptibility to related human papillomaviruses (ev hpv). invalidating mutations in either of two genes (ever1 and ever2) with unknown functions cause most ev cases. we report that ever1 and ever2 proteins form a complex and interact with the zinc transporter 1 (znt-1), as shown by yeast two-hybrid screening, gst pull-down, and immunoprecipitation experiments. in keratinocytes, ev ... | 2008 | 18158319 |
| monoclonal antibodies that bind to common epitopes on the dengue virus type 2 nonstructural-1 and envelope glycoproteins display weak neutralizing activity and differentiated responses to virulent strains: implications for pathogenesis and vaccines. | the abilities of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that bind to defined sequential epitopes on the dengue virus (denv) nonstructural-1 (ns1) glycoproteins to cross-react with epitopes on the denv envelope (e) glycoproteins were investigated. in this study, some of these mabs cross-reacted with the denv type 2 (denv-2) e glycoprotein and with synthetic peptides representing x-ray crystallographically confirmed surface-exposed regions on this glycoprotein. mab 1g5.3 cross-reacted with the flavivirus-co ... | 2008 | 18160621 |
| a tat-def-elk-1 peptide regulates the cytonuclear trafficking of elk-1 and controls cytoskeleton dynamics. | the transcription factor elk-1 plays a key role in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. this role is thought to arise from its phosphorylation by activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks), a critical posttranslational event for the transcriptional activity of the ternary complex composed of elk-1 and a dimer of serum response factor (srf) at the serum response element (sre) regulatory site of transcription. in addition to its nuclear localization, elk-1 is found in th ... | 2007 | 18160653 |
| prevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild ruminants from the countryside or captivity in the czech republic. | in the czech republic, sera from 720 wild ruminants were examined for antibodies to neospora caninum by screening competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat); the same sera were also examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by ifat. neospora caninum antibodies were found in 14% (11 positive/79 tested) roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 14% (2/14) sika deer (cervus nippon), 6% (24/ 377) red deer (cervus elaphus), 1% (2/143) ... | 2007 | 18163361 |
| regulation of mdmx expression by mitogenic signaling. | mdmx is an important regulator of p53 transcriptional activity and stress response. mdmx overexpression and gene amplification are implicated in p53 inactivation and tumor development. unlike mdm2, mdmx is not inducible by p53, and little is known about its regulation at the transcriptional level. we found that mdmx levels in tumor cell lines closely correlate with promoter activity and mrna level. activated k-ras and insulin-like growth factor 1 induce mdmx expression at the transcriptional lev ... | 2008 | 18172009 |
| the effect of conception date on gestation length of red deer (cervus elaphus). | recent studies have demonstrated that gestation length of red deer (cervus elaphus) is highly variable and influenced by various environmental factors, and this may confer survival advantages for neonates. the current study investigated the relationship between conception date and gestation length to test the hypothesis that within-herd synchrony of red deer births is facilitated by a 'push/pull' control over gestation length, such that hinds conceiving early and late in the breeding season have ... | 2008 | 18178346 |
| functions of bifans in context of multiple regulatory motifs in signaling networks. | representation of intracellular signaling networks as directed graphs allows for the identification of regulatory motifs. regulatory motifs are groups of nodes with the same connectivity structure, capable of processing information. the bifan motif, made of two source nodes directly crossregulating two target nodes, is an overrepresented motif in a mammalian cell signaling network and in transcriptional networks. one example of a bifan is the two map-kinases, p38, and jnk that phosphorylate and ... | 2008 | 18178648 |
| both erk and jnk are required for enhancement of md-2 gene expression during differentiation of hl-60 cells. | md-2 is associated with the extracellular domain of tlr4 (toll-like receptor 4) and augments tlr4-dependent lps (lipopolysaccharide) responses in vitro. our previous investigation found that pma-induced hl-60 cell differentiation to macrophages is associated largely with tlr2 and cd14 and, to a much lesser extent, with tlr4. | 2008 | 18181766 |
| epidemiology of an outbreak of chronic wasting disease on elk farms in saskatchewan. | an outbreak of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in farmed elk in saskatchewan from 1996 to 2002 was reviewed to 1, determine the progression of cwd from infection to death in farmed elk; 2, assess animal risk factors for cwd infection in farmed elk; 3, assess farm management and exposure risk factors for within herd cwd transmission; and 4, assess the suitability of the canadian food inspection agency's (cfia) current disease control policy for cwd in light of the findings. the results from animal ... | 2007 | 18189044 |
| toxicity of the lichen secondary metabolite (+)-usnic acid in domestic sheep. | toxicity following ingestion of the vagrant, foliose lichen xanthoparmelia chlorochroa was identified as the putative etiology in the death of an estimated 400-500 elk on the red rim-daley wildlife habitat management area in wyoming during the winter of 2004. a single, unsubstantiated report in 1939 attributed toxicity of x. chlorochroa in cattle and sheep to usnic acid, a common lichen secondary metabolite. to test the hypothesis that usnic acid is the proximate cause of death in animals poison ... | 2008 | 18192570 |
| the elk prnp codon 132 polymorphism controls cervid and scrapie prion propagation. | the elk prion protein gene (prnp) encodes either methionine (m) or leucine (l) at codon 132, the l132 allele apparently affording protection against chronic wasting disease (cwd). the corresponding human codon 129 polymorphism influences the host range of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) prions. to fully address the influence of this cervid polymorphism on cwd pathogenesis, we created transgenic (tg) mice expressing cervid prpc with l at residue 132, referred to as cerprpc-l132, and compar ... | 2008 | 18198392 |
| human influence on distribution and extinctions of the late pleistocene eurasian megafauna. | late pleistocene extinctions are of interest to paleontological and anthropological research. in north america and australia, human occupation occurred during a short period of time and overexploitation may have led to the extinction of mammalian megafauna. in northern eurasia megafaunal extinctions are believed to have occurred over a relatively longer period of time, perhaps as a result of changing environmental conditions, but the picture is much less clear. to consider megafaunal extinction ... | 2008 | 18199470 |
| testing for genetic trade-offs between early- and late-life reproduction in a wild red deer population. | the antagonistic pleiotropy (ap) theory of ageing predicts genetically based trade-offs between investment in reproduction in early life and survival and performance in later life. laboratory-based research has shown that such genetic trade-offs exist, but little is currently known about their prevalence in natural populations. we used random regression 'animal model' techniques to test the genetic basis of trade-offs between early-life fecundity (elf) and maternal performance in late life in a ... | 2008 | 18211877 |
| anthrax in red deer (cervus elaphus), italy. | 2007 | 18214198 | |
| fine-scale predation risk on elk after wolf reintroduction in yellowstone national park, usa. | while patterns from trophic cascade studies have largely focused on density-mediated effects of predators on prey, there is increasing recognition that behaviorally mediated indirect effects of predators on prey can, at least in part, explain trophic cascade patterns. to determine if a relationship exists between predation risk perceived by elk (cervus elaphus) while browsing and elk position within the landscape, we observed a total of 56 female elk during two summers and 29 female elk during o ... | 2008 | 18224339 |
| plaque-based competitive hybridization. | the authors have developed a simple, cost-saving experimental design, plaque-based competitive hybridization (pbch), for genome-wide identification of genes differentially expressed in different tissues. pbch offers advantages in comparison with other methods used in comparative genomics by combining the principles of differential hybridization with the subtractive hybridization. pbch is particularly advantageous when libraries with few differences are to be analyzed. the authors demonstrate the ... | 2008 | 18227228 |
| testing sexual segregation and aggregation: old ways are best. | the study of sexual segregation has received increasing attention over the last two decades. several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of sexual segregation, such as the "predation risk hypothesis," the "forage selection hypothesis," and the "activity budget hypothesis." testing which hypothesis drives sexual segregation is hampered, however, by the lack of consensus regarding a formal measurement of sexual segregation. by using a derivation of the well-known chi-square (her ... | 2007 | 18229854 |
| bradykinin induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and cell migration through a pkc-delta-dependent erk/elk-1 pathway in astrocytes. | many reports have shown that matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-9 plays an important role in brain inflammation and diseases. in our previous study, bradykinin (bk) has been shown to induce prommp-9 expression via mapks and nf-kappab in rat brain astrocytes (rba-1). however, the molecular mechanisms and physiological roles underlying bk-induced mmp-9 expression in rba-1 remain unclear. here we reported that bk induced prommp-9 expression and promoted rba-1 cell migration, via a b(2) bk receptor-acti ... | 2008 | 18240315 |
| elk-1 associates with fak, regulates the expression of fak and map kinases as well as apoptosis in hk-2 cells. | focal adhesion kinase (fak), map kinases and the nuclear transcription factor elk-1 have been reported to be implicated in the same cellular processes, however, their direct or indirect interaction and potential function(s) has not been documented. here, we explored the association of fak with elk-1, the implication of elk-1 in the regulation of fak and map kinases expression as well as apoptosis, in hk-2 cells. biochemical and immunofluorescence approaches strongly support the association of lo ... | 2008 | 18247360 |
| transcriptional profiling defines the roles of erk and p38 kinases in epidermal keratinocytes. | epidermal keratinocytes respond to extracellular influences by activating cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways that change gene expression. using pathway-specific transcriptional profiling, we identified the genes regulated by two such pathways, p38 and erk. these pathways are at the fulcrum of epidermal differentiation, proliferative and inflammatory skin diseases. we used sb203580 and pd98059 as specific inhibitors and affymetrix hu133av2 microarrays, to identify the genes regulated after ... | 2008 | 18247374 |
| distribution of cryptosporidium and giardia spp. in selected species of protected and game mammals from north-eastern poland. | cryptosporidium spp. and giardia spp. are wide-spread pathogens of humans and many species of mammals. the ways of transmission are very complex and difficult to define. both parasites occur in similar environments and share a broad host range. however, in poland there is still little known about the epidemiology of these parasites due to the paucity of data on human cases and only few studies in wildlife. the aim of our study was to determine the distribution of two intestinal protozoa in a few ... | 2007 | 18247463 |
| jnk/c-jun signaling mediates an anti-apoptotic effect of rankl in osteoclasts. | rankl is known to be important not only for differentiation and activation of osteoclasts but also for their survival. experimentally, apoptosis of osteoclasts is rapidly induced by the deprivation of rankl. rankl activates elk-related tyrosine kinase (erk), p38, c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk), and nf-kappab pathways through traf6 in osteoclasts and the precursor cells. it has been shown that erk is critical for regulation of osteoclast survival. however, an involvement of other rankl signaling p ... | 2008 | 18251700 |
| landscape features affect gene flow of scottish highland red deer (cervus elaphus). | landscape features have been shown to strongly influence dispersal and, consequently, the genetic population structure of organisms. studies quantifying the effect of landscape features on gene flow of large mammals with high dispersal capabilities are rare and have mainly been focused at large geographical scales. in this study, we assessed the influence of several natural and human-made landscape features on red deer gene flow in the scottish highlands by analysing 695 individuals for 21 micro ... | 2008 | 18261043 |
| mycobacterium bovis in wildlife in france. | in early 2001, tuberculosis-like lesions were detected in three hunter-killed red deer (cervus elaphus) in the brotonne forest (normandy, france), and mycobacterium bovis was isolated. in subsequent hunting seasons, two surveys were conducted in the area. in the first survey (2001-02 hunting season), nine (13%) of 72 red deer sampled were positive for m. bovis. in the 2005-06 hunting season, the prevalence of m. bovis infection increased to 24% (chi2=3.85, df=1, p=0.05; 33 positive among 138 sam ... | 2008 | 18263825 |
| socially informed random walks: incorporating group dynamics into models of population spread and growth. | simple correlated random walk (crw) models are rarely sufficient to describe movement of animals over more than the shortest time scales. however, crw approaches can be used to model more complex animal movement trajectories by assuming individuals move in one of several different behavioural or movement states, each characterized by a different crw. the spatial and social context an individual experiences may influence the proportion of time spent in different movement states, with subsequent e ... | 2008 | 18270158 |
| validation of an anaplasma marginale celisa for use in the diagnosis of a. ovis infections in domestic sheep and anaplasma spp. in wild ungulates. | a commercially available (celisa) kit for diagnosing anaplasma marginale infection in cattle was validated for diagnosing a ovis infection in sheep using the bovine serum controls as supplied by the manufacturer (bcelisa) and sheep serum controls from pathogen-free sheep (ocelisa). true positives were identified using two previously established assays, a nested pcr (npcr) test and an indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa). the bcelisa was also applied to sera from various species of wild ruminan ... | 2008 | 18272296 |
| dusp6/mkp-3 inactivates erk1/2 but fails to bind and inactivate erk5. | extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (erk1/2) are activated by dual threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of a tey motif. the highly related kinase erk5 is also activated by phosphorylation at a tey motif. inactivation of erk1/2 is achieved by distinct members of the dual-specificity protein phosphatase (dusp) family, which are responsible for the specific, regulated de-phosphorylation of the tey motif. these include both nuclear (dusp5) and cytoplasmic (dusp6) enzymes. dusp6, a candi ... | 2008 | 18280112 |
| blood culture and stimulation conditions for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervids by the cervigam assay. | mitogen- and antigen-induced interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) responses of peripheral blood leucocytes from cervids were evaluated by a commercial whole-blood assay. the assay was applied to mycobacterium bovis-infected white-tailed deer and reindeer, m bovis bcg-vaccinated white-tailed deer and elk, and unvaccinated, uninfected white-tailed deer, fallow deer, elk and reindeer. the responses of the m bovis-infected white-tailed deer to pokeweed mitogen (pwm) varied with time and between individuals. ... | 2008 | 18281626 |
| rodent models for prion diseases. | until today most prion strains can only be propagated and the infectivity content assayed by experimentally challenging conventional or transgenic animals. robust cell culture systems are not available for any of the natural and only for a few of the experimental prion strains. moreover, the pathogenesis of different transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) can be analysed systematically by using experimentally infected animals. while, in the beginning, animals belonging to the natural ho ... | 2008 | 18284909 |
| the low molecular weight s-nitrosothiol, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine, promotes cell cycle progression in rabbit aortic endothelial cells. | s-nitrosylation reactions are considered to be a major mechanism by which no-related bioactivities are regulated in vivo. in the present study, we show the effects of the low molecular weight s-nitrosothiol, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (snap), on cell cycle progression of rabbit aortic endothelial cells (raec). snap at low concentrations (0.1mm) stimulated the p21ras-erk1/2 map kinase signaling pathway. activation of this signaling pathway was strongly inhibited in cells stably transfected w ... | 2008 | 18291122 |
| large-scale elisa testing of spanish red deer for paratuberculosis. | a role of wildlife species as paratuberculosis reservoirs is strongly suspected based on field and molecular epidemiologic evidence. this paper presents the first large-scale data on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) antibodies in red deer from spain, and tests the effect of host and environmental risk factors on antibody levels. a total of 257 out of 852 serum samples tested positive, yielding a total seroprevalence of 30.16% ... | 2008 | 18313144 |
| oncogenic activation of the human pygopus2 promoter by e74-like factor-1. | pygopus is a component of the t-cell factor/beta-catenin transcriptional complex essential for activation of wnt target genes and is also required for cell regulation in the absence of wnt signaling. human pygopus2 (hpygo2) is overexpressed in a high proportion of breast and epithelial ovarian malignant tumors and is required for the growth of several cell lines derived from these carcinomas. the mechanisms regulating hpygo2 gene activation, however, are unknown. here, we have determined cis- an ... | 2008 | 18314487 |
| inhibition of the ras-net (elk-3) pathway by a novel pyrazole that affects microtubules. | net (elk-3/sap-2/erp) is a transcription factor that is phosphorylated and activated by the ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathway and is involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. in a cell-based screen for small molecule inhibitors of ras activation of net transcriptional activity, we identified a novel pyrazole, xrp44x. xrp44x inhibits fibroblast growth factor 2 (fgf-2)-induced net phosphorylation by the ras-erk signaling upstream from ras. it also b ... | 2008 | 18316589 |
| p21 waf1/cip1 expression by curcumin in u-87mg human glioma cells: role of early growth response-1 expression. | curcumin, a natural compound, is a well-known chemopreventive agent with potent anticarcinogenic activity in a wide variety of tumor cells. curcumin inhibits cancer cell proliferation in part by suppressing cyclin d1 and inducing expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(waf1/cip1). both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms regulate p21(waf1/cip1) expression, but the mechanism by which curcumin regulates p21(waf1/cip1) expression remains unknown. here, we report that transc ... | 2008 | 18316600 |
| adaptor skap-55 binds p21 activating exchange factor rasgrp1 and negatively regulates the p21-erk pathway in t-cells. | while the adaptor skap-55 mediates lfa-1 adhesion on t-cells, it is not known whether the adaptor regulates other aspects of signaling. skap-55 could potentially act as a node to coordinate the modulation of adhesion with downstream signaling. in this regard, the gtpase p21(ras) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) pathway play central roles in t-cell function. in this study, we report that skap-55 has opposing effects on adhesion and the activation of the p21(ras) -erk pathway in ... | 2008 | 18320039 |
| the role and mechanism of progesterone receptor activation of extra-nuclear signaling pathways in regulating gene transcription and cell cycle progression. | human progesterone receptor (pr) contains a polyproline motif in the amino-terminal domain that interacts with the sh3 domain of src and mediates rapid activation of c-src and downstream mapk (erk-1/-2) independent of the transcriptional activity of pr. forcedly target pr to different locations in the cell by use of mutations or tags for different cell compartments showed that progestin activation of src/mapk is mediated by pr outside the nucleus. no distinction could be made between the cytopla ... | 2008 | 18321550 |
| effector immediate-early gene arc in the amygdala plays a critical role in alcoholism. | the immediate early gene, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (arc), has been implicated in synaptic plasticity. however, the role of arc in alcoholism is unknown. here, we report that the anxiolytic effects of acute ethanol were associated with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and tyrosine kinase b (trkb) expression, increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (erk1/2), elk-1, and camp responsive element-binding protein (creb), increa ... | 2008 | 18322102 |
| efficacy, immune responses and side-effects of vaccines against johne's disease in young red deer (cervus elaphus) experimentally challenged with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. | to test the efficacy of a commercially available and an experimental vaccine against johne's disease in young red deer (cervus elaphus), using experimental challenge with live virulent mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (m. ptb), measure injection-site reactions, and assess the effects of vaccination and challenge on results of subsequent skin tests and ancillary blood tests for bovine tuberculosis (tb). | 2008 | 18322553 |
| changes in population, growth, and physiological indices of longnose dace (rhinichthys cataractae) in the red deer river, alberta, canada. | the red deer river, alberta, canada is a prairie river that is impacted by the point-source input of red deer's municipal wastewater effluent and non-point- source agricultural runoff. we used population, growth, and physiological performance end points in longnose dace (rhinichthys cataractae), an endemic and abundant minnow, to evaluate changes in fish health over a 220 km section of the red deer river. longnose dace immediately downstream of red deer had elevated catch per unit effort with la ... | 2008 | 18322724 |
| effects of long-term chilled storage of red deer epididymides on dna integrity and motility of thawed spermatozoa. | we have carried out a study on the influence of prolonged cold storage (5 degrees c) of iberian red deer epididymides on post-thaw sperm motility and dna integrity. twenty-nine pairs of testes, with attached epididymides, were collected during november and december. spermatozoa from one of each of the pairs were immediately recovered, evaluated and frozen (control). the remaining epididymides were cooled to 5 degrees c and stored for 24, 96 and 192 h (experimental groups), after which spermatozo ... | 2009 | 18328648 |
| mitogen-induced recruitment of erk and msk to sre promoter complexes by ternary complex factor elk-1. | many eukaryotic genes are acutely regulated by extra-cellular signals. the c-fos serum response element (sre) mediates transcriptional activation in response to mitogens through serum response factor (srf)-dependent recruitment of elk-1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)-responsive transcription factor. how subsequent events at sre promoters stimulate initiation of transcription has yet to be fully resolved. here we show that extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) and mitogen and s ... | 2008 | 18334532 |
| preliminary observations on the experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) from elk and white-tailed deer to fallow deer. | to determine the transmissibility of chronic wasting disease (cwd) to fallow deer (dama dama) and to provide information about clinical course, lesions and suitability of currently used diagnostic procedures for detection of cwd in this species, 13 fawns were inoculated intracerebrally with cwd brain suspension from elk (n=6) or white-tailed deer (n=7). three other fawns were kept as uninfected controls. three cwd-inoculated deer were killed 7.6 months post-inoculation (mpi). none had abnormal p ... | 2008 | 18336829 |
| detection and characterisation of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli other than escherichia coli o157:h7 in wild ruminants. | shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) are an important group of emerging pathogens, with ruminants recognised as their main natural reservoir. the aim of this work was to establish the prevalence of non-o157 stec in free-ranging wild ruminants in the extremadura region of spain and to characterise them phenogenotypically. faecal samples were collected from 243 wild ruminants, including cervus elaphus, capreolus capreolus, dama dama and ovis musimon and were examined for stec using both p ... | 2009 | 18337133 |
| a species barrier limits transmission of chronic wasting disease to mink (mustela vison). | transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) occurs as sporadic outbreaks associated with ingestion of feed presumably contaminated with some type of prion disease. mink lack a species barrier to primary oral challenge with bovine spongiform encephalopathy, whereas they have a barrier to such challenge with scrapie. we investigated whether mink have a species barrier to chronic wasting disease (cwd) by performing primary intracerebral (ic) and primary oral challenge with cwd-positive elk brain. prima ... | 2008 | 18343853 |
| group i metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated gene expression in striatal neurons. | group i mglurs (mglur1/5) are g-protein-coupled receptors and are abundantly expressed in most of medium spiny projection neurons in the striatum. recent evidence demonstrates that group i mglurs are among essential regulators for constitutive and inducible gene expression in host neurons. upon activation, mglur1/5 signals activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) which in turn phosphorylate transcription factors such as camp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1, and th ... | 2008 | 18351459 |
| selection for nutrients by red deer hinds feeding on a mixed forest edge. | we studied the nutritional behaviour of hinds foraging on a mixed-forest edge by direct observation of their choices at each season and by measuring nutrient concentration in the plants. we compared nutrient concentrations in the observed diets with those in the total available vegetation, and with those of 1,000 randomly simulated diets in which we included only those plants that were actually eaten by the animal. whether the available or the consumed feeds were used as the basis for comparison ... | 2008 | 18357470 |
| water tables constrain height recovery of willow on yellowstone's northern range. | excessive levels of herbivory may disturb ecosystems in ways that persist even when herbivory is moderated. these persistent changes may complicate efforts to restore ecosystems affected by herbivores. willow (salix spp.) communities within the northern range in yellowstone national park have been eliminated or degraded in many riparian areas by excessive elk (cervus elaphus l.) browsing. elk browsing of riparian willows appears to have diminished following the reintroduction of wolves (canis lu ... | 2008 | 18372557 |
| map kinase-mediated c-fos regulation relies on a histone acetylation relay switch. | gene activation is often associated with high levels of histone acetylation. enhanced acetylation levels can promote the recruitment of further chromatin modifying complexes or the basal transcription machinery. here, we have studied map kinase-mediated upregulation of c-fos and uncover a role for histone acetylation in promoting the recruitment of a second transcription factor, nfi. map kinase signaling to elk-1 enhances the net histone acetylase activity associated with the c-fos promoter, whi ... | 2008 | 18374651 |
| a prion disease of cervids: chronic wasting disease. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of deer, elk, and moose, initially recognized in colorado mule deer. the discovery of cwd beyond the borders of colorado and wyoming, in canada and as far east as new york, has led to its emergence as a prion disease of international importance. epidemiological studies indicate that cwd is horizontally transmitted among free-ranging animals, potentially indirectly by prion-containing secreta or excreta contaminating the environment. experimental c ... | 2008 | 18381058 |
| experimental chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the ferret. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of north american deer, elk and moose, affects both free-ranging and captive cervids. the potential host range for cwd remains uncertain. the susceptibility of the ferret to cwd was examined experimentally by administering infectious brain material by the intracerebral (ic) or oral (po) route. between 15 and 20 months after ic inoculation, ferrets developed neurological signs consistent with prion disease, including polyphagia, somnolence, piloerect ... | 2008 | 18387626 |
| beneficial effects of low doses of red wine consumption on perturbed shear stress-induced atherogenesis. | moderate wine intake is associated with a reduced risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. atherosclerosis is enhanced in arterial segments exposed to disturbed flow. perturbed shear stress increases also the endothelial expression of oxidation-sensitive responsive genes (such as elk-1 and p-jun). this study evaluates the effects of chronic consumption of red wine on perturbed shear stress-induced atherogenesis. results indicated that chronic treatment with red wine significa ... | 2008 | 18389338 |
| brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates bone/cementum-related protein gene expression in cementoblasts. | brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf), recognized as essential in the developing nervous system, is involved in differentiation and proliferation in non-neuronal cells, such as endothelial cells, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament cells. we have focused on the application of bdnf to the regeneration of periodontal tissue and indicated that bdnf promotes the regeneration of experimentally created periodontal defects. cementoblasts form cementum, mineralized tissue, which is key to establish ... | 2008 | 18390540 |
| bluetongue virus antibodies in wild red deer in southern belgium. | 2008 | 18390860 | |
| differential activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and a related complex in neuronal nuclei. | the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erks 1/2) are known to participate in regulating transcription in response to moderate depolarization, such as synaptic stimulation, but how the same active enzyme can differentially regulate distinct transcriptional programs induced with abnormal depolarization (high potassium) is unknown. we hypothesized that erk1 or 2 accomplishes this differential nuclear response through close association with other proteins in stable complexes. in support ... | 2008 | 18392730 |
| differential immune responses of red deer (cervus elaphus) following experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. | immune responses of red deer (cervus elaphus) that presented with different levels of paucibacillary pathology were profiled to detail immune changes during the progression of johne's disease. immune responses were monitored using an immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), a gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) elisa, and flow cytometry. animals in the study were divided into outcome groups postmortem according to disease severity. all animals mounted igg1 antibody a ... | 2008 | 18400974 |
| the effects of sex and age on phytohaemagglutinin skin-testing of deer. | to determine if there are sex- or age-related differences in the increase in skinfold thickness in response to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (pha) in red deer. | 2008 | 18408793 |
| minimum sampling effort for reliable non-invasive estimations of excretion abundance of elaphostrongylus cervi l1 in red deer (cervus elaphus) populations. | faecal surveys are commonly used as non-invasive means to evaluate population abundance of animals as well as comparable indexes of prevalence and intensity of diseases between populations, especially macroparasites. while faecal surveys are among one of the simplest means to perform these evaluations, they are time consuming and labour intensive. the present study evaluated 80 red deer (cervus elaphus) faecal samples collected in two study sites for the presence and abundance of first-stage lar ... | 2008 | 18416882 |
| characterisation of the first complete genome sequence of the roe deer (capreolus capreolus) papillomavirus. | the complete genomic dna of a novel roe deer (capreolus capreolus) papillomavirus (ccpv1) was amplified and sequenced from fibropapillomatous skin lesions of a hungarian roe deer. viral dna was detected by a pair of degenerate primers and the remaining genomic sequence was amplified by a long-template high-fidelity pcr and sequenced. the ccpv1 genome was 8032 bp long and contained open reading frames (orfs) typical for delta-papillomaviruses (e6, e7, e1, e2, e4, e5, e9, l2, and l1) and a 799 bp ... | 2008 | 18417239 |
| spoligotype diversity of mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium caprae animal isolates. | the genetic diversity of 283 mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) and 10 mycobacterium caprae (m. caprae) strains, isolated between 2002 and 2007 from cattle, goat, red deer and wild boar from six different geographical regions of portugal was investigated by spoligotyping. the technique showed a good discriminatory power (hunter-gaston index, h=0.9) for the strains, revealing 29 different patterns. one pattern (sb0121) was clearly predominant, accounting for 26.3% of the isolates; ten patterns, repre ... | 2008 | 18417301 |
| prp genotypes of free-ranging wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease. | variation in prp prion gene sequence appears to modulate susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (cwd), a naturally occurring prion disease affecting four north american species of the family cervidae. wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prp is polymorphic at codon 132 [methionine (m) or leucine (l)]. we genotyped 171 samples, collected between 2002 and 2005 from cwd-infected and uninfected wapiti from three free-ranging populations in colorado, usa, to study influences of prp polymorphisms on cwd ... | 2008 | 18420812 |
| sarcoptic mange in red deer from spain: improved surveillance or disease emergence? | concern about emerging diseases has risen in recent years, and multihost situations have become increasingly relevant for wildlife management and conservation. we present data on asturias, northern spain, where 80 mangy red deer (cervus elaphus) have been found since the beginning of the epizootic in chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica parva) in 1993. we combine field and necropsy data with the results of a serosurvey using an in-house elisa test to evaluate if deer mange due to sarcoptes scabiei is an ... | 2008 | 18430519 |
| effects of selective bcl-2 inhibitor ha14-1 treatments on functional activity of magnocellular vasopressinergic neurons of rat hypothalamus. | in this study we examined whether in vivo treatments with bcl-2 inhibitor ha14-1 can affect the function of vasopressinergic system of rat. ha14-1 is a novel organic compound that has micromolar affinity for bcl-2 and bcl-xl and acts as a mimetic of bh3-only proteins by antagonizing the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 proteins and triggering bax-dependent apoptosis. we found that intrahypothalamic injections of ha14-1 did not induce apoptosis of vasopressin (vp) cells of supraoptic nucleus, but led to acti ... | 2008 | 18434013 |
| wildtype elk-1, but not a sumoylation mutant, represses egr-1 expression in sh-sy5y neuroblastomas. | elk-1, an ets domain transcription factor of the tcf (ternary complex factor) subfamily, is known to be involved in the regulation of immediate-early genes such as c-fos upon mitogen activation, and thus commonly implied in cell proliferation. early growth response-1, egr-1, which was known to be an immediate-early gene, has recently been shown to be pro-apoptotic for sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells. in that respect, it was not clear whether elk-1 would activate or repress from this promoter, since ... | 2008 | 18434015 |