Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| a review of experimental infections with bluetongue virus in the mammalian host. | experimental infection studies with bluetongue virus (btv) in the mammalian host have a history that stretches back to the late 18th century. studies in a wide range of ruminant and camelid species as well as mice have been instrumental in understanding btv transmission, bluetongue (bt) pathogenicity/pathogenesis, viral virulence, the induced immune response, as well as reproductive failures associated with btv infection. these studies have in many cases been complemented by in vitro studies wit ... | 2014 | 24462840 |
| immunoreaction of a recombinant nanobody from camelid single domain antibody fragment with acinetobacter baumannii. | acinetobacter baumannii, an important nosocominal pathogen, causes various human infections like meningitis, bacteremia and pneumonia. the aim of this study was to produce nanobodies derived from camel heavy chain antibodies (hcab) against a conserved region of the biofilm associated protein (bap) of a. baumannii, by phage display technique. | 2014 | 24463583 |
| utilizing nanobody technology to target non-immunodominant domains of var2csa. | placental malaria is a major health problem for both pregnant women and their fetuses in malaria endemic regions. it is triggered by the accumulation of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (ie) in the intervillous spaces of the placenta and is associated with foetal growth restriction and maternal anemia. ie accumulation is supported by the binding of the parasite-expressed protein var2csa to placental chondroitin sulfate a (csa). defining specific csa-binding epitopes of var2csa, agains ... | 2014 | 24465459 |
| pastoralism in northern peru during pre-hispanic times: insights from the mochica period (100-800 ad) based on stable isotopic analysis of domestic camelids. | llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are the only large domesticated animals indigenous to the americas. pastoralism occupies a fundamental economic, social and religious role in andean life. today, camelid livestock are confined to the ecozone of the puna (above 3,500 masl), while their presence on the pacific coast during pre-hispanic times is attested by archaeological skeletal remains. this study aims to document herding practices on the northern peruvian coast during the early inte ... | 2014 | 24498136 |
| dipetalonema evansi infection in camels of iran's central area. | totally 294 dromedary camels of different ages and both sexes slaughtered at slaughterhouses in yazd, isfahan and kerman provinces were inspected for infection with dipetalonema evansi. blood smears of all camels and carcasses of 125 of them (100 from isfahan and 25 from yazd) were studied for larva and adult forms of the parasite. microfilariae were found in peripheral blood smears of 38 out of 294 (12.92%) tested camels, while 20 out of 125 camels (13.89%) harbored d. evansi adult worms in at ... | 2013 | 24505989 |
| single-domain antibodies and their utility. | engineered monoclonal antibody fragments have gained market attention due to their versatility and tailor-made potential and are now considered to be an important part of future immunobiotherapeutics. single-domain antibodies (sdabs), also known as nanobodies, are derived from vhhs [variable domains (v) of heavy-chain-only antibodies (hcab)] of camelid heavy-chain antibodies. these nature-made sdabs are well suited for various applications due to their favorable characteristics such as small siz ... | 2013 | 24510545 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): evidence and speculations. | in 2012, a novel human coronavirus emerged and was tentatively named "middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus" (mers-cov). the high mortality rate of mers-cov focused attention on the ecology of the virus. it has been found that mers-cov belongs to the group c lineage of the genus betacoronavirus. coronavirus surveillance studies in different populations of bats have suggested that they are probable reservoirs for this novel virus, and phylogenetic analysis of both the spike (s1) and rna-de ... | 2014 | 24515532 |
| combining proteomic tools to characterize the protein fraction of llama (lama glama) milk. | llamas belong to the camelidae family along with camels. while dromedary camel milk has been broadly characterized, data on llama milk proteins are scarce. the objective of this study was thus to investigate the protein composition of llama milk. skimmed llama milk proteins were first characterized by a 2d separation technique coupling rp-hplc in the first dimension with sds-page in the second dimension (rp-hplc/sds-page). llama milk proteins, namely caseins (αs1 -, αs2 -, β-, and κ-caseins), α- ... | 2014 | 24519815 |
| sectional anatomic and computed tomography features of the nasal and oral cavities of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the purpose of the study was to provide a description of normal cross-sectional anatomy of the camel nasal and oral cavities using computed tomography (ct) and macroscopic cross-sections. transverse images of two isolated camel cadaver heads were obtained by an axial ct equipment. computed tomography scans were processed with a detailed algorithm using nasal and soft tissue windows settings and compared with the corresponding frozen cross-sections of the heads, to assist in the accurate identifi ... | 2015 | 24527752 |
| [middle east respiratory syndrome (mers): bats or dromedary, which of them is responsible?]. | in 2012 a new viral emergent human disease appeared in the middle east. this entity was named mers for' middle east respiratory syndrome'. by january 9, 2014, the disease had already struck 178 persons of whom 75 died from respiratory failure and diarrhoea. as the new disease was very similar to the deadly sars (2002-2003) and since it was provoked by a betacoronavirus, chiroptera were first suspected to be at the origin of this infection. morever, recent studies performed in saudi arabia showed ... | 2014 | 24532303 |
| confocal fluorescence assessment of bioenergy/redox status of dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) oocytes before and after in vitro maturation. | reproductive biotechnologies in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) are less developed than in other livestock species. the in vitro maturation (ivm) technology is a fundamental step for in vitro embryo production (ivp), and its optimization could represent a way to increase the success rate of ivp. the aim of the present study was to investigate the bioenergy/oxidative status of dromedary camel oocytes before and after ivm by confocal microscopy 3d imaging. | 2014 | 24548378 |
| fine structures of the oocyte in relation to serum, follicular fluid steroid hormones and igf-i in the ovulatory-sized follicles in one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the following study was carried out to determine the ultrastructural features of the oocyte of the ovulatory-sized follicles in relation to concentrations of steroids and igf-i in the follicular fluid (ff) and serum in the dromedary camel. | 2014 | 24551433 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in saudi arabia. | the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is proposed to be a zoonotic disease; however, the reservoir and mechanism for transmission of the causative agent, the mers coronavirus, are unknown. dromedary camels have been implicated through reports that some victims have been exposed to camels, camels in areas where the disease has emerged have antibodies to the virus, and viral sequences have been recovered from camels in association with outbreaks of the disease among humans. nonetheless, whet ... | 2014 | 24570370 |
| comparative studies on genital infections and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates from camels (camelus dromedarius) and cows (bos indicus) in maiduguri, north-eastern nigeria. | a total of 160 genitalia of camels and cows were investigated in maiduguri, north-eastern nigeria to compare bacterial isolates and the antibacterial susceptibilities of some of the isolates. streptococcus (str.) pyogenes (31%), escherichia (e.) coli (24%) and staphylococcus (s.) aureus (20%) were the most common vaginal bacterial isolates in camels; while e. coli (73%), str. pyogenes (18%) and s. aureus (11%) were the most frequent isolates in the cows. of the 78 uterine isolates recovered in t ... | 2014 | 24570857 |
| mers: emergence of a novel human coronavirus. | a novel coronavirus (cov) that causes a severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans, emerged in the middle east region in 2012. this virus, named middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-cov, is phylogenetically related to bat covs, but other animal species like dromedary camels may potentially act as intermediate hosts by spreading the virus to humans. although human to human transmission has been demonstrated, analysis of human mers clusters indicated that chains of transmission were not ... | 2014 | 24584035 |
| could dromedary camels develop stereotypy? the first description of stereotypical behaviour in housed male dromedary camels and how it is affected by different management systems. | dromedary camel husbandry has recently been evolving towards a semi-intensive system, due to the changes in use of the animal and the settlement of nomadic populations. captivity could restrict its social activities, limiting the expression of various behavioural needs and causing the manifestation of stereotypy. the aims of this trial were, firstly, to identify and describe some stereotypical behaviours in captive male dromedary camels used for artificial insemination and, secondly, to study th ... | 2014 | 24586522 |
| reconstructing the life of an unknown (ca. 500 years-old south american inca) mummy--multidisciplinary study of a peruvian inca mummy suggests severe chagas disease and ritual homicide. | the paleopathological, paleoradiological, histological, molecular and forensic investigation of a female mummy (radiocarbon dated 1451-1642 ad) provides circumstantial evidence for massive skull trauma affecting a young adult female individual shortly before death along with chronic infection by trypanosoma cruzi (chagas disease). the mummy (initially assumed to be a german bog body) was localized by stable isotope analysis to south america at/near the peruvian/northern chilean coast line. this ... | 2014 | 24586848 |
| recombinant expression and purification of human placental growth factor 1 and specific camel heavy chain polyclonal antibody preparation. | placental growth factor (plgf) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) family. unlike vegf, plgf is dispensable for normal cell development as well as playing various roles in pathological angiogenesis which occurs in tissue ischemia, inflammation, and malignancy. the plgf-1 has been considered as a potential candidate for the diagnosis and targeting of pathological angiogenesis. camelidae serum contains an important fraction of functional antibodies, called heavy-chain anti ... | 2014 | 24596498 |
| structural basis for the inhibition of hiv-1 nef by a high-affinity binding single-domain antibody. | the hiv-1 nef protein is essential for aids pathogenesis by its interaction with host cell surface receptors and signaling factors. despite its critical role as a virulence factor nef is not targeted by current antiviral strategies. | 2014 | 24620746 |
| disseminated blastomyces dermatitidis, genetic group 2, infection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a 7-year-old, female huacaya alpaca presented with a 3-week history of left-sided head tilt and mild ataxia. despite aggressive supportive therapy with empirical antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, thiamine, and anthelminthic therapy, neurologic signs progressed to a right-sided head tilt, positional nystagmus, and episodes of severe ataxia and obtundation. on necropsy, discrete expansile to poorly delineated infiltrative masses with tan, creamy to grumous exudate were observed in the right petrous t ... | 2014 | 24621845 |
| first description of milk flow traits in tunisian dairy dromedary camels under an intensive farming system. | in order to evaluate milking ability in dromedary camels, 124 milk flow curves were registered during morning milking of 20 dairy maghrebi dromedary camels. animals were in lactations 1-8, were 6-19 years old and were 4-15 months of their current lactation. milk flow curves were recorded using an electronic milk flow meter (lactocorder®). milk flow curves were classified in three typical patterns: type 1 represents curves with one high and short peak of milk flow; type 2 represents curves with a ... | 2014 | 24622212 |
| caffeine supplementation during ivm improves frequencies of nuclear maturation and preimplantation development of dromedary camel oocytes following ivf. | caffeine supplementation during oocyte ivm has been reported to improve preimplantation embryo development and the quality of in vitro-produced blastocysts in a range of species; but no studies have been done in camels. the present study investigated the effect of caffeine supplementation during dromedary camel oocyte ivm on nuclear maturation rates, ivf events, and subsequent preimplantation development. cumulus-oocyte complexes obtained at slaughter were matured in vitro in caffeine supplement ... | 2014 | 24630529 |
| a comparative study of free oligosaccharides in the milk of domestic animals. | the present study was conducted to obtain a comprehensive overview of oligosaccharides present in the milk of a variety of important domestic animals including cows, goats, sheep, pigs, horses and dromedary camels. using an analytical workflow that included ultra-performance liquid chromatography-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight ms, detailed oligosaccharide libraries were established. the partial or full characterisati ... | 2014 | 24635885 |
| computed tomography and gross anatomical studies on the head of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the current study aimed to document by computed tomography (ct) the anatomical structures of the one-humped camel head relative to their adaptability to living environments. seven adult one-humped camels' heads were used in this study. the structures of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, orbit, and cranium were investigated using computed tomographic scans, cross, and sagittal sections of the head cadavers, and skulls. the study showed the nasal conchae had special properties wher ... | 2014 | 24639077 |
| antibodies against mers coronavirus in dromedary camels, united arab emirates, 2003 and 2013. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has caused an ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory tract infection in humans in the arabian peninsula since 2012. dromedary camels have been implicated as possible viral reservoirs. we used serologic assays to analyze 651 dromedary camel serum samples from the united arab emirates; 151 of 651 samples were obtained in 2003, well before onset of the current epidemic, and 500 serum samples were obtained in 2013. recombinant spike prote ... | 2014 | 24655412 |
| novel betacoronavirus in dromedaries of the middle east, 2013. | in 2013, a novel betacoronavirus was identified in fecal samples from dromedaries in dubai, united arab emirates. antibodies against the recombinant nucleocapsid protein of the virus, which we named dromedary camel coronavirus (dccov) uae-hku23, were detected in 52% of 59 dromedary serum samples tested. in an analysis of 3 complete dccov uae-hku23 genomes, we identified the virus as a betacoronavirus in lineage a1. the dccov uae-hku23 genome has g+c contents; a general preference for g/c in the ... | 2014 | 24655427 |
| effect of different management systems on rutting behavior and behavioral repertoire of housed maghrebi male camels (camelus dromedarius). | camel management has been changing in recent years from an extensive to a semi-intensive or intensive system, particularly for breeding bulls and dairy dromedary camels. captivity may affect animal welfare, and low libido is the major complaint for housed breeding bulls. since welfare status could also affect reproductive performance, the aim of this study was to evaluate different management practices on behavior, particularly on sexual behavior, and to identify some behavioral needs of male dr ... | 2014 | 24659302 |
| presence and distribution of urocortin and its receptors in the epididymis of alpaca (vicugna pacos). | urocortin 1 (ucn) is a 40-amino acid peptide belonging to the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (crh) family. the biological effects of this peptide are modulated by binding two g-coupled receptors named crh receptor 1 (crhr1) and crh receptor 2 (crhr2). crhr2 has high affinity for ucn. the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of ucn, crhr1 and crhr2 in the epididymis of the south america camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos) by western blotting analysis and immunohi ... | 2015 | 24661003 |
| maintenance of genetic diversity in an introduced island population of guanacos after seven decades and two severe demographic bottlenecks: implications for camelid conservation. | fifteen guanacos were introduced to staats island in the falklands/malvinas archipelago from patagonia in the 1930s. twenty five years later, the population was culled from 300 to 10-20 individuals, but quickly rebounded to a population of almost 400 animals that today retain the genetic signature of the founding event and later bottleneck. the goals of this study were to (i) make a genetic assessment of this island population through comparisons with mainland populations and simulations, and (i ... | 2014 | 24663026 |
| thermal stability and refolding capability of shark derived single domain antibodies. | single-domain antibodies (sdab) from camelids and sharks represent the smallest immunoglobulin-based functional binding domains, and are known for their thermal stability and ability to refold after denaturation. whereas target-binding sdab have been derived from both immunized and naïve sharks and camelids, the stability of camelid-derived sdab have been evaluated much more extensively. to address this disparity we characterized 20 sdab derived from spiny dogfish shark and smooth dogfish shark ... | 2014 | 24667069 |
| bovine calves as ideal bio-indicators for fluoridated drinking water and endemic osteo-dental fluorosis. | relative susceptibility to fluoride (f) toxicosis in the form of osteo-dental fluorosis was observed in an observational survey of 2,747 mature and 887 immature domestic animals of diverse species living in areas with naturally fluoridated (>1.5 ppm f) drinking water. these animals included buffaloes (bubalus bubalis), cattle (bos taurus), camels (camelus dromedarius), donkeys (equus asinus), horses (equus caballus), goats (capra hircus), and sheep (ovis aries). of these mature and immature anim ... | 2014 | 24671615 |
| camelid-derived heavy-chain nanobody against clostridium botulinum neurotoxin e in pichia pastoris. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) result in severe and often fatal disease, botulism. common remedial measures such as equine antitoxin and human botulism immunoglobulin in turn are problematic and time-consuming. therefore, diagnosis and therapy of bonts are vital. the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (vhh) has unique features, such as the ability to identify and bind specifically to target epitopes and ease of production in bacteria and yeast. the pichia pastoris is suitable for expressio ... | 2017 | 24673401 |
| morphological and glycan features of the camel oviduct epithelium. | this study describes regional differences in the oviduct of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) during the growth phase (gp) and the mature phase (mp) of the follicular wave by means of morphometry, scanning electron microscopy (sem) and glycohistochemistry investigations. epithelium height significantly increased in the ampulla and decreased in the isthmus passing from the gp to the mp. under sem, non-ciliated cells displayed apical blebs (secretory) or short microvilli. cilia glycocalyx ... | 2014 | 24680377 |
| molecular cloning and cdna characterization of camelus dromedarius putative cytochrome p450s 1a, 2c, and 3a. | the domesticated one-humped arabian camel, camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the arabian peninsula. most of its life, this animal is exposed to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that are known to cause gross metabolic alterations in many organisms. this study determined the full length coding sequence of 3 cytochrome p450s cdnas; namely, cyp450 1a1, cyp450 2c and cyp450 3a using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. the c. dromedarius cyp450s 1a ... | 2014 | 24682982 |
| specific targeting of atherosclerotic plaques in apoe(-/-) mice using a new camelid sdab binding the vulnerable plaque marker lox-1. | molecular imaging has the potential to provide quantitative information about specific biological aspects of developing atherosclerotic lesions. this requires the generation of reliable, highly specific plaque tracers. this study reports a new camelid single-domain antibody fragment (sdab) targeting the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (lox-1), a biomarker for the detection and molecular phenotyping of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. | 2014 | 24687730 |
| nanobody-based products as research and diagnostic tools. | since the serendipitous discovery 20 years ago of bona fide camelid heavy-chain antibodies, their single-domain antigen-binding fragments, known as vhhs or nanobodies, have received a progressively growing interest. as a result of the beneficial properties of these stable recombinant entities, they are currently highly valued proteins for multiple applications, including fundamental research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. today, with the original patents expiring, even more academic and industr ... | 2014 | 24698358 |
| generation and characterization of nanobodies targeting psma for molecular imaging of prostate cancer. | nanobodies show attractive characteristics for tumor targeting in cancer diagnosis and therapy. a radiolabeled nanobody binding the prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma) could offer a noninvasive strategy to select prostate cancer patients eligible for psma-targeted therapies. we here describe the generation, production and in vivo evaluation of anti-psma nanobodies. nanobodies were derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies, raised in immunized dromedaries. binding characteristics were evalua ... | 2017 | 24700748 |
| construction of naïve camelids vhh repertoire in phage display-based library. | camelids have unique antibodies, namely hcabs (vhh) or commercially named nanobodies(®) (nb) that are composed only of a heavy-chain homodimer. as libraries based on immunized camelids are time-consuming, costly and likely redundant for certain antigens, we describe the construction of a naïve camelid vhhs library from blood serum of non-immunized camelids with affinity in the subnanomolar range and suitable for standard immune applications. this approach is rapid and recovers vhh repertoire wit ... | 2014 | 24702893 |
| severe whipworm (trichuris spp.) infection in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius). | one adult (13-yr-old) and two young (3-4-yr-old) male dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) from the seoul zoo displayed anorexia and chronic diarrhea for 2 wk. direct fecal smear examination revealed trichuris spp. infection. after confirmation of the infection, fenbendazole was orally administered as a suspension; this was repeated two times at 3-wk intervals. a high initial dose (20 mg/kg) was followed by administration at the recommended dose (10 mg/kg). starting on the day following the fi ... | 2014 | 24712184 |
| seroepidemiology of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) population in northeast of iran. | 2014 | 24717205 | |
| methane emission by camelids. | methane emissions from ruminant livestock have been intensively studied in order to reduce contribution to the greenhouse effect. ruminants were found to produce more enteric methane than other mammalian herbivores. as camelids share some features of their digestive anatomy and physiology with ruminants, it has been proposed that they produce similar amounts of methane per unit of body mass. this is of special relevance for countrywide greenhouse gas budgets of countries that harbor large popula ... | 2014 | 24718604 |
| pituitary null cell adenoma in a domestic llama (lama glama). | pituitary gland neoplasia has been reported rarely in camelids. a 12-year-old neutered male llama (lama glama) presented with lethargy, inappetence and neurological signs. on physical examination, the llama was mentally dull and exhibited compulsive pacing and circling to the left. complete blood count and serum biochemistry revealed haemoconcentration, mild hypophosphataemia, hyperglycaemia, hypercreatininaemia and hyperalbuminaemia. humane destruction was elected due to rapid clinical deterior ... | 2014 | 24720914 |
| review of laboratory submissions from new world camelids in england and wales (2000-2011). | sample submissions to the animal health and veterinary laboratories agency's (ahvla's) diagnostic laboratory network in england and wales were reviewed for diseases affecting new world camelids (nwcs). in the years 2000-2011, 6757 submissions were analysed, including 5154/6757 (76.3%) for diagnosing a disease problem and 1603/6757 (23.7%) for monitoring (no clinical disease). wasting (weight loss, ill-thrift) was the most commonly reported clinical sign across all age groups. a diagnosis was rea ... | 2014 | 24721312 |
| heat-induced irreversible denaturation of the camelid single domain vhh antibody is governed by chemical modifications. | the variable domain of camelid heavy chain antibody (vhh) is highly heat-resistant and is therefore ideal for many applications. although understanding the process of heat-induced irreversible denaturation is essential to improve the efficacy of vhh, its inactivation mechanism remains unclear. here, we showed that chemical modifications predominantly governed the irreversible denaturation of vhh at high temperatures. after heat treatment, the activity of vhh was dependent only on the incubation ... | 2014 | 24739391 |
| protease-resistant single-domain antibodies inhibit campylobacter jejuni motility. | camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (vhhs) are emerging as potential antimicrobial reagents. we have engineered a previously isolated vhh (flagv1m), which binds campylobacter jejuni flagella, for greater thermal and proteolytic stability. mutants of flagv1m were obtained from an error-prone polymerase chain reaction library that was panned in the presence of gastrointestinal (gi) proteases. additional flagv1m mutants were obtained through disulfide-bond engineering. each approach produ ... | 2014 | 24742504 |
| genetic diversity and population structure of mongolian domestic bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus). | the tradition of animal husbandry in the context of a nomadic lifestyle has been of great significance in the mongolian society. both bactrian camels and horses have been invaluable for the survival and development of human activities in the harsh arid environment of the mongolian steppe. as camels offer unique and sustainable opportunities for livestock production in marginal agro-ecological zones, we investigated the current genetic diversity of three local mongolian camel breeds and compared ... | 2014 | 24749721 |
| diagnostic nanoparticle targeting of the egf-receptor in complex biological conditions using single-domain antibodies. | for effective localization of functionalized nanoparticles at diseased tissues such as solid tumours or metastases through biorecognition, appropriate targeting vectors directed against selected tumour biomarkers are a key prerequisite. the diversity of such vector molecules ranges from proteins, including antibodies and fragments thereof, through aptamers and glycans to short peptides and small molecules. here, we analyse the specific nanoparticle targeting capabilities of two previously sugges ... | 2014 | 24777583 |
| identification of human neutralizing antibodies against mers-cov and their role in virus adaptive evolution. | the newly emerging middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome-like disease with ∼43% mortality. given the recent detection of virus in dromedary camels, zoonotic transfer of mers-cov to humans is suspected. in addition, little is known about the role of human neutralizing ab (nab) pressure as a driving force in mers-cov adaptive evolution. here, we used a well-characterized nonimmune human ab-phage library and a panning strategy with proteo ... | 2014 | 24778221 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in saudi arabia. | abstract complete middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) genome sequences were obtained from nasal swabs of dromedary camels sampled in the kingdom of saudi arabia through direct analysis of nucleic acid extracts or following virus isolation in cell culture. consensus dromedary mers-cov genome sequences were the same with either template source and identical to published human mers-cov sequences. however, in contrast to individual human cases, where only clonal genomic sequences ... | 2014 | 24781747 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels, oman, 2013. | a countrywide survey in oman revealed middle eastrespiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) nucleicacid in five of 76 dromedary camels. camel-derivedmers-cov sequences (3,754 nucleotides assembled from partial sequences of the open reading frame (orf)1a, spike, and orf4b genes) from oman and qatar were slightly different from each other, but closely related to human mers-cov sequences from the same geographical areas, suggesting local zoonotic transmission. high viral loads in nasal and conjunc ... | 2014 | 24786259 |
| subclinical anaplasmosis in camel (camelus dromedarius) and its successful therapeutic management. | on the indian sub continent, dromedarian camel -'the ship of the desert' is an important constituent of the socio economic life style of nomadic owners in the semi arid to arid ecosystems. the animal suffers from a few parasitic diseases viz. surra, coccidiosis, sarcocystis, gastro intestinal concurrent metazoan infections, mange, nasal bots and ticks infestations. however, anaplasmosis in camel has not been reported so far from the indian subcontinent. systematic investigations of a 7 year male ... | 2012 | 24808644 |
| genomics, phylogeny and in silico analysis of mitochondrial glutathione s-transferase-kappa from the camel camelus dromedarius. | the domesticated one-humped camel, camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the arabian peninsula. for most of its life, this species is exposed to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that cause gross dna alterations in many organisms. gst enzymes constitute an important supergene family involved in protection against the deleterious effects of oxidative stress and xenobiotics. cloning the camel mitochondrial gst kappa (gstk) gene and comparing its structural simil ... | 2014 | 24810173 |
| impact of feeding on growth performance, blood biochemical and mineral profiles of pre-pubescent camels under pastoral management in arid western rajasthan. | the experiment was undertaken on 20 pre-pubescent dromedary camels of 300 ± 7.0 kg average bodyweight (bw) and 1.5-2 years of age to determine change in body weight, blood biochemical and mineral profiles and morphometric parameters on rangeland grazing (gr) and supplementary stall feeding (gs) at arid northwestern part of rajasthan over a period of 80 days. gr camels were maintained only on grazing, while gs camels were fed semi-intensively ad-lib groundnut haulms along with formulated concentr ... | 2014 | 24811371 |
| site-specific labeling of cysteine-tagged camelid single-domain antibody-fragments for use in molecular imaging. | site-specific labeling of molecular imaging probes allows the development of a homogeneous tracer population. the resulting batch-to-batch reproducible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are of great importance for clinical translation. camelid single-domain antibody-fragments (sdabs)-the recombinantly produced antigen-binding domains of heavy-chain antibodies, also called nanobodies-are proficient probes for molecular imaging. to safeguard their intrinsically high binding specificit ... | 2014 | 24815083 |
| caudal epidural analgesia using lidocaine alone or in combination with ketamine in dromedary camels camelus dromedarius. | this study was performed to investigate the analgesic effect of lidocaine and a combination of lidocaine and ketamine following epidural administration in dromedary camels. ten 12-18-month-old camels were randomly divided into two equal groups. in group l, the animals received 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) and in group lk the animals received a mixture of 10% ketamine (1 mg/kg) and 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) administered into the first intercoccygeal (co1-co2) epidural space while standing. onset tim ... | 2014 | 24830566 |
| characteristics of the somatic hypermutation in the camelus dromedarius t cell receptor gamma (trg) and delta (trd) variable domains. | in previous reports, we had shown in camelus dromedarius that diversity in t cell receptor gamma (trg) and delta (trd) variable domains can be generated by somatic hypermutation (shm). in the present paper, we further the previous finding by analyzing 85 unique spleen cdna sequences encoding a total of 331 mutations from a single animal, and comparing the properties of the mutation profiles of dromedary trg and trd variable domains. the transition preference and the significant mutation frequenc ... | 2014 | 24836674 |
| [mers-cov: a new virus from saudi arabia]. | since about a year, a new pulmonary pathology occurred in saudi arabia and some cases are imported in europa. this disease is due to a coronavirus named mers-cov (middle east respiratory syndome coronavirus). the main symptoms are fever, pulmonary and digestive troubles, with a risk of nosocomial transmission and a mortality of about 42%. the reservoir is probably the dromedary camel and the bat is the vector. there is no specific treatment or vaccine. | 2014 | 24855771 |
| molecular profiling of neurons based on connectivity. | the complexity and cellular heterogeneity of neural circuitry presents a major challenge to understanding the role of discrete neural populations in controlling behavior. while neuroanatomical methods enable high-resolution mapping of neural circuitry, these approaches do not allow systematic molecular profiling of neurons based on their connectivity. here, we report the development of an approach for molecularly profiling projective neurons. we show that ribosomes can be tagged with a camelid n ... | 2014 | 24855954 |
| new hepatitis e virus genotype in camels, the middle east. | in a molecular epidemiology study of hepatitis e virus (hev) in dromedaries in dubai, united arab emirates, hev was detected in fecal samples from 3 camels. complete genome sequencing of 2 strains showed >20% overall nucleotide difference to known hevs. comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed a previously unrecognized hev genotype. | 2014 | 24856611 |
| mers coronaviruses in dromedary camels, egypt. | we identified the near-full-genome sequence (29,908 nt, >99%) of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) from a nasal swab specimen from a dromedary camel in egypt. we found that viruses genetically very similar to human mers-cov are infecting dromedaries beyond the arabian peninsula, where human mers-cov infections have not yet been detected. | 2014 | 24856660 |
| human infection with mers coronavirus after exposure to infected camels, saudi arabia, 2013. | we investigated a case of human infection with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) after exposure to infected camels. analysis of the whole human-derived virus and 15% of the camel-derived virus sequence yielded nucleotide polymorphism signatures suggestive of cross-species transmission. camels may act as a direct source of human mers-cov infection. | 2014 | 24857749 |
| potential candidate camelid antibodies for the treatment of protein-misfolding diseases. | protein-misfolding diseases (pmds), including alzheimer's disease would potentially reach epidemic proportion if effective ways to diagnose and treat them were not developed. the quest for effective therapy for pmds has been ongoing for decades and some of the technologies developed so far show great promise. we report here the development of antibodies by immunization of camelids with prion (priov3) and alzheimer's (prioad12, 13 & 120) disease-derived brain material. we show that anti-prp antib ... | 2014 | 24864011 |
| letter to the editor: middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels: are dromedary camels a reservoir for mers-cov? | 2014 | 24871759 | |
| authors reply: middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels: are dromedary camels a reservoir for mers-cov? | 2014 | 24871760 | |
| development of nanobody-based flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay for sensitive detection of human prealbumin. | nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, have novel and impactful applications in clinical diagnostics. our objective is to develop a nanobody-based chemiluminescence immunoassay for sensitive detection of human prealbumin (pa). in this context, a phage display nanobody library is constructed via immunizing dromedary camel with human prealbumin. three nanobodies have been identified by five successive bio-panning steps. based on their high expression level and good affinity, two ... | 2014 | 24874660 |
| targeted radionuclide therapy with a 177lu-labeled anti-her2 nanobody. | rit has become an attractive strategy in cancer treatment, but still faces important drawbacks due to poor tumor penetration and undesirable pharmacokinetics of the targeting vehicles. smaller radiolabeled antibody fragments and peptides feature highly specific target accumulation, resulting in low accumulation in healthy tissue, except for the kidneys. nanobodies are the smallest (mw<15 kda) functional antigen-binding fragments that are derived from heavy chain-only camelid antibodies. here, we ... | 2014 | 24883121 |
| a camelid antibody candidate for development of a therapeutic agent against hemiscorpius lepturus envenomation. | hemiscorpius lepturus scorpionism poses one of the most dangerous health problems in many parts of the world. the common therapy consists of using antivenom antibody fragments derived from a polyclonal immune response raised in horses. however, this immunotherapy creates serious side effects, including anaphylactic shock sometimes even leading to death. thus, many efforts have been made to introduce new replacement therapeutics that cause less adverse reactions. one of the most attractive approa ... | 2014 | 24891523 |
| molecular characterization of a novel hepcidin (hepcd) from camelus dromedarius. synthetic peptide forms exhibit antibacterial activity. | hepcidin is a cysteine-rich peptide widely characterized in immunological processes and antimicrobial activity in several vertebrate species. obviously, this hormone plays a central role in the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. however, its role in camelids' immune response and whether it is involved in antibacterial immunity have not yet been proven. in this study, we characterized the arabian camel hepcidin nucleotide sequence with an open reading frame of 252 bp encoding an 83-amino ac ... | 2014 | 24895313 |
| evidence for camel-to-human transmission of mers coronavirus. | we describe the isolation and sequencing of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) obtained from a dromedary camel and from a patient who died of laboratory-confirmed mers-cov infection after close contact with camels that had rhinorrhea. nasal swabs collected from the patient and from one of his nine camels were positive for mers-cov rna. in addition, mers-cov was isolated from the patient and the camel. the full genome sequences of the two isolates were identical. serologic da ... | 2014 | 24896817 |
| the effect of fibre source on the numbers of some fibre-degrading bacteria of arabian camel's (camelus dromedarius) foregut origin. | the total bacterial community of fibrobacter succinogenes and ruminococcus flavefaciens in fibre-enriched culture of the foregut contents of 12 adult feral camels (camelus dromedaries) fed on native vegetation in australia was investigated using quantitative pcr. foregut contents were collected postmortem, pooled and filtered before divided into two fractions. one fraction was used for extraction of dna, while the other fraction was inoculated straight away into bm 10 contained filter paper (fp) ... | 2014 | 24898095 |
| host species restriction of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus through its receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012. recently, the mers-cov receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) was identified and the specific interaction of the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of mers-cov spike protein and dpp4 was determined by crystallography. animal studies identified rhesus macaques but not hamsters, ferrets, or mice to be susceptible for mers-cov. here, we investigated the role of dpp4 in this observed species tropism. cell lines of human and nonhuman ... | 2014 | 24899185 |
| metrical analysis of dromedary digital bones. | dromedary camels are large even-toed ungulates which are well adapted to life in large deserts. examinations of their feet have revealed many structural peculiarities. we have measured the digital bones of the dromedary in order to determine whether there are morphometric variations in the digital bones between the lateral and medial sides in individual limbs and/or in the right and left thoracic and pelvic limbs, with the aim to clarify whether there are anatomical differences in the digital bo ... | 2015 | 24908273 |
| differential neutralizing activities of a single domain camelid antibody (vhh) specific for ricin toxin's binding subunit (rtb). | ricin, a member of the a-b family of ribosome-inactivating proteins, is classified as a select toxin by the centers for disease control and prevention because of its potential use as a biothreat agent. in an effort to engineer therapeutics for ricin, we recently produced a collection of alpaca-derived, heavy-chain only antibody vh domains (vhh or "nanobody") specific for ricin's enzymatic (rta) and binding (rtb) subunits. we reported that one particular rtb-specific vhh, rtb-b7, when covalently ... | 2014 | 24918772 |
| comparative chromosome painting of pronghorn (antilocapra americana) and saola (pseudoryx nghetinhensis) karyotypes with human and dromedary camel probes. | pronghorn (antilocapridae, 2n = 58) and saola (bovidae, 2n = 50) are members of pecora, a highly diversified group of even-toed hoofed mammals. karyotypes of these species were not involved in chromosome painting studies despite their intriguing phylogenetic positions in pecora. | 2014 | 24923361 |
| adenoviral targeting using genetically incorporated camelid single variable domains. | the unique ability of human adenovirus serotype 5 (ad5) to accomplish efficient transduction has allowed the use of ad5-based vectors for a range of gene therapy applications. several strategies have been developed to alter tropism of ad vectors to achieve a cell-specific gene delivery by using fiber modifications via genetic incorporation of targeting motifs. in this study, we have explored the utility of novel anti-human carcinoembryonic antigen (hcea) single variable domains derived from heav ... | 2014 | 24933423 |
| control and eventual eradication of trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels after an episodic outbreak in mainland spain: an example in a non-endemic area. | in 2008, trypanosoma evansi was detected on a camel farm in mainland spain. the animals were isolated, confined in a closed stable, and treated twice with melarsamine (cymelarsan(®), merial, lyon, france) with an interval of 1 month. clinical and laboratory examinations by means of parasitological, serological, and molecular procedures (polymerase chain reaction (pcr)) were carried out regularly for 6 years. after the treatment, all parasitemic camels were cleared of parasites, and in the seropo ... | 2014 | 24933467 |
| multiphoton imaging of tumor biomarkers with conjugates of single-domain antibodies and quantum dots. | an ideal multiphoton fluorescent nanoprobe should combine a nanocrystal with the largest possible two-photon absorption cross section (tpacs) and the smallest highly specific recognition molecules bound in an oriented manner. cdse/zns quantum dots (qds) conjugated to 13-kda single-domain antibodies (sdabs) derived from camelid igg or streptavidin have been used as efficient two-photon excitation (tpe) probes for carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) imaging on normal human appendix and colon carcinoma ... | 2014 | 24941465 |
| [middle-east coronavirus: new menace; questions about dromedary]. | 2014 | 24941691 | |
| bioconjugates of rhizavidin with single domain antibodies as bifunctional immunoreagents. | use of the avidin-biotin binding interaction for immunoassay applications is widespread. one advantageous immunoreagent is the recombinant fusion of an antibody fragment with a biotin binding protein. these genetic fusions alleviate the need to prepare chemical conjugates to achieve molecules that combine target recognition with signal transduction or to facilitate the directional immobilization of the binding element. in order for such a fusion protein to be useful, however, it must be able to ... | 2014 | 24946086 |
| seroepidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus in saudi arabia (1993) and australia (2014) and characterisation of assay specificity. | the pseudoparticle virus neutralisation test (ppnt) and a conventional microneutralisation (mn) assay are specific for detecting antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) when used in seroepidemiological studies in animals. genetically diverse mers-cov appear antigenically similar in mn tests. we confirm that mers-cov was circulating in dromedaries in saudi arabia in 1993. preliminary data suggest that feral australian dromedaries may be free of mers-cov but larger co ... | 2014 | 24957744 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) rna and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, qatar, april 2014. | antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) were detected in serum and milk collected according to local customs from 33 camels in qatar, april 2014. at one location, evidence for active virus shedding in nasal secretions and/or faeces was observed for 7/12 camels; viral rna was detected in milk of five of these seven camels. the presence of mers-cov rna in milk of camels actively shedding the virus warrants measures to prevent putative food-borne transmission of mers-c ... | 2014 | 24957745 |
| plasma steroid hormone concentrations and blood flow of the ovarian structures of the female dromedary (camelus dromedarius) during growth, dominance, spontaneous ovulation, luteinization and regression of the follicular wave. | the objectives of this study were to investigate the ovarian follicular waves and their corresponding hormonal changes in she-camels and to elucidate blood perfusion of the ovarian structures. three reproductively sound, non-pregnant female camels were examined daily using b-mode and color doppler to detect changes in their ovarian structures and blood vasculature for 22 follicular waves. blood area (ba) and percentage (ba%) were determined for the ovarian structures. three phases of follicular ... | 2014 | 24957969 |
| mers coronavirus in dromedary camel herd, saudi arabia. | a prospective study of a dromedary camel herd during the 2013-14 calving season showed middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of calves and adults. virus was isolated from the nose and feces but more frequently from the nose. preexisting neutralizing antibody did not appear to protect against infection. | 2014 | 24964193 |
| the β-casein in camels: molecular characterization of the csn2 gene, promoter analysis and genetic variability. | the β-casein is the most abundant protein in camel milk and its encoding gene (csn2) is considered in other species a 'major' gene for the presence of alleles associated to different level of expression. in the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of the nucleotide sequence of the whole β-casein-encoding gene (csn2) plus 2,141 bp at the 5'-flanking region in camelus dromedarius. the promoter region and the complete cdna are also provided for the first time in camelus ... | 2014 | 24973699 |
| modelling the transmission dynamics of cystic echinococcosis in donkeys of different ages from tunisia. | during the period from march 2006 to july 2009 a total of 2040 slaughtered donkeys were examined for cystic echinococcosis (ce). ce prevalence in donkeys was 8.48% and the infection pressure (0.0088 infections per year) and infection rate (0.0448 cysts per year) appeared to be lower than those previously reported for cattle, sheep, dromedaries and goats in tunisia. however, the number of cysts per infection was relatively high (5.07 cysts per infection). among the 901 collected hydatid cysts the ... | 2014 | 24986435 |
| inhibition of biofilm formation by camelid single-domain antibodies against the flagellum of pseudomonas aeruginosa. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in patients with compromised host defense mechanisms, including burn wound victims. in addition to its intrinsic resistance against most antibiotics, p. aeruginosa has the ability to form biofilms adhering to biotic or abiotic surfaces. these factors make treatment of p. aeruginosa infections complicated and demand new therapies and drugs. the flagellum of p. aeruginosa plays an important role in cell-cell and cell-surface ... | 2014 | 24997356 |
| development and utilization of camelid vhh antibodies from alpaca for 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether detection. | an antibody-based analytical method for the detection of a chemical flame retardant using antibody fragments isolated from an alpaca has been developed. one specific chemical flame retardant congener, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (bde-47), is often the major poly-bde (pbde) congener present in human and environmental samples and that which is the most frequently detected. an alpaca was immunized with a surrogate of bde-47 covalently attached to a carrier protein. the resulting mrna c ... | 2014 | 25005746 |
| concerns about misinterpretation of recent scientific data implicating dromedary camels in epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). | 2014 | 25006231 | |
| reply to "concerns about misinterpretation of recent scientific data implicating dromedary camels in epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)". | 2014 | 25006235 | |
| effects of nutrient levels and average culture ph on the glycosylation pattern of camelid-humanized monoclonal antibody. | the impact of operating conditions on the glycosylation pattern of humanized camelid monoclonal antibody, eg2-hfc produced by chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells has been evaluated by a combination of experiments and modeling. cells were cultivated under different levels of glucose and glutamine concentrations with the goal of investigating the effect of nutrient depletion levels and ammonia build up on the cell growth and the glycoprofiles of the monoclonal antibody (mab). the effect of average p ... | 2014 | 25014402 |
| camelid reporter gene imaging: a generic method for in vivo cell tracking. | to combine the sensitivity of bioluminescent imaging (bli) with the 3d and quantitative properties of pinhole single-photon emission computed tomography (spect)/micro-computed tomography (ct) (phspect/micro-ct), we generated stable cell lines that express a yellow-fluorescent protein (yfp) and gaussia luciferase (gluc) fusion protein (yfp/gluc). for in vivo phspect detection of this yfp/gluc protein, a nanobody, targeted against yellow and green fluorescent proteins (anti-yfp-nb), was site speci ... | 2014 | 25024930 |
| radiolabeled nanobodies as theranostic tools in targeted radionuclide therapy of cancer. | the integration of diagnostic testing for the presence of a molecular target is of interest to predict successful targeted radionuclide therapy (trnt). this so-called 'theranostic' approach aims to improve personalized treatment based on the molecular characteristics of cancer cells. moreover, it offers new insights in predicting adverse effects and provides appropriate tools to monitor therapy responses. recent findings using nanobodies emphasize their potential as theranostic tools in cancer t ... | 2014 | 25035968 |
| optimization of storage and stability of camel liver glutathione s-transferase. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are multifunctional enzymes and play an important role in cellular detoxification. besides this, gsts act as cytosolic carrier proteins that bind hydrophobic compounds such as heme, bilirubin, steroids, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. gst has great importance in biotechnology, as it is a target for vaccine and drug development and biosensors development for xenobiotics. moreover, the gst tag has been extensively used for protein expression and purification. until n ... | 2015 | 25036813 |
| possible delayed respiratory depression following intrathecal injection of morphine and bupivacaine in an alpaca. | to describe general anesthesia and successful treatment of an alpaca, which developed respiratory arrest 2 hours after intrathecal injection of morphine and bupivacaine. | 2014 | 25041808 |
| adp-ribosylation of p2x7: a matter of life and death for regulatory t cells and natural killer t cells. | adp-ribosyltransferases comprise a family of enzymes originally discovered as bacterial toxins and later characterised also in mammals. in mice, the adp-ribosyltransferase artc2.2 is expressed at the surface of t lymphocytes and has been studied extensively. in the presence of extracellular nad(+), artc2.2 adp-ribosylates several cell surface target proteins and thereby regulates their function. p2x7, an atp-gated cation channel, has been discovered as a prominent artc2.2 target at the surface o ... | 2015 | 25048544 |
| detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus genome in an air sample originating from a camel barn owned by an infected patient. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel betacoronavirus that has been circulating in the arabian peninsula since 2012 and causing severe respiratory infections in humans. while bats were suggested to be involved in human mers-cov infections, a direct link between bats and mers-cov is uncertain. on the other hand, serological and virological data suggest dromedary camels as the potential animal reservoirs of mers-cov. recently, we isolated mers-cov from a camel and its ... | 2014 | 25053787 |
| mycoplasma detection and isolation from one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius). | in scientific literature, a small amount of information is found concerning mycoplasmosis in camel species. mycoplasma (m.) arginini, acholeplasma (a.) laidlawii, and acholeplasma oculi have been reported to be isolated from these host species. serologically positive results have been reported for mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides sc type, mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, and m. mycoides subsp. capri. the aims of this study were to detect, isolate, and identify mycoplasmas from ca ... | 2014 | 25059705 |
| launch of a voluntary camelid tb scheme. | 2014 | 25059965 | |
| geographic distribution of mers coronavirus among dromedary camels, africa. | we found serologic evidence for the circulation of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus among dromedary camels in nigeria, tunisia, and ethiopia. circulation of the virus among dromedaries across broad areas of africa may indicate that this disease is currently underdiagnosed in humans outside the arabian peninsula. | 2014 | 25062254 |
| mutational approaches to improve the biophysical properties of human single-domain antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies are a remarkably successful class of therapeutics used to treat a wide range of indications. there has been growing interest in smaller antibody fragments such as fabs, scfvs and domain antibodies in recent years. in particular, the development of human vh and vl single-domain antibody therapeutics, as stand-alone affinity reagents or as "warheads" for larger molecules, are favored over other sources of antibodies due to their perceived lack of immunogenicity in humans. how ... | 2014 | 25065345 |