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a novel phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitor dsr-141562 exhibits efficacies in animal models for positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia.in our drug discovery program, we identified a novel orally available and brain-penetrant phosphodiesterase (pde) 1 inhibitor, 3-methyl-7-(tetrahydro-2h-pyran-4-yl)-2-{[trans-4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]-methoxy}imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3h)-one (dsr-141562). in the present study, we characterized the preclinical profile of dsr-141562. this compound has preferential selectivity for predominantly brain-expressed pde1b over other pde1 family members, and high selectivity for the pde1 family ...201931578257
functional localization of the frontal eye fields in the common marmoset using microstimulation.the frontal eye field (fef) is a critical region for the deployment of overt and covert spatial attention. although investigations in the macaque continue to provide insight into the neural underpinnings of the fef, due to its location within a sulcus, the macaque fef is virtually inaccessible to electrophysiological techniques such as high-density and laminar recordings. with a largely lissencephalic cortex, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a promising alternative primate model for s ...201931582528
evaluating the efficacy of small molecules for neural differentiation of common marmoset escs and ipscs.the common marmoset (marmoset; callithrix jacchus) harbors various desired features as a non-human primate (nhp) model for neuroscience research. recently, efforts have been made to induce neural cells in vitro from marmoset pluripotent stem cells (pscs), including embryonic stem cells (escs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs), which are characterized by their capacity to differentiate into all cell types from the three germ layers. successful generation of marmoset neural cells is not o ...202031586586
high susceptibility, viral dynamics and persistence of south american zika virus in new world monkey species.south american zika virus (zikv) recently emerged as a novel human pathogen, linked with neurological disorders. however, comparative zikv infectivity studies in new world primates are lacking. two members of the callitrichidae family, common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and red-bellied tamarins (saguinus labiatus), were highly susceptible to sub-cutaneous challenge with the puerto rico-origin zikvprvabc59 strain. both exhibited rapid, high, acute viraemia with early neuroinvasion (3 days) in ...201931601848
establishment of a diabetes mellitus type 1 model in the common marmoset.common marmosets have attracted considerable attention as a small standard primate model in biomedical research. however, no marmoset diabetes model is available. here, we established a marmoset diabetes model via the combination of partial pancreatectomy and intravenous streptozotocin (stz). a partial pancreatectomy was performed in 11 common marmosets and multiple stz doses were intravenously administered. diabetes was diagnosed upon sustained hyperglycaemia (nonfasting blood glucose level >20 ...201931601983
stereotaxic surgery for implantation of microelectrode arrays in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).marmosets (callithrix jacchus) are small non-human primates that are gaining popularity in biomedical and preclinical research, including the neurosciences. phylogenetically, these animals are much closer to humans than rodents. they also display complex behaviors, including a wide range of vocalizations and social interactions. here, an effective stereotaxic neurosurgical procedure for implantation of recording electrode arrays in the common marmoset is described. this protocol also details the ...201931609344
anomalous pigmentation in invasive and native marmosets, callithrix jacchus, callithrix penicillata (primates, callitrichidae), and their hybrids in brazil.leucism is the lack or reduction in pigmentation in the most or parts of the body, but not in the eyes and body extremities. it is extremely rare in primates and has never been reported for callithrix, a genus endemic to brazil. we searched for individuals of callithrix jacchus and c. penicillata with pigmentation anomalies in a systematic survey of three protected areas in the atlantic forest, within museum collections in brazil, and opportunistically during field studies. since 2008, we have r ...202031618728
normal tension glaucoma-like degeneration of the visual system in aged marmosets.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a non-human primate that provides valuable models for neuroscience and aging research due to its anatomical similarities to humans and relatively short lifespan. this study was carried out to examine whether aged marmosets develop glaucoma, as seen in humans. we found that 11% of the aged marmosets presented with glaucoma-like characteristics; this incident rate is very similar to that in humans. magnetic resonance imaging showed a significant volume l ...201931619716
measurement of baseline locomotion and other behavioral traits in a common marmoset model of parkinson's disease established by a single administration regimen of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: providing reference data for efficacious preclinical evaluations.baseline locomotion and behavioral traits in the common marmoset parkinson's disease model were examined to provide basic information for preclinical evaluations of medical treatments. a single regimen of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine at a cumulative dose of 5 mg/kg as the free base over three consecutive days was administered subcutaneously to 10 marmosets. data obtained from these marmosets were compared to pre-1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine levels or 1-methyl-4-ph ...202031625972
arm movements induced by noninvasive optogenetic stimulation of the motor cortex in the common marmoset.optogenetics is now a fundamental tool for investigating the relationship between neuronal activity and behavior. however, its application to the investigation of motor control systems in nonhuman primates is rather limited, because optogenetic stimulation of cortical neurons in nonhuman primates has failed to induce or modulate any hand/arm movements. here, we used a tetracycline-inducible gene expression system carrying camkii promoter and the gene encoding a channelrhodopsin-2 variant with fa ...201931636197
are dialects socially learned in marmoset monkeys? evidence from translocation experiments.the acoustic properties of vocalizations in common marmosets differ between populations. these differences may be the result of social vocal learning, but they can also result from environmental or genetic differences between populations. we performed translocation experiments to separately quantify the influence of a change in the physical environment (experiment 1), and a change in the social environment (experiment 2) on the acoustic properties of calls from individual captive common marmoset ...201931644527
reflexive gaze following in common marmoset monkeys.the ability to extract the direction of the other's gaze allows us to shift our attention to an object of interest to the other and to establish joint attention. by mapping one's own intentions on the object of joint attention, humans develop a theory of (the other's) mind (tom), a functional sequence possibly disrupted in autism. gaze following of both humans and old world monkeys is orchestrated by very similar cortical architectures, strongly suggesting homology. also new world monkeys, a pri ...201931653910
molecular and morphometric identification of trypanosoma (megatrypanum) minasense in blood samples of marmosets (callithrix: callithrichidae) from the city of rio de janeiro, brazil.callithrix jacchus and c. penicillata marmosets are invasive to the state of rio de janeiro, brazil, threatening the native and vulnerable c. aurita. both invasive species can be hosts of trypanosoma cruzi, t. minasense, t. rangeli and t. devei. we aim to investigate the occurrence of trypanosomatids in callithrix sp. from jardim botânico do rio de janeiro, located in a central and populous area of the city. fifteen marmosets were captured. blood samples were collected for light microscopy and m ...202031669293
rapid modulations of the vocal structure in marmoset monkeys.humans and some animal species show flexibility in vocal production either voluntarily or in response to environmental cues. studies have shown rapid spectrotemporal changes in speech or vocalizations during altered auditory feedback in humans, songbirds and bats. non-human primates, however, have long been considered lacking the ability to modify spectrotemporal structures of their vocalizations. here we tested the ability of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a highly vocal new world pr ...201931678893
evaluating rectal swab collection method for gut microbiome analysis in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is increasingly used as an animal model for biomedical research; however, gastrointestinal diseases causing significant morbidity are endemic in many captive marmoset colonies. establishing gut microbiome patterns in a marmoset colony may aid in clinical decision-making and model reproducibility. a standardized method of sample collection and storage is essential for proper interpretation of microbiome data. while microbiome studies commonly utilize fecal ...201931697779
full-length mhc class ii alleles in three new world monkey species.thirty newly identified full-length mhc class ii alleles in three new world monkey species.202031705598
binocular summation in marmoset lateral geniculate nucleus.in primates and carnivores, the main laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) receive monocular excitatory input in an eye-alternating fashion. there is also evidence that nondominant eye stimulation can reduce responses to dominant eye stimulation and that a subset of lgn cells in the koniocellular (k) layers receives convergent binocular excitatory input from both eyes. what is not known is how the two eye inputs summate in the k layers of lgn. here, we aimed to answer this quest ...201931718727
[application of hepatocyte growth factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is an adult onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons. about 10% of all als cases are familial, and we have identified sod1 and fus mutations as the most common causes in a consecutive series of 111 familial als pedigrees in japan (nishiyama a, 2017). from studies of the tdp43, fus, and c9orf72 genes, perturbations of rna processing can be highly adverse in motor neurons. hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) is one ...201931722311
spatiotemporal quantification of gait in common marmosets.objective gait evaluation in humans is used as a predictive disability outcome measure as well as an indicator for intervention effectiveness. parallel methods of gait analysis in nonhuman primate models are essential for clinical translation. the goal of this study was to first assess whether marmosets' gait data could be reliably collected in a noldus catwalk xt10.6 and second, establish a testing protocol to assess gait and the intraindividual variability during repeated testing.202031730871
nhp-immunome: a translational research-oriented database of non-human primate immune system proteins.we are currently living the advent of a new age for medicine in which basic research is being quickly translated into marketable drugs, and the widespread access to genomics data is allowing the design and implementation of personalized solutions to medical conditions. non-human primates (nhp) have gained an essential role in drug discovery and safety testing due to their close phylogenetic relationship to humans. in this study, a collection of well characterized genes of the human immune system ...202031733823
the marmoset cytochrome p450 superfamily: sequence/phylogenetic analyses, genomic structure, and catalytic function.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world monkey that has attracted much attention as a potentially useful primate model for preclinical testing. a total of 36 marmoset cytochrome p450 (p450) isoforms in the p450 1-51 subfamilies have been identified and characterized by the application of genome analysis and molecular functional characterization. in this mini-review, we provide an overview of the genomic structures, sequence identities, and substrate selectivities of marmoset p450 ...202031751534
cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex of the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).the entorhinal cortex (ec) is associated with impaired cognitive function such as in the case of alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease and huntington's disease. the present study provides a detailed analysis of the cytoarchitectural and myeloarchitectural organization of the ec in the common marmoset callithrix jacchus. data were collected using nissl and fiber stained preparations, supplemented with acetylcholinesterase and parvalbumin immunohistochemistry. the ec layers and subfields in the ...202031765000
[animal models of synucleinopathies: prion-like propagation of alpha-synuclein in wild-type animals].accumulation of insoluble alpha-synuclein (αs) is a pathological hallmark of some progressive neurodegenerative diseases including parkinson's disease, dementia with lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, collectively termed synucleinopathies. in diseased brain, αs forms β-sheet-rich amyloid fibrils and it is accumulated in neurons or glial cells. a growing body of evidence suggests that spreading of αs pathology occur by prion-like propagation mechanisms. our study revealed that intracerebra ...201931787680
internal subdivisions of the marmoset claustrum complex: identification by myeloarchitectural features and high field strength imaging.there has been a surge of interest in the structure and function of the mammalian claustrum in recent years. however, most anatomical and physiological studies treat the claustrum as a relatively homogenous structure. relatively little attention has been directed toward possible compartmentalization of the claustrum complex into anatomical subdivisions, and how this compartmentalization is reflected in claustrum connections with other brain structures. in this study, we examined the cyto- and my ...201931827427
motion perception in the common marmoset.visual motion processing is a well-established model system for studying neural population codes in primates. the common marmoset, a small new world primate, offers unparalleled opportunities to probe these population codes in key motion processing areas, such as cortical areas mt and mst, because these areas are accessible for imaging and recording at the cortical surface. however, little is currently known about the perceptual abilities of the marmoset. here, we introduce a paradigm for studyi ...202031828299
molecular characterization of functional udp-glucuronosyltransferases 1a and 2b in common marmosets.udp-glucuronosyltransferases (ugts) are essential drug-conjugation enzymes that metabolize a variety of endobiotic and xenobiotic substrates. the molecular characteristics of ugts have been extensively investigated in humans, but remain to be investigated in common marmosets, a nonhuman primate species widely used in drug metabolism studies. in this study, 11 ugt cdnas (ugt1a1, 1a3, 1a4, 1a6, 1a7, and 1a9; and ugt2b49, 2b50, 2b51, 2b52, and 2b53) were isolated and characterized in marmosets. mar ...202031830470
distribution of tight junctions in the primate cochlear lateral wall.the blood-labyrinth barrier (blb) is a major structure that separates the inner ear from the systemic blood circulation. many drugs cannot access the inner ear because of their inability to cross the blb. in the cochlea, the blb is mainly distributed in the lateral wall. however, the ultrastructure of the cochlear lateral wall, including the distribution of tight junctions (tjs), which are its main component, has not been thoroughly examined in primates. this study investigated the distribution ...202031838016
noninvasive monitoring of follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) by ultrasonography.this is the first paper to describe ovarian changes associated with follicular growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum (cl) formation as monitored by ultrasonography in a multiovular primate, the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus). examinations were carried out transabdominally on unsedated females using a 10 mhz probe. cycles were monitored by plasma progesterone and controlled by administration of prostaglandin f2α (pgf). the reliability of ultrasound was validated by comparing findings with di ...199631918495
urinary steroid and gonadotropin excretion across the reproductive cycle in female wied's black tufted-ear marmosets (callithrix kuhli).details of the endocrinology of reproduction in the genus callithrix are known only for the common marmoset, c. jacchus. this paper presents the patterns of urinary pregnandiol-3-glucuronide (pdg), urinary estrone conjugates (e1c), and gonadotropin excretion throughout the reproductive cycle of wied's black tufted-ear marmoset (c. kuhli) as determined via steroid conjugate enzyme immunoassays (eia) and gonadotropin radioimmunoassays (ria). postpartum ovulation occurred at 13.6 ± 1.2 days after p ...199631918517
group size, composition, and reproductive success in wild common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).data from published sources about size and composition of wild common marmoset groups (callithrix jacchus) were analyzed to see if the number of juveniles in a group is closely related to the number of other group members. mean group size was 8.7 members including 4.4 adults (1.8 females, 2.5 males), 2.9 subadults, and 1.4 juveniles. the number of juveniles was significantly positively correlated to the number of adult males. groups with one or two adult males had significantly fewer juveniles ( ...199531924081
detection of pregnancy and monitoring patterns of uterine and fetal growth in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) by real-time ultrasonography.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of real-time ultrasonography for detecting and monitoring pregnancy in the common marmoset. ultrasound was performed transabdominally on unsedated females using a 7.5 mhz linear or intraoperative sector probe. pregnancies were timed using progesterone measurements in twice weekly blood samples to determine the day of ovulation. eight pregnancies were examined three times a week until day 30, twice a week until day 80, and once a week until ...199531924086
use of ultrasound to monitor prenatal growth and development in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the increasing use of non-human primates to study fetal development and neonatal management has necessitated the availability of fetuses of known gestational history. in this study, prenatal development and growth were investigated in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) using ultrasound. the objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the accuracy of ultrasound for monitoring prenatal growth and development in common marmosets, (2) to determine if litter size influences prenatal growth ...199531924098
a pilot study to establish human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1) carrier model using common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).for the diagnosis and treatment of adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma (atll) caused by human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) are required therapeutic modalities urgently. non-human primate models for atll would provide a valuable information for clinical studies. we did a pilot study to establish an atll non-human primate model using common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).202031930552
absence of thyroid hormone resistance in vitamin d-;resistant new world primates.new world primates express a form of sterol/steroid resistance resulting from the presence of a 58-60 kda intracellular protein (idbp) which competes with nuclear receptor proteins for binding of vitamin d metabolites and sex steroids. as the thyroid hormone receptor is a recognized member of the steroid/retinoid/vitamin d receptor gene superfamily, we sought to confirm previous data describing the existence of thyronine resistance in new world primate species and to determine whether idbp was c ...199431936922
responses to natural and synthetic phee calls by common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).captive adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) produce whistlelike "phee" calls in two contexts: in the home cage, where phee calls may function as part of territorial marking behavior, and when separated from social companions, where phee calls may function to reunite conspecifics. natural and synthesized calls representing the acoustic structure of male and female calls in each context were presented to adult marmosets in a playback paradigm. marmosets demonstrated discriminative abilitie ...199431936925
new world primates for research in human reproductive health.the new world primates are relatively new to studies in reproductive health. the essential factors in their reproductive physiology and endocrinology are now established for the three species considered here: saimiri sciureus, cebus apella, and callithrix jacchus. our studies to date in c. jacchus have concentrated on developmental biology (gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, neonatal growth) and on strategic studies of new pharmacological agents for the regulation of fertility (vaccines ...199431936988
how to obtain individual urine samples from undisturbed marmoset families.an apparatus and a method are described, which allow simultaneous urine collection from all individual members of undisturbed marmoset families. the monkeys have been trained, after leaving their sleeping box, to enter single adjacent compartments where they are rewarded. there the monkeys micturate within minutes and the clean urine runs directly into cryotubes. these simultaneously collected urine samples open up the opportunity for investigation of the relationship between endocrine function ...199331937001
infant survival and number of helpers in captive groups of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).in a colony of captive marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus), the survival rate of infants up to the age of 90 days after birth was analyzed with special reference to the number of members in the group. the number of group members (newborns excluded) varied between two (parents only) and 18 (parents plus non-reproductive helpers); the number of adult group members varied between two and 15. five hundred ninety-two live-born, parent-reared infants of 263 litters from 56 breeding females were incl ...199331937021
context and gender-specific differences in the acoustic structure of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) phee calls.captive adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) produce whistle-like "phee" calls in two contexts; in the home cage environment, phee calls may function as part of territorial marking behavior, and when animals are separated from social companions, phee calls may serve to reunite the group. isolation phee calls tend to have more syllables than calls produced in the home cage by the same animals, and as a result, are longer in duration. the durations of isolation call syllables are shorter th ...199331941179
reversible, long-term inhibition of ovulation with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).the effects of weekly injections of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) antagonist (gnrha) ([n-acetyl-dβnal1-d-pcl-phe2-d-phe3-d-arg6-phe7-arg8d-ala10] nh2 gnrh) on pituitary and ovarian function were examined in the marmoset monkey, callithrix jacchus. in experiment 1, five cyclic females were given weekly injections of vehicle (50% propylene glycol in saline) for 6 weeks followed by gnrha for 20 weeks, animals receiving either 200 μg gnrha/injection (n = 2) or 67 μg gnrha/injection (n = 3) ...199231948156
infant carrying in a polygynous group of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).in a captive group of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), consisting of six group members and the three infants of the two breeding females, we analyzed participation of all group members in infant carrying, and suckling by the two breeding females. during the first two weeks of the infants' lives, the two breeding females carried their own infant(s) almost exclusively due primarily to the mutual avoidance by the two females. at the beginning of the third week of the infants' lives nearly all ...199131948177
"environmental stress" and reproductive success in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus jacchus).the present report documents the breeding success of a new colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus jacchus) and demonstrates a correlation between environmental stress and reproductive success. environmental conditions ranged chronologically over 40 months, through four periods: i) the initial period, when the colony was formed; ii) a phase of relative environmental stability; iii) a stage of "environmental stress" (when the colony was disrupted by nearby construction); and iv) a return t ...199131948181
characteristics of the circadian activity rhythm in common marmosets (callithrix j. jacchus).the circadian activity rhythm of the common marmoset, callithrix j. jacchus was investigated by long-term recording of the locomotor activity of 15 individuals (5 males, 10 females) from 1.5 to 8 years old, both under constant illumination and under ld 12:12. the mean period of the spontaneous circadian rhythm was 23.2 ± 0.3 h. neither sex-specific differences nor a systematic influence of light intensity on the spontaneous period were observed, but the period was dependent on the duration of th ...198931964051
single-unit activity in marmoset posterior parietal cortex in a gap saccade task.abnormal saccadic eye movements can serve as biomarkers for patients with several neuropsychiatric disorders. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is becoming increasingly popular as a nonhuman primate model to investigate the cortical mechanisms of saccadic control. recently, our group demonstrated that microstimulation in the posterior parietal cortex (ppc) of marmosets elicits contralateral saccades. here we recorded single-unit activity in the ppc of the same two marmosets using chronic ...202031967927
circadian pattern of plasma melatonin concentrations in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).this study describes the concentrations of melatonin in plasma samples taken from marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) every 4 h over three 24-h periods. a circadian pattern of secretion was apparent, with higher levels recorded at night (20.00-08.00 h) than during the day (08.00-20.00 h) and a peak concentration at 20.00 h. there was a significant difference in the mean day and night concentrations (32.5 ± 4.5 pg/ml versus 49.0 ± 6.9 pg/ml, respectively) with individual concentrations ranging ...198931968856
effect of 'in air' freezing on post-thaw recovery of callithrix jacchus mesenchymal stromal cells and properties of 3d collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds.through enabling an efficient supply of cells and tissues in the health sector on demand, cryopreservation is increasingly becoming one of the mainstream technologies in rapid translation and commercialization of regenerative medicine research. cryopreservation of tissue-engineered constructs (tecs) is an emerging trend that requires the development of practically competitive biobanking technologies. in our previous studies, we demonstrated that conventional slow-freezing using dimethyl sulfoxid ...202031972153
chromosome studies of saguinus midas niger (callithricidae, primates) from tucurui, para, brazil: comparison with the karyotype of callithrix jacchus.the karotype of saguinus midas niger was studied by g-, c-, and nuclear organizer region (nor)-banding techniques. variations in c-banding patterns were observed in some chromosomes. the banding patterns obtained were compared with those previously described for callithrix jacchus. the two species differ by a reciprocal translocation involving pairs 9 and 16; by a paracentric inversion in chromosomes 1, 13, 14, 18, and 22; and by a pericentric inversion in at least four subtelocentric pairs (chr ...198831973446
comparison of infant care in family groups of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus).the involvement of parents and siblings in infant care in similarly composed groups of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) was compared during the infants' first 8 weeks of life. the results indicate an earlier infant independence in c. jacchus than in s. oedipus due primarily to a more frequent rejection of carried infants in c. jacchus. there was no species difference in extent of maternal involvment in carrying infants. however, s. oedipus fathers ...198631979458
cloning and tissue expression of cytochrome p450 2s1, 4v2, 7a1, 7b1, 8b1, 24a1, 26a1, 26c1, 27a1, 39a1, and 51a1 in marmosets.common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is an attractive animal model primate species for potential use in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. in this study, marmoset cytochrome p450 (p450) 2s1, 4v2, 7a1, 7b1, 8b1, 24a1, 26a1, 26c1, 27a1, 39a1, and 51a1 cdnas were isolated from marmoset tissues (brains, lungs, livers, kidneys, and jejunums). deduced amino acid sequences (89-98% homologous) of the marmoset p450 gene suggested similarity of molecular characteristics of marmoset p450s to huma ...202031980379
monitoring ovarian function in marmosets and tamarins by the measurement of urinary estrogen metabolites.practical aspects of urinary estrogen analysis were considered with regard to establishing simple and reliable methods for monitoring ovarian function in marmosets and tamarins. changes in the hormone:creatinine ratio in small volumes of urine from the common marmoset were significantly correlated with changes in 24-h excretion. comparison of the metabolism and excretion of estrogens during the ovarian cycle in the common marmoset and cottontop tamarin revealed interesting species differences. h ...198431986836
behavioral and physiological suppression of fertility in subordinate marmoset monkeys.in laboratory groups of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus jacchus), socially induced reproductive suppression among subordinates and offspring effectively maintained a monogamous breeding system. male subordinates or male offspring were inhibited or restrained from showing sexual behavior, while similarly placed females could also suffer from complete ovarian failure. in well-established families, a familiarity or inbreeding taboo restricted reproduction among otherwise fertile offspring. how ...198431986838
red-bellied tamarins (saguinus labiatus): hematologic reference values and hemopathologic responses.hematologic reference values have been established for captive adult red-bellied tamarins (saguinus labiatus) by carrying out full blood counts and fibrinogen estimations on 25 clinically normal animals. the only significant sex difference detected was in the reticulocyte count which was higher in females than in males. the reference values were used to identify abnormal changes in the blood of nine clinical cases. hypochromic anemia, neutrophilia, and raised fibrinogen levels were found in anim ...198331991968
clinical hematology of the common marmoset callithrix jacchus.hematological studies have been carried out on a group of 96 common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) on which full clinical histories were available. the group included both healthy and sick animals. reference values for red-cell, white-cell, and platelet counts; hemoglobin levels; packed cell volumes; red- and white-cell absolute values; reticulocyte counts; and fibrinogen levels were calculated from results obtained in 43 clinically normal individuals. these reference values have been used to id ...198231991976
the comparative ultrastructure of the epididymis in monkeys and man: a search for a suitable animal model for studying epididymal physiology in primates.to assess both the need and potential of different primates for studying human epididymal function, the ultrastructure of the epididymis in several new and old world monkeys has been compared with that of man. sexually mature monkeys of six species were used; three talapoin monkeys, two pig-tail macaques, one patas monkey, one capuchin, one spider monkey, and four common marmosets. samples of human epididymis were obtained from men undergoing vasectomy. tissue was examined by light and electron ...198131995940
selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 positive allosteric modulation alleviates l-dopa-induced psychosis-like behaviours and dyskinesia in the mptp-lesioned marmoset.psychosis and dyskinesia significantly diminish the quality of life of patients with advanced parkinson's disease (pd). available treatment options are unfortunately few and their use is limited by adverse effects. we have recently shown that activation of metabotropic glutamate 2 and 3 (mglu2/3) receptors produced significant relief of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa)-induced psychosis-like behaviours (plbs) and dyskinesia in experimental models of pd. here, using the highly-selective mglu ...202032004527
heart anatomy and topography of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus linnaeus, 1758).the morphological study of wild animals serves as a base for more advanced studies in clinical medicine, surgery, and pathology. due to an urgent need and demand for professionals specialized in this area, studies of this nature have become indispensable and so the objective of the present study was to describe the heart morphology of callithrix jacchus.202032020628
maternal weight affects placental dna methylation of genes involved in metabolic pathways in the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of placental dna methylation (dnam) is a mechanism linking maternal weight during pregnancy to metabolic programming outcomes. the common marmoset, callithrix jaccus, is a platyrrhine primate species that has provided much insight into studies of the primate placenta, maternal condition, and metabolic programming, yet the relationships between maternal weight and placental dnam are unknown. here, we report genome-wide dnam from term marmoset plac ...202032020652
identification and characterization of erv-w-like sequences in platyrrhini species provides new insights into the evolutionary history of erv-w in primates.endogenous retroviruses (ervs) constitute approximately 8% of every human genome and are relics of ancestral infections that affected the germ line cells. the erv-w group contributed to primate physiology by providing an envelope protein (syncytin-1) that has been adopted for placenta development in hominoids. expression of human erv-w (herv-w) sequences is investigated for a pathological role in various human diseases.202032021657
systematic characterization of glutathione s-transferases in common marmosets.the common marmoset is an important primate species used in drug metabolism studies. however, glutathione s-transferases (gsts), essential drug-metabolizing enzymes involved in the conjugation of various endogenous and exogenous substrates, have not been identified or characterized in this species. in this study, 20 gsts [including 3 microsomal gsts (mgsts)] were identified and characterized in marmosets. marmoset gsts had amino acid sequences highly identical (86-99%) to human gsts, except for ...202032027883
a high infectious simian adenovirus type 23 vector based vaccine efficiently protects common marmosets against zika virus infection.zika virus (zikv) has spread in many countries or territories causing severe neurologic complications with potential fatal outcomes. the small primate common marmosets are susceptible to zikv, mimicking key features of human infection. here, a novel simian adenovirus type 23 vector-based vaccine expressing zikv pre-membrane-envelope proteins (sad23l-prm-e) was produced in high infectious titer. due to determination of immunogenicity in mice, a single-dose of 3×108 pfu sad23l-prm-e vaccine was in ...202032049958
rapid head movements in common marmoset monkeys.gaze shifts, the directing of the eyes to an approaching predator, preferred food source, or potential mate, have universal biological significance for the survival of a species. our knowledge of gaze behavior is based primarily on visually triggered responses, whereas head orientation triggered by auditory stimuli remains poorly characterized. common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a diurnal, small-bodied (∼350 g), new world monkey species, known for its rich behavioral repertoires during soci ...202032058952
the role of adaptation in generating monotonic rate codes in auditory cortex.in primary auditory cortex, slowly repeated acoustic events are represented temporally by the stimulus-locked activity of single neurons. single-unit studies in awake marmosets (callithrix jacchus) have shown that a sub-population of these neurons also monotonically increase or decrease their average discharge rate during stimulus presentation for higher repetition rates. building on a computational single-neuron model that generates stimulus-locked responses with stimulus evoked excitation foll ...202032069272
observations on effects of neonatal castration upon sexual and aggressive behavior in the male common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the behavior of eight adult male marmosets that were bilaterally castrated during neonatal life (postnatal days 1-7), a single unilaterally castrated male, and eight age-matched intact adult males was observed during encounter tests with unfamiliar conspecifics. when neonatally castrated (nc) males encountered ovariectomized, estradiol-treated females, both partners were intensely aggressive and 66% of tests were terminated to avoid injuries. no mounts occurred, and females exhibited little or n ...199332070083
the stability of the vocal signature in phee calls of the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus.phee calls were recorded from five captive common marmosets on three occasions. an initial recording session was followed by further sessions 1-12 days later, and finally, 12 months after the initial sample. sonograms from the first recordings were measured using one duration and five frequency parameters, and significant differences between individuals were found for all six parameters. discriminant function analysis was then applied to classify each call to a particular individual, witn a resu ...199332070085
presence of the annular ridge and location of the coronary sinus ostium as morphological features ofthe right atrium and interatrial septum in healthy common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).to effectively use a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) as an experimental animal species, it is critical to establish a normal characteristics and morphology of the organs of the common marmoset. although gross morphology of the common marmoset heart is reportedly the same as that of humans, little information is available regarding detailed morphology of the right atrium and the interatrial septum. heart specimens were collected from three male and 10 female marmosets aged 9 to 65 months to ...202032074546
in vitro crispr/cas9-directed gene editing to model lrrk2 g2019s parkinson's disease in common marmosets.leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) g2019s is a relatively common mutation, associated with 1-3% of parkinson's disease (pd) cases worldwide. g2019s is hypothesized to increase lrrk2 kinase activity. dopaminergic neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of pd patients carrying lrrk2 g2019s are reported to have several phenotypes compared to wild type controls, including increased activated caspase-3 and reactive oxygen species (ros), autophagy dysfunction, and simplification of neuri ...202032103062
hepatic differentiation of marmoset embryonic stem cells and functional characterization of esc-derived hepatocyte-like cells.primary human hepatocytes (phhs) are the ideal candidates for studying critical liver functions such as drug metabolism and toxicity. however, as they are isolated from discarded livers that are unsuitable for transplantation, they possess limited expansion ability invitro and their enzymatic functions deteriorate rapidly because they are often of poor quality. therefore, there is a compelling reason to find reliable alternative sources of hepatocytes.202032104112
field notes and geographic distribution of callithrix aurita in eastern brazil.callithrix aurita, an endangered marmoset endemic to eastern brazil, was observed from june to october 1982. preliminary observations suggest that behavioral and morphological differences exist which distinguish c. aurita from the common marmoset, c. jacchus. new data are provided on the geographic distribution of c. aurita, extending it northward within the known ranges of c. penicillata in the states of sao paulo and minas gerais and c. flaviceps in eastern minas gerais.198432106636
marmoset prosociality is intentional.marmoset monkeys show high levels of proactive prosociality, a trait shared with humans, presumably because both species rely on allomaternal care. however, it is not clear whether the proximate regulation of this convergent trait is also similar, in particular with regard to intentionality, which is a defining characteristic of prosocial behavior in the human literature. the aim of this paper was to investigate whether marmoset monkeys' prosociality fulfils the criteria of intentionality develo ...202032107657
dynamic changes in the neurogenic potential in the ventricular-subventricular zone of common marmoset during postnatal brain development.even after birth, neuronal production continues in the ventricular-subventricular zone (v-svz) and hippocampus in many mammals. the immature new neurons ("neuroblasts") migrate and then mature at their final destination. in humans, neuroblast production and migration toward the neocortex and the olfactory bulb (ob) occur actively only for a few months after birth and then sharply decline with age. however, the precise spatiotemporal profiles and fates of postnatally born neurons remain unclear d ...202032108222
spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony (callithrix jacchus).data on spontaneous pathology are substantially scarce for common marmosets, compared to other laboratory animals, but is essential for the interpretation of histological findings in the context of toxicological and experimental studies. especially if common marmosets are used as experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. in this study ...201732110688
feasibility of intravitreal injections and ophthalmic safety assessment in marmoset (callithrix jacchus) monkeys.to safeguard patients, regulatory authorities require that new drugs that are to be given by the intravitreal (ivt) route are assessed for their safety in a laboratory species using the same route of administration. due to the high similarity of ocular morphology and physiology between humans and nonhuman primates (nhps) and due to the species specificity of many biotherapeutics, the monkey is often the only appropriate model. to this end, intravitreal administration and assessment of ocular tox ...201732110696
overcoming barriers to reprogramming and differentiation in nonhuman primate induced pluripotent stem cells.induced pluripotent stem cells (ips cells) generated by cellular reprogramming from nonhuman primates (nhps) are of great significance for regenerative medicine and for comparative biology. autologously derived stem cells would theoretically avoid any risk of rejection due to host-donor mismatch and may bypass the need for immune suppression post-transplant. in order for these possibilities to be realized, reprogramming methodologies that were initially developed mainly for human cells must be t ...201732110703
limited susceptibility of rhesus macaques to a cowpox virus isolated from a lethal outbreak among new world monkeys.this study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility of rhesus monkeys to the calpox virus, an orthopoxvirus (opxv) of the cowpox virus species (cpxv), which is uniformly lethal in common marmosets. six rhesus monkeys were either intravenously (i.v.) or intranasally (i.n.) exposed to the virus. monitoring of the macaques after viral exposure included physical examinations, the determination of viral load by real-time pcr and plaque assay, and the analysis of humoral responses. two i.v. in ...201732110704
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset: a translationally relevant model for the cause and course of multiple sclerosis.aging western societies are facing an increasing prevalence of chronic autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorders (aimids) for which treatments that are safe and effective are scarce. one of the main reasons for this situation is the lack of animal models, which accurately replicate clinical and pathological aspects of the human diseases. one important aimid is the neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (ms), for which the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) model has bee ...201932110715
effect of ovariectomy on proximal tibia metaphysis and lumbar vertebral body in common marmoset monkeys.this study aimed to investigate the effect of estrogen withdrawal on bone tissue in adult female marmoset monkeys. in a 1-year follow-up study we used quantitative computer tomography to measure total bone mineral density (bmd) of the proximal tibia and the second-last lumbar vertebral body (l5/l6) before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after ovariectomy. body mass did not significantly change during the 1-year observation period. however, a significant decline of total bmd after ovariectomy was obse ...201932110717
kainic acid-induced seizures in the common marmoset.treatment of epilepsy remains difficult because patients suffer from pharmacoresistant forms of the disease and drug side-effects. thus, there is an urgent need to identify not only new antiepileptic drug candidates but also novel epileptic animal models. here, we characterize seizures induced with kainic acid (ka) in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). adult marmosets received 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg of ka subcutaneously. all animals exhibited early convulsive behavior (seizure scores of i an ...202032115153
novel gastrointestinal disease in common marmosets characterised by duodenal dilation: a clinical and pathological study.common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) are frequently used for biomedical research but gastrointestinal diseases have been major health problems to maintain captive marmosets. we have diagnosed a novel gastrointestinal disease in marmosets, as which we propose to call 'marmoset duodenal dilation syndrome'; this disease is characterised by proximal duodenal obstruction and dilation. this study aimed to reveal the clinical and pathological findings of this syndrome and establish appropriate diagnos ...202032123196
a platform for semiautomated voluntary training of common marmosets for behavioral neuroscience.generally behavioral neuroscience studies of the common marmoset employ adaptations of well-established training methods used with macaque monkeys. however, in many cases these approaches do not readily generalize to marmosets indicating a need for alternatives. here we present the development of one such alternate: a platform for semiautomated, voluntary in-home cage behavioral training that allows for the study of naturalistic behaviors. we describe the design and production of a modular behav ...202032130092
generation of a male common marmoset embryonic stem cell line dsy127-bv8vt1 carrying double reporters specific for the germ cell linage using the crispr-cas9 and piggybac transposase systems.blimp1 (prdm1) and vasa (ddx4) play pivotal roles in the development of the germ cell linage. importantly, these genes are specifically expressed in germ cells; blimp1 in primordial germ cells (pgcs) to early-stage gonocytes, and vasa in migration-stage pgcs to mature gametes. the high reproductive efficiency of common marmosets (marmosets; callithrix jacchus) makes them advantageous for use in germ cell research. we herein report the generation of a male marmoset embryonic stem cell (esc) line ...202032151954
effects of sibling-rearing experience on future reproductive success in two species of callitrichidae.the survival rate for offspring of mothers who either had or did not have previous experience rearing younger siblings was compared in two callitrichid species, callithrix jacchus and saguinus oedipus. offspring of mothers with sibling-rearing experience had a higher survival percentage than offspring of inexperienced mothers in both species. while 50-60% of offspring of inexperienced c. jacchus mothers survived, no offspring of inexperienced s. oedipus mothers survived. the results suggest that ...198432160724
compensatory mechanisms affect sensorimotor integration during ongoing vocal motor acts in marmoset monkeys.any transmission of vocal signals faces the challenge of acoustic interferences such as heavy rain, wind, animal or urban sounds. consequently, several mechanisms and strategies have evolved to optimize signal-to-noise ratio. examples to increase detectability are the lombard effect, an involuntary rise in call amplitude in response to masking ambient noise, which is often associated with other vocal changes such as call frequency and duration, as well as the animals' capability of limiting call ...202032170972
primed to naive-like conversion of the common marmoset embryonic stem cells.mammalian pluripotent stem cells are thought to exist in two states: naive and primed. generally, unlike those in rodents, pluripotent stem cells in primates, including humans, are regarded as being in the primed pluripotent state. recently, several groups reported the existence of naive pluripotent stem cells in humans. in this study, we report the conversion of primed state embryonic stem cells from common marmoset, a new world monkey, to the naive state using transgenes. the cells showed typi ...202032188344
comparative anatomy of brain monoaminergic neurons in new world and old world monkeys.a comparison of the distribution of brain monoamine neurons in several new world and old world monkeys was undertaken using the falck-hillarp formaldehyde histofluorescence technique. the overall organization of the monoamine neurons was very similar in all species, although subtle variations were found. catecholamine (noradrenaline and dopamine) and indoleamine (serotonin) cell bodies corresponding to groups a1-a7, a8-a10, and b1-b9, respectively were found throughout the brainstem. a few catec ...198232197559
human pzp and common marmoset a2ml1 as pregnancy related proteins.while pregnancy-related proteins (prp) are known to contribute to immunotolerance during pregnancy, their significance to development of invasive placenta is unclear. we compared prp expression in humans and the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a new-world monkey. invasive placenta was observed at the maternal-foetal interface of marmoset placenta from green fluorescent protein (gfp)-expressing foetus and wild type mother. the pregnancy zone protein (pzp) and alpha-2 macroglobulin-like 1 (a ...202032198464
sex bias in gut microbiome transmission in newly paired marmosets (callithrix jacchus).social behavior can alter the microbiome composition via transmission among social partners, but there have been few controlled experimental studies of gut microbiome transmission among social partners in primates. we collected longitudinal fecal samples from eight unrelated male-female pairs of marmoset monkeys prior to pairing and for 8 weeks following pairing. we then sequenced 16s rrna to characterize the changes in the gut microbiome that resulted from the pairing. marmoset pairs had a high ...202032209720
avoidant coping style to high imminence threat is linked to higher anxiety-like behavior.human studies with self-reported measures have suggested a link between an avoidant coping style and high anxiety. here, using the common marmoset as a model, we characterize the latent factors underlying behavioral responses of these monkeys towards low and high imminence threat and investigate if a predominantly avoidant behavioral response to high imminence threat is associated with greater anxiety-like behavior in a context of low imminence threat. exploratory factor analysis (efa) of the hu ...202032218725
non-human primate models of dengue virus infection: a comparison of viremia levels and antibody responses during primary and secondary infection among old world and new world monkeys.due to the global burden of dengue disease, a vaccine is urgently needed. one of the key points in vaccine development is the development of a robust and reliable animal model of dengue virus infection. characteristics including the ability to sustain viral replication, demonstration of clinical signs, and immune response that resemble those of human dengue virus infection are vital in animal models. preclinical studies in vaccine development usually include parameters such as safety evaluation, ...202032230836
the initial maturation status of marmoset testicular tissues has an impact on germ cell maintenance and somatic cell response in tissue fragment culture.successful in vitro spermatogenesis was reported using immature mouse testicular tissues in a fragment culture approach, raising hopes that this method could also be applied for fertility preservation in humans. although maintaining immature human testicular tissue fragments in culture is feasible for an extended period, it remains unknown whether germ cell survival and the somatic cell response depend on the differentiation status of tissue. employing the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus), w ...202032236422
not all fine-branch locomotion is equal: grasping morphology determines locomotor performance on narrow supports.fine-branch models have long played a central role in primate evolutionary research. nevertheless, recent studies of positional behavior in nonprimate arboreal mammals have challenged the idea that synapomorphic primate features, such as grasping extremities, uniquely facilitated access to the fine-branch zone. we test the alternative hypothesis that grasping extremities specifically improve locomotor performance in a fine-branch environment by examining how support diameter influences locomotor ...202032240883
an improved de novo genome assembly of the common marmoset genome yields improved contiguity and increased mapping rates of sequence data.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is one of the most studied primate model organisms. however, the marmoset genomes available in the public databases are highly fragmented and filled with sequence gaps, hindering research advances related to marmoset genomics and transcriptomics.202032241258
the aging common marmoset's immune system: from junior to senior.the social, health, and economic challenges of a steadily increasing aging population demand the use of appropriate translational animal models to address questions like healthy aging, vaccination strategies, or potential interventions during the aging process. due to their genetic proximity to humans, especially nonhuman primates (nhps) with a relatively short generation period compared to humans, qualify as excellent animal models for these purposes. the use of common marmosets (callithrix jac ...202032246726
a reproducible new model of focal ischemic injury in the marmoset monkey: mri and behavioural follow-up.ischemic stroke mostly affects the primary motor cortex and descending motor fibres, with consequent motor impairment. pre-clinical models of stroke with reproducible and long-lasting sensorimotor deficits in higher-order animals are lacking. we describe a new method to induce focal brain damage targeting the motor cortex to study damage to the descending motor tracts in the non-human primate. stereotaxic injection of malonate into the primary motor cortex produced a focal lesion in middle-aged ...202032249405
antiparkinsonian effects of a metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 agonist in mptp-treated marmosets.increased firing across glutamatergic synapses may contribute to both the motor dysfunction and l-dopa-induced dyskinesia seen in parkinson's disease. given their ability to reduce glutamate release, activation of group iii metabotropic glutamate receptors such as metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 may prove effective against both motor dysfunction and dyskinesia in parkinson's disease.202032250315
spatial organization of occipital white matter tracts in the common marmoset.the primate brain contains a large number of interconnected visual areas, whose spatial organization and intracortical projections show a high level of conservation across species. one fiber pathway of recent interest is the vertical occipital fasciculus (vof), which is thought to support communication between dorsal and ventral visual areas in the occipital lobe. a recent comparative diffusion mri (dmri) study reported that the vof in the macaque brain bears a similar topology to that of the hu ...202032253509
evaluation of vitamin d3 metabolites in callithrix jacchus (common marmoset).vitamin d3 (cholecalciferol) is endogenously produced in the skin of primates when exposed to the appropriate wavelengths of ultraviolet light (uv-b). common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) maintained indoors require dietary provision of vitamin d3 due to lack of sunlight exposure. the minimum dietary vitamin d3 requirement and the maximum amount of vitamin d3 that can be metabolized by marmosets is unknown. observations of metabolic bone disease and gastrointestinal malabsorption have led to wid ...202032270886
draft genome sequences of novel campylobacter species isolated from nonhuman primates.campylobacter species are being increasingly isolated and associated with disease in humans and animals. here, we describe four draft genome sequences of campylobacter species from nonhuman primates. these include campylobacter troglodytis, isolated from wild chimpanzees, and two likely new campylobacter species isolated from a lemur, common marmoset, and cotton-top tamarin.202032273357
close-range vocal interaction in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).vocal communication in animals often involves taking turns vocalizing. in humans, turn-taking is a fundamental rule in conversation. among non-human primates, the common marmoset is known to engage in antiphonal calling using phee calls and trill calls. calls of the trill type are the most common, yet difficult to study, because they are not very loud and uttered in conditions when animals are in close proximity to one another. here we recorded trill calls in captive pair-housed marmosets using ...202032298305
the common marmoset as suitable nonhuman alternative for the analysis of primate cochlear development.cochlear development is a complex process with precise spatiotemporal patterns. a detailed understanding of this process is important for studies of congenital hearing loss and regenerative medicine. however, much of our understanding of cochlear development is based on rodent models. animal models that bridge the gap between humans and rodents are needed. in this study, we investigated the development of hearing organs in a small new world monkey species, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus ...202032323465
nocturnal foragers exploit tree exudates from holes gouged by diurnal common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus). 202032339405
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