Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| ileal perforation caused by cytomegalovirus infection in a critically ill adult. | cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract is common and is most often seen in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), inflammatory bowel disease, or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. cmv infection of the small bowel accounts for only 4.3% of all cmv infections of the gi tract. isolated cases of small bowel perforation due to cmv have been reported in aids patients, and all but one patient has died. this article reports the first case of an ileal ... | 2000 | 10875475 |
| comparison of pcr-ribotyping, arbitrarily primed pcr, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is now recognized as the major agent responsible for nosocomial diarrhea in adults. among the genotyping methods available, arbitrarily primed pcr (ap-pcr), pcr-ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) have been widely used for investigating outbreaks of c. difficile infections. however, the comparative typing ability, reproducibility, discriminatory power, and efficiency of these methods have not been fully investigated. we compared the results of three meth ... | 2000 | 10878030 |
| characterization of a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain of clostridium difficile responsible for a nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cad) is a very common nosocomial infection that contributes significantly to patient morbidity and mortality as well as to the cost of hospitalization. previously, strains of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive c. difficile were not thought to be associated with clinically significant disease. this study reports the characterization of a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain of c. difficile that was responsible for a recently described nosocomial out ... | 2000 | 10878068 |
| pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of degradation-sensitive dnas from clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 1 strains. | 2000 | 10878091 | |
| persistence of an endemic (toxigenic) isolate of clostridium difficile in the environment of a general medicine ward. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in an endemic setting was investigated by use of dna typing methods to determine the strain identity of c. difficile isolates. two predominant toxigenic clones were found in the environment and accounted for 29.8% (type 1) and 15.5% (type 2) of cdad cases, respectively. in endemic settings, the environment and cross-transmission may play a role in acquisition of cdad. | 2000 | 10880312 |
| rapidly progressive necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene due to clostridium difficile: case report. | a case of rapidly progressive necrotizing fascitis and gas gangrene due to clostridium difficile that responded very well to surgical intervention is described. | 2000 | 10880313 |
| [drug-induced enterocolitis. important differential diagnosis in the investigation of diarrhea and intestinal hemorrhage]. | this article is a review of the side-effects of drugs affecting the small and large intestines. pseudomembranous colitis is caused by antibiotics facilitating an overgrowth of clostridium difficile. a hemorrhagic colitis, generally self-limiting, can be caused by penicillin, amoxycillin and ampicillin. toxicity of nsaid may induce intestinal ulcers, diaphragm-like strictures, perforation, colitis and relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. drug-induced lymphocytic colitis has been reported due to ... | 2000 | 10881520 |
| local antibiotic guidelines for adult community-acquired pneumonia (cap): a survey of uk hospital practice in 1999. | we investigated the guidelines in british hospitals for the management of adults admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (cap). a questionnaire was sent to one consultant respiratory physician in each of the 263 hospitals in the british thoracic society (bts) directory of training posts and services. two hundred and thirteen (81%) responses were received: 178 (84%) had written cap guidelines, of which 123 (69%) printed copies were received. for non-severe cap a single antibiotic (74% of guide ... | 2000 | 10882705 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a causes early damage to mitochondria in cultured cells. | the mechanism by which clostridium difficile toxin a causes actin depolymerization and cell rounding involves toxin internalization and subsequent monoglucosylation of the rho family of proteins. this study explored toxin internalization and effects on mitochondrial function before cell rounding. | 2000 | 10889163 |
| the rise of clostridium difficile: the effect of length of stay, patient age and antibiotic use. | hospitals in the uk have recently seen a marked increase in c. difficile for reasons which are unclear. reduced standards of hygiene, increasingly elderly patients, greater cephalosporin use and longer hospital stay have been suggested. we retrospectively studied all cases of c. difficile diarrhoea at princess margaret hospital, swindon, over two years. cephalosporins, patient age and los appeared unrelated to the rise in c. difficile; penicillins and macrolides were related. our policy of using ... | 2000 | 10896804 |
| contrasting incidence of clostridium difficile and other enteropathogens in aids patients in london and lusaka. | 2000 | 10897357 | |
| rac is required for constitutive macropinocytosis by dendritic cells but does not control its downregulation. | dendritic cells use constitutive macropinocytosis to capture exogenous antigens for presentation on mhc molecules. upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli or bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (lps), macropinocytosis is dramatically downregulated as part of a developmental programme leading to dendritic cell maturation, migration and activation of t cells. it is not known, however, how macropinocytosis is sustained in dendritic cells in the absence of exogenous stimuli, nor how it is do ... | 2000 | 10899002 |
| respiratory antibiotic use and clostridium difficile infection: is it the drugs or is it the doctors? | 2000 | 10899237 | |
| [ultrasound diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis]. | the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is based on the history of exposure to antibiotics, characteristic endoscopic findings and on demonstrating the presence of clostridium difficile toxins in the faeces. this report presents typical sonographic features of pmc. | 2000 | 10902512 |
| [ultrasound diagnosis of penicillin-induced segmental hemorrhagic colitis]. | penicillin-induced segmental haemorrhagic colitis (shc) is a characteristic and striking but rarely diagnosed clinical entity. bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps start a few days after the intake of oral penicillin derivatives. we report the ultrasonographic and clinical findings in nine patients with shc and compare the results with the findings in ten patients with antibiotic-related pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). | 2000 | 10902513 |
| [evaluation of four rapid methods for the investigation of the toxigenic capacity of clostridium difficile strains isolated in a selective medium]. | use of selective clostridium difficile culture as a diagnostic method for c. difficile associated disease requires to prove the toxigenic ability of the isolates. toxin b detection by cell culture assay after growing the microorganism in enriched broth is the standard method, but it delays the final diagnosis for 3-5 days. this study compares retrospectively four rapid techniques for detecting these toxigenic c. difficile strains. | 2000 | 10905010 |
| survival of clostridium difficile and its toxins in equine feces: implications for diagnostic test selection and interpretation. | although clostridium difficile is recognized as a cause of enterocolitis in horses and humans, there has been little work published regarding the lability of c. difficile and its toxins in feces. a significant decrease in recovery of c. difficile from inoculated equine fecal samples occurred during storage. recovery after storage in air at 4 degrees c decreased from 76% (37/49) after 24 hours to 67% (33/49) at 48 hours and 29% (14/ 49) after 72 hours. in contrast to aerobic storage, 25 of 26 sam ... | 2000 | 10907862 |
| genetic characterization of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile isolates by pcr. | toxin-specific enzyme immunoassays, cytotoxicity assays, and pcr were used to analyze 48 toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile isolates from various geographical sites around the world. all the isolates were negative by the tox-a test and positive by the tox a/b test. a deletion of approximately 1.7 kb was found at the 3' end of the toxa gene for all the isolates, similar to the deletion in toxinotype viii strains (e.g., c. difficile serotype f 1470). additional pcr analysis i ... | 2000 | 10921980 |
| statistical process control geometric q-chart for nosocomial infection surveillance. | several authors have proposed the use of statistical process control charting methods for the surveillance of endemic rates of nosocomial infections. the principal goal of such a charting program is to recognize any increase of the endemic rate to an epidemic rate as soon as possible after the change occurs. however, many of the statistical process control charting methods that have been proposed are based on classical charting principles that are effective largely for processes for which suffic ... | 2000 | 10926710 |
| control of cellular phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels by adhesion signals and rho gtpases in nih 3t3 fibroblasts involvement of both phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase and phospholipase c. | the involvement of small gtpases of the rho family in the control of phosphoinositide metabolism by adhesion signals was examined in nih 3t3 fibroblasts. abrogation of adhesion signals by detachment of cells from their substratum resulted in a time-dependent decrease in the cellular level of ptdins(4,5)p2 by approximately 50%. this effect could be mimicked by treatment of adherent cells with clostridium difficile toxin b and toxin b-1470, which inhibit specific subsets of rho and ras gtpases. de ... | 2000 | 10931209 |
| a chimeric ribozyme in clostridium difficile combines features of group i introns and insertion elements. | cdlst1, a dna insertion of 1975 bp, was identified within tcda-c34, the enterotoxin gene of the clostridium difficile isolate c34. located in the catalytic domain a1-c34, cd/st1 combines features of two genetic elements. within the first 434 nt structures characteristic for group i introns were found; encoding the two transposase-like proteins tlpa and tlpb nucleotides 435-1975 represent the remainder of a is605-like insertion element. we show that the entire cdlst1 is accurately spliced from tc ... | 2000 | 10931294 |
| [hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunctive treatment for descending necrotizing mediastinitis: report of a case]. | we report a case of 59-year-old man of descending necrotizing mediastinitis (dnm) secondary to peritonsillar abscess. a 59-year-old man with diabetes mellitus was admitted to a local hospital because of cervical swelling related to a peritonsillar abscess. despite administration of antibiotics, swelling of the neck, dysphagia and dyspnea deteriorated. therefore he was urgently undergone a tracheotomy and transferred to our hospital by an ambulance. the surgery consisted with neck and anterior me ... | 2000 | 10935394 |
| rho gtpases as targets of bacterial protein toxins. | several bacterial toxins target rho gtpases, which constitute molecular switches in several signaling processes and master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. the biological activities of rho gtpases are blocked by c3-like transferases, which adp-ribosylate rho at asn41, but not rac or cdc42. large clostridial cytotoxins (e. g., clostridium difficile toxin a and b) glucosylate rho gtpases at thr37 (rho) or thr35 (rac/cdc42), thereby inhibiting rho functions by preventing effector coupling. the ... | 2000 | 10937872 |
| bacterial toxins modifying the actin cytoskeleton. | numerous bacterial toxins recognize the actin cytoskeleton as a target. the clostridial binary toxins (iota and c2 families) adp-ribosylate the actin monomers causing the dissociation of the actin filaments. the large clostridial toxins from clostridium difficile, clostridium sordellii and clostridium novyi inactivate, by glucosylation, proteins from the rho family that regulate actin polymerization. in contrast, the cytotoxic necrotic factor from escherichia coli activates rho by deamidation an ... | 1999 | 10943412 |
| usefulness of simultaneous detection of toxin a and glutamate dehydrogenase for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diseases. | the aim of this study was to evaluate an immunoassay (triage; biosite diagnostics, bmd, france) for detecting both a specific antigen of clostridium difficile (glutamate dehydrogenase [gdh]) and toxin a. evaluation of the test was carried out in 304 fecal samples from patients suspected of having clostridium difficile-associated diseases. the results with gdh and toxin a were compared with those of a culture and cytotoxicity assay (toxin b). the prevalence rates for toxin b-positive and culture- ... | 2000 | 10947228 |
| re: probiotics and c difficile diarrhea. | 2000 | 10950076 | |
| in vitro and in vivo activities of nitazoxanide against clostridium difficile. | we have used the hamster model of antibiotic-induced clostridium difficile intestinal disease to evaluate nitazoxanide (ntz), a nitrothiazole benzamide antimicrobial agent. the following in vitro and in vivo activities of ntz in the adult hamster were examined and compared to those of metronidazole and vancomycin: (i) mics and minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) against c. difficile, (ii) toxicity, (iii) ability to prevent c. difficile-associated ileocecitis, and (iv) propensity to induce ... | 2000 | 10952564 |
| images in clinical medicine. pseudomembranous colitis. | 2000 | 10954764 | |
| [pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile]. | 2000 | 10958059 | |
| toxic pseudomembranous colitis in a patient with ulcerative colitis. | toxic colitis is a severe disease that may be caused by several inflammatory and/or infectious diseases. ulcerative colitis is one of the most frequent causes of toxic colitis in the united states. toxic megacolon complicating clostridium difficile colitis is a rare occurrence with significant morbidity and mortality. case report: a 52-year-old male presented with rectal bleeding and tenesmus. he had been treated for amebiasis with metronidazole, and had improved. two weeks later, symptoms recur ... | 2000 | 10961591 |
| infectious gastro-enteritis: an uncommon cause of diarrhoea in adult allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplant recipients. | the incidence and aetiology of acute diarrhoea in 60 adult allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplant (sct) recipients was determined in a prospective study. stool specimens were obtained prior to sct and on days +20, +40, +60 and +100 post transplant. microbiological evaluation was performed for pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. forty-seven patients were evaluable of whom 31 had a total of 48 acute diarrhoeal episodes. diarrhoea occurred in 79% of allogeneic and 47% of autol ... | 2000 | 10967569 |
| effect on the human normal microflora of oral antibiotics for treatment of urinary tract infections. | oral administration of antibiotics for treatment of urinary tract infections (utis) can cause ecological disturbances in the normal intestinal microflora. poorly absorbed drugs can reach the colon in active form, suppress susceptible microorganisms and disturb the ecological balance. suppression of the normal microflora may lead to reduced colonization resistance with subsequent overgrowth of pre-existing, naturally resistant microorganisms, such as yeasts and clostridium difficile. new coloniza ... | 2000 | 10969051 |
| phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the flagellin gene (flic) among clostridium difficile isolates from different serogroups. | phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the flagellin gene (flic) of clostridium difficile was studied in 47 isolates from various origins belonging to the serogroups a, b, c, d, f, g, h, i, k, x, and s3. electron microscopy revealed 17 nonflagellated strains and 30 flagellated strains. pcr and reverse transcription-pcr demonstrated that the flagellin gene was present in all strains and that the flic gene was expressed in both flagellated and nonflagellated strains. southern blotting showed the pr ... | 2000 | 10970353 |
| hormone-stimulated calcium release is inhibited by cytoskeleton-disrupting toxins in ar4-2j cells. | we have studied the role of the actin cytoskeleton in bombesin-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (ip(3))-production and ca(2+)release in the pancreatic acinar tumour cell line ar4-2j. intracellular and extracellular free ca(2+)concentrations were measured in cell suspensions, using fura-2. disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by pretreatment of the cells with latrunculin b (10 microm), cytochalasin d (10 microm) or toxin b from clostridium difficile (20 ng/ml) for 5-29 h led to inhibition of ... | 2000 | 10970764 |
| prevalence of toxin a negative/b positive clostridium difficile strains. | 2000 | 10973753 | |
| developmental control of endocytosis in dendritic cells by cdc42. | dendritic cells (dcs) developmentally regulate antigen uptake by controlling their endocytic capacity. immature dcs actively internalize antigen. however, mature dcs are poorly endocytic, functioning instead to present antigens to t cells. we have found that endocytic downregulation reflects a decrease in endocytic activity controlled by rho family gtpases, especially cdc42. blocking cdc42 function by toxin b treatment or injection of dominant-negative inhibitors of cdc42 abrogates endocytosis i ... | 2000 | 10975523 |
| modification of surface histidine residues abolishes the cytotoxic activity of clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile toxin a displays both cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities. it has recently been demonstrated that toxin a exerts its cytotoxic effect by the glucosylation of the small gtp-binding proteins of the rho family. diethyl pyrocarbonate, at ph 7.0, was used to chemically modify exposed histidine residues on toxin a. modification of toxin a with diethyl pyrocarbonate abolished both its cytotoxic activity and the ability of the toxin to bind zn-sepharose gel. treatment of toxin a w ... | 2001 | 10978751 |
| absence of intestinal secretion on supernatants from macrophages stimulated with clostridium difficile toxin b on rabbit ileum. | several studies have documented the involvement of both clostridium difficile, toxins, a and b in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. recently, we demonstrated that il-1 beta is the intestinal secretory factor released by macrophages stimulated with toxin a. the aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of macrophages stimulated with toxin b on rabbit ileal ion transport. the changes in ion transport were analyzed by studying the short-circuit current of the rabbit ileal m ... | 2001 | 10978752 |
| in vitro activity of an evernimicin derivative, sch27899, against anaerobic bacteria and propionibacterium acnes. | the in vitro activity of sch27899, a novel oligosaccharide antimicrobial agent, was compared with those of representatives of six classes of antimicrobial agents (piperacillin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, sitafloxacin and metronidazole) against clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria and propionibacterium acnes. against peptostreptococcus: spp. and clostridium difficile, sch27899 was the most potent (mic(90) < 0.125 mg/l) of the agents examined. besides these gram-positive anaerobes ... | 2000 | 10980176 |
| update on gastrointestinal infections: clostridium difficile and other bugs. | 1999 | 10980973 | |
| update on clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospital and community settings, spreading endemic and epidemic disease in developed and developing areas throughout the world. its toxins a and b cause epithelial disruption, inflammation, and secretion. diagnosis of infection with c. difficile is based on appropriate clinical presentation and demonstration of the presence of either toxin a or b, or both. established treatment is still predominantly metronidazole and va ... | 2000 | 10981029 |
| microbiology, epidemiology and diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | 2000 | 10981355 | |
| genetics of clostridium difficile toxins. | 2000 | 10981356 | |
| molecular mode of action of the large clostridial cytotoxins. | 2000 | 10981357 | |
| cytotoxic effects of the clostridium difficile toxins. | 2000 | 10981358 | |
| large clostridial cytotoxins as tools in cell biology. | 2000 | 10981359 | |
| pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. | 2000 | 10981360 | |
| treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. | treatment of c. difficile diarrhea with metronidazole or vancomycin is highly effective at relieving symptoms. the high rate of diarrhea recurrence is concerning, but fortunately most patients respond to a second course of treatment. the problem of vancomycin resistance in hospital organisms has markedly reduced usage of this agent as a first-line treatment for c. difficile diarrhea, leaving metronidazole as the mainstay of treatment in the united states where teicoplanin and fusidic acid are no ... | 2000 | 10981361 |
| antibiotic policies and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2000 | 10985451 | |
| metronidazole resistance in clostridium difficile. | 2000 | 10987742 | |
| toxin gene analysis of a variant strain of clostridium difficile that causes human clinical disease. | a toxin variant strain of clostridium difficile was isolated from two patients with c. difficile-associated disease (cdad), one of whom died from extensive pseudomembranous colitis. this strain, identified by restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) as type cf2, was not detected by an immunoassay for c. difficile toxin a. culture supernatants of cf2 failed to elicit significant enterotoxic activity in the rabbit ileal loop assay but did produce atypical cytopathic effects in cell culture assay. s ... | 2000 | 10992443 |
| toxins, butyric acid, and other short-chain fatty acids are coordinately expressed and down-regulated by cysteine in clostridium difficile. | it was recently found that a mixture of nine amino acids down-regulate clostridium difficile toxin production when added to peptone yeast extract (py) cultures of strain vpi 10463 (s. karlsson, l. g. burman, and t. akerlund, microbiology 145:1683-1693, 1999). in the present study, seven of these amino acids were found to exhibit a moderate suppression of toxin production, whereas proline and particularly cysteine had the greatest impact, on both reference strains (n = 6) and clinical isolates (n ... | 2000 | 10992498 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile antibiotic associated diarrhoea culture versus toxin assay. | to compare the results of clostridium difficile (cd) on culture with detection of c. difficile toxin by enzyme immunoassay (eia) in the stool specimens of hospitalized patients with antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aad). | 2000 | 10992705 |
| pediatric clostridium difficile: a phantom menace or clinical reality? | 2000 | 10997362 | |
| extrinsic surgical denervation inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in rats. | clostridium difficile enteritis is caused by toxin a (ta) which stimulates substance p release and subsequent receptor activation. this receptor stimulation results in secretion, inflammation, and structural damage. however, it is unclear as to which subset of neurons is required to initiate substance p release following toxin stimulation. five centimeter ileal segments were surgically denervated. after 10 days, three ileal loops were constructed in each rat: the denervated loop was injected int ... | 2000 | 10998557 |
| surveillance for nosocomial and central line-related infections among pediatric hematology-oncology patients. | to determine the incidence of all nosocomial infections (nis) in pediatric hematology-oncology patients, as well as central venous access device (cvad)-associated infections acquired during home care. | 2000 | 11001263 |
| regulation of dendritic spine morphology by the rho family of small gtpases: antagonistic roles of rac and rho. | dendritic spines mediate most excitatory transmission in the mammalian cns and have been traditionally considered stable structures. following the suggestion that spines may 'twitch', it has been recently shown that spines are capable of rapid morphological rearrangements. because of the role of the small gtpases from the rho family in controlling neuronal morphogenesis, we investigated the effects of several members of this biochemical signaling pathway in the maintenance of the morphology of e ... | 2000 | 11007543 |
| the role of sonography in children with abdominal pain after recent successful reduction of intussusception. | 2000 | 11009308 | |
| inhibition of small g proteins of the rho family by statins or clostridium difficile toxin b enhances cytokine-mediated induction of no synthase ii. | in order to investigate the involvement of ras and/or rho proteins in the induction of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nos ii) we used hmg-coa reductase inhibitors (statins) and clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) as pharmacological tools. statins indirectly inhibit small g proteins by preventing their essential farnesylation (ras) and/or geranylgeranylation (rho). in contrast, tcdb is a glucosyltransferase and inactivates rho-proteins directly. human a549/8- and dld-1 cells as ... | 2000 | 11015307 |
| the role of physical proximity in nosocomial diarrhea. | to examine physical proximity as a risk factor for the nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad), we assessed a retrospective cohort of 2859 patients admitted to a community hospital from 1 march 1987 through 31 august 1987. of these patients, 68 had nosocomial cdad and 54 had nosocomial aad. in multivariate analysis, physical proximity to a patient with cdad (relative risk [rr], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [ci], 1.06 ... | 2000 | 11017821 |
| in vitro activity of new generation fluoroquinolones against genotypically distinct and indistinguishable clostridium difficile isolates. | we compared the activities of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin with those of the newer fluoroquinolones grepafloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin and trovafloxacin against clostridium difficile isolates. as there is good evidence of marked clonal spread of c. difficile, we studied both genotypically distinct (n = 26) and indistinguishable (n = 28) isolates as determined by random amplified polymorphic dna and ribosomal spacer pcr fingerprinting. the indistinguishable strains examined represent the ... | 2000 | 11020251 |
| effect of supplements with lactic acid bacteria and oligofructose on the intestinal microflora during administration of cefpodoxime proxetil. | thirty healthy volunteers in three groups participated in a study of the effect on the intestinal microflora of oral supplementation with bifidobacterium longum, lactobacillus acidophilus and oligofructose, an indigestible oligosaccharide, during oral administration of cefpodoxime proxetil bd for 7 days. those in group a also received an oral supplement with c.1011 cfu of b. longum bb 536 and l. acidophilus ncfb 1748 and 15 g oligofructose daily, those in group b received a supplement with oligo ... | 2000 | 11020259 |
| clarithromycin appears to be linked with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in the elderly. | 2000 | 11020269 | |
| probiotics in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders. | probiotics have been defined most recently as living microorganisms which, upon ingestion in certain numbers, exact health benefits beyond inherent general nutrition. they have been a part of human nutrition for centuries, but in recent years they have been more closely studied for their potential to improve health and treat disease. this review of probiotics is not extensive, highlighting the most recent reviews and well controlled clinical studies in both animals and humans. the safety issues ... | 2000 | 11021414 |
| isolation of environmental clostridium difficile from a veterinary teaching hospital. | an environmental survey of a veterinary teaching hospital for the presence of clostridium difficile was performed using contact plates and cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose with 0.1% sodium taurocholate agar. clostridium difficile was isolated from 24 of 381 sites (6.3%). growth was obtained from 4.5% (9/202) of sites sampled in the large animal clinic, from 8.1% (13/160) of sites within the small animal clinic, and from 20% (2/10) of sites sampled elsewhere. fourteen of 21 strains tested produced ... | 2000 | 11021433 |
| simultaneous occurrence of clostridium difficile and cytomegalovirus colitis in a recipient of autologous stem cell transplantation. | 2000 | 11025618 | |
| activation of mmp-2 by clostridium difficile toxin b in bovine smooth muscle cells. | matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp-2) plays critical roles in cell migration through the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. cell movements require dynamic actin reorganization, which is controlled by rho family gtpases. in order to examine the relation between mmp-2 regulation and actin reorganization, we used several inhibitors of rho family gtpases. treatment of smooth muscle cells with clostridium difficile toxin b known to inactivate rho family gtpases activated mmp-2. however, neither c3 t ... | 2000 | 11027636 |
| clostridium difficile toxins influence hepatocyte protein synthesis through the interleukin 1 receptor. | clostridium difficile toxins require interleukin 1 (il-1) production or a functioning il-1 receptor to elicit acute-phase protein production by murine hepatocytes. | 2000 | 11030883 |
| [detection of toxin-producing pathogenic bacterial strains by polymerase chain reaction]. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used for detection of pathogenic clostridium botulinum, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, and escherichia coli. with this aim in view, primers to botulinic toxins types a, b, c1, d, e, f, and g, perfringens enterotoxin, difficile toxin, and types 1 and 2 shigella-like toxins were chosen and synthesized. optimal amplification conditions were selected for each pair of primers, with dna and the respective agent as the reaction mixture matrices. pcr ... | 2000 | 11031435 |
| bifidobacterium strains from resident infant human gastrointestinal microflora exert antimicrobial activity. | the gastrointestinal microflora exerts a barrier effect against enteropathogens. the aim of this study was to examine if bifidobacteria, a major species of the human colonic microflora, participates in the barrier effect by developing antimicrobial activity against enterovirulent bacteria. | 2000 | 11034580 |
| purification and evaluation of large clostridial cytotoxins that inhibit small gtpases of rho and ras subfamilies. | 2000 | 11036597 | |
| dna sequence of the insertional hot spot of tn916 in the clostridium difficile genome and discovery of a tn916-like element in an environmental isolate integrated in the same hot spot. | tn916 is a broad host range tetracycline resistance conjugative transposon. in most bacteria, this element enters the bacterial genome at multiple sites. however, in clostridium difficile, the element has a strong hot spot when introduced by filter mating from bacillus subtilis. in this work, the dna sequence of the preferred insertion site (att916) was obtained. an environmental isolate of c. difficile was also discovered which contained an element indistinguishable from tn916, tn916cd. tn916cd ... | 2000 | 11040422 |
| fermentation of 4-aminobutyrate by clostridium aminobutyricum: cloning of two genes involved in the formation and dehydration of 4-hydroxybutyryl-coa. | clostridium aminobutyricum ferments 4-aminobutyrate via succinic semialdehyde, 4-hydroxybutyrate, 4-hydroxybutyryl-coa and crotonyl-coa to acetate and butyrate. the genes coding for the enzymes that catalyse the interconversion of these intermediates are arranged in the order abfd (4-hydroxybutyryl-coa dehydratase), abft (4-hydroxybutyrate coa-transferase), and abfh (nad-dependent 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase). the genes abfd and abft were cloned, sequenced and expressed as active enzymes in ... | 2000 | 11041350 |
| evidence for rho protein regulation of renal tubular epithelial cell function. | rho proteins are small guanine 5'-triphosphate (gtp)-binding proteins felt to be important regulators of several aspects of cell function, including the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. the effects of rho proteins on the regulation of renal tubular epithelial cell function are not known. | 2000 | 11044220 |
| perioperative complications after living donor lobectomy. | clinical lung transplantation has been limited by availability of suitable cadaveric donor lungs. living donor lobectomy provides right and left lower lobes from a pair of living donors for each recipient. we reviewed our experience with living donor lobectomy from july 1994 to february 2000. | 2000 | 11044317 |
| environmental control to reduce transmission of clostridium difficile. | restrictive antibiotic policies and infection control measures have been shown to reduce the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) among hospitalized patients. to date, the role of environmental disinfectants in reducing nosocomial cdad rates has not been well studied. in a before-and-after intervention study, patients in 3 units were evaluated to determine if unbuffered 1:10 hypochlorite solution is effective as an environmental disinfectant in reducing the incidence of ... | 2000 | 11049782 |
| the search for a better treatment for recurrent clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with saccharomyces boulardii. | recurrent clostridium difficile disease (cdd) is a difficult clinical problem because antibiotic therapy often does not prevent further recurrences. in a previous study, the biotherapeutic agent saccharomyces boulardii was used in combination with standard antibiotics and was found to be effective in reducing subsequent recurrences of cdd. in an effort to further refine a standard regimen, we tested patients receiving a regimen of a standard antibiotic for 10 days and then added either s. boular ... | 2000 | 11049785 |
| effect on the human normal microflora of oral antibiotics for treatment of urinary tract infections. | oral administration of antibiotics for treatment of urinary tract infections (utis) can cause ecological disturbances in the normal intestinal microflora. poorly absorbed drugs can reach the colon in active form, suppress susceptible microorganisms and disturb the ecological balance. suppression of the normal microflora may lead to reduced colonization resistance with subsequent overgrowth of pre-existing, naturally resistant microorganisms, such as yeasts and clostridium difficile. new coloniza ... | 2000 | 11051623 |
| evaluation of 16s rrna and cellular fatty acid profiles as markers of human intestinal bacterial growth in the chemostat. | chemostats were used to study the effects of carbon and nitrogen limitation and specific growth rate on 16s rrna synthesis and cellular fatty acid (cfa) profiles in four human intestinal bacteria (bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, bifidobacterium adolescentis, clostridium bifermentans and cl. difficile). cellular fatty acid synthesis varied with dilution rate and nutrient availability in different species, but these cellular constituents were relatively stable phenotypic characteristics in bact. the ... | 2000 | 11054172 |
| beneficial microbes: health or hazard? | normal microbial flora support the health of the host by diverse mechanisms. when antibiotics, stress, disease or medications disrupt normal microflora, the ability to ward off infection by pathogens is compromised. the use of beneficial microbes (also known as biotherapeutic agents, probiotics, synbiotics) has been shown to be an effective therapeutic agent for some diseases. various types of diarrhoea (antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, clostridium difficile disease, traveller's diarrhoea) are m ... | 2000 | 11057450 |
| knowledge of centers for disease control and prevention guidelines for the use of vancomycin at a large tertiary care children's hospital. | in 1994, the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) published guidelines to encourage prudent use of vancomycin. we sought to determine whether physicians could demonstrate knowledge consistent with the guidelines. | 2000 | 11060537 |
| pharmacokinetics and comparative effects of telithromycin (hmr 3647) and clarithromycin on the oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. | the pharmacokinetics in plasma and saliva of a new ketolide, telithromycin (hmr 3647), and the effect on the normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora were studied in healthy volunteers and compared with those of clarithromycin. ten subjects received 800 mg telithromycin perorally once daily and 10 other subjects received 500 mg clarithromycin bid for 10 days. blood, saliva and faecal specimens were collected at defined intervals before, during and after administration for pharmacokinetic a ... | 2000 | 11062193 |
| microflora-associated characteristics in faeces from allergic and nonallergic infants. | the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased particularly over the past 30-40 years. a reduced microbial stimulation during infancy may result in a development of a disturbed balance between th1- and th2-like immunity. the gut flora is, quantitatively, the most important source for such stimulation. | 2000 | 11069568 |
| transposition of tn4451 and tn4453 involves a circular intermediate that forms a promoter for the large resolvase, tnpx. | tn4451 is the paradigm element of a family of mobilizable chloramphenicol resistance transposons from clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile. the unique feature of these 6.3 kb elements is that their excision to form a circular molecule is mediated by tnpx, a member of the large resolvase family of site-specific recombinases. by optimizing the transposition assay system in escherichia coli, we showed that tn4453a from c. difficile transposed at a higher frequency than the c. perfringe ... | 2000 | 11069682 |
| hospital disinfectants and spore formation by clostridium difficile. | evidence is lacking on how best to decontaminate the hospital environment of clostridium difficile. we compared sporulation levels in the uk epidemic c. difficile strain (p24), another clinical isolate (b31), and an environmental strain (e4) cultured in faecal emulsion containing subinhibitory concentrations of one of five hospital cleaning agents. the epidemic strain produced significantly more spores than the non-prevalent strains, and sporulation was further enhanced when this strain was cult ... | 2000 | 11073024 |
| the large resolvase tndx is required and sufficient for integration and excision of derivatives of the novel conjugative transposon tn5397. | tn5397 is a novel conjugative transposon, originally isolated from clostridium difficile. this element can transfer between c. difficile strains and to and from bacillus subtilis. it encodes a conjugation system that is very similar to that of tn916. however, insertion and excision of tn5397 appears to be dependent on the product of the element encoded gene tndx, a member of the large resolvase family of site-specific recombinases. to test the role of tndx, the gene was cloned and the protein wa ... | 2000 | 11073898 |
| clostridium difficile infection in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients is associated with severe graft-versus-host disease and non-relapse mortality. | we retrospectively evaluated 75 allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients to ascertain the incidence, risk factors and outcome of infection with clostridium difficile. ten patients (13%) had clostridium difficile infection at a median of 38 days (range day -6 to day +72) following the transplant. there was no difference in the duration or severity of diarrhoea in patients with clostridium difficile infection compared to the uninfected patients and no relationship to the prior antibiotic or chem ... | 2000 | 11081387 |
| [diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile secondary to the use of ciprofloxacin, complicating a first occurrence of intestinal inflammatory disease]. | 2000 | 11084823 | |
| stimulation of m3 muscarinic receptors induces phosphorylation of the cdc42 effector activated cdc42hs-associated kinase-1 via a fyn tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. | the tyrosine kinase, activated cdc42hs-associated kinase-1 (ack-1), is a specific effector of the rho family gtpase cdc42. gtp-bound cdc42 has been shown to facilitate neurite outgrowth elicited by activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (machrs). because tyrosine kinase activity is a requirement for neuritogenesis in several cell systems, we investigated whether endogenous machrs (principally of the m3 subtype) expressed in human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells would signal to ack-1. incubat ... | 2001 | 11087735 |
| inhibition of protein isoprenylation impairs rho-regulated early cellular response to genotoxic stress. | activation of c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) and nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) are early cellular responses to genotoxic stress involved in the regulation of gene expression. pretreatment of cells with the hydroxymethyl glutaryl-coa reductase inhibitor lovastatin blocked stimulation of jnk1 activity by uv irradiation and by treatment with the alkylating compound methyl methanesulfonate but did not affect activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 by uv light. lovastatin also atte ... | 2000 | 11093778 |
| [the risk factors for clostridium difficile infection in elderly patients. a case-control study]. | to study the main risk factors associated with clostridium difficile infection in a geriatric unit. | 2000 | 11093871 |
| [nosocomial diarrhea due to clostridium difficile]. | 2000 | 11093872 | |
| leukocytosis and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2000 | 11095311 | |
| "flora power"-- fecal bacteria cure chronic c. difficile diarrhea. | 2000 | 11095314 | |
| leukocytosis as a harbinger and surrogate marker of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is the etiological agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis and is a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea. the objective of the study was to examine if leukocytosis could be a harbinger and surrogate marker of c. difficile infection in hospitalized patients. | 2000 | 11095331 |
| treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by administration of donated stool directly through a colonoscope. | 2000 | 11095355 | |
| infectious enteritis. | initial management of acute infectious enteritis should focus on fluid and electrolyte repletion and symptomatic care. a decision to prescribe empiric antibiotic therapy should rest on clinical or epidemiologic features of the illness that suggest a treatable bacterial origin or a high-risk host. this decision should be reinforced by the detection of leukocytes or blood in the stool. if empiric therapy is indicated, a quinolone is generally the best initial choice. a stool culture yielding an en ... | 1999 | 11096582 |
| bacterial infections of the colon. | the colon is a common site of infection for a heterogeneous group of bacterial pathogens. the presentation of disease in the colon is generally in the form of distinct syndromes, and it is important for physicians to recognize the causative organisms, because specific treatment is highly effective. the flouroquinolones have emerged as the treatment of choice for most food-borne bacterial pathogens. resistance to these agents is not a major issue at present except in campylobacter. clostridium di ... | 2000 | 11097742 |
| novel targets for the pharmacotherapy of diarrhoea: a view for the millennium. | acute diarrhoea continues to carry a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. intestinal infection is the major cause of acute diarrhoea although the prevalence of individual pathogens varies according to geographic location. in many countries in the industrialized world, reports of intestinal infections continue to increase; these are largely related to waterborne and foodborne outbreaks. acute diarrhoea may be due to increased intestinal secretion, commonly as a result of infection with enterot ... | 2000 | 11100992 |
| [recurrent clostridium difficile enterocolitis]. | pseudomembranous enterocolitis generally occurs after antibiotic treatment. the standard treatment is oral metronidazol or vancomycin. nevertheless, relapses of clostridium difficile enterocolitis are observed in 10-25% of cases. factors associated with recurrences include endogenous reinfection by spore formation, selective igg1 or iga deficiency or infection with mutated strains of clostridium difficile. recurrent clostridium difficile enterocolitis may be treated with repeat oral vancomycin c ... | 2000 | 11103440 |