Publications

associations between ectomycorrhizal fungi and bacterial needle endophytes in pinus radiata: implications for biotic selection of microbial communities.	studies of the ecological and evolutionary relationships between plants and their associated microbes have long been focused on single microbes, or single microbial guilds, but in reality, plants associate with a diverse array of microbes from a varied set of guilds. as such, multitrophic interactions among plant-associated microbes from multiple guilds represent an area of developing research, and can reveal how complex microbial communities are structured around plants. interactions between co ...	2016	27065966
batch and fed-batch bioreactor studies for the enhanced production of glutaminase-free l-asparaginase from pectobacterium carotovorum mtcc 1428.	the effect of dissolved oxygen (do) level and ph (controlled/uncontrolled) was first studied to enhance the production of novel glutaminase-free l-asparaginase by pectobacterium carotovorum mtcc 1428 in a batch bioreactor. the optimum level of do was found to be 20%. the production of l-asparaginase was found to be maximum when ph of the medium was maintained at 8.5 after 12 h of fermentation. under these conditions, p. carotovorum produced 17.97 u/ml of l-asparaginase corresponding to the produ ...	2017	27070115
gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric characterization of curcuma longa: protection against pathogenic microbes and lipid peroxidation in rat's tissue homogenate.	the present study was designed to investigate the mineral content and antimicrobial activity of curcuma longa extracts and its essential oil. we also determined the lipid peroxidation inhibition activity of the ethanolic extract against sodium nitroprusside (snp) induced thiobarbituric acid reactive species (tbars) formation in rat's brain, kidney and liver homogenates. major constituents of essential oil identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (gcms) were beta-sesquiphellandrene ...	2016	27087084
exploring the secretomes of microbes and microbial communities using filamentous phage display.	microbial surface and secreted proteins (the secretome) contain a large number of proteins that interact with other microbes, host and/or environment. these proteins are exported by the coordinated activities of the protein secretion machinery present in the cell. a group of bacteriophage, called filamentous phage, have the ability to hijack bacterial protein secretion machinery in order to amplify and assemble via a secretion-like process. this ability has been harnessed in the use of filamento ...	2016	27092113
emerging roles of strigolactones in plant responses to stress and development.	our environment constantly undergoes changes either natural or manmade affecting growth and development of all the organisms including plants. plants are sessile in nature and therefore to counter environmental changes such as light, temperature, nutrient and water availability, pathogen, and many others; plants have evolved intricate signaling mechanisms, composed of multiple components including several plant hormones. research conducted in the last decade has placed strigolactones (sls) in th ...	2016	27092155
augmenting sulfur metabolism and herbivore defense in arabidopsis by bacterial volatile signaling.	sulfur is an element necessary for the life cycle of higher plants. its assimilation and reduction into essential biomolecules are pivotal factors determining a plant's growth and vigor as well as resistance to environmental stress. while certain soil microbes can enhance ion solubility via chelating agents or oxidation, microbial regulation of plant-sulfur assimilation has not been reported. with an increasing understanding that soil microbes can activate growth and stress tolerance in plants v ...	2016	27092166
genome sequence of pectobacterium carotovorum phage ppws1, isolated from japanese horseradish [eutrema japonicum (miq.) koidz] showing soft-rot symptoms.	italic! pectobacterium carotovorumsubsp. italic! carotovorumand its lytic bacteriophage ppws1 were isolated from a japanese horseradish rhizome with soft rot. sequencing of the phage genomic dna suggested that ppws1 is a new species of the family italic! podoviridaeand has high similarity to the bacteriophage peat1 infectious to italic! p. atrosepticum.	2016	27103734
construction and periplasmic expression of the anti-egfrviii scfv antibody gene in escherichia coli.	in the previous study, we constructed an expression vector carrying the anti-egfrviii scfv antibody gene with vh-linker-vl orientation. the proteins were successfully produced in the periplasmic space of escherichia coli. in this study, we substituted the inserted dna with vl-linker-vh orientation of the anti-egfrviii scfv gene and analyzed its expression in e. coli. the dna fragment was amplified from its cloning vector (ptz-rscfv), subsequently cloned into a previous expression vector containi ...	2016	27110505
antibacterial derivatives of marine algae: an overview of pharmacological mechanisms and applications.	the marine environment is home to a taxonomically diverse ecosystem. organisms such as algae, molluscs, sponges, corals, and tunicates have evolved to survive the high concentrations of infectious and surface-fouling bacteria that are indigenous to ocean waters. both macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae (diatoms) contain pharmacologically active compounds such as phlorotannins, fatty acids, polysaccharides, peptides, and terpenes which combat bacterial invasion. the resistance of pathogenic bact ...	2016	27110798
the antibacterial activity of chitosan products blended with monoterpenes and their biofilms against plant pathogenic bacteria.	this study focuses on the biological activities of eleven chitosan products with a viscosity-average molecular weight ranging from 22 to 846 kda in combination with the most active monoterpenes (geraniol and thymol), out of 10 tested, against four plant pathogenic bacteria, agrobacterium tumefaciens, erwinia carotovora, corynebacterium fascians, and pseudomonas solanacearum. the antibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro by the agar dilution technique as a minimum inhibitory concentration (mi ...	2016	27127676
control of postharvest bacterial soft rot by gamma irradiation and its potential modes of action.	gamma irradiation was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity against a postharvest bacterial pathogen, erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (ecc). gamma irradiation in a bacteria cell suspension resulted in a dramatic reduction of the viable counts as well as an increase in the amounts of dna and protein released from the cells. gamma irradiation showed complete inactivation of ecc, especially at a dose of 0.6 kgy. in addition, scanning electron microscopy of irradiated ce ...	2016	27147935
social stress increases the susceptibility to infection in the ant harpegnathos saltator.	aggressive interactions between members of a social group represent an important source of social stress with all its negative follow-ups. we used the ponerine ant harpegnathos saltator to study the effects of frequent aggressive interactions on the resistance to different stressors. in these ants, removal or death of reproducing animals results in a period of social instability within the colony that is characterized by frequent ritualized aggressive interactions leading to the establishment of ...	2016	27161621
toxin-antitoxin systems of staphylococcus aureus.	toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems are small genetic elements found in the majority of prokaryotes. they encode toxin proteins that interfere with vital cellular functions and are counteracted by antitoxins. dependent on the chemical nature of the antitoxins (protein or rna) and how they control the activity of the toxin, ta systems are currently divided into six different types. genes comprising the ta types i, ii and iii have been identified in staphylococcus aureus. mazf, the toxin of the mazef loc ...	2016	27164142
three-way interaction among plants, bacteria, and coleopteran insects.	coleoptera, the largest and the most diverse insecta order, is characterized by multiple adaptations to plant feeding. insect-associated microorganisms can be important mediators and modulators of interactions between insects and plants. interactions between plants and insects are highly complex and involve multiple factors. there are various defense mechanisms initiated by plants upon attack by herbivorous insects, including the development of morphological structures and the synthesis of toxic ...	2016	27170360
draft genome sequences of four plant probiotic bacillus strains.	here, we report the whole-genome sequences of four bacillus strains that exhibit plant probiotic activities. three of them are the type strains of bacillus endophyticus, "bacillus gaemokensis," and bacillus trypoxylicola, and the other, bacillus sp. strain kctc 13219, should be reclassified into a species belonging to the genus lysinibacillus.	2016	27174273
direct and indirect targeting of pp2a by conserved bacterial type-iii effector proteins.	bacterial avre-family type-iii effector proteins (t3es) contribute significantly to the virulence of plant-pathogenic species of pseudomonas, pantoea, ralstonia, erwinia, dickeya and pectobacterium, with hosts ranging from monocots to dicots. however, the mode of action of avre-family t3es remains enigmatic, due in large part to their toxicity when expressed in plant or yeast cells. to search for targets of wtse, an avre-family t3e from the maize pathogen pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, we e ...	2016	27191168
effects due to rhizospheric soil application of an antagonistic bacterial endophyte on native bacterial community and its survival in soil: a case study with pseudomonas aeruginosa from banana.	effective translation of research findings from laboratory to agricultural fields is essential for the success of biocontrol or growth promotion trials employing beneficial microorganisms. the rhizosphere is to be viewed holistically as a dynamic ecological niche comprising of diverse microorganisms including competitors and noxious antagonists to the bio-inoculant. this study was undertaken to assess the effects due to the soil application of an endophytic bacterium with multiple pathogen antag ...	2016	27199897
phloem proteomics reveals new lipid-binding proteins with a putative role in lipid-mediated signaling.	global climate changes inversely affect our ability to grow the food required for an increasing world population. to combat future crop loss due to abiotic stress, we need to understand the signals responsible for changes in plant development and the resulting adaptations, especially the signaling molecules traveling long-distance through the plant phloem. using a proteomics approach, we had identified several putative lipid-binding proteins in the phloem exudates. simultaneously, we identified ...	2016	27200036
moss pathogenesis-related-10 protein enhances resistance to pythium irregulare in physcomitrella patens and arabidopsis thaliana.	plants respond to pathogen infection by activating signaling pathways leading to the accumulation of proteins with diverse roles in defense. here, we addressed the functional role of pppr-10, a pathogenesis-related (pr)-10 gene, of the moss physcomitrella patens, in response to biotic stress. pppr-10 belongs to a multigene family and encodes a protein twice the usual size of pr-10 proteins due to the presence of two bet v1 domains. moss pr-10 genes are differentially regulated during development ...	2016	27200053
flashy flagella: flagellin modification is relatively common and highly versatile among the enterobacteriaceae.	post-translational glycosylation of the flagellin protein is relatively common among gram-negative bacteria, and has been linked to several phenotypes, including flagellar biosynthesis and motility, biofilm formation, host immune evasion and manipulation and virulence. however to date, despite extensive physiological and genetic characterization, it has never been reported for the peritrichously flagellate enterobacteriaceae.	2016	27206480
rna-seq links the transcription factors aintegumenta and aintegumenta-like6 to cell wall remodeling and plant defense pathways.	aintegumenta (ant) and aintegumenta-like6 (ail6) are two related transcription factors in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) that have partially overlapping roles in several aspects of flower development, including floral organ initiation, identity specification, growth, and patterning. to better understand the biological processes regulated by these two transcription factors, we performed rna sequencing (rna-seq) on ant ail6 double mutants. we identified thousands of genes that are differential ...	2016	27208279
horizontal gene transfer of pectinases from bacteria preceded the diversification of stick and leaf insects.	genes acquired by horizontal transfer are increasingly being found in animal genomes. understanding their origin and evolution requires knowledge about the phylogenetic relationships from both source and recipient organisms. we used rnaseq data and respective assembled transcript libraries to trace the evolutionary history of polygalacturonase (pectinase) genes in stick insects (phasmatodea). by mapping the distribution of pectinase genes on a polyneoptera phylogeny, we identified the transfer o ...	2016	27210832
loss of gltb inhibits biofilm formation and biocontrol efficiency of bacillus subtilis bs916 by altering the production of γ-polyglutamate and three lipopeptides.	this study examined the contribution of gltb on biofilm formation and biocontrol efficiency of b. subtilis bs916.	2016	27223617
remote control of intestinal stem cell activity by haemocytes in drosophila.	the jak/stat pathway is a key signaling pathway in the regulation of development and immunity in metazoans. in contrast to the multiple combinatorial jak/stat pathways in mammals, only one canonical jak/stat pathway exists in drosophila. it is activated by three secreted proteins of the unpaired family (upd): upd1, upd2 and upd3. although many studies have established a link between jak/stat activation and tissue damage, the mode of activation and the precise function of this pathway in the dros ...	2016	27231872
redox- and reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling into and out of the photosynthesizing chloroplast.	photosynthesis is a high-rate redox metabolic process that is subjected to rapid changes in input parameters, particularly light. rapid transients of photon capture, electron fluxes, and redox potentials during photosynthesis cause reactive oxygen species (ros) to be released, including singlet oxygen, superoxide anion radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. thus, the photosynthesizing chloroplast functions as a conditional source of important redox and ros information, which is exploited to tune proce ...	2016	27255485
drosophila cells use nanotube-like structures to transfer dsrna and rnai machinery between cells.	tunnelling nanotubes and cytonemes function as highways for the transport of organelles, cytosolic and membrane-bound molecules, and pathogens between cells. during viral infection in the model organism drosophila melanogaster, a systemic rnai antiviral response is established presumably through the transport of a silencing signal from one cell to another via an unknown mechanism. because of their role in cell-cell communication, we investigated whether nanotube-like structures could be a mediat ...	2016	27255932
sigmoid: a user-friendly tool for improving bacterial genome annotation through analysis of transcription control signals.	the majority of bacterial genome annotations are currently automated and based on a 'gene by gene' approach. regulatory signals and operon structures are rarely taken into account which often results in incomplete and even incorrect gene function assignments. here we present sigmoid, a cross-platform (os x, linux and windows) open-source application aiming at simplifying the identification of transcription regulatory sites (promoters, transcription factor binding sites and terminators) in bacter ...	2016	27257541
chloroplasts: state of research and practical applications of plastome sequencing.	this review presents origins, structure and expression of chloroplast genomes. it also describes their sequencing, analysis and modification, focusing on potential practical uses and biggest challenges of chloroplast genome modification. during the evolution of eukaryotes, cyanobacteria are believed to have merged with host heterotrophic cell. afterward, most of cyanobacterial genes from cyanobacteria were transferred to cell nucleus or lost in the process of endosymbiosis. as a result of these ...	2016	27259501
an innate immunity pathway in the moss physcomitrella patens.	map kinase (mpk) cascades in arabidopsis thaliana and other vascular plants are activated by developmental cues, abiotic stress, and pathogen infection. much less is known of mpk functions in nonvascular land plants such as the moss physcomitrella patens here, we provide evidence for a signaling pathway in p. patens required for immunity triggered by pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps). this pathway induces rapid growth inhibition, a novel fluorescence burst, cell wall depositions, an ...	2016	27268428
drosophila embryos as a model for wound-induced transcriptional dynamics: genetic strategies to achieve a localized wound response.	while many studies have established a paradigm for tissue repair at the level of cellular remodeling, it is not clear how an organism restricts a response only to the injured region of a damaged tissue. skin, the largest organ in the human body, is prone to injury, and repair of epidermal tissue represents a medically relevant system to investigate. significance: studies in drosophila melanogaster provide a robust genetic system to identify molecular components that will positively impact repair ...	2016	27274436
paromomycin derived from streptomyces sp. ag-p 1441 induces resistance against two major pathogens of chili pepper.	this is the first report that paromomycin, an antibiotic derived from streptomyces sp. ag-p 1441 (ag-p 1441), controlled phytophthora blight and soft rot diseases caused by phytophthora capsici and pectobacterium carotovorum, respectively, in chili pepper (capsicum annum l.). chili pepper plants treated with paromomycin by foliar spray or soil drenching 7 days prior to inoculation with p. capsici zoospores showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in disease severity (%) when compared with untreat ...	2016	27291677
viruses infecting a freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium (nostoc sp.) encode a functional crispr array and a proteobacterial dna polymerase b.	here we present the first genomic characterization of viruses infecting nostoc, a genus of ecologically important cyanobacteria that are widespread in freshwater. cyanophages a-1 and n-1 were isolated in the 1970s and infect nostoc sp. strain pcc 7210 but remained genomically uncharacterized. their 68,304- and 64,960-bp genomes are strikingly different from those of other sequenced cyanophages. many putative genes that code for proteins with known functions are similar to those found in filament ...	2016	27302758
from multiple pathogenicity islands to a unique organized pathogenicity archipelago.	pathogenicity islands are sets of successive genes in a genome that determine the virulence of a bacterium. in a growing number of studies, bacterial virulence appears to be determined by multiple islands scattered along the genome. this is the case in a family of seven plant pathogens and a human pathogen that, under kdgr regulation, massively secrete enzymes such as pectinases that degrade plant cell wall. here we show that their multiple pathogenicity islands form together a coherently organi ...	2016	27302835
when genome-based approach meets the "old but good": revealing genes involved in the antibacterial activity of pseudomonas sp. p482 against soft rot pathogens.	dickeya solani and pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense are recently established species of bacterial plant pathogens causing black leg and soft rot of many vegetables and ornamental plants. pseudomonas sp. strain p482 inhibits the growth of these pathogens, a desired trait considering the limited measures to combat these diseases. in this study, we determined the genetic background of the antibacterial activity of p482, and established the phylogenetic position of this strain. pseudomo ...	2016	27303376
activity of flavanones isolated from rhododendron hainanense against plant pathogenic fungi.	in a search for naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds in medicinal plants and herbs, seven flavanones were isolated from the aerial parts of rhododendron hainanense and were tested for their antimicrobial activities against six bacteria and six plant pathogenic fungi. within the series of flavanones tested, farrerol (1) displayed moderate antibacterial activities against bacillus cereus, b. subtilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and erwinia carotovora, wi ...	2016	27319130
chitosan effects on plant systems.	chitosan (cht) is a natural, safe, and cheap product of chitin deacetylation, widely used by several industries because of its interesting features. the availability of industrial quantities of cht in the late 1980s enabled it to be tested in agriculture. cht has been proven to stimulate plant growth, to protect the safety of edible products, and to induce abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in various horticultural commodities. the stimulating effect of different enzyme activities to detoxify r ...	2016	27347928
ethnopharmacological significance of eclipta alba (l.) hassk. (asteraceae).	eclipta alba can be found growing wild in fallow lands of bangladesh where it is considered as a weed by farmers. traditional medicinal systems of the indian subcontinent countries as well as tribal practitioners consider the plant to have diverse medicinal values and use it commonly for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory tract disorders (including asthma), fever, hair loss and graying of hair, liver disorders (including jaundice), skin disorders, spleen enlargement, and cuts a ...	2014	27355071
understanding the structure and function of bacterial expansins: a prerequisite towards practical applications for the bioenergy and agricultural industries.	since the publication of a landmark article on the structure of exlx1 from bacillus subtilis in 2011, our knowledge of bacterial expansins has steadily increased and our view and understanding of these enigmatic proteins has advanced with relation to their structure, phylogenetic relationships and substrate interaction, although the molecular basis for their mechanism of action remains to be determined. lignocellulosic material represents a source of fermentable sugars for the production of biof ...	2016	27365165
interactions "candidatus liberibacter solanacearum"-bactericera cockerelli: haplotype effect on vector fitness and gene expression analyses.	"candidatus liberibacter solanacearum" (lso) has emerged as a serious threat world-wide. five lso haplotypes have been identified so far. haplotypes a and b are present in the americas and/or new zealand, where they are vectored to solanaceous plants by the potato psyllid, bactericera cockerelli (šulc) (hemiptera: triozidae). the fastidious nature of these pathogens has hindered the study of the interactions with their eukaryotic hosts (vector and plant). to understand the strategies used by the ...	2016	27376032
transcriptome- assisted label-free quantitative proteomics analysis reveals novel insights into piper nigrum-phytophthora capsici phytopathosystem.	black pepper (piper nigrum l.), a tropical spice crop of global acclaim, is susceptible to phytophthora capsici, an oomycete pathogen which causes the highly destructive foot rot disease. a systematic understanding of this phytopathosystem has not been possible owing to lack of genome or proteome information. in this study, we explain an integrated transcriptome-assisted label-free quantitative proteomics pipeline to study the basal immune components of black pepper when challenged with p. capsi ...	2016	27379110
genomic plasticity of multidrug-resistant ndm-1 positive clinical isolate of providencia rettgeri.	we performed a detailed whole-genome sequence analysis of providencia rettgeri h1736, a multidrug-resistant clinical pathogen isolated in israel in 2011. the objective was to describe the genomic flexibility of this bacterium that has greatly contributed to its pathogenicity. the genome has a chromosome size of 4,609,352 bp with 40.22% gc content. five plasmids were predicted, as well as other mobile genetic elements (mges) including phages, genomic islands, and integrative and conjugative eleme ...	2015	27386606
genomic plasticity of multidrug-resistant ndm-1 positive clinical isolate of providencia rettgeri.	we performed a detailed whole-genome sequence analysis of providencia rettgeri h1736, a multidrug-resistant clinical pathogen isolated in israel in 2011. the objective was to describe the genomic flexibility of this bacterium that has greatly contributed to its pathogenicity. the genome has a chromosome size of 4,609,352 bp with 40.22% gc content. five plasmids were predicted, as well as other mobile genetic elements (mges) including phages, genomic islands, and integrative and conjugative eleme ...	2015	27386606
assignment of function to a domain of unknown function: duf1537 is a new kinase family in catabolic pathways for acid sugars.	using a large-scale "genomic enzymology" approach, we (i) assigned novel atp-dependent four-carbon acid sugar kinase functions to members of the duf1537 protein family (domain of unknown function; pfam families pf07005 and pf17042) and (ii) discovered novel catabolic pathways for d-threonate, l-threonate, and d-erythronate. the experimentally determined ligand specificities of several solute binding proteins (sbps) for trap (tripartite atp-independent permease) transporters for four-carbon acids ...	2016	27402745
expression of pr-protein genes and induction of defense-related enzymes by bacillus subtilis cbr05 in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants challenged with erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.	the present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a biocontrol agent bacillus subtilis cbr05 for control of soft rot disease (erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) in tomato, and the possible mechanisms of its resistance induction have been investigated under pot conditions. results showed that plants inoculated with b. subtilis cbr05 had lower disease incidence (36%). a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities was observed ...	2016	27405462
phage display-derived human antibodies in clinical development and therapy.	over the last 3 decades, monoclonal antibodies have become the most important class of therapeutic biologicals on the market. development of therapeutic antibodies was accelerated by recombinant dna technologies, which allowed the humanization of murine monoclonal antibodies to make them more similar to those of the human body and suitable for a broad range of chronic diseases like cancer and autoimmune diseases. in the early 1990s in vitro antibody selection technologies were developed that ena ...	2016	27416017
extracellular recognition of oomycetes during biotrophic infection of plants.	extracellular recognition of pathogens by plants constitutes an important early detection system in plant immunity. microbe-derived molecules, also named patterns, can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (prrs) on the host cell membrane that trigger plant immune responses. most knowledge on extracellular pathogen detection by plants comes from research on bacterial and fungal pathogens. for oomycetes, that comprise some of the most destructive plant pathogens, mechanisms of extracellu ...	2016	27446136
biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant-microbe-metal interactions: relevance for phytoremediation.	plants and microbes coexist or compete for survival and their cohesive interactions play a vital role in adapting to metalliferous environments, and can thus be explored to improve microbe-assisted phytoremediation. plant root exudates are useful nutrient and energy sources for soil microorganisms, with whom they establish intricate communication systems. some beneficial bacteria and fungi, acting as plant growth promoting microorganisms (pgpms), may alleviate metal phytotoxicity and stimulate p ...	2016	27446148
dispersal of human and plant pathogens biofilms via nitric oxide donors at 4 °c.	recent studies suggest that nitric oxide donors capable of manipulating nitric oxide-mediated signaling in bacteria could induce dispersal of biofilms. encased in extracellular polymeric substances, human and plant pathogens within biofilms are significantly more resistant to sanitizers. this is particularly a problem in refrigerated environments where food is processed. in an exercise aimed to study the potential of nitric oxide donors as biofilm dispersal in refrigerated conditions, we compare ...	2016	27457245
recombinant expression of chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein in e. coli outer membrane as a substrate for vaccine research.	chlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen which causes a number of pathologies, including genital tract infections in women that can result in tubal infertility. prevention of infection and disease control might be achieved through vaccination; however, a safe, efficacious and cost-effective vaccine against c. trachomatis infection remains an unmet medical need. c. trachomatis major outer membrane protein (momp), a β-barrel integral outer membrane protein, is the most abundant antigen in the out ...	2016	27464881
highly effective inhibition of biofilm formation by the first metagenome-derived ai-2 quenching enzyme.	bacterial cell-cell communication (quorum sensing, qs) represents a fundamental process crucial for biofilm formation, pathogenicity, and virulence allowing coordinated, concerted actions of bacteria depending on their cell density. with the widespread appearance of antibiotic-resistance of biofilms, there is an increasing need for novel strategies to control harmful biofilms. one attractive and most likely effective approach is to target bacterial communication systems for novel drug design in ...	2016	27468282
simultaneous detection of brown rot- and soft rot-causing bacterial pathogens from potato tubers through multiplex pcr.	ralstonia solanacearum (smith) yabuuchi et al. and erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (jones) bergey et al. (pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum) are the two major bacterial pathogens of potato causing brown rot (wilt) and soft rot diseases, respectively, in the field and during storage. reliable and early detection of these pathogens are keys to avoid occurrence of these diseases in potato crops and reduce yield loss. in the present study, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) p ...	2016	27480266
the secreted protease prta controls cell growth, biofilm formation and pathogenicity in xylella fastidiosa.	pierce's disease (pd) is a deadly disease of grapevines caused by the gram-negative bacterium xylella fastidiosa. though disease symptoms were formerly attributed to bacteria blocking the plant xylem, this hypothesis is at best overly simplistic. recently, we used a proteomic approach to characterize the secretome of x. fastidiosa, both in vitro and in planta, and identified lesa as one of the pathogenicity factors of x. fastidiosa in grapevines that leads to leaf scorching and chlorosis. herein ...	2016	27492542
comparative evaluation of the genomes of three common drosophila-associated bacteria.	drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model to explore the molecular exchanges that occur between an animal intestine and associated microbes. previous studies in drosophila uncovered a sophisticated web of host responses to intestinal bacteria. the outcomes of these responses define critical events in the host, such as the establishment of immune responses, access to nutrients, and the rate of larval development. despite our steady march towards illuminating the host machinery that responds t ...	2016	27493201
role of cyclic nucleotide gated channels in stress management in plants.	tolerance of plants to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogen and herbivore attack, drought, salinity, cold and nutritional limitations is ensued by complex multimodule signaling pathways. the outcome of this complex signaling pathways results in adaptive responses by restoring the cellular homeostasis and thus promoting survival. functions of many plant cation transporter and channel protein families such as glutamate receptor homologs (glrs), cyclic nucleotide-gated ion chann ...	2016	27499681
genome-wide identification of potato long intergenic noncoding rnas responsive to pectobacterium carotovorum subspecies brasiliense infection.	long noncoding rnas (lncrnas) represent a class of rna molecules that are implicated in regulation of gene expression in both mammals and plants. while much progress has been made in determining the biological functions of lncrnas in mammals, the functional roles of lncrnas in plants are still poorly understood. specifically, the roles of long intergenic nocoding rnas (lincrnas) in plant defence responses are yet to be fully explored.	2016	27515663
assessment of pfs25 expressed from multiple soluble expression platforms for use as transmission-blocking vaccine candidates.	transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) have become a focus of strategies to control and eventually eliminate malaria as they target the entry of sexual stage into the anopheles stephensi mosquito thereby preventing transmission, an essential component of the parasite life cycle. such vaccines are envisioned as complements to vaccines that target human infection, such as rts,s as well as drug treatment, and vector control strategies. a number of conserved proteins, including pfs25, have been ident ...	2016	27515826
immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin.	it is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. a primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebra ...	2016	27518203
immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin.	it is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. a primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebra ...	2016	27518203
two novel antimicrobial defensins from rice identified by gene coexpression network analyses.	defensins form an antimicrobial peptides (amp) family, and have been widely studied in various plants because of their considerable inhibitory functions. however, their roles in rice (oryza sativa l.) have not been characterized, even though rice is one of the most important staple crops that is susceptible to damaging infections. additionally, a previous study identified 598 rice genes encoding cysteine-rich peptides, suggesting there are several uncharacterized amps in rice. we performed in si ...	2016	27527801
rhizobacterial characterization for quality control of eucalyptus biogrowth promoter products.	plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains from special formulations have been used to optimize eucalyptus cutting production. to undertake quality control for the formulated products, the rhizobacterial strains should be characterized to assess their purity and authentication. in the present study, we characterized nine strains of rhizobacteria, including three bacillus subtilis (s1, s2 and 3918), two pseudomonas sp. (mf4 and fl2), p. putida (mf2), p. fulva (ca), frateuria aurantia (r1), and ...	2016	27528088
biochemical characterization and immobilization of erwinia carotovoral-asparaginase in a microplate for high-throughput biosensing of l-asparagine.	l-asparaginases (l-asnase, e.c. 3.5.1.1) catalyze the conversion of l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid and ammonia. in the present work, a new form of l-asnase from a strain of erwinia carotovora (ecal-asnase) was cloned, expressed in escherichia coli as a soluble protein and characterized. the enzyme was purified to homogeneity by a single-step procedure comprising ion-exchange chromatography. the properties of the recombinant enzyme were investigated employing kinetic analysis and molecular model ...	2016	27542748
identification of bacterial contaminants in polyherbal medicines used for the treatment of tuberculosis in amatole district of the eastern cape province, south africa, using rapid 16s rrna technique.	polyherbal medicines are used for the treatment of many diseases in many african and asian communities. with the increasing use of these remedies, several investigations have shown that they are associated with a broad variety of residues and contaminants. this study investigates the presence of bacteria in the polyherbal medicines used for the treatment of tuberculosis (tb) in the eastern cape province of south africa.	2016	27549141
a family of csαβ defensins and defensin-like peptides from the migratory locust, locusta migratoria, and their expression dynamics during mycosis and nosemosis.	insect defensins are effector components of the innate defense system. during infection, these peptides may play a role in the control of pathogens by providing protective antimicrobial barriers between epithelial cells and the hemocoel. the cdnas encoding four defensins of the migratory locust, locusta migratoria, designated lmdef 1, 3-5, were identified for the first time by transcriptome-targeted analysis. three of the members of this csαβ defensin family, lmdef 1, 3, and 5, were detected in ...	2016	27556587
making healthier or killing enemies? bacterial volatile-elicited plant immunity plays major role upon protection of arabidopsis than the direct pathogen inhibition.	bacterial volatiles protect plants either by directly inhibiting a pathogenic fungus or by improving the defense capabilities of plants. the effect of bacterial volatiles on fungal growth was dose-dependent. a low dosage did not have a noticeable effect on botrytis cinerea growth and development, but was sufficient to elicit induced resistance in arabidopsis thaliana. bacterial volatiles displayed negative effects on biofilm formation on a polystyrene surface and in in planta leaf colonization o ...	2016	27574539
in vitro antimicrobial bioassays, dpph radical scavenging activity, and ftir spectroscopy analysis of heliotropium bacciferum.	the present study deals with the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and functional group analysis of heliotropium bacciferum extracts. disc diffusion susceptibility method was followed for antimicrobial assessment. noteworthy antimicrobial activities were recorded by various plant extracts against antibiotic resistant microorganisms. plant flower extracts antioxidant activity was investigated against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical by ultraviolet spectrophotometer (517 nm). plant extracts displ ...	2016	27597961
prodigiosin - a multifaceted escherichia coli antimicrobial agent.	despite a considerable interest in prodigiosin, the mechanism of its antibacterial activity is still poorly understood. in this work, escherichia coli cells were treated with prodigiosin to determine its antimicrobial effect on bacterial physiology. the effect of prodigiosin was concentration dependent. in prodigiosin treated cells above mic value no significant dna damage or cytoplasmic membrane disintegration was observed. the outer membrane, however, becomes leaky. cells had severely decrease ...	2016	27612193
globin domain interactions control heme pocket conformation and oligomerization of globin coupled sensors.	globin coupled sensors (gcs) are o2-sensing proteins used by bacteria to monitor the surrounding gaseous environment. to investigate the biphasic o2 dissociation kinetics observed for full-length gcs proteins, isolated globin domains from pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum (pccglobin), and bordetella pertussis (bpeglobin), have been characterized. pccglobin is found to be dimeric, while bpeglobin is monomeric, indicating key differences in the globin domain dimer interface. through char ...	2016	27614715
signal integration by the iκb protein pickle shapes drosophila innate host defense.	pattern recognition receptors are activated following infection and trigger transcriptional programs important for host defense. tight regulation of nf-κb activation is critical to avoid detrimental and misbalanced responses. we describe pickle, a drosophila nuclear iκb that integrates signaling inputs from both the imd and toll pathways by skewing the transcriptional output of the nf-κb dimer repertoire. pickle interacts with the nf-κb protein relish and the histone deacetylase dhdac1, selectiv ...	2016	27631699
methanol contamination in traditionally fermented alcoholic beverages: the microbial dimension.	incidence of methanol contamination of traditionally fermented beverages is increasing globally resulting in the death of several persons. the source of methanol contamination has not been clearly established in most countries. while there were speculations that unscrupulous vendors might have deliberately spiked the beverages with methanol, it is more likely that the methanol might have been produced by contaminating microbes during traditional ethanol fermentation, which is often inoculated sp ...	2016	27652180
data from computational analysis of the peptide linkers in the mocr bacterial transcriptional regulators.	detailed data from statistical analyses of the structural properties of the inter-domain linker peptides of the bacterial regulators of the family mocr are herein reported. mocr regulators are a recently discovered subfamily of bacterial regulators possessing an n-terminal domain, 60 residue long on average, folded as the winged-helix-turn-helix architecture responsible for dna recognition and binding, and a large c-terminal domain (350 residue on average) that belongs to the fold type-i pyridox ...	2016	27668276
global analysis of type three secretion system and quorum sensing inhibition of pseudomonas savastanoi by polyphenols extracts from vegetable residues.	protection of plants against bacterial diseases still mainly relies on the use of chemical pesticides, which in europe correspond essentially to copper-based compounds. however, recently plant diseases control is oriented towards a rational use of molecules and extracts, generally with natural origin, with lower intrinsic toxicity and a reduced negative environmental impact. in this work, polyphenolic extracts from vegetable no food/feed residues of typical mediterranean crops, as olea europaea, ...	2016	27668874
marine microbiological enzymes: studies with multiple strategies and prospects.	marine microorganisms produce a series of promising enzymes that have been widely used or are potentially valuable for our daily life. both classic and newly developed biochemistry technologies have been broadly used to study marine and terrestrial microbiological enzymes. in this brief review, we provide a research update and prospects regarding regulatory mechanisms and related strategies of acyl-homoserine lactones (ahl) lactonase, which is an important but largely unexplored enzyme. we also ...	2016	27669268
characterization of pectobacterium carotovorum proteins differentially expressed during infection of zantedeschia elliotiana in vivo and in vitro which are essential for virulence.	the identification of phytopathogen proteins that are differentially expressed during the course of the establishment of an infection is important to better understand the infection process. in vitro approaches, using plant extracts added to culture medium, have been used to identify such proteins, but the biological relevance of these findings for in planta infection are often uncertain until confirmed by in vivo studies. here, we compared the proteins of pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotov ...	2016	27671364
quantitative proteomics reveals the defense response of wheat against puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.	wheat stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is considered one of the most aggressive diseases to wheat production. in this study, we used an itraq-based approach for the quantitative proteomic comparison of the incompatible pst race cyr23 in infected and non-infected leaves of the wheat cultivar suwon11. a total of 3,475 unique proteins were identified from three key stages of interaction (12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation) and control groups. quantitative analysis sh ...	2016	27678307
bio-degumming technology of jute bast by pectobacterium sp. dce-01.	among industrial fiber crops, jute is ranked second to cotton in terms of yield and planting area worldwide. the traditional water retting and chemical semi-degumming methods restrict the development of the jute industry. jute fiber can be extracted from jute bast through mechanical rolling (preprocessing), culture of bacteria, soaking fermentation (liquor ratio = 10, inoculum size = 1 %, temperature = 35 °c, and time = 15 h), inactivation, washing, and drying. pectobacterium sp. dce-01 secretes ...	2016	27699704
pectins, endopolygalacturonases, and bioenergy.	the precise disassembly of the extracellular matrix of some plant species used as feedstocks for bioenergy production continues to be a major barrier to reach reasonable cost effective bioethanol production. one solution has been the use of pretreatments, which can be effective, but increase even more the cost of processing and also lead to loss of cell wall materials that could otherwise be used in industry. although pectins are known to account for a relatively low proportion of walls of grass ...	2016	27703463
protein domain architectures provide a fast, efficient and scalable alternative to sequence-based methods for comparative functional genomics.	a functional comparative genome analysis is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying bacterial evolution and adaptation. detection of functional orthologs using standard global sequence similarity methods faces several problems; the need for defining arbitrary acceptance thresholds for similarity and alignment length, lateral gene acquisition and the high computational cost for finding bi-directional best matches at a large scale. we investigated the use of protein domain architectures ...	2016	27703668
identification of unanticipated and novel n-acyl l-homoserine lactones (ahls) using a sensitive non-targeted lc-ms/ms method.	n-acyl l-homoserine lactones (ahls) constitute a predominant class of quorum-sensing signaling molecules used by gram-negative bacteria. here, we report a sensitive and non-targeted hplc-ms/ms method based on parallel reaction monitoring (prm) to identify and quantitate known, unanticipated, and novel ahls in microbial samples. using a hybrid quadrupole-high resolution mass analyzer, this method integrates ms scans and all-ion fragmentation ms/ms scans to allow simultaneous detection of ahl pare ...	2016	27706219
members of wrky group iii transcription factors are important in tylcv defense signaling pathway in tomato (solanum lycopersicum).	transmitted by the whitefly bemisia tabaci, tomato yellow leaf curly virus (tylcv) has posed serious threats to plant growth and development. plant innate immune systems against various threats involve wrky group iii transcription factors (tfs). this group participates as a major component of biological processes in plants.	2016	27717312
chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of tagetes minuta (asteraceae) against selected plant pathogenic bacteria.	the objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils (eos) of tagetes minuta against three phytopathogenic bacteria pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis. the essential oils were extracted using steam distillation method in a modified clevenger-type apparatus while antibacterial activity of the eos was evaluated by disc diffusion method. gas chromatograph ...	2016	27721831
pectocin m1 (pcam1) inhibits escherichia coli cell growth and peptidoglycan biosynthesis through periplasmic expression.	colicins are bacterial toxins produced by some escherichia coli strains. they exhibit either enzymatic or pore-forming activity towards a very limited number of bacterial species, due to the high specificity of their reception and translocation systems. yet, we succeeded in making the colicin m homologue from pectobacterium carotovorum, pectocin m1 (pcam1), capable of inhibiting e. coli cell growth by bypassing these reception and translocation steps. this goal was achieved through periplasmic e ...	2016	27740593
chilli anthracnose: the epidemiology and management.	indian cuisine is renowned and celebrated throughout the world for its spicy treat to the tongue. the flavor and aroma of the food generated due to the use of spices creates an indelible experience. among the commonly utilized spices to stimulate the taste buds in indian food, whole or powdered chilli constitutes an inevitable position. besides being a vital ingredient of of indian food, chilli occupy an important position as an economic commodity, a major share in indian economy. chilli also ha ...	2016	27746765
an apple fruit fermentation (aff) treatment improves the composition of the rhizosphere microbial community and growth of strawberry (fragaria × ananassa duch 'benihoppe') seedlings.	plant growth can be promoted by the application of apple fruit fermentation (aff), despite unclear of the underlying mechanisms, the effects involved in aff on rhizosphere microorganisms have been hypothesized. we investigated the consequences of applying aff alone or in combination with bacillus licheniformis to strawberry tissue culture seedlings in vitro, the analyses of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and 16s rdna were performed to determine aff effects on rhizosphere. moreove ...	2016	27755580
the drosophila cd36 homologue croquemort is required to maintain immune and gut homeostasis during development and aging.	phagocytosis is an ancient mechanism central to both tissue homeostasis and immune defense. both the identity of the receptors that mediate bacterial phagocytosis and the nature of the interactions between phagocytosis and other defense mechanisms remain elusive. here, we report that croquemort (crq), a drosophila member of the cd36 family of scavenger receptors, is required for microbial phagocytosis and efficient bacterial clearance. flies mutant for crq are susceptible to environmental microb ...	2016	27780230
structure of the bacterial plant-ferredoxin receptor fusa.	iron is a limiting nutrient in bacterial infection putting it at the centre of an evolutionary arms race between host and pathogen. gram-negative bacteria utilize tonb-dependent outer membrane receptors to obtain iron during infection. these receptors acquire iron either in concert with soluble iron-scavenging siderophores or through direct interaction and extraction from host proteins. characterization of these receptors provides invaluable insight into pathogenesis. however, only a subset of v ...	2016	27796364
evolutionary switches between two serine codon sets are driven by selection.	serine is the only amino acid that is encoded by two disjoint codon sets so that a tandem substitution of two nucleotides is required to switch between the two sets. previously published evidence suggests that, for the most evolutionarily conserved serines, the codon set switch occurs by simultaneous substitution of two nucleotides. here we report a genome-wide reconstruction of the evolution of serine codons in triplets of closely related species from diverse prokaryotes and eukaryotes. the res ...	2016	27799560
novel conopeptides of largely unexplored indo pacific conus sp.	cone snails are predatory creatures using venom as a weapon for prey capture and defense. since this venom is neurotoxic, the venom gland is considered as an enormous collection of pharmacologically interesting compounds having a broad spectrum of targets. as such, cone snail peptides represent an interesting treasure for drug development. here, we report five novel peptides isolated from the venom of conus longurionis, conus asiaticus and conus australis. lo6/7a and lo6/7b were retrieved from c ...	2016	27801785
penicitroamide, an antimicrobial metabolite with high carbonylization from the endophytic fungus penicillium sp. (no. 24).	penicitroamide (1), a new metabolite with a new framework, was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the pdb (potato dextrose broth) medium of penicillium sp. (no. 24). the endophytic fungus penicillium sp. (no. 24) was obtained from the healthy leaves of tapiscia sinensis oliv. the structure of penicitroamide (1) features a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane core unit with a high degree of carbonylization (four carbonyl groups and one enol group). the chemical structure of penicitroamide (1) was elucida ...	2016	27801845
new weapons to fight old enemies: novel strategies for the (bio)control of bacterial biofilms in the food industry.	biofilms are microbial communities characterized by their adhesion to solid surfaces and the production of a matrix of exopolymeric substances, consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, dna and lipids, which surround the microorganisms lending structural integrity and a unique biochemical profile to the biofilm. biofilm formation enhances the ability of the producer/s to persist in a given environment. pathogenic and spoilage bacterial species capable of forming biofilms are a significant problem ...	2016	27803696
functional screening of mammalian mechanosensitive genes using drosophila rnai library- smarcd3/bap60 is a mechanosensitive pro-inflammatory gene.	disturbed blood flow (d-flow) induces atherosclerosis by altering the expression of mechanosensitive genes in the arterial endothelium. previously, we identified >580 mechanosensitive genes in the mouse arterial endothelium, but their role in endothelial inflammation is incompletely understood. from this set, we obtained 84 drosophila rnai lines that silences the target gene under the control of upstream activation sequence (uas) promoter. these lines were crossed with c564-gal4 flies expressing ...	2016	27819340
recombinant l-asparaginase 1 from saccharomyces cerevisiae: an allosteric enzyme with antineoplastic activity.	l-asparaginase (l-asnase) (ec 3.5.1.1) is an important enzyme for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. currently, the enzyme is obtained from bacteria, escherichia coli and erwinia chrysanthemi. the bacterial enzymes family is subdivided in type i and type ii; nevertheless, only type ii have been employed in therapeutic proceedings. however, bacterial enzymes are susceptible to induce immune responses, leading to a high incidence of adverse effects compromising the effectiveness of th ...	2016	27824095
dcia is an ancestral replicative helicase operator essential for bacterial replication initiation.	delivery of the replicative helicase onto dna is an essential step in the initiation of replication. in bacteria, dnac (in escherichia coli) and dnai (in bacillus subtilis) are representative of the two known mechanisms that assist the replicative helicase at this stage. here, we establish that these two strategies cannot be regarded as prototypical of the bacterial domain since dnac and dnai (dna[ci]) are present in only a few bacterial phyla. we show that dna[ci] was domesticated at least seve ...	2016	27830752
l-asparaginase production in the pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes strain jhs-71 isolated from jooshan hot-spring.	l-asparaginase has lots of medical and industrial applications. ever since l-asparaginase anti-tumor activity was first demonstrated, its production using microbial systems has attracted considerable attention owing to their cost-effective and eco-friendly nature. the aim of this study is to obtain l-asparaginase producing bacteria and determining the enzyme activity. samples were picked up from jooshan hot springs located in the sirch, kerman. the l-asparaginase producing bacteria were screened ...	2016	27844015
the rna-binding protein csra plays a central role in positively regulating virulence factors in erwinia amylovora.	the gacs/gaca two-component system (also called grrs/grra) is a global regulatory system which is highly conserved among gamma-proteobacteria. this system positively regulates non-coding small regulatory rna csrb, which in turn binds to the rna-binding protein csra. however, how gacs/gaca-csr system regulates virulence traits in e. amylovora remains unknown. results from mutant characterization showed that the csrb mutant was hypermotile, produced higher amount of exopolysaccharide amylovoran, a ...	2016	27845410
identification and characterization of two new 5-keto-4-deoxy-d-glucarate dehydratases/decarboxylases.	hexuronic acids such as d-galacturonic acid and d-glucuronic acid can be utilized via different pathways within the metabolism of microorganisms. one representative, the oxidative pathway, generates α-keto-glutarate as the direct link entering towards the citric acid cycle. the penultimate enzyme, keto-deoxy glucarate dehydratase/decarboxylase, catalyses the dehydration and decarboxylation of keto-deoxy glucarate to α-keto-glutarate semialdehyde. this enzymatic reaction can be tracked continuous ...	2016	27855668
current applications and different approaches for microbial l-asparaginase production.	l-asparaginase (ec 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalysis mainly the asparagine hydrolysis in l-aspartic acid and ammonium. this enzyme is presented in different organisms, such as microorganisms, vegetal, and some animals, including certain rodent's serum, but not unveiled in humans. it can be used as important chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas (particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) and hodgkin's lymphoma), and has been ...	2016	27866936
actin is an evolutionarily-conserved damage-associated molecular pattern that signals tissue injury in drosophila melanogaster.	damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) are molecules released by dead cells that trigger sterile inflammation and, in vertebrates, adaptive immunity. actin is a damp detected in mammals by the receptor, dngr-1, expressed by dendritic cells (dcs). dngr-1 is phosphorylated by src-family kinases and recruits the tyrosine kinase syk to promote dc cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens. here we report that actin is also a damp in invertebrates that lack dcs and adaptive immunity. a ...	2016	27871362
genome-wide analyses of chitin synthases identify horizontal gene transfers towards bacteria and allow a robust and unifying classification into fungi.	chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is found in probably all fungi, many animals (mainly invertebrates), several protists and a few algae, playing an essential role in the development of many of them. this polysaccharide is produced by type 2 glycosyltransferases, called chitin synthases (chs). there are several contradictory classifications of chs isoenzymes and, as regards their evolutionary history, their origin and diversity is still a matter of debate.	2016	27881071
mir-34 modulates innate immunity and ecdysone signaling in drosophila.	micrornas are endogenous small regulatory rnas that modulate myriad biological processes by repressing target gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. here we show that the conserved mirna mir-34 regulates innate immunity and ecdysone signaling in drosophila. mir-34 over-expression activates antibacterial innate immunity signaling both in cultured cells and in vivo, and flies over-expressing mir-34 display improved survival and pathogen clearance upon gram-negative bacterial infection; whe ...	2016	27893816
a dna-based real-time pcr assay for robust growth quantification of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae on arabidopsis thaliana.	the interaction of pseudomonas syringae with arabidopsis is one of the most commonly used systems to study various bacterial-host interrelationships. currently, most studies are based on the growth quantification of the pathogen to characterize resistance or virulence targets. however, the standard available method for determining bacterial proliferation in planta is laborious and has several limitations.	2016	27895701