Publications

localization and fine structure of a vaccinia virus gene encoding an envelope antigen.	the major antigen on the envelope of extracellular vaccinia virus particles is a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 37,000 (p37k; g. hiller and k. weber, j. virol. 55:651-659, 1985). the gene encoding p37k was mapped in the vaccinia virus genome by hybrid selection of rna followed by in vitro translation. p37k was then identified among the in vitro translation products by immunoprecipitation with a monoclonal antibody. the gene is located close to the right-hand end of the hindiii ...	1986	3701927
vaccinia virus persistence in a child against the background of immune deficiency.	a young girl, vaccinated against smallpox 6 years before suffered from a persistent vaccinia virus infection and a congenital skin disease, i.e. epidermolysis bullosa. the virus was isolated from skin lesions at the vaccination site and remote sites and repeatedly from the blood; it was not isolated from bone-marrow specimen, saliva, pharynx or urine. the titre of virus-neutralizing antibodies was low (1:10), immunoglobulins a, m and g were within age-related limits; antibodies against measles a ...	1986	3722811
the existence of an envelope on extracellular cowpox virus and its antigenic relationship to the vaccinia envelope.	virus released from cowpox infected cells was demonstrated by electron-microscopy to be surrounded by an envelope not present on mature intracellular virus. enveloped cowpox had an isopycnic density of 1.23 g/ml, was infectious and neutralized by antibodies specific for the envelope antigens of vaccinia virus but not neutralized by antibodies specific for intracellular naked vaccinia virus. only 1 per cent of the total intracellular virus yield was released as enveloped virus. the major cowpox g ...	1986	3729722
infection of dba/2 or c3h/hej mice by intraperitoneal injection of vaccinia virus elicits activated macrophages, cytolytic and cytostatic for s91-melanoma tumor cells.	murine peritoneal macrophages harvested 3-4 days after ip injection of vaccinia virus lysed s91-melanoma tumor cells in vitro; enhanced tumoricidal activity was measured with effector macrophages prepared 5-6 days after vaccinia virus infection. treatment of virus-elicited macrophages prepared from dba/2 mice with anti-asialo-gm1 antiserum, anti-thy 1.2 antiserum or anti-iad antiserum in the presence of complement so that cells sensitized with antibodies were lysed, did not reduce the measured l ...	1986	3731205
neurotropin increases in vitro life span of human fibroblasts.	fibroblasts isolated from human fetal tissues (skin, lung and heart) exhibited the following population doubling levels (pdl): about 40 pdl for skin; 60 pdl for lung; 10 pdl for heart. neurotropin extract from vaccinia-virus infected skin tissues of rabbits increases the growth rate of the fibroblast when added to the old lung cell culture (pdl 40, 70% of the maximum life span) but not when added to the young lung (pdl 5, 8% of the maximum life span). neurotropin (40 or 80 micrograms/ml) increas ...	1986	3736135
oral vaccination of the fox against rabies using a live recombinant vaccinia virus.	rabies, a viral disease affecting all warm-blooded animals, is prevalent in most parts of the world, where it propagates amongst wild animals, particularly the fox and dog. the public health and economic consequences of infection in man and livestock are well known. attempts to control the disease by vaccinating wild carnivores with inactivated or attenuated rabies virus remain controversial, and we have instead evaluated here the potential of a recombinant vaccinia virus to protect foxes agains ...	1986	3736663
nucleotide sequence and genetic map of the 16-kb vaccinia virus hindiii d fragment.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the 16,059-bp hindiii d fragment from vaccinia virus strain wr. translation in all 6 reading frames reveals a set of 22 open reading frames (orfs), which are capable of encoding proteins ranging from 61 to 844 amino acids in length. with one exception, orf 12, we have divided them into two primary sets according to their size. the minor group contains eight members ranging in length from 61 to 84 amino acids. the major group has thirteen members vary ...	1986	3739227
expression and cell type--specific processing of human preproenkephalin with a vaccinia recombinant.	the posttranslational maturation of a complex precursor polyprotein, human proenkephalin, was assessed by infection of a wide spectrum of cell types with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed human proenkephalin. the infected cells rapidly produced both cellular and secreted met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. although each cell line could secrete intact proenkephalin, only a mouse pituitary line was capable of processing proenkephalin to mature enkephalin peptides. the quantity of intact pro ...	1986	3754979
multiple 3' ends of mrna encoding vaccinia virus growth factor occur within a series of repeated sequences downstream of t clusters.	analysis of the 5' ends of six apparently full-length cloned cdna copies of the vaccinia virus growth factor gene suggested precise transcriptional initiation at the first purine following a run of five pyrimidines in the noncoding strand. by contrast, the 3' ends exhibited heterogeneity and were distributed over a 46-base-pair region. in each of the six cdnas, the nucleotide immediately preceding the retained copy of the poly(a) tail corresponded to the first or second t of a tatgt repeat. clus ...	1986	3755767
transcription of vaccinia virus early genes by enzymes isolated from vaccinia virions terminates downstream of a regulatory sequence.	we describe an in vitro transcription system in which the polyadenylated 3' ends of vaccinia virus mrnas are formed by termination downstream of a regulatory signal. when linear dna templates containing vaccinia early genes were incubated with soluble enzymes extracted from vaccinia virions, mature-size mrnas were synthesized within 1 min, whereas longer run-off transcripts were not detected until later. deleting a series of thymidylate residues located downstream of the coding region abolished ...	1986	3757031
a novel selective broad-spectrum anti-dna virus agent.	a new compound has been found, (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine ((s)-hpmpa), that has potent and selective activity against a broad spectrum of dna viruses, including herpes simplex virus (types 1 and 2); varicella zoster virus; thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) mutants of herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus; human cytomegalovirus; phocid, simian, suid, bovid and equid herpesviruses; african swine fever virus; vaccinia virus; and human adenoviruses. it is also active again ...	1986	3762696
hairpin loop structure of african swine fever virus dna.	the ends of african swine fever virus genome are formed by a 37 nucleotide-long hairpin loop composed, almost entirely, of incompletely paired a and t residues. the loops at each dna end were present in two equimolar forms that, when compared in opposite polarities, were inverted and complementary (flip-flop), as in the case of poxvirus dna. the hairpin loops of african swine fever and vaccinia virus dnas had no homology, but both dnas had a 16 nucleotide-long sequence, close to the hairpin loop ...	1986	3763393
responses of cattle, sheep and poultry to a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing a swine influenza haemagglutinin.	groups of cattle, sheep and poultry were inoculated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the haemagglutinin of the swine influenza virus a/nj/11/76. no adverse clinical responses were recorded and none of the animals developed a viraemia when inoculated with the recombinant or wild-type vaccinia virus. recombinant virus reisolated from lesions in cattle was stable, maintaining its thymidine kinase negative phenotype and ability to express the swine influenza haemagglutinin. antibodies to ...	1986	3764100
human respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein g expressed from a recombinant vaccinia virus vector protects mice against live-virus challenge.	recombinant vaccinia virus vectors were constructed which expressed the major surface glycoprotein g of human respiratory syncytial (rs) virus. the biological activity of the g protein expressed from these vectors was assayed. inoculation of rabbits with live recombinant virus induced high titers of antibody which specifically immunoprecipitated rs virus g protein and was capable of neutralizing rs virus infectivity. immunization of mice by either the intranasal or the intraperitoneal route with ...	1986	3773052
influence of rna polymerase ii upon vaccinia virus-related translation examined by means of alpha-amanitin.	our previous studies employing alpha-amanitin-sensitive h-9 and resistant ama 102 mutant host cells demonstrated that polymerase ii (pol ii), or a drug-sensitive component of the enzyme, is required for replication of vaccinia virus. evidence was also obtained indicating that transcription from the host genome does not appear to be involved (silver et al., 1979; silver and dales, 1982), suggesting a possible role for pol ii in transcription from the viral genome. this idea is consistent with the ...	1986	3776348
feasibility of uv-inactivated vaccinia virus in the modification of tumor cells for augmentation of their immunogenicity.	we compared the immunity induced by tumor cells modified with uv-inactivated purified vaccinia virus (uv-vv) and with live purified vaccinia virus (l-vv). c3h/hen mice were inoculated i.p. with uv-vv or l-vv after whole-body irradiation with 150 rads of x-rays (priming). after 3 weeks the mice were immunized i.p. 3 times at weekly intervals with syngeneic x5563 or mh134 cells that had been absorbed in vitro with uv-vv or infected with l-vv and subsequently irradiated with 10(4) rads of x-rays. t ...	1986	3779714
determination of the transcriptional regulatory region of a vaccinia virus late gene.	a putative promoter region, extending from 218 base pairs (bp) before (-218) to 10 bp after (+10) the rna start site of a vaccinia virus gene encoding an mr-28,000 precursor of a core polypeptide that is expressed only after the onset of dna replication was linked to dna coding for the procaryotic enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat). when this chimeric gene was inserted into the genome of vaccinia virus, the infectious recombinant expressed cat in a regulated fashion. a series of dele ...	1987	3783825
core transcription restores in vitro inhibition of protein synthesis induced by vaccinia virus.	when ehrlich acistes tumor cell lysate is incubated in the presence of vaccinia core, protein synthesis is impaired. however, when the same system is coupled with viral transcription, protein synthesis is restored. the reversal of endogenous protein synthesis is inhibited by actinomycin d, suggesting that de novo rna synthesis is required for the reversal of total protein synthesis. when the in vitro products of synthesis are analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two newly synthesized ...	1986	3790565
variants of vaccinia virus hemagglutinin altered in intracellular transport.	two classes of revertants were isolated from a vaccinia virus mutant whose hemagglutinins (has) accumulate on nuclear envelopes and rough endoplasmic reticulums. the has of one of the revertants had the same phenotype as the wild type, i.e., rapid and efficient movement to the cell surface. the has of the second class had biphasic transport: rapid export to the cell surface as in the wild type and slow movement to the medial cisternae of the golgi apparatus. biochemical and nucleotide sequence a ...	1986	3796593
studies on the mechanism of entry of vaccinia virus in animal cells.	in order to study the mechanism of entry of vaccinia virus into cells the fate of virion associated polypeptides was investigated during infection of african green monkey kidney (bsc-40) cells with 35 s-methionine labelled virus. approximately 12-15 percent of the virion polypeptides were degraded to acid-soluble products by 3 hours post-infection. proteolysis was inhibited (50 percent) by methylamine, suggesting a lysosomal site of degradation. neither methylamine or chloroquine inhibited virus ...	1987	3800657
monoclonal antibodies to cowpox virus: polypeptide analysis of several major antigens.	monoclonal antibodies directed against major antigens induced by cowpox virus (cpv) were produced. the specificities of these antibodies were established by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and several serological analyses, and from the cross-reactivities of these antibodies with cells infected with various other poxviruses, ectromelia virus (ev), vaccinia virus and shope fibroma virus. the antibodies defined included ones reacting with each of the known major antigens of poxviruses, i.e. the ...	1987	3806058
expression of the fusion protein of human respiratory syncytial virus from recombinant vaccinia virus vectors and protection of vaccinated mice.	vaccinia virus (vv) recombinants were constructed that contained full-length cdna copies of the fusion (f) protein gene of human respiratory syncytial (rs) virus. the f protein gene was placed next to the strong early-late vv 7.5-kilodalton promoter and was located within the vv thymidine kinase (tk) gene. full-length recombinant transcripts that initiated at both the tk and the 7.5-kilodalton promoters accumulated in cells early in infection, and one or more of these transcripts was translated ...	1987	3806789
a 14,000-mr envelope protein of vaccinia virus is involved in cell fusion and forms covalently linked trimers.	a monoclonal antibody, mabc3, that reacts with a 14,000-molecular-weight envelope protein (14k protein) of vaccinia virus completely inhibited virus-induced cell fusion during infection. immunoblot and immunofluorescence studies revealed that the 14k protein was synthesized at about 6 to 7 h postinfection and transported from the cytoplasm to the cell surface. synthesis and transport of the 14k protein during infection occurred in the presence of rifampin, an inhibitor of virus maturation. one- ...	1987	3806791
noncoordinate regulation of a vaccinia virus late gene cluster.	identification of a tightly spaced and tandemly oriented late gene cluster within the central conserved region of the vaccinia virus genome suggested the possibility of coordinate regulation of the genes within this domain (s.l. weinrich and d.e. hruby, nucleic acids res. 14:3003-3016, 1986). to test this hypothesis, the steady-state levels of transcripts derived from the individual late genes were examined. cytoplasmic rna was isolated from infected cells at hourly intervals throughout infectio ...	1987	3806794
resistance of vaccinia virus to rifampicin conferred by a single nucleotide substitution near the predicted nh2 terminus of a gene encoding an mr 62,000 polypeptide.	marker transfer procedures were used to locate the site of mutation in the genome of a previously characterized (b. moss, e. n. rosenblum, and p. grimley, 1971), virology 45, 135-148) rifampicin-resistant (rifr) vaccinia virus isolate. starting with a cosmid library prepared from the mutant genome, recombination with successively smaller dna fragments was shown to transfer drug resistance to wild-type vaccinia virus. in this manner, the mutation was mapped within a 485-bp dna segment in the cent ...	1987	3811229
clinical trial of attenuated vaccinia virus as strain in the treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma. report on two cases.	two cases of advanced adenocarcinoma treated with attenuated vaccinia virus as strain are reported. one was a primary lung adenocarcinoma with metastatic lesions in brain, right kidney, and rib. the other was a left renal adenocarcinoma with multiple lung and vertebral metastases. in both patients, good antitumor effects against lung and bone lesions were obtained, respectively, and no adverse reactions were noted. therefore, treatment of patients with as vaccinia virus appears to suppress the g ...	1987	3818784
role of prostaglandins and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs in the pathogenicity of vaccinia virus.	the effect of prostaglandins (pgs) of the a series (a1 and dimethyl pga2), e1, d2, f2 alpha and pgi2 (prostacyclin) and of inhibitors of pg synthesis (aspirin and indomethacin) on the pathogenicity of vaccinia virus was studied in balb/c mice. pgs of the a series, d2 and f2 alpha conferred little or no protection to mice against the lethal effects of vaccinia virus. mice treated with pge1 showed a dramatic increase in mortality after viral infection. however, when mice were treated with pgi2, th ...	1987	3819698
[clinical, anatomopathological and virological study of a case of fetal vaccinia].		1985	3832310
[antiviral action of fractions isolated from propolis].		1985	3834770
[dipyridamole as an inhibitor of vaccinia virus replication].	dipyridamole in concentration of 25 microm inhibited the multiplication of vaccinia virus in about 90% of cells. in the presence of this substance, [3h]-uptake was sharply reduced both in uninfected and infected rk13 cells, while [14c]-uptake was not inhibited incorporation of [3h]-thymidine and [14c]-amino acids into viral particles. the present findings suggest that the antiviral character of dipyridamole is related with the inhibition of the substrate transport through the cell membrane.	1985	3842738
eukaryotic transient expression system dependent on transcription factors and regulatory dna sequences of vaccinia virus.	a transient expression system in which chimeric genes are expressed in cells infected with vaccinia virus was developed. recombinant plasmids containing the promoter regions of vaccinia virus genes ligated to the coding segment of the prokaryotic chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene were constructed. when the plasmids were introduced into vaccinia virus-infected cells by transfection, the chimeric gene was expressed and significant levels of cat accumulated. cat activity was not detected ...	1985	3855541
one hundred base pairs of 5' flanking sequence of a vaccinia virus late gene are sufficient to temporally regulate late transcription.	a vaccinia virus late gene coding for a major structural polypeptide of 11 kda was sequenced. although the 5' flanking gene region is very a+t rich, it shows little homology either to the corresponding region of vaccinia early genes or to consensus sequences characteristic of most eukaryotic genes. three dna fragments (100, 200, and 500 base pairs, respectively), derived from the flanking region and including the late gene mrna start site, were inserted into the coding sequence of the vaccinia v ...	1985	3856886
in vitro antiviral properties of endotoxin-activated rat kupffer cells.	kupffer cells isolated from the liver of normal rats were checked for their antiviral activities. the intrinsic antiviral effect against vaccinia virus was high whether the cells were activated in vitro with endotoxin or not. the expression of the extrinsic antiviral activity measured by mixing isolated kupffer cells with vaccinia-virus-infected target cells was remarkably enhanced by prior treatment of the kupffer cells with lps. interferon was shown to be not responsible for that inhibitory ac ...	1985	3861746
interferon prevents the generation of spontaneous deletions at the left terminus of vaccinia virus dna.	in this report we have shown that friend erythroleukemia cells persistently infected with vaccinia virus maintain the persistent infection even after 1 year of continuous interferon (ifn) treatment. the persistently infected cultures were responsive to ifn as determined by their ability to induce 2-5a synthetase, to increase the intracellular levels of 2-5a, and to cause rrna cleavage. while large deletions at the left terminus of vaccinia dna occurred readily in the virus population from untrea ...	1985	3861876
immunisation of cattle with a recombinant togavirus-vaccinia virus strain.	genetic engineering techniques have been used to construct a vaccinia virus recombinant which contains and expresses togavirus (sindbis) genetic information. intradermal inoculation of this recombinant strain into calves caused a transient pock-type lesion at the site of inoculation and elicited the production of substantial levels of anti-sindbis virus neutralising antibodies. these results suggest that recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines may have potential for use in veterinary medicine.	1985	3862196
live recombinant vaccines using genetically engineered vaccinia virus.		1985	3866514
immune response in vaccinia virus infected mice treated with n,n'-bis/methylisatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone/-2-methylpiperazine.	the effect of the compound n,n'-bis/methylisatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone/-2-methylpiperazine (bis-mibtp) on immune response in balb/c and swiss mice have been studied in the course of vaccinia virus infection. humoral response tested by neutralization and hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies was similar in compound-treated mice to this of untreated mice. cell-mediated immune response, examined by spleen lymphocytes migration inhibition test, has been delayed or temporally depressed in bis-mibtp ...	1985	3868962
vaccinia virus encodes a polypeptide homologous to epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor.	epidermal growth factor (egf) and transforming growth factor type i (tgf) are polypeptides of 53 and 50 amino acid residues, respectively. both bind to egf receptor, a 1,200-residue transmembranous glycoprotein, leading to phosphorylation of the receptor, enhancement of its tyrosine-specific kinase activity and ultimately to stimulation of cell growth. we report here that a 140-residue polypeptide encoded by one of the early genes of vaccinia virus (vv) is related closely to egf and tgf. the pre ...	1985	3871510
a vaccinia virus dnase preparation which cross-links superhelical dna.	multiple dna-dependent enzyme activities have been detected in highly purified preparations of a single-strand-specific nuclease from vaccinia virus. these enzyme preparations were extensively purified and characterized by using superhelical dnas as substrates. in particular, the nuclease activity was monitored by the extent of conversion of supercoiled closed duplex dna (dna i) to nicked circular dna (dna ii), which could subsequently be converted to duplex linear dna (dna iii) by prolonged inc ...	1985	3871865
similarity between the vaccinia virus 19k early protein and epidermal growth factor.	an analysis of the 1,217-amino acid residue sequence of the precursor of mouse epidermal growth factor (megf) revealed regions of considerable similarity with bovine factor x, a blood coagulation factor. similarities of megf itself with factor x, pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor and, most strikingly, transforming growth factor i (tgf-i) have been observed. on the basis of the comparisons described here, it seems that the presumptive 140-residue 19k early protein (relative molecular mass (m ...	1985	3871916
influenza a virus nucleoprotein is a major target antigen for cross-reactive anti-influenza a virus cytotoxic t lymphocytes.	influenza a virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) capable of lysing cells infected with any influenza a virus ("cross-reactive ctl") constitute a major portion of the host ctl response to influenza. the viral nucleoprotein (np), a major internal virion structural protein, has been implicated as a possible target antigen for cross-reactive ctl. to directly examine ctl recognition of np, a vaccinia virus recombinant containing a dna copy of an influenza a virus np gene was constructed. we f ...	1985	3872457
vaccinia virus proteins on the plasma membranes of infected cells. ii. expression of viral antigens and killing of infected cells by vaccinia virus-specific cytotoxic t cells.	evidence is presented that virion-derived antigens as well as viral antigens expressed on cell surfaces after infection, may participate in the formation of "target-antigen complexes" (tacs) which render vaccinia virus-infected cells susceptible to recognition and killing by syngeneic, vaccinia virus-specific cytotoxic t cells (vv-ctls). by employing l cells infected with trypsin-treated and untreated virions, evidence was obtained that proteins with molecular weights of 32k and 37k may be among ...	1985	3874471
vaccinia virus-infected cells release a novel polypeptide functionally related to transforming and epidermal growth factors.	the recent discovery, that a vaccinia virus (vv) gene encodes a polypeptide with structural homology to transforming growth factor (tgf-alpha) and epidermal growth factor (egf), led us to look for a virus-induced protein with the predicted biological activity. the supernatants of vv-infected cell cultures were found to contain an acid stable mr 25,000 polypeptide that competes with egf for binding to egf membrane receptors. this vv-induced growth factor (vgf) like egf and tgf-alpha is mitogenic ...	1985	3875097
characteristics of lymphoblasts appearing in efferent lymph in response to immunization with vaccinia virus.	efferent lymphocytes collected from a cannulated lymphatic draining a single lymph node were studied for their cytotoxic activity following the injection of live vaccinia virus s.c. into the drainage site of the lymph node. three days after the injection of virus, there was a 40-fold increase in the output of lymphoblasts from the regional lymph node. however, antigen-reactive cells, presumably t-helper cells, cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) and ctl precursors, were first detectable in efferent l ...	1985	3876275
vaccinia virus proteins on the plasma membrane of infected cells. iii. infection of peritoneal macrophages.	primary macrophage cultures were prepared from the peritoneal exudate cell population harvested from mice challenged intraperitoneally with saline, thioglycollate, or vaccinia virus. vaccinia virus was adsorbed and penetrated into primary macrophages and l-cells with similar kinetics. as evidenced by the expression of some "early" virus-specified proteins, partial uncoating and activation of the virion-associated dna-dependent rna polymerase occurred in the infected macrophages. subsequently, th ...	1985	3878029
binding of calmodulin to the microfilament network correlates with induction of a macrophage tumoricidal response.	induction of mouse peritoneal macrophage cytotoxicity against sv3t3, a line of virally transformed mouse cells correlated with the distribution of cytoplasmic calmodulin in the macrophages. the organization of the cytoskeleton was examined by fluorescent microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy, using immunogold tagging after triton-x-100 (tx-100) extraction of the macrophages. macrophages that had been activated to a tumoricidal state in vivo by vaccinia virus or in vitro by lymphokin ...	1985	3884713
molecular cloning of the terminal hairpin of vaccinia virus dna as an imperfect palindrome in an escherichia coli plasmid.	the genome of vaccinia virus is a linear duplex molecule of approximately 185 kb with hairpins at each end that link the complementary strands. the hairpins, which exist in two forms that are inverted and complementary in sequence, were isolated as xbai restriction fragments and converted to a linear intermolecular duplex structure by denaturation and reannealing. the latter was then stably cloned as a 142-bp imperfect palindrome in an escherichia coli plasmid. the insert was excised from the pl ...	1985	3902572
use of a bacterial expression vector to identify the gene encoding a major core protein of vaccinia virus.	the dna sequence of a vaccinia virus late gene contains an open reading frame that corresponds to the 28,000-dalton (28k) polypeptide made by in vitro translation of hybrid-selected mrna. to further characterize the protein product of this late gene, we cloned a segment of dna containing part of the open reading frame into a bacterial expression vector. the fusion protein produced from this vector, containing 151 amino acids of the predicted vaccinia virus protein, was used to immunize rabbits. ...	1985	3903212
[hybridoma cloning by the end-point dilution method].	hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis, venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and vaccinia viruses were cloned and recloned by the end-point dilution method in 96-well linbro plates on a cell feeder layer. with decreasing of the cell seed dose the average number of clones per well decreased and the effectiveness of clone production increased. when an average of one cell per well was introduced, the portion of vells with single clones for hybridomas of various origin ...	1985	3907143
biochemical and electron microscopic studies of the transcription of vaccinia dna by rna polymerase from escherichia coli: localization and characterization of transcriptional complexes.	we used the prokaryotic escherichia coli rna polymerase to determine if vaccinia dna might provide recognition sites for the bacterial binding and initiation. electron microscopic studies of the interaction of e. coli rna polymerase with vaccinia dna and molecular hybridization analysis of the transcription products formed after 3 or 5 min of in vitro incubation showed that: there were 30-40 sites on the template where the polymerase could bind and initiate crna synthesis; the entire coding capa ...	1985	3908465
subunit, recombinant and synthetic hepatitis b vaccines.	hepatitis b surface antigen in the form of 22 nm spherical particles (and tubular forms) is excess virus coat protein. guidelines for the preparation of the 22 nm spherical particles (and their separated polypeptides) derived from the plasma of asymptomatic human carriers, were suggested by the who expert committee on viral hepatitis in 1977, and the proposed requirements for the 22 nm hepatitis b particle vaccine were published by the who expert committee on biological standardisation in 1981 a ...	1985	3912963
vaccination: its birth, death and resurrection. eighth burnet lecture of the australian academy of science, 1985.		1985	3914265
new hepatitis b vaccines.		1985	3918647
the effects of recombinant and natural human interferons in vaccinia virus infected rhesus monkeys.		1985	3936413
vaccinia virus expression vector: coexpression of beta-galactosidase provides visual screening of recombinant virus plaques.	we constructed a plasmid coexpression vector that directs the insertion of a foreign gene of interest together with the escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta gal) gene into the thymidine kinase (tk) locus of the vaccinia virus genome. tissue culture cells that had been infected with vaccinia virus were transfected with a plasmid vector containing a foreign gene. tk- recombinants could be selected by a plaque assay on tk- cells in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and distinguished from spo ...	1985	3939316
a southeastern cancer study group phase i/ii trial with vaccinia melanoma oncolysates.	vaccinia melanoma oncolysates (vmo) were tested in a southeastern cancer study group (secsg) phase i/ii trial. forty-eight patients with high-risk stage i or pathologic stage ii disease were placed on study at six different dose levels and two different treatment regimens. patients were monitored for toxicity to the vmo after each injection. patients' sera were tested for anti-human melanoma reactivity with the staphylococcus protein a (spa) assay. toxicity was minimal at all doses tested. in on ...	1986	3943002
gene coding for the late 11,000-dalton polypeptide of the tian tan strain of vaccinia virus and its 5'-flanking region: nucleotide sequence.	a late gene coding for a major structural polypeptide of 11,000 daltons from the tian tan strain of vaccinia virus was cloned. a comparison of the sequences from tian tan and wr strains of vaccinia virus revealed that there were differences in four nucleotides and one amino acid and that there was little homology between the 5'-flanking sequences of the late and the early genes. however, substantial homology was detected between the 5'-flanking sequences of the late genes.	1986	3944848
accidental human vaccination with vaccinia virus expressing nucleoprotein gene.		1986	3945341
recombinant vaccinia viruses as vaccines.	the prospect of live vaccines consisting of genetically modified vaccinia virus expressing foreign genes is exciting, but important issues concerning safety and efficacy need to be resolved.	1986	3945343
marker rescue mapping of vaccinia virus temperature-sensitive mutants using overlapping cosmid clones representing the entire virus genome.	a set of 11 overlapping cosmid clones of wild type (wt) vaccinia virus dna was constructed. the clones together span almost the entire vaccinia virus genome. the clones were used to map temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of vaccinia virus by marker rescue. map positions were obtained for mutants representing 29 of 32 complementation groups tested.	1986	3952982
vaccinia virus rifampicin-resistance locus specifies a late 63,000 da gene product.	the genetic locus specifying rifampicin-resistance (rifr) in a vaccinia virus mutant has been localized by marker rescue analysis (j. tartaglia and e. paoletti (1985) virology 147, 394-404). the mutation was defined by dna sequence analysis as an at to gc transition occurring 56 bp to the left of the unique xhoi site within hindiii d. the point mutation resulted in an asparagine to aspartic acid substitution 60 amino acids from the predicted c-terminus. specific dna probes were used to character ...	1986	3952988
mode of sensitivity and resistance of vaccinia virus replication to interferon.	in this study we show that vaccinia virus replication can be sensitive or resistant to interferon (ifn) in the same strain of mouse l cells. when ifn-treated l cells were maintained in suspension culture, infection led to a rapid inhibition of both viral and cellular protein synthesis together with breakdown of viral rna and of rrna. when ifn-treated l cells were maintained in monolayer culture, infection did not lead to significant inhibition of viral protein or rna synthesis and breakdown of v ...	1986	3958696
inhibition of vaccinia rna guanine 7-methyltransferase by compounds designed as multisubstrate adducts.	several potential inhibitors of mrna guanine 7-methyltransferase, which were designed from mechanism-based considerations, were evaluated against the vaccinia virus capping enzyme complex. of the compounds tested, 5'-deoxy-5'[6-(2-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidine-4-one) methylthio]adenosine (9) had good selective inhibitory activity against vaccinia mrna guanine 7-methyltransferase, exhibiting an ic50 of 9.2 x 10(-5) m. structure-activity considerations suggest that specific inhibition of rna meth ...	1986	3958922
synthesis and antitumor and antiviral properties of 5-alkyl-2'-deoxyuridines, 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates, and neutral cyclic triesters.	a series of 5-alkyl-2'-deoxyuridine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates (5-r-cdump's, r = et, i-pr, n-pr, n-bu, n-pent, n-hex, n-oct) was prepared and tested in culture systems as antitumor and antiviral agents in comparison to the 5-alkyl-2'-deoxyuridines (5-r-durd's) themselves. only the 5-et- and 5-n-bu-cdump showed appreciable cytostatic activities against murine l1210 and human lymphoblast raji cells (id50 range: 28-82 micrograms/ml). 5-et-durd itself was much more active (id50 = 1.6 and 2.9 microg ...	1986	3959027
extracellular release of enveloped vaccinia virus from mouse nasal epithelial cells in vivo.	the release of vaccinia virus from mouse nasal epithelial cells infected in vivo was studied by electron microscopy. intracellular naked vaccinia virus was enwrapped by golgi membranes to form a double membrane intermediate. the outer membrane of the intermediate presumably fused with the plasma membrane, releasing extracellular enveloped virus. no signs of simple naked virus budding at the plasma membrane were observed. the majority of extracellular virus was enveloped and not naked.	1985	3973566
in vitro transcription of a cloned vaccinia virus gene by a soluble extract prepared from vaccinia virus-infected hela cells.	faithful transcription of a vaccinia virus gene was accomplished in vitro by using a soluble extract prepared from vaccinia virus-infected hela cells. specific transcription of the cloned vaccinia virus gene was detected by using template dna restricted within the transcribed region. the vaccinia virus gene was not transcribed by extracts prepared from uninfected hela cells even with supplementation by purified vaccinia virus rna polymerase, nor was a clone of adenovirus 2 dna bearing the major ...	1985	3973967
in vitro mutagenesis of the promoter region for a vaccinia virus gene: evidence for tandem early and late regulatory signals.	a vaccinia virus gene that is expressed throughout the reproductive cycle was found to have two sets of rna start sites approximately 55 nucleotides apart. the site nearest to the coding segment is used early in infection and the one further upstream is used after dna replication. a series of 5' to 3' deletions were made in the promoter region, and the truncated dna segments were then ligated to the coding portion of the procaryotic chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene to measure expression. t ...	1985	3973982
potential inhibitors of s-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. 8. molecular dissections of carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine as inhibitors of s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.	a series of 9-(hydroxyalkyl)-3-deazaadenines, which are analogues of the carbocyclic derivative of 3-deazaadenosine (3-deaza-c-ado), were synthesized. the analogues were tested as inhibitors of bovine liver s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (adohcy) hydrolase (ec 3.3.1.1) and as inhibitors of vaccinia virus (wr) replication in clone 929 mouse l cells and the results were compared to those observed for the parent compound, 3-deaza-c-ado. 4-amino-1-(2,3-dihydroxy-1-propyl)imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (14), the ...	1985	3981538
potential inhibitors of s-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. 9. 2',3'-dialdehyde derivatives of carbocyclic purine nucleosides as inhibitors of s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.	a series of purine (e.g., adenine, n6-methyladenine, 8-azaadenine, 3-deazaadenine) carbocyclic nucleosides, nucleoside 2',3'-dialdehydes, and nucleoside 2',3'-diols were synthesized as potential inhibitors of bovine liver s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (adohcy) hydrolase (ec 3.3.1.1) and as potential inhibitors of vaccinia virus replication. the 2',3'-dialdehydes were prepared by periodate oxidation of the corresponding carbocyclic nucleosides. reduction of the intermediate dialdehydes with sodium bo ...	1985	3981539
antiviral effect of bacterially produced human interferon (hu-ifn alpha 2) against experimental vaccinia infection in calves.	the heterologous antiviral efficiency of bacterially produced human interferon (hu-ifn alpha 2) in the bovine species was studied, using vaccinia infection as experimental model. in a double blind experiment, young calves were intramuscularly injected daily for seven consecutive days with different doses of hu-ifn alpha 2 or placebo, the treatment starting 24 h before intradermal inoculation of vaccinia virus. a clear protection by interferon was observed in all the ifn treated animals, although ...	1985	3989335
inhibition of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase by the distal products of its own metabolic pathway.	vaccinia virus thymidine kinase activity is inhibited by low concentrations (10 microm) of dtdp or dttp, but not by dtmp. this inhibition is specified for the thymidine nucleotides as datp, dgtp, and dctp have no effect. the viral enzyme phosphorylates thymidine to dtmp with typical first-order kinetics. however, evidence was obtained to indicate that the observed dttp inhibition was noncompetitive in nature. this suggests that thymidine and dttp interact with different sites in the native viral ...	1985	3993232
viral and bacterial vectors of immunogenes.	a recent development in the production of experimental vaccines has been the use of the smallpox vaccine virus (vaccinia virus) as a carrier (vector) of the genes (immunogenes) which code for the protection-inducing proteins (immunogens) of unrelated viruses. the potential of these vector vaccines lies in the hope that such a vaccine would be cheaper, safer and/or more effective than existing vaccines to some pathogens. vaccinia virus as a vector has attracted most attention to date because: sev ...	1985	4002835
interferon inhibits marker rescue of vaccinia virus.	in this investigation we have examined the effect of human interferon (ifn) type alpha on the ability of vaccinia virus to recombine within infected african green monkey kidney cells (bsc-40). we measured by marker rescue, the extent of insertion of cloned 5-kb hind iii-j restriction fragment of wild-type vaccinia dna into the genome of temperature-sensitive mutants. we showed that ifn at doses of 100-1000 u/ml inhibited the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and polio viruses but n ...	1985	4009001
uncoating of vaccinia virus.	input vaccinia virus deoxyribonucleoproteids with buoyant densities (in cscl) very similar (if not identical) to those of viral cores have been found in large cytoplasmic structures in which viral dna replication takes place. the deoxyribonucleoproteids consist of at least five major and two minor core proteins and viral dna which is protected against dnase digestion. it is suggested that viral core-like deoxyribonucleoproteids rather than released dna are used in vaccinia-infected cells both fo ...	1985	4020953
golgi-derived membranes that contain an acylated viral polypeptide are used for vaccinia virus envelopment.	a 37,000-dalton polypeptide (p37k) present on purified extracellular vaccinia virus but absent from intracellular virus particles of classical morphology (g. hiller et al., j. virol. 39:903-913, 1981; l. g. payne, j. virol. 27:28-37, 1978) was further characterized. the polypeptide was only expressed in infected cells after onset of viral dna replication. phase partition experiments showed that it is relatively hydrophobic. although p37k apparently is not a glycoprotein, in vivo radioisotope lab ...	1985	4020961
expression and regulation of the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase gene in non-permissive cells.	the expression and regulation of the vaccinia virus (vv) thymidine kinase (tk) gene was examined in two non-permissive cell lines, cho and mdbk, which restrict vv development at different stages of the viral replication cycle. the vv tk gene was expressed in these two cell lines with kinetics similar to a fully permissive cell line bsc40. these results are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of tk mrna translation by another viral early gene product is a normal component of the overal ...	1985	4024727
necrosis of adipose tissue induced by sequential infections with unrelated viruses.	vaccinia virus infection in mice previously infected with and immune to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus resulted in a clinical illness which neither virus alone induced. the main pathologic finding was extensive fat necrosis with a cellular infiltrate suggestive of delayed type hypersensitivity. vaccinia virus titers in adipose tissue of clinically ill mice were not higher than those in relevant control groups. this indicates that an unusual virus-induced disease can arise in an animal with a ...	1985	4025507
characterization of the trypanosoma brucei 5s ribosomal rna gene and transcript: the 5s rrna is a spliced-leader-independent species.	recent studies have shown that transcription occurs discontinuously for many genes in trypanosoma brucei. to further investigate details of transcription in trypanosomes, the genes for the 5s ribosomal rna from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma brucei brucei were cloned. sequence analysis and southern blotting showed the genes to be arranged in highly conserved tandem repeats of approx. 740 bp, which have no relation to the conserved 35-base spliced-leader repeat element. the genes ...	1985	4029619
multiple-cloning-site plasmids for the rapid construction of recombinant poxviruses.	plasmid vectors containing multiple cloning sites suitable for the rapid insertion of protein-coding sequences into poxviruses have been constructed. they are based on puc plasmids and carry the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of vaccinia virus interrupted by a vaccinia virus promoter. six unique restriction enzyme sites (bamhi, sali/hincii, psti, hindiii, ecori), located within 40 bp of vaccinia virus promoters transposed from the hindiii-f or hindiii-c fragment of the vaccinia virus genome, allow r ...	1985	4029620
laboratory studies on cowpox virus.		1985	4031443
expression of sindbis virus structural proteins via recombinant vaccinia virus: synthesis, processing, and incorporation into mature sindbis virions.	we have obtained a vaccinia virus recombinant which contains a complete cdna copy of the 26s rna of sindbis virus within the thymidine kinase gene of the vaccinia virus genome. this recombinant constitutively transcribed the sindbis sequences throughout the infectious cycle, reflecting the dual early-late vaccinia promoter used in this construction. the sindbis-derived transcripts were translationally active, giving rise to both precursor and mature structural proteins of sindbis virus, includin ...	1985	4032536
active gamma-carboxylated human factor ix expressed using recombinant dna techniques.	factor ix (christmas factor), a vitamin k-dependent plasma protein made in the liver, functions in the middle phase of the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. a functional deficiency of factor ix underlies haemophilia b, a chromosome x-linked recessive disease for which the major therapeutic approach is replacement treatment using factor ix concentrates. the cloning and characterization of the gene for human factor ix would mean that human factor ix could be produced in greater yield and pur ...	1985	4040611
viral antibodies in twins with multiple sclerosis.	viral antibodies to measles, rubella, corona, vaccinia, and mumps viruses in serum and csf (and to epstein-barr virus in serum only) were studied in 24 twin pairs, both discordant and concordant for clinical ms. in pairs, csf antibody titers for rubella in ms monozygotic and dizygotic twins and for vaccinia in dizygotic twins were higher than for unaffected twins. increased csf titers among ms twins existed for measles, rubella, and vaccinia when pairing was ignored. among ms twins, serum rubell ...	1985	4040615
x-ray microanalysis of synchronized hela s3 cells infected with vaccinia virus.	x-ray microanalysis has been used to study changes in concentration of p, s, cl na and k in synchronized hela s3 cells in g1 phase infected with vaccinia virus. no dramatic redistribution of elements between nucleus and cytoplasm was demonstrated during the first 6 h post-infection, during which time viral shut-off of host protein synthesis occurred. [cl] increased relative to [na] and [k] during the first 3 h post-infection. the magnitude and direction of change in [k] and [na] (from approximat ...	1985	4044681
polyamines stimulate dna-dependent rna synthesis catalyzed by vaccinia virus.	the rna synthesis in purified vaccinia virus can occur in the presence of either mg2+ or mn2+ if polyamine (spermidine or spermine) is present in the assay system. under our assay conditions transcription was linear up to 30 min and the rnas synthesized had a sedimentation coefficient of about 8 to 12 s. we also prepared a virus extract from purified vaccinia virus and tested for in vitro transcription. the soluble transcription system was dependent on the addition of exogenous dna and single-st ...	1985	4052428
characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant of vaccinia virus reveals a novel function that prevents virus-induced breakdown of rna.	we have attempted to characterize the molecular defect in a temperature-sensitive mutant of vaccinia virus, ts22, which has an abortive late phenotype. at the nonpermissive temperature, ts22 displays normal viral protein synthesis until 8 h postinfection. between 8 and 10 h after infection all viral protein synthesis ceases abruptly. characterization of ts22 revealed that (i) primary transcription of late viral genes was not grossly impaired, (ii) late viral mrna was biologically inactive since ...	1985	4057355
isolation and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to vaccinia virus.	cells producing neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to uv-inactivated vaccinia virus strain wr were derived by fusion of hyperimmunized mouse spleen cells with mouse myeloma cells. three mabs that reacted strongly with purified virus envelopes as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were studied. the three mabs recognized a 14,000-molecular-weight (14k) envelope protein of vaccinia virus and were shown to be immunoglobulin g2b (mabc3 and mabb11) and immunoglobulin m (mabf11). by ...	1985	4057358
decreased virulence of recombinant vaccinia virus expression vectors is associated with a thymidine kinase-negative phenotype.	recent advances in molecular genetics have led to the possibility of using large dna viruses, such as vaccinia virus, as a biological delivery system for immunizing man against unrelated disease-causing agents. when live vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag), the influenza a virus haemagglutinin, the herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 d glycoprotein, the rabies virus g glycoprotein and the vesicular stomatitis virus g glycoprotein were used for immun ...	1985	4058585
reversible inactivation and reactivation of vaccinia virus by manipulation of viral lipid composition.	the role of phospholipids in vaccinia virus was investigated by substituting viral lipids with specific phospholipids. treatment of virus with sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, or nonidet-p40 (np-40) resulted in almost complete removal of viral lipid and led to inactivation of the virus. the inactivation induced by the former two was irreversible, but np-40-treated virus was reactivated upon reassociation with phospholipids. individual phospholipids, including phosphatidylserine (ps), ...	1985	4060575
controversies in immunization against hepatitis b.		1985	4065828
expression of recombinant vaccinia virus-derived alphavirus proteins in mosquito cells.	a recombinant vaccinia virus strain which contains and expresses a 26s cdna insert encoding sindbis virus structural proteins (vv:3s) was used to infect a continuous line of aedes albopictus mosquito cells. there were not visible cytopathic effects due to the virus infection and the cells continued to grow normally. however, examination of the proteins present in the cytoplasm of the infected cells with sindbis virus-specific antisera revealed that sindbis virus proteins were being synthesized a ...	1985	4067584
fine structure marker rescue of temperature-sensitive mutations of vaccinia virus within a central conserved region of the genome.	fine structure marker rescue involving the use of subfragments of vaccinia virus hindiii dna fragments l, j, and h has been used to map the mutations in eight temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia virus representing four complementation groups. comparison of their map locations with the positions of the open reading frames and rna transcripts that have been mapped within this region has allowed the identification of one or two polypeptides as the temperature-sensitive gene product of each mu ...	1985	4068140
vaccinia virus antigens on the plasma membrane of infected cells. i. viral antigens transferred from infecting virus particles and synthesized after infection.	sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of plasma membranes prepared from l cells infected with radioiodinated vaccinia virus particles showed that at 2.0 hr postinfection, 125i-labeled virion polypeptides with molecular weights of 58k-60k, 32k-34k, 17k, and 12k-14k were associated with infected cell plasma membranes. by 4 hr postinfection, only the 32- to 34-kda polypeptide, derived from infecting virus particles, could be detected on infected cell surfaces. a variety of techniques were ...	1985	4082499
smallpox vaccination and contact spread of vaccinia virus.		1985	4092128
[isolation of a recombinant vaccinia virus based on the livp strain inducing the surface antigen of the hepatitis b virus].		1985	4092585
[vaccinia virus infection with eyelid and vulvar localization appearing after indirect contact with a recently vaccinated subject. clinical and virological study].		1969	4097683
specific removal of host-cell or vaccinia-virus antigens from extracts of infected cells by polyvalent disulphide-linked immunosorbents.		1970	4097748
on the production and application of human and animal immunoglobulins in bulgaria.		1970	4098252
freeze-drying of vaccinia virus grown on chick embryo membranes.		1970	4099431
identification of the nucleic acid of mouse mammary tumor virus (mtv) using fluorescence microscopy.		1970	4099980