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accumulation of polonium 210po in tissues and organs of deer carvidae from northern poland.this study was undertaken to provide information on accumulation of polonium in tissues and organs of deer carvidae in order to assess the potential transport of this element via food-chain to game meat consumers. livers, kidneys and muscles of large herbivorous animals belonging to three species: roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama), collected in northern poland, were the subject of the present investigation. activities of (210)po were determined ...200717454388
apigenin-induced cell cycle arrest is mediated by modulation of mapk, pi3k-akt, and loss of cyclin d1 associated retinoblastoma dephosphorylation in human prostate cancer cells.apigenin, a dietary plant-flavonoid has shown anti-proliferative and anticancer properties, however the molecular basis of this effect remains to be elucidated. we studied the molecular events of apigenin action in human prostate cancer cells. treatment of lncap and pc-3 cells with apigenin causes g0-g1 phase arrest, decrease in total rb protein and its phosphorylation at ser780 and ser807/811 in dose- and time-dependent fashion. apigenin treatment caused increased phosphorylation of erk1/2 and ...200717457054
mortality in pennsylvania captive elk (cervus elaphus): 1998-2006.the necropsy records of 65 elk ranging from 1 day to 13(1/2) years of age were reviewed to determine the primary cause of death of each animal. the animal carcasses were submitted from 22 separate pennsylvania elk farms over an approximately 8-year period. the most common causes of mortality in animals in which the cause of death was determined were gastrointestinal parasitism (21 cases), pneumonia (7 cases), enterocolitis (5 cases), malnutrition (5 cases), and rumenitis/acidosis (5 cases). the ...200717459871
p2x(7) receptor stimulation upregulates egr-1 biosynthesis involving a cytosolic ca(2+) rise, transactivation of the egf receptor and phosphorylation of erk and elk-1.the p2x(7) receptor is an atp-gated ionotropic receptor that is permeable for small cations including ca(2+) ions. using 293 cells expressing p2x(7) receptors, we show that the p2x(7) receptor-specific ligand 2',3'-o-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl)-atp (bzatp) induces a signaling cascade leading to the biosynthesis of biologically active egr-1, a zinc finger transcription factor. bzatp-triggered egr-1 biosynthesis was attenuated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor pd98059, by bapta-am, ...200717474086
multiple ovulation and embryo transfer with fresh, frozen and vitrified red deer (cervus elaphus) embryos in argentina.two multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (moet) programs with fresh, frozen and vitrified red deer embryos were carried out during the reproductive season of 2005 and 2006 in a local breeding farm in argentina. multiparous (n=10 and 9, respectively) weaned hinds were used as donors for each year. the estrous synchronization treatment of donors and recipients consisted of inserting an ovine intravaginal sponge containing medroxiprogesterone acetate (map) for 12 days. superovulation was conducte ...200717475422
climate correlates of 20 years of trophic changes in a high-elevation riparian system.the consequences of climate change for ecosystem structure and function remain largely unknown. here, i examine the ability of climate variation to explain long-term changes in bird and plant populations, as well as trophic interactions in a high-elevation riparian system in central arizona, usa, based on 20 years of study. abundances of dominant deciduous trees have declined dramatically over the 20 years, correlated with a decline in overwinter snowfall. snowfall can affect overwinter presence ...200717479755
the temporal relationship between oocyte maturation and early fertilisation events in relation to the pre-ovulatory lh peak and preimplantation embryo development in red deer (cervus elaphus).the temporal relationships among oocyte maturation, gamete transport and fertilisation following the pre-ovulatory luteinsing hormone surge in red deer were established; and secondly, early preimplantation development to the blastocyst stage in relation to the onset of oestrus was determined for red deer. in the first series of observations, oestrus was synchronised in april (n=22), for the fixed time recovery of gametes from 0 to 36 h after the estimated pre-ovulatory lh peak. matings were obse ...200817482775
transforming activity of purinergic receptor p2y, g protein coupled, 8 revealed by retroviral expression screening.biphenotypic acute leukemia (bal) is a relatively rare subtype of acute leukemia characterized by the presence of both myeloid and lymphoid cell surface antigens. we have now screened for transforming genes in bal blasts with the use of the focus formation assay with a retroviral cdna expression library constructed from malignant blasts isolated from a bal patient. some of the retroviral inserts recovered from transformed foci were found to encode wild-type purinergic receptor p2y, g protein cou ...200717487742
p38 mapk regulation of transcription factor targets in muscle and heart of the hibernating bat, myotis lucifugus.mammalian hibernation combines a profound net metabolic rate suppression with the selective up-regulation of key genes whose protein products address specific metabolic needs of the hibernator. the signal transduction pathways and transcription factors involved in regulating hibernation-responsive gene expression are of great interest. the present study suggests an important role for the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 mapk) and selected downstream transcription factors under its contr ...200717487931
gestation length in red deer: genetically determined or environmentally controlled?the red deer (cervus elaphus) of european origin (e.g. subspecies scoticus, hispanicus, hippelaphus) is a medium sized (100-150kg mature hind weight) ruminant that exhibits highly seasonally patterns of autumn conceptions and summer births. historic data indicate average (+/- s.d.) gestation length of 233-234 (+/- 2-4) days. recently, however, there has been growing awareness that there is considerably greater variation in gestation length than earlier indicated and that there is a significant e ...200717491152
the tumor suppressor cyld regulates entry into mitosis.mutations in the cylindromatosis (cyld) gene cause benign tumors of skin appendages, referred to as cylindromas. the cyld gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme that removes lys-63-linked ubiquitin chains from i kappa b kinase signaling components and thereby inhibits nf-kappab pathway activation. the dysregulation of nf-kappab activity has been proposed to promote cell transformation in part by increasing apoptosis resistance, but it is not clear whether this is cyld's only or predominant tumor ...200717495026
mammalian maf1 is a negative regulator of transcription by all three nuclear rna polymerases.most eukaryotic transcriptional regulators act in an rna polymerase (pol)-selective manner. here we show that the human maf1 protein negatively regulates transcription by all three nuclear pols. changes in maf1 expression affect pol i- and pol iii-dependent transcription in human glioblastoma lines. these effects are mediated, in part, through the ability of maf1 to repress transcription of the tata binding protein, tbp. maf1 targets an elk-1-binding site in the tbp promoter, and its occupancy o ...200717499043
several transcription factors regulate cox-2 gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells.cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) expression is associated with many aspects of physiological and pathological conditions, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. prostaglandin e2 (pge2) production, as a consequence of cox-2 gene induction, has been reported to impair beta-cell function. the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cox-2 gene expression are not fully understood. in this report, we used pancreatic beta-cells (rinm5f) to explore the potential transcription factors regulating ...200717505916
testosterone and male fertility in red deer. 200717510345
testosterone and male fertility in red deer. 200717514797
bladder inflammatory transcriptome in response to tachykinins: neurokinin 1 receptor-dependent genes and transcription regulatory elements.tachykinins (tk), such as substance p, and their neurokinin receptors which are ubiquitously expressed in the human urinary tract, represent an endogenous system regulating bladder inflammatory, immune responses, and visceral hypersensitivity. increasing evidence correlates alterations in the tk system with urinary tract diseases such as neurogenic bladders, outflow obstruction, idiopathic detrusor instability, and interstitial cystitis. however, despite promising effects in animal models, there ...200717519035
deer exposed to exceptionally high concentrations of lead near the continental mine in idaho, usa.habitat surrounding the inactive continental mine in northern idaho, usa, supports bear (ursus arctos, ursus americanus), moose (alces alces), elk (cervus elaphus), woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), and abundant mule (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). tailings on the mining site were capped and remediated in 2003 to reduce environmental exposure of surrounding soil and sediments of blue joe creek, downslope of the mine. before capping, the mean pb c ...200717521153
red deer cloned from antler stem cells and their differentiated progeny.the significance of donor cell differentiation status for successful cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) is unclear. here, we cloned a new species, red deer (cervus elaphus), from multipotent antler stem cells and their differentiated progeny. cultured donor cell lines from male antlerogenic periosteum (ap) were left undifferentiated or chemically induced to initiate osteogenesis or adipogenesis. based on their morphology and marker gene expression profile, donor cells were classifie ...200717522075
ser170 controls the conformational multiplicity of the loop 166-175 in prion proteins: implication for conversion and species barrier.the self-perpetuating conversion of cellular prion proteins (prp(c)) into an aggregated beta-sheet rich conformation is associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse). the loop 166-175 (l1) in prp(c), which displays sequence and structural variation among species, has been suggested to play a role in species barrier, in particular against transmission of tse from cervids to domestic and laboratory animals. l1 is ordered in elk prp, as well as in a mouse/elk hybrid (in which l1 o ...200717522379
female red deer prefer the roars of larger males.surprisingly little is known about the role of acoustic cues in mammal female mate choice. here, we examine the response of female red deer (cervus elaphus) to male roars in which an acoustic cue to body size, the formants, has been re-scaled to simulate different size callers. our results show that oestrous red deer hinds prefer roars simulating larger callers and constitute the first evidence that female mammals use an acoustic cue to body size in a mate choice context. we go on to suggest tha ...200717550876
levels of abnormal prion protein in deer and elk with chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk is a widespread health concern because its potential for crossspecies transmission is undetermined. cwd prevalence in wild elk is much lower than its prevalence in wild deer, and whether cwd-infected deer and elk differ in ability to infect other species is unknown. because lymphoid tissues are important in the pathogenesis of some transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as sheep scrapie, we investigated whether cwd-affected elk and deer diffe ...200717553219
effects of management and climate on elk brucellosis in the greater yellowstone ecosystem.every winter, government agencies feed approximately 6000 metric tons (6 x 10(6) kg) of hay to elk in the southern greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye) to limit transmission of brucella abortus, the causative agent of brucellosis, from elk to cattle. supplemental feeding, however, is likely to increase the transmission of brucellosis in elk, and may be affected by climatic factors, such as snowpack. we assessed these possibilities using snowpack and feeding data from 1952 to 2006 and disease test ...200717555209
biodiversity consequences of alternative future land use scenarios in greater yellowstone.land use is rapidly expanding in the greater yellowstone ecosystem, primarily from growth in the number of rural homes. there is a need to project possible future land use and assess impacts on nature reserves as a guide to future management. we assessed the potential biodiversity impacts of alternative future land use scenarios in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. an existing regression-based simulation model was used to project three alternative scenarios of future rural home development. the ...200717555214
iron supplementation protects against lead-induced apoptosis through mapk pathway in weanling rat cortex.recent studies indicate that iron (fe) is involved in neurotoxicity caused by inorganic lead (pb). we studied the role of fe in the effects pb-induced cerebral apoptosis during rat development and to explore its possible regulatory mechanism. in the present study, weanling male sprague-dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. three groups of rats received 400 microg/ml pb acetate solution in drinking water, among which two of the groups were concurrently given 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg feso ...200717560653
molecular targets of curcumin.curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory activity and is a potent inhibitor of reactive-oxygen-generating enzymes such as lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos); it is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1. curcumin is also a potent inhibitor of protein kinase c (pkc), egf-receptor tyrosine kinase, and ikappab kinase. subsequently, curcumin inhibits the activation of nf-kb and the expressions of oncogenes including c-jun, c-fos, c-m ...200717569214
outbreak of parasitic peritonitis in reindeer in finland.in 2003, there was an outbreak of peritonitis in reindeer in the southern and middle part of the finnish reindeer herding area caused by the filarioid nematode setaria species. in the province of oulu, the proportion of reindeer viscera condemned owing to parasitic lesions increased from 4.9 per cent in 2001 to 40.1 per cent in 2003. in 2004, the focus of the outbreak moved approximately 100 km north. a total of 260 adult and pre-adult setaria species nematodes were collected for morphological a ...200717575247
admixture and patterns of linkage disequilibrium in a free-living vertebrate population.linkage disequilibrium (ld), a measure of nonrandom association of alleles at different loci, is of great interest to evolutionary geneticists as it can be used to help identify loci that explain phenotypic variation. surveys of the extent of ld across genomes have been carried out in a number of systems, most notably humans and model organisms. however, studies of natural populations of vertebrates have rarely been performed. here, we describe an investigation of ld in a free-living island popu ...200717584236
evolutionary responses to harvesting in ungulates.1. we investigate the evolutionary responses to harvesting in ungulates using a state-dependent, stochastic, density-dependent individual-based model of red deer cervus elaphus (l.) females subject to different harvesting regimes. 2. the population's mean weight at first reproduction shifts towards light weights as harvesting increases, and its distribution changes from a single peak distribution under very low or high harvest rates, to a bimodal distribution under intermediate harvest rates. 3. ...200717584372
are distributions of secondary osteon variants useful for interpreting load history in mammalian bones?in cortical bone, basic multicellular units (bmus) produce secondary osteons that mediate adaptations, including variations in their population densities and cross-sectional areas. additional important bmu-related adaptations might include atypical secondary osteon morphologies (zoned, connected, drifting, elongated, multiple canal). these variants often reflect osteonal branching that enhances toughness by increasing interfacial (cement line) complexity. if these characteristics correlate with ...200717587802
amitriptyline induces early growth response-1 gene expression via erk and jnk mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in rat c6 glial cells.astrocytes play important roles in guiding the construction of the nervous system, controlling extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, and regulating cns synaptogenesis. egr-1 is a transcription factor involved in neuronal differentiation and astrocyte cell proliferation. in this study, we investigated whether the tricyclic antidepressant (tca) amitriptyline induces egr-1 expression in astrocytes using rat c6 glioma cells as a model. we found that amitriptyline increased the expression of egr- ...200717590509
alternatively spliced isoforms of the human elk-1 mrna within the 5' utr: implications for elk-1 expression.the expression of cellular proteins that play central roles in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation is frequently tightly controlled at the level of translation initiation. in this article, we provide evidence that the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 forms part of this class of genes. its mrna 5' utr is composed of a complexed mosaic of elements, including uaugs, uorfs and rna structure, that interplay to modulate ribosomal access to the elk-1 aug start codon. superimposed upo ...200717591614
landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator-prey system.because some native ungulates have lived without top predators for generations, it has been uncertain whether runaway predation would occur when predators are newly restored to these systems. we show that landscape features and vegetation, which influence predator detection and capture of prey, shape large-scale patterns of predation in a newly restored predator-prey system. we analysed the spatial distribution of wolf (canis lupus) predation on elk (cervus elaphus) on the northern range of yell ...200717594424
abomasal nematodes of the red deer cervus elaphus in north-eastern italy.the composition of the abomasal helminth fauna and parasite diversity were studied in 298 red deer collected during 1997-2000 from three different sectors (bolzano, trento and sondrio provinces) of the stelvio national park, one of the main protected areas of north-eastern italy. the association between parasite burdens and geographical areas of the hosts was assessed using the negative binomial regression. a variety of abomasal helminths, both host specific and generalist, was found in all sect ...200717594740
role of non-phosphorylated activation loop residues in determining erk2 dephosphorylation, activity, and subcellular localization.extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) activity is regulated by mapk/erk kinases (meks), which phosphorylate the regulatory tyr and thr residues in erks activation loop, and by various phosphatases that remove the incorporated phosphates. although the role of the phosphorylated residues in the activation loop of erks is well studied, much less is known about the role of other residues within this loop. here we substituted several residues within amino acids 173-177 of erk2 and studied the ...200717597065
sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer.evolutionary theory predicts the depletion of genetic variation in natural populations as a result of the effects of selection, but genetic variation is nevertheless abundant for many traits that are under directional or stabilizing selection. evolutionary geneticists commonly try to explain this paradox with mechanisms that lead to a balance between mutation and selection. however, theoretical predictions of equilibrium genetic variance under mutation-selection balance are usually lower than th ...200717597758
up-regulation of early growth response gene 1 (egr-1) via erk1/2 signals attenuates sulindac sulfide-mediated cytotoxicity in the human intestinal epithelial cells.non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are used to relieve pain and inflammation and have also received considerable attention because of their preventive effects against human cancer. however, the drug application is sometimes limited by the severe gastrointestinal ulcers and mucosal complications. in the present study, nsaid sulindac sulfide was investigated for the cytotoxic injury in the intestinal epithelial cells in association with an immediate inducible factor, early growth respo ...200717599376
differential expression of inflammatory and immune response genes in mesenteric lymph nodes of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis.little information is available about gene expression in natural mycobacterial infection of wildlife species. iberian red deer can serve as reservoir of mycobacterium bovis in spain, thus increasing the risk of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in humans and cattle. herein, we characterized the differential expression of inflammatory and immune response genes in mesenteric lymph nodes of deer naturally infected with m. bovis using microarray hybridization. results were validated by determination of seru ...200817604102
effect of time and temperature on prpcwd immunoreactivity as evidenced by western blot.the protease-resistant infectious prion protein, prpres, that causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, is remarkably resistant to conventional physical and chemical sterilization methods, including heat. it was hypothesized that thermal-dependent prpres degradation has been underestimated, and the effect of prolonged incubation at 37 degrees c, 55 degrees c, and 80 degrees c on prpres detection was examined using brain homogenates from chronic wasting disease-affected elk and mule deer ...200717609348
requirement for erk map kinase in mouse preimplantation development.preimplantation development is a crucial step for successful implantation and pregnancy. although both compaction and blastocyst formation have been extensively studied, mechanisms regulating the early cell division stages before compaction have remained unclear. here, we show that extracellular signal regulated kinase (erk) mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase function is required for early embryonic cell division before compaction. our analysis demonstrates that inhibition of erk activation ...200717611221
alteration of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway after soman poisoning.the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and activated mapk transcription factors c-jun, c-myc, and elk-1 were investigated in rat enterocytes after sublethal poisoning with soman to study the pathogenetic mechanism of nonspecific long-term effects of nerve agents. wistar rats were poisoned by intramuscular administration of soman at a dose 60 microg x kg(-1) (70% ld(50)) and sacrificed by cervical dislocation 3 and 5 days after poisoning. control groups were administered physiologic sali ...200717613012
oral transmissibility of prion disease is enhanced by binding to soil particles.soil may serve as an environmental reservoir for prion infectivity and contribute to the horizontal transmission of prion diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies [tses]) of sheep, deer, and elk. tse infectivity can persist in soil for years, and we previously demonstrated that the disease-associated form of the prion protein binds to soil particles and prions adsorbed to the common soil mineral montmorillonite (mte) retain infectivity following intracerebral inoculation. here, we ass ...200717616973
elk1 and srf transcription factors convey basal transcription and mediate glucose response via their binding sites in the human lxrb gene promoter.the nuclear receptors lxralpha (nr1h3) and lxrbeta (nr1h2) are attractive drug targets for the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease due to their established role as regulators of cholesterol and lipid metabolism. a large body of literature has recently indicated their important roles in glucose metabolism and particularly lxrbeta is important for proper insulin production in pancreas. in this study, we report that glucose induces transcription via the lxrb gene promoter. the transcri ...200717626048
epidemiological characteristics of an invading parasite: dicrocoelium dendriticum in sympatric wapiti and beef cattle in southern alberta, canada.previous surveys of wild ungulates indicate that the liver fluke, dicrocoelium dendriticum, was rare in the cypress hills area of southeastern alberta. however, 41 of 59 wapiti (cervus elaphus) sampled during the 2003 and 2004 hunting seasons from this region were infected, with 7 hosts containing >1,000 worms. prevalence and mean intensity were similarly high in sympatric beef cattle and mule deer. worm abundance in wapiti was age related, with calves containing significantly higher numbers of ...200717626339
water quality in headwater catchments with deer wallows.the pastoral grazing of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) is common in new zealand. however, red deer have a natural instinct to seek out water and wallow in it. often, in headwater catchments, they will create a wallow in a wet area connected to a waterway. aesthetically, wallowing areas can be unpleasant and give the impression they are significant sources of contaminants entering waterways. this paper aimed to quantify their contribution to loads of contaminants lost from three headwater catch ...200717636300
sperm traits and male fertility in natural populations.male fertility has seldom been studied in natural populations because it has been assumed that strong selection would result in uniformly high values among males, and therefore mating success has been equated with fertilisation success. in contrast, male fertility has received much attention in studies of domestic livestock, where economic benefits rely on improving productivity, and in human infertility studies, where the efficiency of treatments depends on understanding which ejaculate traits ...200717641085
xy sperm separation and use in artificial insemination and other arts.many tens of thousands of calves resulting from artificial insemination (ai) have been born worldwide after xy sperm separation and commercial production is underway in several countries. accuracy of sex selection is some 90% and can be achieved both in research facilities and at ai studs in rural locations. most facilities sort x- sperm which have also be utilised for superovulation and embryo transfer projects and for in vitro fertilisation (ivf) as well as ai. sort rates of some 15 x 10(6) sp ...200717644986
morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the abomasum of red deer during prenatal development.the red deer is well suited to scientific study, given its economic importance as an animal to be hunted, and because it has a rich genetic heritage. however, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants in general, and none for the red deer. for this reason, we undertook histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the abomasum in red deer. histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses from the initial ...200717645454
anisomycin abrogates repression of protooncogene c-fos transcription in e1a + cha-ras-transformed cells through activation of mek/erk kinase cascade.we have previously shown that transcription of immediate-early c-fos protooncogene is becoming strongly repressed in rat embryo fibroblasts transformed by oncogenes e1a and cha-ras, so that serum only slightly stimulated c-fos transcription in these cells in contrast to high level of c-fos activation in non-transformed ref52 cells. here we showed that stress-inducing agent anisomycin was able to override the c-fos repression and to induce c-fos transcription in e1a + ras transformants. in vitro ...200817647273
brucella infection of buffalo and elk. 194717648256
survey of elk and buffalo herds: for serologic activity with two rickettsial antigens. 194717648288
personal observation in the care and management of an elk (wapiti) herd at elk island park, alberta, canada. 195517648823
brucellosis in bison, elk, and moose in elk island national park, alberta, canada. 195817649021
carnivore repatriation and holarctic prey: narrowing the deficit in ecological effectiveness.the continuing global decline of large carnivores has catalyzed great interest in reintroduction to restore populations and to reestablish ecologically functional relationships. i used variation in the distribution of four holarctic prey species and their behavior as proxies to investigate the pace and intensity by which responses are lost or reinvigorated by carnivore repatriation. by simulating the presence of wolves (canis lupus), tigers (panthera tigris), and brown bears (ursus arctos) at 19 ...200717650259
mapk-erk activation in kidney of male rats chronically fed ochratoxin a at a dose causing a significant incidence of renal carcinoma.kidney samples of male fischer 344 (f-344) rats fed a carcinogenic dose of ota over 7 days, 21 days and 12 months were analysed for various cell signalling proteins known to be potentially involved in chemical carcinogenicity. ota was found to increase the phosphorylation of atypical-pkc. this was correlated with a selective downstream activation of the map-kinase extracellular regulated kinases isoforms 1 and 2 (erk1/2) and of their substrates elk1/2 and p90rsk. moreover, analysis of effectors ...200717651772
synergistic effects of a combination of dietary factors sulforaphane and (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate in ht-29 ap-1 human colon carcinoma cells.the objective of this study was to investigate combinations of two chemopreventive dietary factors: egcg 20 microm (or 100 microm) and sfn (25 microm) in ht-29 ap-1 human colon carcinoma cells.200817657594
expanding the repertoire of an erk2 recruitment site: cysteine footprinting identifies the d-recruitment site as a mediator of ets-1 binding.many substrates of erk2 contain a d-site, a sequence recognized by erk2 that is used to promote catalysis. despite lacking a canonical d-site, the substrate ets-1 is displaced from erk2 by peptides containing one. this suggests that ets-1 may contain a novel or cryptic d-site. to investigate this possibility a protein footprinting strategy was developed to elucidate erk2-ligand interactions. using this approach, single cysteine reporters were placed in the d-recruitment site (drs) of erk2 and th ...200717658891
the anti-apoptotic protein pea-15 is a tight binding inhibitor of erk1 and erk2, which blocks docking interactions at the d-recruitment site.pea-15 is a small anti-apoptotic protein that is enriched in astrocytes, but expressed in a broad range of tissues. it sequesters the protein kinases erk1 and 2 in the cytoplasm, thereby limiting their proximity to nuclear substrates. using a fluorescence anisotropy approach, pea-15 is shown to be a high-affinity ligand for both erk1 and 2, exhibiting a dissociation constant in the range of kd = 0.2-0.4 microm, regardless of their activation states. neither the phosphorylation of pea-15 (phospho ...200717658892
the dispersal of vascular plants in a forest mosaic by a guild of mammalian herbivores.endozochorous seed dispersal by herbivores can affect plant spatial dynamics and macroecological patterns. we have investigated the number and species composition of viable seeds deposited in faeces of a full guild of macroherbivores (four deer and two lagomorph species) in a forest in eastern britain. one hundred and one plant species germinated from faecal pellet material, 85 of which were among the 247 vascular plant species recorded in the forest. however, three species - chenopodium album, ...200717661087
prevalence of coxiella burnetti infection in wild and farmed ungulates.the aim of this study was to evaluate by serology and pcr analyses the prevalence of coxiella burnetti infection in ungulates in spain. sera were collected from red deer (cervus elaphus; n=116), roe deer (capreolus capreolus; n=39), fallow deer (dama dama; n=13) and cattle (n=79). sera were tested for anti-c. burnetii antibody detection by means of an immunofluorescence antibody assay (ifa) and c. burnetii dna was amplified by pcr in samples from ungulates that had antibodies to phase ii antigen ...200817669603
effects of supplemental feeding on gastrointestinal parasite infection in elk (cervus elaphus): preliminary observations.the effects of management practices on the spread and impact of parasites and infectious diseases in wildlife and domestic animals are of increasing concern worldwide, particularly in cases where management of wild species can influence disease spill-over into domestic animals. in the greater yellowstone ecosystem, usa, winter supplemental feeding of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) may enhance parasite and disease transmission by aggregating elk on feedgrounds. in this study, we tested the e ...200717692464
inhibition of calcineurin-nfat signaling by the pyrazolopyrimidine compound nci3.dephosphorylation of nfat by the ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent ser/thr protein phosphatase calcineurin is a bottleneck of t cell receptor-dependent activation of t cells. in dimeric complexes with immunophilins, the immunosuppressants cyclosporine a (csa) and tacrolimus (fk506) block this process by inhibition of the enzymatic activity of calcineurin. we have identified the pyrazolopyrimidine compound nci3 as a novel inhibitor of calcineurin-nfat signaling. similar to csa and fk506, nci3 inhibits ...200717694572
feasibility of using coyotes (canis latrans) as sentinels for bovine mycobacteriosis (mycobacterium bovis) infection in wild cervids in and around riding mountain national park, manitoba, canada.elk (cervus elaphus manitobensis) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the riding mountain national park (rmnp) region of southwestern manitoba have been identified as a likely wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine mycobacteriosis in livestock. the feasibility of using coyotes (canis latrans) collected from trappers as a sentinel species was investigated. retropharyngeal, mesenteric, and colonic lymph nodes and tonsils collected at necropsy from 82 ...200717699081
paresis and death in elk (cervus elaphus) due to lichen intoxication in wyoming.during february-april 2004, an estimated 400-500 free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) developed paresis, became recumbent, and died or were euthanized in the red rim wildlife habitat management area (rrwhma), wyoming, usa. elk were found in sternal recumbency, alert and responsive, but unable to rise. their condition progressed to lateral recumbency followed by dehydration, obtundation, and death. gross lesions were limited to degenerative myopathy, with pallor and streaking in skeletal muscles. mi ...200717699088
evaluation of repetitive extragenic palindromic-pcr for discrimination of fecal escherichia coli from humans, and different domestic- and wild-animals.the objective of this study was to investigate the potential of repetitive extragenic palindromic anchored polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) in differentiating fecal escherichia coli isolates of human, domestic- and wild-animal origin that might be used as a molecular tool to identify the possible source(s) of fecal pollution of source water. a total of 625 fecal e. coli isolates of human, 3 domestic- (cow, dog and horse) and 7 wild-animal (black bear, coyote, elk, marmot, mule deer, raccoon a ...200717704635
the ternary complex factor net/elk-3 participates in the transcriptional response to hypoxia and regulates hif-1 alpha.the ternary complex factor net/elk3 is downregulated in hypoxia and participates in the induction by hypoxia of several genes, including c-fos, vascular endothelial growth factor and egr-1. however, the global role of net in hypoxia remains to be elucidated. we have identified, in a large-scale analysis of rna expression using microarrays, more than 370 genes that are regulated by net in hypoxia. in order to gain insights into the role of net in hypoxia, we have analysed in parallel the genes re ...200817704799
reconciling divergent interpretations of quaking aspen decline on the northern colorado front range.ecologists have debated over the past 65 years whether quaking aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) has or has not declined in abundance, vigor, or regeneration in western north america. many studies have provided divergent interpretations of the condition of aspen forests, leading to difficulty in translating this ecological information into management recommendations. to reconcile these contrasting conclusions and to test the hypothesis that multiple types of aspen decline and persistence occur ...200717708209
intracellular signal transduction in mouse oocytes and irradiated early embryos.in order to determine the effect of x-irradiation on intracellular signal transduction in mouse oocytes and embryos, jnk, erk and p38 kinase activities were measured by the state of phosphorylation of their respective substrates (c-jun, elk-1 and atf-2, respectively) in two mouse strains differing in radiation sensitivity, namely c57bl and balb/c. in a first step, control oocytes and embryos were compared for their respective kinase activities at various stages of oocyte maturation (germinal ves ...200717708350
basic fibroblast growth factor activates the mapk and nfkappab pathways that converge on elk-1 to control production of matrix metalloproteinase-13 by human adult articular chondrocytes.the pathology of joint destruction is associated with elevated production of basic fibroblast growth factor (bfgf) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (mmp-13). in osteoarthritic joint disease, expression of bfgf and mmp-13 in chondrocytes and their release into the synovial fluid are significantly increased. we have previously found that the capacity for cartilage repair in human adult articular chondrocytes is severely compromised by minimal exposure to bfgf because bfgf reduces responsiveness to ...200717724016
equol, a metabolite of the soybean isoflavone daidzein, inhibits neoplastic cell transformation by targeting the mek/erk/p90rsk/activator protein-1 pathway.daidzein and genistein are isoflavones found in soybean. genistein is known to exhibit anticarcinogenic activities and inhibit tyrosine kinase activity. however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the chemopreventive activities of daidzein and its metabolite, equol, are not understood. here we report that equol inhibits 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa)-induced neoplastic transformation of jb6 p+ mouse epidermal cells by targeting the mek/erk/p90rsk/activator protein-1 signaling pat ...200717724030
spatial regulation of raf kinase signaling by rktg.subcellular compartmentalization has become an important theme in cell signaling such as spatial regulation of ras by rasgrp1 and mek/erk by sef. here, we report spatial regulation of raf kinase by rktg (raf kinase trapping to golgi). rktg is a seven-transmembrane protein localized at the golgi apparatus. rktg expression inhibits egf-stimulated erk and rsk phosphorylation, blocks ngf-mediated pc12 cell differentiation, and antagonizes ras- and raf-1-stimulated elk-1 transactivation. through inte ...200717724343
comparative analysis of the activation of map/erk kinases in the cns of animals with different learning abilities.western blot analysis was used to study the activation of map/erk protein kinases responsible for controlling gene expression via phosphorylation of transcription factors creb and elk-1 in native common snails and animals with impaired abilities to form long-term types of conditioned aversive reflexes. different periods of the formation of this reflex were found to be characterized by different levels of activation of map-erk kinases. the extents of activation of map-erk kinase cascade were diff ...200717763991
outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection in a wild animal park.an outbreak of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis occurred in a wild animal park. three pot-bellied pigs (sus scrofa vittatus), one red deer (cervus elaphus), one buffalo (bison bonasus) and two european lynxes (lynx lynx) were affected and showed clinical signs including weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes and paralysis of the hindlimbs. postmortem examinations revealed multifocal granulomatous lesions in various organs, including the lymph nodes, lungs, intestines, kidneys and the central n ...200717766809
the great elk herd. 192717769702
elk in the shrub-steppe region of washington: an authentic record.for the first time in recorded history, the american elk is established in the treeless interior region of washington. the protective isolation provided by the large buffer zone around the hanford facilities of the u.s. energy research and development administration is the important factor in maintenance of suitable habitat for elk.197717778718
dinosaurs and coal in the red deer country, alberta, canada. 192317783212
taphonomy and herd structure of the extinct irish elk, megaloceros giganteus.fossils of the late pleistocene elk megaloceros giganteus from ballybetagh bog, near dublin, ireland, indicate that males segregated from females during winters. the segregation implies seasonal rutting and polygynous mating and is consistent with the idea that large antlers functioned for social display. within male groups, winterkill was the chief cause of death and was highest among juveniles and small adults with small antlers. there is no evidence to support the popular conception that heav ...198517790237
a fossil elk or moose from the quaternary of new jersey. 188517793408
red deer data illuminate sexual selection. 198217802464
regulation of transcription of the rna splicing factor hslu7 by elk-1 and sp1 affects alternative splicing.alternative splicing plays a major role in transcriptome diversity and plasticity, but it is largely unknown how tissue-specific and embryogenesis-specific alternative splicing is regulated. the highly conserved splicing factor slu7 is involved in 3' splice site selection and also regulates alternative splicing. we show that slu7 has a unique spatial pattern of expression among human and mouse embryonic and adult tissues. we identified several functional ets binding sites and gc-boxes in the hum ...200717804646
the n-terminal transactivation domain confers target gene specificity of hypoxia-inducible factors hif-1alpha and hif-2alpha.the basic helix-loop-helix-per-arnt-sim-proteins hypoxia-inducible factor (hif)-1alpha and hif-2alpha are the principal regulators of the hypoxic transcriptional response. although highly related, they can activate distinct target genes. in this study, the protein domain and molecular mechanism important for hif target gene specificity are determined. we demonstrate that although hif-2alpha is unable to activate multiple endogenous hif-1alpha-specific target genes (e.g., glycolytic enzymes), hif ...200717804822
abomasal and uterine adenocarcinomas with ovarian metastasis in a captive elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).a captive, 20-year-old female elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) euthanized due to progressive lameness and weight loss was presented to colorado state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory for postmortem examination. within the uterus there was a poorly demarcated, multilobulated mass measuring 10 cm in diameter. histologically the tumor was an adenocarcinoma. histologic examination of the ovaries revealed unilateral metastasis. a focal, 1-cm diameter adenocarcinoma was identified within the ab ...200717823404
cerebral ischemia induces transcription of inflammatory and extracellular-matrix-related genes in rat cerebral arteries.cerebral ischemia results in a local inflammatory response that contributes to the size of the lesion, however, the involvement of the cerebral vasculature is unknown. we hypothesise that the expression of inflammatory genes (il6, inos, cxcl2, tnf-alpha and il-1beta) and extracellular-matrix-related genes (mmp9, mmp13) is induced in cerebral arteries following cerebral ischemia via activation of mitogen activated kinases (mapks). this hypothesis was tested in vivo by experimental subarachnoid ha ...200717828393
conservation biology: feds team up with a company to protect 17 threatened fish species.for several years now, road runoff and erosion stemming in part from the operations of the plum creek timber co. have choked elk creek, known as the best bull trout spawning stream in the west, with sediment, raising fears of even further decline in this endangered species. now, in an effort to mitigate its harmful effects and avert regulatory action, plum creek has designed a native fish habitat conservation plan covering 17 fish species, including the bull trout.200017840573
care of the great elk herd. 192917840961
toxic and essential metal concentrations in four tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus) from baranja, croatia.kidney (n = 297), liver (n = 52), jawbone (n = 80) and muscle (n = 48) samples collected from red deer (cervus elaphus) from north-eastern croatia in the 2002--05 hunting season were analysed for cadmium (cd), copper (cu), iron (fe), mercury (hg), lead (pb), selenium (se) and zinc (zn) using atomic absorption spectrometry. statistical evaluation of results showed age-related accumulations of renal cortex cd and zn, bone pb, and muscle zn. renal cortex cd and zn were significantly associated. in ...200817852398
sexual selection and senescence: male size-dimorphic ungulates evolved relatively smaller molars than females.as a general rule, males of sexually dimorphic ungulate species have evolved larger body size than females but shorter reproductive life spans as elements of their strategy for intrasexual competition for mating opportunities. evolutionary theories of senescence predict that the durability of somatic structures should relate to the length of reproductive life span. this prediction has recently been tested for red deer (cervus elaphus): molariform teeth of males are smaller and less durable than ...200717879188
late endosomal traffic of the epidermal growth factor receptor ensures spatial and temporal fidelity of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling is regulated by assembling distinct scaffold complexes at the plasma membrane and on endosomes. thus, spatial resolution might be critical to determine signaling specificity. therefore, we investigated whether epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) traffic through the endosomal system provides spatial information for mapk signaling. to mislocalize late endosomes to the cell periphery we used the dynein subunit p50 dynamitin. the peripheral trans ...200717881733
histone h1 is released from myonuclei and present in rimmed vacuoles with dna in inclusion body myositis.to investigate myonuclear alterations in sporadic inclusion body myositis (s-ibm), we immuno-localized histones in muscles in 11 patients. the examination showed that vacuolar rims were frequently positive for histone h1. in triple-color fluorescence study, the h1-positive products were found on the inner side of an emerin-positive circle with dna. moreover, h1-positive materials appeared to be released into the cytoplasm in some vacuoles and myonuclei. the localization of h1 was different from ...200817888663
activation of the human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 long terminal repeat by the ternary complex factor elk-1.serum response factor (srf) was recently shown to bind and activate the human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1) promoter at bases -116 to -125 relative to the transcription start site. in addition to the srf binding site (carg box), serum response elements (sre) also typically contain a binding site for a member of the ternary complex factor (tcf) family. here we demonstrate the presence of two tcf binding sites upstream of the viral carg box. binding of the tcf family member elk-1 to these ...200717898074
isolation and characterisation of a ruminant alphaherpesvirus closely related to bovine herpesvirus 1 in a free-ranging red deer.the genus varicellovirus of the herpesviridae subfamily alphaherpesvirinae includes a cluster of viruses antigenically and genetically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1): namely bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv-5), bubaline herpesvirus 1 (buhv-1), caprine herpesvirus 1 (cphv-1), cervid herpesviruses 1 (cvhv-1) and 2 (cvhv-2) and elk herpesvirus 1 (elkhv-1). considering the serological relationship between these ruminant alphaherpesviruses, several surveys have studied the occurrence of bohv-1 re ...200717903260
willow on yellowstone's northern range: evidence for a trophic cascade?reintroduction of wolves (canis lupus) to yellowstone national park in 1995-1996 has been argued to promote a trophic cascade by altering elk (cervus elaphus) density, habitat-selection patterns, and behavior that, in turn, could lead to changes within the plant communities used by elk. we sampled two species of willow (salix boothii and s. geyeriana) on the northern winter range to determine whether (1) there was quantitative evidence of increased willow growth following wolf reintroduction, (2 ...200717913123
hydrologic regime and herbivory stabilize an alternative state in yellowstone national park.a decline in the stature and abundance of willows during the 20th century occurred throughout the northern range of yellowstone national park, where riparian woody-plant communities are key components in multiple-trophic-level interactions. the potential causes of willow decline include climate change, increased elk browsing coincident with the loss of an apex predator, the gray wolf, and an absence of habitat engineering by beavers. the goal of this study was to determine the spatial and tempor ...200717913124
evaluating prey switching in wolf-ungulate systems.wolf restoration has become a widely accepted conservation and management practice throughout north america and europe, though the ecosystem effects of returning top carnivores remain both scientific and societal controversies. mathematical models predicting and describing wolf-ungulate interactions are typically limited to the wolves' primary prey, with the potential for prey switching in wolf-multiple-ungulate systems only suggested or assumed by a number of investigators. we used insights gai ...200717913125
irruptive population dynamics in yellowstone pronghorn.irruptive population dynamics appear to be widespread in large herbivore populations, but there are few empirical examples from long time series with small measurement error and minimal harvests. we analyzed an 89-year time series of counts and known removals for pronghorn (antilocapra americana) in yellowstone national park of the western united states during 1918-2006 using a suite of density-dependent, density-independent, and irruptive models to determine if the population exhibited irruptiv ...200717913126
l-type calcium channel blockade on haloperidol-induced c-fos expression in the striatum.haloperidol-induced c-fos expression in the lateral part of the neostriatum has been correlated with motor side effects while c-fos induction in the medial part of the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens is thought to be associated with the therapeutic effects of the drug. induction of c-fos in the striatum by haloperidol involves dopamine d(2) (da d(2)) receptor antagonism and is dependent on activation of n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors and l-type ca(2+) channels. in the current study, ...200717913375
elk browsing increases aboveground growth of water-stressed willows by modifying plant architecture.in the northern elk wintering range of yellowstone national park, usa, wolf (canis lupus) removal allowed elk (cervus elaphus) to overbrowse riparian woody plants, leading to the exclusion of beaver (castor canadensis) and a subsequent water table decline in many small stream valleys. reduced elk browsing following wolf reintroduction may or may not facilitate willow (salix sp.) recovery in these areas. to determine if the effect of elk browsing on willow interacts with that of beaver abandonmen ...200717934763
development and evaluation of a real-time reverse transcription-pcr assay for quantification of gamma interferon mrna to diagnose tuberculosis in multiple animal species.tuberculosis of free-ranging and captive wildlife, including species implicated in the maintenance and transmission of mycobacterium bovis, is a difficult disease to diagnose and control. historically, diagnosis of tuberculosis has relied largely upon assays of cell-mediated immunity (cmi), such as tuberculin skin testing. this approach, however, is problematic or impractical for use with many wildlife species. increasingly, in vitro diagnostic tests, including gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-based ...200717942606
beta-arrestin-dependent mu-opioid receptor-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) translocate to nucleus in contrast to g protein-dependent erk activation.the cellular location of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) activated by a g protein-coupled receptor was shown to be dependent on the pathway that mediated their activation. in general, fast activation of erks (2 min) mediated by g proteins resulted in the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated erks, whereas a slower activation of erks (10 min) mediated by beta-arrestins resulted in the cytosolic retention of the phosphorylated erks. however, we observed distinct differences from th ...200817947509
expression of phospho-elk-1 in rat gut after the whole body gamma irradiation.gastrointestinal form is the second stage of acute radiation syndrome (ars) with a threshold dose of 8 gy in man. it represents an absolutely lethal clinical-pathological unit, necro-hemorrhagic enteritis and proctocolitis, with unknown causal therapy. elk-1 is a protein acting as a transcription factor activating specified genes. the purpose of our study was to examine the expression of phospho-elk-1 in irradiated jejunum and transversal colon of rats with radiation-induced enterocolitis and to ...200817949253
antisense oligonucleotide elk-1 suppresses the tumorigenicity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.in previous studies, we showed that reducing ets-like protein-1 (elk-1) expression inhibited protein kinase c alpha (pkc alpha) expression and decreased cell migration and invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). in this study, we have investigated the role of elk-1 in tumorigenesis. sk-hep-1 hcc cells were transfected with the elk-1 antisense oligonucleotide (odn). in the pretreated cells we detected a reduction of mrna level using rt-pcr. the inhibitory rate of cell growth was measure ...200817950002
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