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ability of elisas to detect antibodies against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus in serum of pigs after inactivated vaccination and subsequent challenge.in this study, six enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), intended for routine porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) herd monitoring, are tested for their ability to detect prrsv specific antibodies in the serum of pigs after vaccination with an inactivated prrsv type 1 vaccine and subsequent infection with a highly pathogenic (hp) prrsv field strain. for this reason, ten piglets (group v) from a prrsv negative herd were vaccinated twice at the age of 2 and 4 weeks wit ...201627871292
heterogeneous antigenic properties of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an arterivirus responsible for a widespread contagious disease of domestic pigs with high economic impact. switzerland is one of the rare prrsv-free countries in europe, although sporadic outbreaks have occurred in the past. the prrsv isolate ivi-1173 from the short outbreak in switzerland in 2012 was entirely sequenced, and a functional full-length cdna clone was constructed. genetic and antigenic characterization of ivi-1173 reveal ...201627871316
an interferon inducing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine candidate elicits protection against challenge with the heterologous virulent type 2 strain vr-2385 in pigs.achieving consistent protection by vaccinating pigs against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) remains difficult. recently, an interferon-inducing prrsv vaccine candidate strain a2mc2 was demonstrated to be attenuated and induced neutralizing antibodies. the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of passage 90 of a2mc2 (a2p90) to protect pigs against challenge with moderately virulent prrsv strain vr-2385 (92.3% nucleic acid identity with a2mc2) and highly ...201727876202
microrna 373 facilitates the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by its negative regulation of type i interferon induction.micrornas (mirnas) play an important role in the regulation of immune responses. previous studies have indicated that dysregulating the mirnas leads to the immunosuppression of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). however, it is not clear how prrsv regulates the expression of host mirna, which may lead to immune escape or promote the replication of the virus. the present work suggests that prrsv upregulated the expression of mir-373 through elevating the expression of spe ...201727881653
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp1α inhibits nf-κb activation by targeting the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex.linear ubiquitination, a newly discovered posttranslational modification, is catalyzed by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (lubac), which is composed of three subunits: one catalytic subunit hoip and two accessory molecules, hoil-1l and sharpin. accumulating evidence suggests that linear ubiquitination plays a crucial role in innate immune signaling and especially in the activation of the nf-κb pathway by conjugating linear polyubiquitin chains to nf-κb essential modulator (nemo, also ...201727881655
the crystal structure of the fifth scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain of porcine cd163 reveals an important residue involved in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) has become an economically critical factor in swine industry since its worldwide spread in the 1990s. infection by its causative agent, prrs virus (prrsv), was proven to be mediated by an indispensable receptor, porcine cd163 (pcd163), and the fifth scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain (srcr5) is essential for virus infection. however, the structural details and specific residues of pcd163 srcr5 involved in infection have not been defined y ...201727881657
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antagonizes jak/stat3 signaling via nsp5, which induces stat3 degradation.signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) is a pleiotropic signaling mediator of many cytokines, including interleukin-6 (il-6) and il-10. stat3 is known to play critical roles in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, immunity and inflammatory responses. the objective of this study was to determine the effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection on the stat3 signaling since prrsv induces a weak protective immune response in host animals ...201727881658
vaccination mitigates the impact of prrsv infection on the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in pigs.the pharmacokinetics of intramuscularly administered ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (ccfa) were determined in pigs that were clinically healthy (n = 8), vaccinated with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome modified live virus (prrs mlv) (n = 10), challenged with wild-type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vr-2385 (n = 10), or vaccinated with prrs mlv and later challenged with wild-type prrsv vr-2385 (n = 10). animals were given a single dose of ccfa intramus ...201627885695
pathogens inactivated by low-energy-electron irradiation maintain antigenic properties and induce protective immune responses.inactivated vaccines are commonly produced by incubating pathogens with chemicals such as formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. this is a time-consuming process, the inactivation efficiency displays high variability and extensive downstream procedures are often required. moreover, application of chemicals alters the antigenic components of the viruses or bacteria, resulting in reduced antibody specificity and therefore stimulation of a less effective immune response. an alternative method for inactiv ...201627886076
sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the nsp2 and orf5 genes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in boars from south china in 2015.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is highly genetically diverse; however, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of prrsv in the boar farms of south china. in this study, 367 samples were collected from boar farms in south china in 2015. the nsp2 hypervariable region and orf5 gene were pcr amplified from 66 prrsv-positive samples, followed by sequencing and analysis. the percentage of prrsv antigen-positive samples was 17.98%; 8.72% were positive for highly pa ...201627888586
detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and influenza a virus (iav) in oral fluid of pigs.recently oral fluid has become a novel sample type for pathogen nucleic acid and antibody detection, as it is easy to obtain with non-invasive procedures. the objective of the study was to analyze porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and influenza a virus (iav) circulation in growing pigs from three polish production farms, using real time pcr and elisa testing of oral fluid and serum. oral fluids were collected every 2weeks, in the same 3-4 pens of pigs aged between 5 and ...201627892877
self-assembly of hexahistidine-tagged tobacco etch virus capsid protein into microfilaments that induce igg2-specific response against a soluble porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus chimeric protein.assembly of recombinant capsid proteins into virus-like particles (vlps) still represents an interesting challenge in virus-based nanotechnologies. the structure of vlps has gained importance for the development and design of new adjuvants and antigen carriers. the potential of tobacco etch virus capsid protein (tev cp) as adjuvant has not been evaluated to date.201627894314
the activation of the ifnβ induction/signaling pathway in porcine alveolar macrophages by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is variable.it has been recognized that the expression of type i interferon (ifnα/β) may be suppressed during infection with porcine reproductive, respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). this causes profound negative effects on both the innate and adaptive immunity of the host resulting in persistence of infection.201727896670
interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: an early immunomodulatory cytokine induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection poorly induces pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1, il-6 and tnf-α) and type i ifn production during the early phase of infection. our microarray analysis indicated strong upregulation of the il1ra gene in type 2 prrsv -infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells. interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra) is an early inhibitory cytokine that suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines and t-lymphocyte responses. to investigate the induc ...201727902420
heme oxygenase-1 metabolite biliverdin, not iron, inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication.porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus (prrsv) causes significant economic losses to the pork industry worldwide. previously, we demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) interferes with prrsv replication. to elucidate the mechanisms involved, here we assess whether the ho-1 downstream metabolites biliverdin (bv) and/or iron mediate the ho-1 antiviral effect. we demonstrate a bv concentration-dependent suppression of prrsv replication and show that virions are not directly inactivated by ...201727908781
genomic sequence and virulence evaluation of mn184a-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in japan.in this study, a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) that was isolated from a 9-week-old diseased pig on a farm in japan with a high mortality rate during 2007-2008 was characterized. this unique isolate, designated as jpn5-37, did not have a high nucleotide identity in open reading frame 5 against any japanese isolates. among all available type 2 prrsv complete genome sequences, jpn5-37 shared the highest nucleotide identity (93.6%) with virulent strain mn184a. the genom ...201627925288
up-regulation of il-10 upon prrsv vaccination impacts on the immune response against csfv.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection negatively impacts the efficacy of classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine. this paper investigates whether the prrsv vaccine also impacts the csfv vaccine and if the impact is time-related. forty-eight piglets born from four sows were divided into five groups (g1-g5). the piglets in g1 to g4 were given prrsv vaccine at 14, 21, 28 and 35days of age. the g5 group was not vaccinated with the prrsv. all pigs were given the csf ...201627938685
pathogenicity and antigenicity of a novel nadc30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerged in china.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has spread globally and caused huge economic loss. in recent years, a new kind of highly pathogenic nadc30-like strain has emerged in china. however, the pathogenicity and antigenicity of the virus are not well understood. in this study, prrsv strain fj1402 was isolated from piglets with clinical signs in fujian province in china in 2014. the complete genomic sequence analysis showed that it arose from recombination of north america nad ...201627938690
nonstructural protein 11 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus suppresses both mavs and rig-i expression as one of the mechanisms to antagonize type i interferon production.type i interferons (ifn-α/β) play a key role in antiviral defense, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is known to down-regulate the ifn response in virus-infected cells and pigs. in this study, we showed that the overexpression of nsp11 of prrsv induced a strong suppression of ifn production. nsp11 suppressed both irf3 and nf-κb activities when stimulated with a dsrna analogue and tnf-α, respectively. this suppression was rlr dependent, since the transcripts and prot ...201627997564
nonstructural protein 4 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modulates cell surface swine leukocyte antigen class i expression by downregulating β2-microglobulin transcription.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is the causative agent of prrs, which has important impacts on the pig industry. prrsv infection results in disruption of the swine leukocyte antigen class i (sla-i) antigen presentation pathway. in this study, highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) infection inhibited transcription of the β2-microglobulin (β2m) gene (b2m) and reduced cellular levels of β2m, which forms a heterotrimeric complex with the sla-i heavy chain and a variable pept ...201728003480
complete genome sequence of a mosaic nadc30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in china.here, we report the complete genome of an nadc30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) strain, hnhx, which was isolated from henan province, china, in 2016 and was characterized by recombination with jxa1 strain (an epidemic highly pathogenic prrsv strain in china) in nsp4 to nsp9.201628007861
overexpression of histone deacetylase 6 enhances resistance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is one of the most economically relevant viral pathogens in pigs and causes substantial losses in the pig industry worldwide each year. at present, prrsv vaccines do not effectively prevent and control this disease. consequently, it is necessary to develop new antiviral strategies to compensate for the inefficacy of the available vaccines. histone deacetylase 6 (hdac6) is an important member of the histone deacetylase family that is res ...201728052127
domain organization and evolution of the highly divergent 5' coding region of genomes of arteriviruses, including the novel possum nidovirus.in five experimentally characterized arterivirus species, the 5'-end genome coding region encodes the most divergent nonstructural proteins (nsp's), nsp1 and nsp2, which include papain-like proteases (plps) and other poorly characterized domains. these are involved in regulation of transcription, polyprotein processing, and virus-host interaction. here we present results of a bioinformatics analysis of this region of 14 arterivirus species, including that of the most distantly related virus, wob ...201728053107
phylogenetic characterization of genes encoding for viral envelope glycoprotein (orf5) and nucleocapsid protein (orf7) of porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome virus found in malaysia in 2013 and 2014.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is one of the most expensive diseases of modern swine production & results in annual economic losses and cost the industry over 600 million usd in u.s. alone and billions of dollars worldwide. two atypical prrs cases were observed in 2013 and 2014 characterized by late-term abortion, fever and sudden increase in sow mortality which persisted for a prolonged period of time.201728056965
control and eradication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 using a modified-live type 2 vaccine in combination with a load, close, homogenise model: an area elimination study.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes significant animal and economic losses worldwide. the infection is difficult to control and prrsv elimination at local level requires coordinated intervention among multiple farms. this case study describes a successful elimination of prrsv from all 12 herds on the horne peninsula, denmark, using a combination of load, close, homogenise (lch) using prrsv type 2 modified-live vaccine, optimised pig flow, and'10 golden rules' (10gr ...201728057035
genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in southern china from 2007 to 2014.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has a high degree of genetic variation. here, we characterized the genetic variation and evolutionary relationships among circulating prrsv strains in southern china. in this study, we analyzed 29 nsp2 strains and 150 orf5 strains from clinical samples collected in southern china during 2007-2014. the alignment results showed that the nucleotide identities of the two genes among these strains were 80.5-99.7% and 80.9-100%, respectively. ...201728057901
development of an immunochromatographic strip for the detection of antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.a simple and rapid immunochromatographic test strip using a colloidal gold-labeled recombinant nsp7 antigen probe was successfully developed for the detection of anti-prrsv antibodies in swine. recombinant nsp7 protein of prrsv labeled with colloidal gold was dispensed on a conjugate pad as the detector. staphylococcal protein a (spa) and purified porcine anti-nsp7 antibodies were blotted on a nitrocellulose membrane for the test and control lines, respectively. a comparison between the new assa ...201728057905
cross reactivity of immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection.because porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) exhibits extensive genetic variation among field isolates, characterizing the extent of cross reactivity of immune responses, and most importantly cell-mediated immunity (cmi), could help in the development of broadly cross-protective vaccines. we infected 12 prrsv-naïve pigs with prrsv strain fl12 and determined the number of interferon (ifn)-γ secreting cells (sc) by elispot assay using ten type 2 and one type 1 prrsv isolates ...201728062126
porcine gpx1 enhances gp5-based dna vaccination against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has been causing huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. commercial prrsv vaccines including killed and modified live ones are available. however the protective efficacy of these vaccines is incomplete. thus, it is in urgent need to develop safer and more effective prrsv vaccines. in this study, we constructed a recombinant plasmid co-expressing porcine glutathione peroxidase-1 (gpx1) and the envelope glycoprotein (gp5) en ...201728063474
positive immunomodulatory effects of heterologous dna vaccine- modified live vaccine, prime-boost immunization, against the highly-pathogenic prrsv infection.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection is one of the most important swine pathogens, and causes a major economic impact worldwide. recently, a new variant type 2 prrsv, highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) has emerged and continued to circulate in southeast asia region. currently, commercially available prrsv vaccines, modified live prrs vaccines (mlv) are not able to provide complete protection against hp-prrsv and been reported to induce negative immunomodulatory e ...201728063479
antagonizing cytokine-mediated jak-stat signaling by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.janus kinase (jak)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) signaling pathway is activated by myriad cytokines, which are involved in regulation of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, immunity and inflammatory response. because of its significance in immune response, jak-stat pathway is often targeted by pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). prrsv causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory disea ...201628069291
high-throughput whole genome sequencing of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from cell culture materials and clinical specimens using next-generation sequencing technology.next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies have increasingly played crucial roles in biological and medical research, but are not yet in routine use in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. we developed and applied a procedure for high-throughput rna sequencing of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) from cell culture-derived isolates and clinical specimens. ten prrsv isolates with known sequence information, 2 mixtures each with 2 different prrsv isolates, and 51 clinica ...201728074712
cellular microrna mir-10a-5p inhibits replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by targeting the host factor signal recognition particle 14.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is one of the most economically important viruses affecting the swine industry worldwide. micrornas (mirna) have recently been demonstrated to play vital roles in virus-host interactions. our previous research of small rna deep sequencing showed that the expression level of mir-10a increased during the viral lifecycle. the present study sought to determine the function of mir-10a and its molecular mechanism during prrsv infection. in th ...201728086075
genetic diversity of orf 4-6 of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in naturally infected pigs.genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has been highly prevalent throughout korea since the virus was first detected in 2005. however, genetic analyses of genotype 1 prrsv in korea have been limited to orf5 and/or orf7. in the present study, we determined 10 representative sequence covering orf4 to orf6 and each individual orfs of genotype 1 prrsv in korea, and performed molecular analyses. the most variable gene among the individual orfs of field strains was orf4 ...201728110785
reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the rapid detection of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is one of the most important pathogens in pigs, and has tremendous negative economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. prrsv is classified into the two distinct genotypes: type 1 and type 2, and most of the described prrsv isolates in china are type 2. rapid and sensitive detection of prrsv is of great importance for the disease control and regional eradication programs. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) has emerged as a ...201728122203
interleukin-21 drives proliferation and differentiation of porcine memory b cells into antibody secreting cells.immunological prevention of infectious disease, especially viral, is based on antigen-specific long-lived memory b cells. to test for cellular proliferation and differentiation factors in swine, an outbred model for humans, cd21+ b cells were activated in vitro with cd40l and stimulated with purported stimulatory cytokines to characterize functional responses. il-21 induced a 3-fold expansion in total cell numbers with roughly 15% of all b cells differentiating to igm or igg antibody secreting c ...201728125737
no clear effect of initiating vaccination against common endemic infections on the amounts of prescribed antimicrobials for danish weaner and finishing pigs during 2007-2013.it is often stated that vaccines may help reduce antimicrobial use in swine production. however, limited evidence is available outside clinical trials. we studied the change in amounts of antimicrobials prescribed for weaners and finishers in herds following initiation of vaccination against five common endemic infections: mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, porcine circovirus type ii, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and lawsonia intracellularis. compa ...201628138438
evaluation of the new commercial recombinant chimeric subunit vaccine prrsfree in challenge with heterologous types 1 and 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.the objective of this study was to evaluate a new recombinant chimeric vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the subunit vaccine, prrsfree, from reber genetics, taiwan, republic of china, is based on a plasmid containing a detoxified pseudomonas exotoxin carrying open reading frame (orf) 7, 1b, and 5 and 6 chimeric subunits of types 1 and 2 prrsv. pigs were injected intramuscularly with 2.0 ml of the vaccine at 21 and 42 d of age, according to the manufactu ...201728154457
assessment of the efficacy of two novel dna vaccine formulations against highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.since may 2006, a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) has emerged and prevailed in mainland china, affecting over 2 million pigs. commercial prrsv killed and modified live vaccines cannot provide complete protection against hp-prrsv due to genetic variation. development of more effective vaccines against the emerging hp-prrsv is urgently required. in our previous studies, two formulations of dna vaccines (pcdna3.1-poifn-λ1-synorf5 and bpei/plga-synorf ...201728157199
detection of a novel sapelovirus in central nervous tissue of pigs with polioencephalomyelitis in the usa.an approximately 3,000 finishing swine operation in the united states experienced an outbreak of an atypical neurologic disease in 11-weeks-old pigs with an overall morbidity of 20% and case fatality rate of 30%. the clinical onset and progression of signs in affected pigs varied but included inappetence, compromised ambulation, ataxia, incoordination, mental dullness, paresis, paralysis and decreased response to environmental stimuli. tissues from affected pigs were submitted for diagnostic inv ...201728160432
new perspective of host micrornas in the control of prrsv infection.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is one of the most important diseases in pigs, leading to significant economic losses in swine industry worldwide. prrs virus (prrsv) is an enveloped positive single-stranded rna virus, which mainly infects cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas and have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions. in the past several years, scientists have been trying to understand the interactio ...201728161213
genomewide association of piglet responses to infection with one of two porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is a devastating disease in the swine industry. identification of host genetic factors that enable selection for improved performance during prrs virus (prrsv) infection would reduce the impact of this disease on animal welfare and production efficiency. we conducted genomewide association study (gwas) analyses of data from 13 trials of approximately 200 commercial crossbred nursery-age piglets that were experimentally infected with 1 of 2 typ ...201728177360
emergence of a novel highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in china.from 2014 to 2015, four novel highly pathogenic prrs virus (hp-prrsv) strains named 14ly01-fj, 14ly02-fj 15ly01-fj, and 15ly02-fj were isolated from high morbidity (100%) and mortality (40%-80%) in piglets and sows in fujian province. to further our knowledge about these novel virus strains, we characterized their complete genomes and determined their pathogenicity in piglets. full-length genome sequencing analysis showed that these four isolates were closely related to type 2 (north american ty ...201728198110
polymerase cross-linking spiral reaction (pclsr) for detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) in pigs and wild boars.the study reports the development of a polymerase cross-linking spiral reaction (pclsr) for the detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) dna in blood collected from infected pigs and wild boars. the method uses 3 specifically designed primers. two outer-spiral primers comprising of 3' sequences complementary to asfv p72 gene sequence and 5'end sequences complementary to exogenous gene of black widow alpha-latrotoxin as well as additional asfv specific cross-linking primer. the method is spe ...201728198455
comparison of protocols for the analysis of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by rt-pcr using oral fluids.the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in oral fluids (of) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) is gaining increasing popularity. however, the different steps leading to a result have not been extensively evaluated. the aim of the present study was to examine the effect on the performance of qrt-pcr with different sampling materials, conditions of storage of the of, the need for centrifuging of, as well as to compare rna extraction m ...201728213086
genetic engineering alveolar macrophages for host resistance to prrsv.standard strategies for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) have not been effective, as vaccines have not reduced the prevalence of disease and many producers depopulate after an outbreak. another method of control would be to prevent the virus from infecting the pig. the virus was thought to infect alveolar macrophages by interaction with a variety of cell surface molecules. one popular model had prrsv first interacting with heparin sulfate followed by binding ...201728215617
identification of host cellular proteins that interact with the m protein of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine strain.the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) continues to pose one of the greatest threats to the swine industry. m protein is the most conserved and important structural protein of prrsv. however, information about the host cellular proteins that interact with m protein remains limited.201728222748
evaluation of hydrophobic chitosan-based particulate formulations of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine candidate t cell antigens.prrs control is hampered by the inadequacies of existing vaccines to combat the extreme diversity of circulating viruses. since immune clearance of prrsv infection may not be dependent on the development of neutralising antibodies and the identification of broadly-neutralising antibody epitopes have proven elusive, we hypothesised that conserved t cell antigens represent potential candidates for development of a novel prrs vaccine. previously we had identified the m and nsp5 proteins as well-con ...201728228336
precision engineering for prrsv resistance in pigs: macrophages from genome edited pigs lacking cd163 srcr5 domain are fully resistant to both prrsv genotypes while maintaining biological function.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is a panzootic infectious disease of pigs, causing major economic losses to the world-wide pig industry. prrs manifests differently in pigs of all ages but primarily causes late-term abortions and stillbirths in sows and respiratory disease in piglets. the causative agent of the disease is the positive-strand rna prrs virus (prrsv). prrsv has a narrow host cell tropism, limited to cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. cd163 has been descri ...201728231264
nuclear imprisonment of host cellular mrna by nsp1β protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.positive-strand rna genomes function as mrna for viral protein synthesis which is fully reliant on host cell translation machinery. competing with cellular protein translation apparatus needs to ensure the production of viral proteins, but this also stifles host innate defense. in the present study, we showed that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), whose replication takes place in the cytoplasm, imprisoned host cell mrna in the nucleus, which suggests a novel mechanism ...201728235682
unraveling the contact patterns and network structure of pig shipments in the united states and its association with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) outbreaks.the analysis of the pork value chain is becoming key to understanding the risk of infectious disease dissemination in the swine industry. in this study, we used social network analysis to characterize the swine shipment network structure and properties in a typical multisite swine production system in the us. we also aimed to evaluate the association between network properties and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) transmission between production sites. we analyzed the 1 ...201728237226
estimation of the transmission parameters for swine influenza and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in pigs from weaning to slaughter under natural conditions.in the present study, the transmission parameters of swine influenza virus (siv) and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (prrsv) have been calculated using the basic reproductive rate (r) parameter in two commercial pig farms (f1 and f2). in order to do this, a serological (prrsv genotype 1 and siv) and virological (siv) follow-up of a batch of animals was carried out weekly from 3 weeks of age until the age of slaughter on each farm. results of the analysis for siv and prrsv showed diffe ...201728237230
efficacy of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccine against the 2010 isolate of vietnamese highly pathogenic prrsv challenge in pigs.the efficacy of a commercial attenuated live type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) vaccine was tested under experimental infection with a highly virulent vietnamese virus isolated from a diseased pig affected with highly pathogenic prrs (hp-prrs) using specific pathogen-free (spf) pigs. twenty-five 4-week-old spf pigs were divided into three groups as follows: pigs vaccinated with a single dose of the vaccine (group 1, n=10), unvaccinated pigs (group 2, n=10) and unvaccinat ...201728239040
dynamic changes in bronchoalveolar macrophages and cytokines during infection of pigs with a highly or low pathogenic genotype 1 prrsv strain.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) replicates primarily in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pams) and the resulting lung damage is influenced by strain virulence. to better understand the pathogenesis of prrsv infection, we performed a longitudinal study of the pam population and lung cytokines in specific pathogen-free pigs infected either with the highly pathogenic lena strain or with the low pathogenic finistere strain in comparison to uninfected pigs. bronchoalveolar ...201728241868
characterisation of the nucleic acid binding features of the prrsv 7ap and its ability to induce antinuclear antibodies.a short alternative open reading frame named orf7a has recently been discovered within the nucleocapsid gene of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) genome. proteins (7ap) translated from the orf7a of two divergent strains - a type i and a type ii - are able to completely reduce the motility of nucleic acids at relatively high molar charge ratios in gel retardation assays indicating strong dsdna- and ssrna-binding capability. conserved rna- and dna-binding properties s ...201728244336
type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection increases apoptosis at the maternal-fetal interface in late gestation pregnant gilts.the pathogenesis of fetal death associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is hypothesized to be a consequence of prrs virus-induced apoptosis at the maternal-fetal interface (mfi). the objectives of this study were to evaluate distribution and degree of apoptosis in the uterine and fetal placental tissues during the experimental type 2 prrs virus (prrsv) infection and determine associations between apoptosis at the mfi, prrsv rna concentration and antigen staining inte ...201728253336
construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant swinepox virus expressing a multi-epitope peptide for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.to characterize neutralizing mimotopes, phages were selected from a 12-mer phage display library using three anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: (1) a1; (2) a2; and (3) a7. of these, a2 and a7 recognize the mimotope, p2, which contains the srhdhih motif, which has conserved consensus sequences from amino acid positions 156 to 161 in the n-terminal ectodomain of gp3. the artificial multi-epitope gene, mp2, was designed by combining ...201728272485
next-generation sequencing as a tool for the study of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) macro- and micro- molecular epidemiology. 201728274496
pbmc transcriptome profiles identifies potential candidate genes and functional networks controlling the innate and the adaptive immune response to prrsv vaccine in pietrain pig.the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is a devastating viral disease affecting swine production, health and welfare throughout the world. a synergistic action of the innate and the adaptive immune system of the host is essential for mounting a durable protective immunity through vaccination. therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) to characterize the innate and the adaptive immune response to pr ...201728278192
sampling guidelines for oral fluid-based surveys of group-housed animals.formulas and software for calculating sample size for surveys based on individual animal samples are readily available. however, sample size formulas are not available for oral fluids and other aggregate samples that are increasingly used in production settings. therefore, the objective of this study was to develop sampling guidelines for oral fluid-based porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) surveys in commercial swine farms. oral fluid samples were collected in 9 weekly s ...201728284415
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome type 1 viruses induce hypoplasia of erythroid cells and myeloid cell hyperplasia in the bone marrow of experimentally infected piglets independently of the viral load and virulence.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (prrsv) present a wide phenotypic and genetic diversity. experimental infections have demonstrated viral replication, including highly pathogenic strains (hp-prrsv), in primary lymphoid organs such as the thymus. however, studies of the bone marrow are scarce but necessary to help elucidate the immunobiology of prrsv strains of differing virulence. in this study, whereas viral rna was detected within the bone marrow of animals experimentally ...201728284598
transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 to and from vaccinated pigs in a one-to-one model.the present study examined transmission by contact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) 1 in a one-to-one model to vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs and from vaccinated infected pigs to other vaccinated pigs. the experiment started by randomly assigning weaned pigs to groups v (n=24) and u (n=26). v pigs were vaccinated with a commercial live attenuated prrsv vaccine and the u animals were kept as unvaccinated controls. twenty-eight days later, 6u pigs were separated and ...201728284607
pyrithione inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication through interfering with nf-κb and heparanase.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is a continuous threat to the pig industry, causing high economic losses worldwide. current vaccination strategies provide only limited protection against prrsv infection. consequently, there is a need to develop new antiviral strategies. pyrithione (pt), a zinc ionophore, is used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent, and evidence has shown that pt inhibits the replication of various rna viruses. however, there is no data regarding ...201728284615
novel insights into host responses and reproductive pathophysiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome caused by prrsv-2.a large challenge experiment using north american porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (prrsv-2) provided new insights into the pathophysiology of reproductive prrs. deep phenotyping of dams and fetuses identified maternal and fetal predictors of prrs severity and resilience. prrsv infection resulted in dramatic decreases in all leukocyte subsets by 2days post inoculation. apoptosis in the interface region was positively related to endometrial vasculitis, viral load in endometrium and feta ...201728292546
pathogenesis and control of the chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has remained a major threat to the worldwide swine industry ever since its first discovery in the early 1990s. under the selective pressures in the field, this positive-stranded rna virus undergoes rapid genetic evolution that eventually leads to emergence in 2006 of the devastating chinese highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv). the atypical nature of hp-prrsv has caused colossal economic losses to the swine producers in china and the surr ...201728292547
role of the microbiome in swine respiratory disease.microbiome is a term used to describe the community of microorganisms that live on the skin and mucosal surfaces of animals. the gastrointestinal microbiome is essential for proper nutrition and immunity. how the gastrointestinal microbiome impacts primary respiratory or systemic infections is an emerging area of study. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is caused by a systemic virus infection with primary lung pathology and continues to be the most costly disease of swine worl ...201728318782
the viral innate immune antagonism and an alternative vaccine design for prrs virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) remains one of the most economically significant diseases in the swine industry worldwide. the current vaccines are less satisfactory to confer protections from heterologous infections and long-term persistence, and the need for better vaccines are urgent. the immunological hallmarks in prrsv-infected pigs include the unusually poor production of type i interferons (ifns-α/β) and the aberrant and delayed adaptive immune responses, indicating t ...201728341332
enhancing heterologous protection in pigs vaccinated with chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus containing the full-length sequences of shuffled structural genes of multiple heterologous strains.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is the causative agent of arguably the most economically important global swine disease. the extensive genetic variation of prrsv strains is a major obstacle for heterologous protection of current vaccines. previously, we constructed a panel of chimeric viruses containing only the ectodomain sequences of dna-shuffled structural genes of different prrsv strains in the backbone of a commercial vaccine, and found that one chimeric virus ha ...201728343773
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) up-regulates il-8 expression through tak-1/jnk/ap-1 pathways.the acute phase of respiratory distress caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is likely a consequence of the release of inflammatory cytokines in the lung. il-8, the main chemokine and activator of neutrophils, might be related to the lung injury upon prrsv infection. in this study, we showed that prrsv induced il-8 expression in vivo and in vitro. subsequently, we demonstrated that jnk and nf-κb pathways were activated upon prrsv infection and required for the en ...201728347884
quasispecies evolution of the prototypical genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus early during in vivo infection is rapid and tissue specific.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is a major infectious threat to the pig industry worldwide. increasing evidence suggests that microevolution within a quasispecies population can give rise to high sequence heterogeneity in prrsv; potentially impacting the pathogenicity of the virus. here, we report on micro-evolutionary events taking place within the viral quasispecies population in lung and lymph node 3 days post infection (dpi) following experimental in vivo infectio ...201728361286
assessment of air sampling methods and size distribution of virus-laden aerosols in outbreaks in swine and poultry farms.swine and poultry viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv), are economically important pathogens that can spread via aerosols. the reliability of methods for quantifying particle-associated viruses as well as the size distribution of aerosolized particles bearing these viruses under field conditions are not well documented. we compared the performance of 2 size-differe ...201728363251
identification of a linear b-cell epitope on non-structural protein 12 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, using a monoclonal antibody.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has caused tremendous economic losses and continues to be a serious problem to the swine industry worldwide. the structure and function of prrsv nonstructural protein 12 (nsp12) is still unknown. in this study, we produced a monoclonal antibody, named as 1e5, against the nsp12 protein of hp (highly pathogenic) -prrsv strain hun4. a series of partially overlapping recombinant nsp12 truncations and synthesized peptides were used to define ...201728365807
emergence of mosaic recombinant strains potentially associated with vaccine jxa1-r and predominant circulating strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in different provinces of china.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has caused several outbreaks in china since 2006. however, the genetic diversity of prrsv in china has greatly increased by rapid evolution or recombination events. modified live-attenuated vaccines are widely used to control this disease worldwide. although the risk and inefficacy of the vaccine has been reported, the genetic diversity between epidemic field strains and vaccine strains in china has not been completely elucidated.201728376821
effect of a major quantitative trait locus for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) resistance on response to coinfection with prrs virus and porcine circovirus type 2b (pcv2b) in commercial pigs, with or without prior vaccination for prrs.a major qtl for host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus (prrsv) infection was identified in a previous study. single nucleotide polymorphism wur10000125 (wur), which is in complete linkage disequilibrium with the putative causative mutation, can be used as a tag snp for the qtl. however, the effect of wur following prrs vaccination and/or coinfection with other pathogens is not known. therefore, objectives of this study were to estimate the effect of wur on ho ...201728380604
host genetics of response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in nursery pigs.prrs is the most costly disease in the us pig industry. while vaccination, biosecurity and eradication effort have had some success, the variability and infectiousness of prrs virus strains have hampered the effectiveness of these measures. we propose the use of genetic selection of pigs as an additional and complementary effort. several studies have shown that host response to prrs infection has a sizeable genetic component and recent advances in genomics provide opportunities to capitalize on ...201728385270
gene editing as applied to prevention of reproductive porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) causes severe reproductive failure in sows, as well as transplacental transfer of prrs virus (prrsv) to late-gestation fetuses, resulting in abortions, early farrowing, increased number of stillborn piglets, and weak neonatal piglets. prrsv-infected boars present with anorexia and lethargy, and have decreased sperm quality. the gene for the cellular receptor that the prrsv uses, cluster of differentiation 163 (cd163), was edited using clustere ...201728390179
genetic architecture of gene expression underlying variation in host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection.it has been shown that inter-individual variation in host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) has a heritable component, yet little is known about the underlying genetic architecture of gene expression in response to prrs virus (prrsv) infection. here, we integrated genome-wide genotype, gene expression, viremia level, and weight gain data to identify genetic polymorphisms that are associated with variation in inter-individual gene expression and response to prrsv in ...201728393889
intranasal immunization of pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-like particles plus 2', 3'-cgamp vaccigrade™ adjuvant exacerbates viremia after virus challenge.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes reproductive failure in pregnant sows and acute respiratory disease in young pigs. it is a leading infectious agent of swine respiratory complex, which has significant negative economic impact on the swine industry. commercial markets currently offer both live attenuated and killed vaccines; however, increasing controversy exists about their efficacy providing complete protection. virus-like particles (vlps) possess many desirabl ...201728403874
a two-year follow-up study of the pcv2 status of a danish pig herd that was initially assumed to be pcv2-free.a longitudinal study was carried out to investigate whether a herd that had previously tested negative for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was free of pcv2 or whether the negative profiles indicate that the level of pcv2 varies over time.201528405414
performance of elisas for detection of antibodies against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus in serum of pigs after prrsv type 2 live vaccination and challenge.the aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of different newly developed and/or commercially available elisas for detection of prrsv specific antibodies. consequently, ten prrsv negative piglets (group v) were vaccinated with a prrsv type 2 vaccine. blood samples were taken before as well as seven, 21 and 42 days after vaccination. at day 42 after vaccination (day 0 of the study) all of the piglets from group v and 10 non-prevaccinated prrsv negative piglets (group n) were challenged wi ...201528405425
novel analytic tools for the study of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in endemic settings: lessons learned in the u.s.since its emergence in the late 1980's, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has posed a significant challenge to the pig industry worldwide. since then, a number of epidemiological tools have been created to support control and eventual elimination of the disease at the farm and regional levels. still, many aspects of the disease dynamics are yet-to-be elucidated, such as what are the economically optimal control strategies at the farm and regional level, what is the ...201628405429
modified-live prrsv subtype 1 vaccine unistrain(®) prrs provides a partial clinical and virological protection upon challenge with east european subtype 3 prrsv strain lena.western european porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) strains cause limited and mild clinical signs whereas more virulent strains are circulating in eastern europe. the emergence of such highly virulent strains in western europe might result in severe clinical problems and a financial disaster. in this context, the efficacy of the commercial modified-live prrsv subtype 1 vaccine unistrain(®) prrs was tested upon challenge with the east european subtype 3 prrsv strain lena.201628405438
emergence of a virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) 1 strain in lower austria.in spring 2015, an outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) struck lower austria caused by a prrs virus (prrsv) strain spreading rapidly among both previously prrsv negative and vaccinated pig herds. this case report describes the first well-documented emergence of the prrsv strain responsible for this outbreak.201628405454
provision of straw by a foraging tower -effect on tail biting in weaners and fattening pigs.straw is one of the most effective rooting materials to reduce tail biting in pigs. a so-called foraging-tower (ft) provides only small quantities of straw compatible with liquid manure systems. the focus of the present study was on the effect of providing straw by ft in order to prevent tail biting in tail docked pigs. four consecutive batches of 160 pigs, randomly divided into a straw (sg) and a control group (cg) were followed up from weaning to slaughter.201728405460
the use of oral fluids to monitor key pathogens in porcine respiratory disease complex.the usefulness of oral fluid (of) sampling for surveillance of infections in pig populations is already accepted but its value as a tool to support investigations of porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) has been less well studied. this study set out to describe detection patterns of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus type a (siv) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (m. hyo) among farms showing differing severity of ...201728405463
concurrent vaccination of boars with type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) reduces seminal shedding of type 1 and type 2 prrsv.the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of concurrent vaccination of boars with type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) on seminal shedding of both genotypes. the boars tolerated well concurrent administration of 2 commercial prrsv vaccines, and no adverse reactions were observed. no interference in the humoral immune response (measured as the level of anti-prrsv antibodies) or the cell-mediated immune response (measured as the level o ...201728408778
structural insights into type i and type ii of nsp4 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (nsp4 prrsv) by molecular dynamics simulations.porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (prrsv) causes major economic concerns for the swine industry worldwide. we have performed molecular dynamics simulations (md) and principle component analysis (pca) to investigate the role of the catalytic triad and conformational dynamics of type i and type ii of nsp4 prrsv. the results showed that the rmsf of residues 136-142 near the active site of all models was highly flexible. moreover, we identified the effect of single structural mutations of t ...201728411461
effector mechanisms of humoral immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) continues to afflict swine nearly 30 years after it was first discovered as the causative agent of "mystery swine disease". immunological tools of vaccination and exposure to virulent viruses have not succeeded in achieving control and prevention of prrsv. humoral immunity, mediated by antibodies, is a hallmark of anti-viral immunity, but little is known about the effector mechanisms of humoral immunity against prrsv. it is essential to ...201728413045
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection induces stress granule formation depending on protein kinase r-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (perk) in marc-145 cells.stress granules (sgs) are sites of mrna storage that are formed in response to various conditions of stress, including viral infections. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an arterivirus that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide since the late 1980s. in this study, we found that infection of prrsv strain wuh3 (genotype 2 prrsv) induced stable formation of robust sgs in marc-145 cells, as demonstrated by the recruitment of marker proteins of sgs, including ...201728421170
use of multi-trait and random regression models to identify genetic variation in tolerance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.a host can adopt two response strategies to infection: resistance (reduce pathogen load) and tolerance (minimize impact of infection on performance). both strategies may be under genetic control and could thus be targeted for genetic improvement. although there is evidence that supports a genetic basis for resistance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs), it is not known whether pigs also differ genetically in tolerance. we determined to what extent pigs that have been shown to ...201728424056
development of isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus virus type ii (pcv2) is the etiology of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome (pdns), and necrotizing pneumonia. rapid diagnosis tool for detection of pcv2 plays an important role in the disease control and eradication program. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) assays using a real-time fluorescent detection (pcv2 real-time rpa assay) and rpa combined with lateral flow dipstick (pcv2 rpa lfd assay) were developed ta ...201728424790
corrigendum: construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant swinepox virus expressing a multi-epitope peptide for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. 201728430207
indian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus bears discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids in nonstructural protein 2.since its first outbreak in 2013, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) has established as an enzootic disease in pig population of mizoram state, india. our previous studies based on phylogenetic analysis of orf5 and orf7 gene sequences revealed close relationship of indian prrsv with the highly pathogenic variant of prrsv (hp-prrsv) of chinese origin. despite the control measures, second major outbreak of the disease was recorded in aizawl district of mizoram in 2015. the object ...201628466041
concurrent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and haemophilus parasuis in two types of porcine macrophages: apoptosis, production of ros and formation of multinucleated giant cells.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is one of the most significant and economically important infectious diseases affecting swine worldwide and can predispose pigs to secondary bacterial infections caused by, e.g. haemophilus parasuis. the aim of the presented study was to compare susceptibility of two different types of macrophages which could be in contact with both pathogens during infection with prrs virus (prrsv) and in co-infection with h. parasuis. alveolar macrophages (p ...201728472979
the role of orf3 accessory protein in replication of cell-adapted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv).the orf3 accessory protein has been shown to impede reverse genetics of cell-culture-adapted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). its absence or truncated variants are also associated with viral attenuation in vivo. here, three orf3 variants (orf3np12, orf3np14 and orf3rb14) and their truncated counterparts were investigated for their regulatory role in recovery of cell-adapted pedv in vitro. we demonstrate that orf3np12, but not the truncated form, can inhibit recovery of reverse-genetics-de ...201728474223
heparanase upregulation contributes to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus release.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) continues to cause substantial economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. heparan sulfate (hs) is used by prrsv for initial attachment to target cells. however, the role of hs in the late phase of prrsv infection and the mechanism of virus release from host cells remain largely unknown. in this study, we showed that prrsv infection caused a decrease in hs expression and upregulated heparanase, the only known enzyme capable of degrad ...201728490587
regulation of inos-derived ros generation by hsp90 and cav-1 in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected swine lung injury.in the lungs, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (enos) is usually expressed in endothelial cells and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) is mainly expressed in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. both enos and inos are involved in lung inflammation. while they play several roles in lung inflammation formation and resolution, their expression and activity are also regulated by inflammatory factors. their expression relationship in virus infection-induced lung injury is not well addresse ...201728493081
genetic diversity and evolutionary characteristics of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in southeastern china from 2009 to 2014.the objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus circulating in fujian province (southeastern china). based on 53 orf5 nucleotide sequences collected from nine sites, both highly pathogenic (sublineage 8.7) and lineage 1 strains were circulating in fujian in 2009-2014 along with lineages 3 and 5.1. notably, the lineage 1 strains were closely related to the nadc30 strain circulating in north america and were the predominant str ...201728500445
reverse genetics for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is a reemerging swine disease, and has become economically the most significant disease in pork production worldwide. the causative agent is prrs virus (prrsv), which is a member virus of the family arteriviridae. the prrsv genome is a single-stranded positive-sense rna and is infectious. two strategies in the prrsv reverse genetics system have been employed for reconstitution of progeny virus: rna transfection and dna transfection. the prrsv ...201728508212
antigenic and biological characterization of orf2-6 variants at early times following prrsv infection.genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) challenges efforts to develop effective and broadly acting vaccines. although genetic variation in prrsv has been extensively documented, the effects of this variation on virus phenotype are less well understood. in the present study, prrsv open reading frame (orf)2-6 variants predominant during the first six weeks following experimental infection were characterized for antigenic and replication phenotype. there was ...201728509878
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