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exploration of the in vitro antiviral activity of a series of new pyrimidine analogues on the replication of hiv and hcv.in continuation of our search for new anti-hiv and anti-hcv agents, the suggestion, synthesis and structure elucidation of a new series of 2,6-diamino-4-alkylthio- or (2-benzylhydrazinyl)-5-p-chlorophenylazopyrimidines), 2,6-diamino-4-(2-benzylhydrazinyl)-5-(aryl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)pyrimidines, 2,6-diamino-4-(aryl)-5-(aryl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl) pyrimidines), 6-(aryl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-nitro pyrimidine-2,4-dione and 6-amino-4-methoxy-n,n-dimethyl-6-arylpyrimidines were described.201223010622
synthesis and evaluation of novel 4-substituted styryl quinazolines as potential antimicrobial agents.in an attempt to afford possible antibacterial and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) agents, a series of 22 novel styryl quinazoline-based heterocyclic entities were designed and synthesized. various substituted aryl urea and thiourea cores were incorporated at position 4 of quinazoline, followed by styrylation of position 2, aiming at an augmented biological potential. the synthesized compounds were well characterized through ir, (1) h nmr, (13) c nmr and elemental analyses. all compounds ...201223018557
structure-activity relationship study of pyrimido[1,2-c][1,3]benzothiazin-6-imine derivatives for potent anti-hiv agents.3,4-dihydro-2h,6h-pyrimido[1,2-c][1,3]benzothiazin-6-imine (pd 404182) is an antiretroviral agent with submicromolar inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infection. in the current study, the structure-activity relationships of accessory groups at the 3- and 9-positions of pyrimido[1,2-c][1,3]benzothiazin-6-imine were investigated for the development of more potent anti-hiv agents. several different derivatives containing a 9-aryl group were designed and sy ...201223022280
three main mutational pathways in hiv-2 lead to high-level raltegravir and elvitegravir resistance: implications for emerging hiv-2 treatment regimens.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is intrinsically resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and exhibits reduced susceptibility to several of the protease inhibitors used for antiretroviral therapy of hiv-1. thus, there is a pressing need to identify new classes of antiretroviral agents that are active against hiv-2. although recent data suggest that the integrase strand transfer inhibitors raltegravir and elvitegravir may be beneficial, mutations that are known to ...201223028968
synthesis and antiviral evaluation of bis(pom) prodrugs of (e)-[4'-phosphono-but-2'-en-1'-yl]purine nucleosides.seventeen hitherto unknown bis(pom) prodrugs of novel (e)-[4'-phosphono-but-2'-en-1'-yl]purine nucleosides were prepared in a straight approach and at good yields. those compounds were synthesized by the reaction of purine nucleobases directly with the phosphonate synthon 3 bearing pom biolabile groups under mitsunobu conditions. all obtained compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against a large number of dna and rna viruses including herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella z ...201223047229
effect of complement on hiv-2 plasma antiviral activity is intratype specific and potent.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected individuals develop immunodeficiency with a considerable delay and transmit the virus at rates lower than hiv-1-infected persons. conceivably, comparative studies on the immune responsiveness of hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected hosts may help to explain the differences in pathogenesis and transmission between the two types of infection. previous studies have shown that the neutralizing antibody response is more potent and broader in hiv-2 than in hiv ...201323077299
tailored hiv-1 vectors for genetic modification of primary human dendritic cells and monocytes.monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mddcs) play a key role in the regulation of the immune system and are the target of numerous gene therapy applications. the genetic modification of mddcs is possible with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-derived lentiviral vectors (lvs) but requires high viral doses to bypass their natural resistance to viral infection, and this in turn affects their physiological properties. to date, a single viral protein is able to counter this restrictive phenotyp ...201223077304
translation initiation is driven by different mechanisms on the hiv-1 and hiv-2 genomic rnas.the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) unspliced full length genomic rna possesses features of an eukaryotic cellular mrna as it is capped at its 5' end and polyadenylated at its 3' extremity. this genomic rna is used both for the production of the viral structural and enzymatic proteins (gag and pol, respectively) and as genome for encapsidation in the newly formed viral particle. although both of these processes are critical for viral replication, they should be controlled in a timely manner f ...201323079111
frequent intratype neutralization by plasma immunoglobulin a identified in hiv type 2 infection.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is less transmissible and less pathogenic compared to hiv-1 and, when matched for cd4(+) t cell count, the plasma viral load in hiv-2-infected individuals is approximately one log lower than in hiv-1-infected individuals. the explanation for these observations is elusive, but differences in virus controlling immunity generated in the two infections may be contributing factors. in the present study, we investigated neutralization by immunoglobulin a (ig ...201323088167
the carboxyl-terminus of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 circulating recombinant form 01_ab capsid protein affects sensitivity to human trim5α.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 shows limited geographical distribution compared with hiv type 1. although 8 genetic groups of hiv type 2 (hiv-2) have been described, recombinant viruses between these groups are rarely observed. recently, three hiv-2 patients in japan were described with rapidly progressive, acquired immunodeficiency. these patients were infected with an a/b inter-group recombinant designated crf01_ab. here, we characterize the capsid protein (ca) encoded by the viruse ...201223094081
gcn2 has inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein synthesis and is cleaved upon viral infection.the reversible phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eif2alpha) is a well-characterized mechanism of translational control in response to a wide variety of cellular stresses, including viral infection. beside pkr, the eif2alpha kinase gcn2 participates in the cellular response against viral infection by rna viruses with central nervous system tropism. pkr has also been involved in the antiviral response against hiv-1, although this antiviral effect i ...201223110064
a phenyl-thiadiazolylidene-amine derivative ejects zinc from retroviral nucleocapsid zinc fingers and inactivates hiv virions.sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) through mucosal transmission may be prevented by using topically applied agents that block hiv transmission from one individual to another. therefore, virucidal agents that inactivate hiv virions may be used as a component in topical microbicides.201223146561
a rationally engineered anti-hiv peptide fusion inhibitor with greatly reduced immunogenicity.peptides derived from the c-terminal heptad repeat 2 (hr2) region of the hiv-1 gp41 envelope glycoprotein, so-called c peptides, are very efficient hiv-1 fusion inhibitors. we previously developed innovative gene therapeutic approaches aiming at the direct in vivo production of c peptides from genetically modified host cells and found that t cells expressing membrane-anchored or secreted c peptides are protected from hiv-1 infection. however, an unwanted immune response against such antiviral pe ...201323147734
resistance to antibody neutralization in hiv-2 infection occurs in late stage disease and is associated with x4 tropism.to characterize the nature and dynamics of the neutralizing antibody (nab) response and escape in chronically hiv-2 infected patients.201223151495
contribution of sam and hd domains to retroviral restriction mediated by human samhd1.the human samhd1 protein is a novel retroviral restriction factor expressed in myeloid cells. previous work has correlated the deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase activity of samhd1 with its ability to block hiv-1 and siv(mac) infection. samhd1 is comprised of the sterile alpha motif (sam) and histidine-aspartic (hd) domains; however the contribution of these domains to retroviral restriction is not understood. mutagenesis and deletion studies revealed that expression of the sole hd domain of sa ...201323158101
multiple platforms of a hiv-2 derived lentiviral vector for expanded utility.using the indian human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolate derived lentiviral vector (lv) system reported earlier, we have derived multiple differently configured transfer vectors. among the features imparted, the novel ones include a blue/white colony screening platform, a shorter vector backbone candidate and availability of default dual tags. simultaneously, panels with different utilities were also made using this lv. these include neomycin or puromycin or hygromycin selection mark ...201323159456
synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and docking studies of n-phenylarylformamide derivatives (pafas) as non-nucleoside hiv reverse transcriptase inhibitors.a series of n-phenylarylformamide derivatives (pafas) with anti-wild-type hiv-1 activity (ec(50) values) ranging from 0.3 nm to 5.1 nm and therapeutic index (ti) ranging from 10 616 to 271 000 were identified as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. among them, compound 13g (ec(50) = 0.30 nm, ti = 184 578), 13l (ec(50) = 0.37 nm, ti = 212 819), 13m (ec(50) = 0.32 nm, ti = 260 617) and 13r (ec(50) = 0.27 nm, ti = 271 000) displayed the highest activity against this type virus nea ...201223164656
seroprevalence of certain bacterial and viral infections among the irula tribal population of marakkanam, tamil nadu state, india.seroprevalence study in irula tribe of marakkanam, tamil nadu state was carried out for certain bacterial (typhoid, syphilis and leptospirosis) and viral infection (hanta, hepatitis b and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)).201323174132
hiv-2 antiviral potency and selection of drug resistance mutations by the integrase strand transfer inhibitor elvitegravir and nrtis emtricitabine and tenofovir in vitro.hiv-2 is susceptible to only a subset of approved antiretroviral drugs. a single tablet regimen containing the integrase strand transfer inhibitor elvitegravir (evg) boosted by cobicistat plus the nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors emtricitabine (ftc) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (evg/cobi/ftc/tdf) has potent activity against hiv-1 and may have utility against hiv-2.201323187937
men, primates, and germs: an ongoing affair.humans and nonhuman primates are phylogenetically (i.e., genetically) related and share pathogens that can jump from one species to another. the specific strategies of three groups of pathogens for crossing the species barrier among primates will be discussed. in africa, gorillas and chimpanzees have succumbed for years to simultaneous epizootics (i.e.. "multi-emergence") of ebola virus in places where they are in contact with chiropters, which could be animal reservoirs of these viruses. human ...201323239237
immunising with the transmembrane envelope proteins of different retroviruses including hiv-1: a comparative study.the induction of neutralizing antibodies is a promising way to prevent retrovirus infections. neutralizing antibodies are mainly directed against the envelope proteins, which consist of two molecules, the surface envelope (su) protein and the transmembrane envelope (tm) protein. antibodies broadly neutralizing the human immunodeficiencvy virus-1 (hiv-1) and binding to the tm protein gp41 of the virus have been isolated from infected individuals. their epitopes are located in the membrane proxima ...201323249763
evaluation of two, commercial, multi-dye, nucleic acid amplification technology tests, for hbv/hcv/hiv-1/hiv-2 and b19v/hav, for screening blood and plasma for further manufacture.the cobas taqscreen mpx test, version 2.0, a multiplex, multi-dye nucleic acid amplification technology (nat) test from roche was evaluated by two european blood banks, the german red cross blood donor service, frankfurt, germany and centro de hemoterapia y hemodonación de castilla y león, valladolid, spain. in addition, the cobas taqscreen dpx test was evaluated for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of parvovirus b19 and the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav).201323252689
evidence for a different susceptibility of primate lentiviruses to type i interferons.type i interferons induce a complex transcriptional program that leads to a generalized antiviral response against a large panel of viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). however, despite the fact that interferons negatively regulate hiv-1 ex vivo, a chronic interferon state is linked to the progression of aids and to robust viral replication, rather than protection, in vivo. to explain this apparent contradiction, we hypothesized that hiv-1 may have evolved a partial re ...201323255800
cell-cell transmission allows human t-lymphotropic virus 1 to circumvent tetherin restriction.tetherin is part of the cellular innate immunity and impedes cell-free transmission of viruses that bud from the plasma membrane by retaining them on the cell surface. some viruses have evolved activities in different proteins such as vpu (hiv-1), k-protein (kshv), nef (siv) or env (hiv-2) to downregulate tetherin and overcome its restriction. we found that chronically htlv-1 infected t-cell lines express eightfold more tetherin than uninfected transformed t-cell lines suggesting that tetherin e ...201323260108
samhd1 restricts hiv-1 cell-to-cell transmission and limits immune detection in monocyte-derived dendritic cells.samhd1 is a viral restriction factor expressed in dendritic cells and other cells, inhibiting infection by cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) particles. samhd1 depletes the intracellular pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, thus impairing hiv-1 reverse transcription and productive infection in noncycling cells. the vpx protein from hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm/sivmac) antagonizes the effect of samhd1 by triggering its degradation. a large part of hiv-1 sprea ...201223269793
absence of routine molecular testing and prevalence of hiv-2 infection in regions hardest-hit by hiv infection.investigating the incidence and dynamics of hiv-2 and false-negative hiv test results in a highly sexually active population where frequent opportunities exist for acquiring and transmitting infections provides additional understanding of the epidemiology of the virus in africa.201223276739
an ancestral hiv-2/simian immunodeficiency virus peptide with potent hiv-1 and hiv-2 fusion inhibitor activity.to produce new fusion inhibitor peptides for hiv-1 and hiv-2 based on ancestral envelope sequences.201323324659
adaptation to the interferon-induced antiviral state by human and simian immunodeficiency viruses.the production of type i interferon (ifn) is an early host response to different infectious agents leading to the induction of hundreds of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). the roles of many isgs in host defense are unknown, but their expression results in the induction of an "antiviral state" that inhibits the replication of many viruses. here we show that prototype primate lentiviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (siv(mac) and siv(mne)) ...201323325684
novel factors interfering with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication in vivo and in vitro.the strategy of all retroviral infections is based on establishing an equilibrium between virus replication and proviral latency in the infected host. the human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (hiv-1), belonging to the subfamily of lentiviridae, adds an additional level of sophistication to this general rule by encoding two regulatory genes (tat and rev) and four accessory genes (nef, vif, vpr and vpu); hiv-2, structurally similar to hiv-1 but characterized by lower pathogenicity in vivo, encodes ...201323330719
host iron redistribution as a risk factor for incident tuberculosis in hiv infection: an 11-year retrospective cohort study.identifying people at higher risk of developing tuberculosis with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection may improve clinical management of co-infections. iron influences tuberculosis (tb) pathogenesis, but understanding the exact mechanisms of how and timing of when iron is involved remains challenging since biological samples are rarely available from the disease susceptibility period due to the difficulty in predicting in who and when, if ever, tb will develop. the objective of this res ...201323360117
[molecular epidemiological analysis of hiv-1 pol gene sequences isolated in istanbul, turkey].human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) characterized by a high genetic variability includes two genotypes namely hiv-1 and hiv-2. a major proportion of the infections worldwide is caused by hiv-1 which includes four groups (m, n, o and p). group m being responsible for the hiv pandemic is further divided into nine genetically distinct subtypes (a, b, c, d, f, g, h, j, and k). additionally, more than 49 circulating recombinant forms (crfs) have been recognized up to now. the aim of this study was to ...201323390906
integrating antiretroviral therapy into antenatal care and maternal and child health settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.to determine whether integrating antiretroviral therapy (art) into antenatal care (anc) and maternal and child health (mch) clinics could improve programmatic and patient outcomes.201223397350
tetramerization of samhd1 is required for biological activity and inhibition of hiv infection.samhd1 is a dgtp-activated dntpase that has been implicated as a modulator of the innate immune response. in monocytes and their differentiated derivatives, as well as in quiescent cells, samhd1 strongly inhibits hiv-1 infection and, to a lesser extent, hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) because of their virion-associated virulence factor vpx, which directs samhd1 for proteasomal degradation. here, we used a combination of biochemical and virologic approaches to gain insights into the ...201323426366
hiv-2eu: supporting standardized hiv-2 drug resistance interpretation in europe.considering human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) phenotypic data and experience from hiv type 1 and from the follow-up of hiv-2-infected patients, a panel of european experts voted on a rule set for interpretation of mutations in hiv-2 protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase and an automated tool for hiv-2 drug resistance analyses freely available on the internet (http://www.hiv-grade.de).201323429380
when phylogenetic analysis complements the epidemiological investigation: a case of hiv-2 infection, italy.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is geographically restricted, affecting west african countries such as guinea- bissau and cape verde. we describe a recent case of hiv-2 infection in an italian patient. phylogenetic analysis of the v3 region of hiv-2 indicated that the italian patient was infected by hiv-2 subtype a2. the sequence obtained from the italian patient clustered significantly with a sequence isolated from senegal. a phylogenetic doubt may arise from a guinea biss ...201323435822
synthesis, antiviral and cytotoxicity studies of novel n-substituted indophenazine derivatives.a series of novel n-substituted indophenazine derivatives were synthesised and screened for antiviral activity against a panel of human pathogenic viruses. new compounds were synthesised through modifying the n-hydrogen of indophenazine moiety with different substitution and formaldehyde by mannich reaction. the structure of the synthetic compounds was characterised by means of infra red and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. the compound 10h-indolo-2-amino pyridine [3,2-b] quinoxalines i ...201223440065
monocyte and myeloid dendritic cell activation occurs throughout hiv type 2 infection, an attenuated form of hiv disease.monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (mdcs) are important orchestrators of innate and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific immune responses and of the generalized inflammation that characterizes aids progression. to our knowledge, we are the first to investigate monocyte and mdc imbalances in hiv type 2 (hiv-2)-positive patients, who typically feature reduced viremia and slow disease progression despite the recognized ability of hiv-2 to establish viral reservoirs and overcome host restr ...201323460749
prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis c virus, hepatitis b virus and syphilis among individuals attending anonymous testing for hiv in luanda, angola.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv) and syphilis remain major infections around the world. in angola there are about 166 000 individuals living with hiv, representing a prevalence of 1.98% in adults between 15 and 49 years of age. in a 2003 study in luanda, 4.5% of pregnant women had antibodies to hiv and 8.1% to hbv, and 5.4% were infected with treponema pallidum. objectives. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hiv-1 and 2, h ...201323472697
hiv-2 and its role in conglutinated approach towards acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) vaccine development.acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is one of the most critically acclaimed endemic diseases, caused by two lentiviruses hiv-1 and 2. hiv-2 displays intimate serological and antigenic resemblance to simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) along with less pathogenicity, lower infectivity and appreciable cross reactivity with hiv-1 antigens. the present era is confronted with the challenge to fabricate a vaccine effective against all clades of both the species of hiv. but vaccine development aga ...201323483108
restriction of diverse retroviruses by samhd1.samhd1 is a triphosphohydrolase that restricts the replication of hiv-1 and siv in myeloid cells. in macrophages and dendritic cells, samhd1 restricts virus replication by diminishing the deoxynucleotide triphosphate pool to a level below that which supports lentiviral reverse transcription. hiv-2 and related sivs encode the accessory protein vpx to induce the proteasomal degradation of samhd1 following virus entry. while samhd1 has been shown to restrict hiv-1 and siv, the breadth of its restri ...201323497255
the efficiency of vpx-mediated samhd1 antagonism does not correlate with the potency of viral control in hiv-2-infected individuals. 201323497283
rapid detection of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 by use of an improved piezoelectric biosensor.disasters can create situations in which blood donations can save lives. however, in emergency situations and when resources are depleted, on-site blood donations require the rapid and accurate detection of blood-borne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). techniques such as pcr and antibody capture by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for hiv-1 and hiv-2 are precise but time-consuming and require sophisticated equipment that is not compati ...201323515541
effect of sex steroid hormones on replication and transmission of major hiv subtypes.the hiv epidemic is expanding worldwide with an increasing number of distinct viral subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (crfs). out of 34 million adults living with hiv and aids, women account for one half of all hiv-1 infections worldwide. these gender differences in hiv pathogenesis may be attributed to sex hormones. little is known about the role of sex hormone effects on hiv subtypes pathogenesis. the aim of our study was to determine sex hormone effects on replication and transmissib ...201323542659
correlates of t-cell-mediated viral control and phenotype of cd8(+) t cells in hiv-2, a naturally contained human retroviral infection.while a significant proportion of hiv-2-infected individuals are asymptomatic and maintain undetectable viral loads (controllers), 15% to 20% progress to aids and are predicted by detectable viremia. identifying immune correlates that distinguish these 2 groups should provide insights into how a potentially pathogenic retrovirus can be naturally controlled. we performed a detailed study of hiv-2-specific cellular responses in a unique community cohort in guinea-bissau followed for over 2 decades ...201323558015
a novel anti-hiv active integrase inhibitor with a favorable in vitro cytochrome p450 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase metabolism profile.research efforts on the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) integrase have resulted in two approved drugs. however, co-infection of hiv with mycobacterium tuberculosis and other microbial and viral agents has introduced added complications to this pandemic, requiring favorable drug-drug interaction profiles for antiviral therapeutics targeting hiv. cytochrome p450 (cyp) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (ugt) are pivotal determining factors in the occurrence of adverse drug-drug in ...201323602851
update on the human immunodeficiency virus.at the end of 2011, unaids estimated that 34 million (31.4 to 35.9) individuals were infected by hiv worldwide and that 2.5 million were newly infected during the year. since 2001, we have observed an increased number of hiv-infected patients in the world, due to an expanded access to antiretroviral drugs. more than 23,5 million (22.1 to 24.8) hiv-infected patients live in sub-saharan africa. the number of hiv-infected patients in france is estimated at 152,000. two types of hiv cause aids: hiv- ...201323628423
platelet activation suppresses hiv-1 infection of t cells.platelets, anucleate cell fragments abundant in human blood, can capture hiv-1 and platelet counts have been associated with viral load and disease progression. however, the impact of platelets on hiv-1 infection of t cells is unclear.201323634812
an hiv type 2 case series in italy: a phylogenetic analysis.in recent years, the increase of migration from countries where human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is endemic to industrialized countries has facilitated the spread of the virus in individuals previously unexposed to this threat. in this report, we performed a phylogenetic analysis on pol and env sequences of hiv-2 strains identified in foreigners and native citizens to trace the origin of infection. all but one of the 17 pol gene sequences were classified as group a. hiv-2 strains were ...201323638670
the hiv-2 rev-response element: determining secondary structure and defining folding intermediates.interaction between the viral protein rev and the rna motifs known as rev response elements (rres) is required for transport of unspliced and partially spliced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 rnas from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during the later stages of virus replication. a more detailed understanding of these nucleoprotein complexes and the host factors with which they interact should accelerate the development of new antiviral drugs targeting cis-acting rna regulatory signal ...201323640333
high level of susceptibility to human trim5α conferred by hiv-2 capsid sequences.hiv-2, which was transmitted to humans from a distant primate species (sooty mangabey), differs remarkably from hiv-1 in its infectivity, transmissibility and pathogenicity. we have tested the possibility that a greater susceptibility of hiv-2 capsid (ca) to the human restriction factor trim5α (htrim5α) could contribute to these differences.201323647667
laboratory diagnosis of hiv in adults: a review of current methods.of the estimated 1.2 million people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the united states, 20% are unaware of their diagnosis. improved methods of hiv testing could decrease this number, as well as identify those who have recently acquired hiv infection and are at the most critical stage of infectivity. people with acute hiv infection have demonstrated enhanced transmission of hiv in multiple epidemiologic and pathogenetic studies. more than 50 000 hiv infections occur annually i ...201323667267
hiv-2 and sivmac accessory virulence factor vpx down-regulates samhd1 enzyme catalysis prior to proteasome-dependent degradation.samhd1, a dgtp-regulated deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dntp) triphosphohydrolase, down-regulates dntp pools in terminally differentiated and quiescent cells, thereby inhibiting hiv-1 infection at the reverse transcription step. hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) counteract this restriction via a virion-associated virulence accessory factor, vpx (vpr in some sivs), which loads samhd1 onto crl4-dcaf1 e3 ubiquitin ligase for polyubiquitination, programming it for proteasome-dependent ...201323677995
restriction of retroviral infection of macrophages.primate immunodeficiency viruses are highly specialized lentiviruses that have evolved to successfully infect and persist for the lifetime of the host. despite encountering numerous potent antiviral factors, hivs and sivs are successful pathogens due to the acquisition of equally potent countermeasures in the form of accessory genes. the accessory gene vpx encoded by hiv-2 and a subset of sivs have a profound effect on the ability of lentiviruses to infect non-dividing cells, such as macrophages ...201323686233
transient expansion of activated cd8(+) t cells characterizes tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with hiv: a case control study.cd4(+) t cell activation indicators have been reported to be a common phenomenon underlying diverse manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris). however, we have found that a high frequency of circulating cd8(+) t cells is a specific risk factor for mycobacterial iris. therefore, we investigated whether cd8(+) t cells from patients who develop tb iris were specifically activated.201323688318
anti-hiv host factor samhd1 regulates viral sensitivity to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors via modulation of cellular deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dntp) levels.newly identified anti-hiv host factor, samhd1, restricts replication of lentiviruses such as hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus in macrophages by enzymatically hydrolyzing and depleting cellular dntps, which are the substrates of viral dna polymerases. hiv-2 and some simian immunodeficiency viruses express viral protein x (vpx), which counteracts samhd1 and elevates cellular dntps, enhancing viral replication in macrophages. because nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrtis ...201323744077
large-scale graphene micropattern nano-biohybrids: high-performance transducers for fet-type flexible fluidic hiv immunoassays.large-scale fet-type graphene micropattern (gm) nano-biohybrid-based immunosensor (gmns) is fabricated in a controlled fashion to detect human immunodeficiency virus 2 antibody. flexible gmns shows a highly sensitive response and excellent mechanical bendability. the flexible gmns in fluidic systems also has a stable response. this is the first experimental demonstration of a large-scale flexible fluidic fet-type immunoassay based on gm nano-biohybrids.201323744620
electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay featuring proximal reagent generation: detection of human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in clinical samples.we describe a simple electrochemical immunoassay for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody detection that localizes capture and detection reagents in close proximity to a microelectrode. antigenic peptides from hiv-1 gp41 or hiv-2 gp36 were covalently attached to a su-8 substrate that also presented a template for the deposition of three-dimensional microelectrodes. the detection of hiv antibodies was achieved with an electrochemical immunoassay where an alkaline phosphatase conjugated sec ...201323758505
increased hot flash severity and related interference in perimenopausal human immunodeficiency virus-infected women.as women with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are living longer, more are entering perimenopause. prior studies suggest that hiv-infected women are more likely to have hot flashes than non-hiv-infected women. however, little is known regarding hot flash severity and hot flash-related interference with daily function, mood, and quality of life in this population.201423820600
non-m variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.the aids pandemic that started in the early 1980s is due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m (hiv-m), but apart from this major group, many divergent variants have been described (hiv-1 groups n, o, and p and hiv-2). the four hiv-1 groups arose from independent cross-species transmission of the simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) sivcpz, infecting chimpanzees, and sivgor, infecting gorillas. this, together with human adaptation, accounts for their genomic, phylogenetic, and ...201323824367
synthesis and antiviral activity of new substituted methyl [2-(arylmethylene-hydrazino)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]acetates.a series of new methyl [2-(arylmethylene-hydrazono)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]acetates (5a-o) were synthesized via cyclocondensation of thiosemicarbazones (3a-o) with dimethyl but-2-ynedioate (4) in good yields under solvent-free conditions. the environmentally friendly solvent-free protocol overcomes the limitations associated with the customary protracted solution phase synthesis and afforded the title compounds in a few minutes. compounds 5b-i and 5h-o were evaluated for their antiviral act ...201323828482
tetherin/bst-2 antagonism by nef depends on a direct physical interaction between nef and tetherin, and on clathrin-mediated endocytosis.nef is the viral gene product employed by the majority of primate lentiviruses to overcome restriction by tetherin (bst-2 or cd317), an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein that inhibits the detachment of enveloped viruses from infected cells. although the mechanisms of tetherin antagonism by hiv-1 vpu and hiv-2 env have been investigated in detail, comparatively little is known about tetherin antagonism by siv nef. here we demonstrate a direct physical interaction between siv nef and rhes ...201323853598
low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in non-hodgkin lymphoma and significant correlations with lactic acid dehydrogenase and β2-microglobulin.dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein (dc-signr), a type ii integral membrane protein and a member of the c-type lectins, has been reported to bind various strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. serum dc-signr is not currently available for the detection of non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl). using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), we assessed the serum levels of dc-signr in 70 cancer patients and 100 healthy control ...201323859015
evolutionary toggling of vpx/vpr specificity results in divergent recognition of the restriction factor samhd1.samhd1 is a host restriction factor that blocks the ability of lentiviruses such as hiv-1 to undergo reverse transcription in myeloid cells and resting t-cells. this restriction is alleviated by expression of the lentiviral accessory proteins vpx and vpr (vpx/vpr), which target samhd1 for proteasome-mediated degradation. however, the precise determinants within samhd1 for recognition by vpx/vpr remain unclear. here we show that evolution of vpx/vpr in primate lentiviruses has caused the interfac ...201323874202
small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) break the species barrier to acquire new host range.zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1 and hiv-2), the two major viruses that cause aids in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. the genus includes arthritis-encephalitis viru ...201323881276
would clsi m53-a have helped in the diagnosis of hiv in canada? results of the performance of canadian laboratories participating in a recent nlhrs proficiency testing panel containing hiv-1 antigen positive (antibody negative) and hiv-2 samples.the clinical and laboratory standards institute recently published m53-a, criteria for laboratory testing and diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection; approved guideline (2011), which includes a state of the art algorithm for identifying hiv-1 acute and hiv-2 infections. to assess the ability of canadian laboratories to detect these sample types and the impact of m53-a, the national laboratory for hiv reference services distributed a special proficiency testing panel.201323890809
hiv vaccine to induce cytotoxic t cells recognizing conserved hiv-1/2-epitopes derived from the most frequent hla types of the human population.evaluation of: pleguezuelos o, stoloff ga, caparros-wanderley w. synthetic immunotherapy induces hiv virus specific th1 cytotoxic response and death of an hiv-1 infected human cell line through classic complement activation. virol. j. 10(1), 107 (2013). aids vaccine development represents an unprecedented challenge in both immunogen design and delivery to induce potent and long-lasting hiv-specific immune responses, including neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl). pleguezuelo ...201323902551
synthesis and broad spectrum antiviral evaluation of bis(pom) prodrugs of novel acyclic nucleosides.a series of seventeen hitherto unknown anp analogs bearing the (e)-but-2-enyl aliphatic side chain and modified heterocyclic base such as cytosine and 5-fluorocytosine, 2-pyrazinecarboxamide, 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide or 4-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared in a straight approach through an olefin acyclic cross metathesis as key synthetic step. all novel compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against a large number of dna and rna viruses including herpes simplex virus ...201323911854
hiv type 1 infection of plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells is restricted by high levels of samhd1 and cannot be counteracted by vpx.dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system and are major producers of type-i interferon. their role in hiv-1 infection is not well understood. they express cd4 and ccr5 yet appear to be resistant to infection. in culture, infection of the cells with hiv-1 is inhibited by the host cell restriction factor samhd1. lentiviruses such as hiv-2/sivmac counteract the restriction by encoding vpx, a virion-packaged accessory protein that induces the proteasomal degradat ...201423924154
a twin-cysteine motif in the v2 region of gp120 is associated with siv envelope trimer stabilization.the v1 and v2 variable regions of the primate immunodeficiency viruses contribute to the trimer association domain of the gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. a pair of v2 cysteine residues at 183 and 191 ("twin cysteines") is present in several simian immunodeficiency viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and some siv(cpz) lineages, but not in hiv-1. to examine the role of this potentially disulfide-bonded twin-cysteine motif, the cysteine residues in the sivmac239 envelope glyc ...201323936006
lack of evidence of simian immunodeficiency virus infection among nonhuman primates in taï national park, côte d'ivoire: limitations of noninvasive methods and siv diagnostic tools for studies of primate retroviruses.it is now well established that the human immunodeficiency viruses, hiv-1 and hiv-2, are the results of cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv) naturally infecting nonhuman primates in sub-saharan africa. sivs are found in many african primates, and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling primate bushmeat. sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) and western red colobus (piliocolobus badius badius) are infected with siv at a high rate in the t ...201123950618
high level of hiv-2 false positivity in kwazulu-natal province: a region of south africa with a very high hiv-1 subtype c prevalence.human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) is found predominantly in west africa. it is not unlikely, however, that hiv-2 may also be found in south africa, due to the influx of immigrants into this country. it is important to distinguish between hiv-1 and hiv-2 since the clinical courses and treatment responses of these viruses are different. routine serological methods for diagnosing hiv do not differentiate between hiv-1 and -2 infections, while rapid tests, viral load quantification and pcr are ...201323959597
defective hiv-1 quasispecies in the form of multiply drug-resistant proviral dna within cells can be rescued by superinfection with different subtype variants of hiv-1 and by hiv-2 and siv.hiv-1 generates swarms of similar, but genetically distinct, variants termed quasispecies and many of these variants can be defective. a relevant question is whether such defective species can contribute to viral pathogenesis. indeed, we previously reported that a presumed recombination of defective proviral dna with other complementary defective proviral dna or with wild-type viral dna in the aftermath of superinfection could lead to the rescue of defective provirus and the production of replic ...201423963235
restriction of virus infection but not catalytic dntpase activity is regulated by phosphorylation of samhd1.samhd1 is a host protein responsible, at least in part, for the inefficient infection of dendritic, myeloid, and resting t cells by hiv-1. interestingly, hiv-2 and sivsm viruses are able to counteract samhd1 by targeting it for proteasomal degradation using their vpx proteins. it has been proposed that samhd1 is a dgtp-dependent deoxynucleoside triphosphohydrolase (dntpase) that restricts hiv-1 by reducing cellular dntp levels to below that required for reverse transcription. however, nothing is ...201323966382
[role of line immunoassay in the diagnosis of early hiv infection: a diagnostic case].combined p24 antigen-hiv antibody fourth-generation assays that identify most of the early hiv infections have been used extensively worldwide for several years. this poses challenges for the traditional algorithm of line immunoassay (lia) confirmation. lia tests are useful methods with their high specificity and their ability to differentiate hiv-1 from hiv-2, but they are reactive days after the fourth generation enzyme immunoassays. with acute hiv infection, high levels of infectious virus ar ...201323971936
[evaluation of a new vesion of the human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody combination assay with improved sensitivity in hiv-1 p24 antigen detection].the performance of a new version of the hiv p24 antigen and antibody combination assays (genscreen ultra hiv ag-ab) was evaluated by comparing it with three other fourth-generation enzyme immunoassays (architect hiv ag/ab combo assay, vidas hiv duo quick and genscreen plus hiv ag-ab). the assays were examined with 200 hiv positive samples, 1,000 hiv negative samples, 30 samples (28 positives including 24 samples of subtype a, b, b', c, d, f, g, b/d, crf01_ae in hiv-1 group m, one sample of hiv-1 ...201323984590
inhibition of cul4a neddylation causes a reversible block to samhd1-mediated restriction of hiv-1.the deoxynucleoside triphosphohydrolase samhd1 restricts retroviral replication in myeloid cells. human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and a simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus macaques (sivmac) encode vpx, a virion-packaged accessory protein that counteracts samhd1 by inducing its degradation. samhd1 is thought to work by depleting the pool of intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates but has also been reported to have exonuclease activity that could allow it to degrade the viral ...201323986575
vif proteins from diverse primate lentiviral lineages use the same binding site in apobec3g.apobec3g (a3g) is a cytidine deaminase that restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other lentiviruses. most of these viruses encode a vif protein that directly binds a3g and leads to its proteasomal degradation. both vif proteins of hiv-1 and african green monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm) bind residue 128 of a3g. however, this position does not control the a3g degradation by vif variants derived from hiv-2 and sivmac, which both originated from siv of sooty mangab ...201323986590
evaluation of five simple rapid hiv assays for potential use in the brazilian national hiv testing algorithm.since 2005, the department of sexually transmitted diseases (stds), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and viral hepatitis under the health surveillance secretariat in brazil's ministry of health has approved a testing algorithm for using rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tests in the country. given the constant emergence of new rapid hiv tests in the market, it is necessary to maintain an evaluation program for them. conscious of this need, this multicenter study was conducted to ...201323994148
prevalence of hiv infection among tuberculosis patients in eastern india.india has a high tuberculosis (tb) burden. a significant percentage of tb patients are human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive. as the hiv epidemic is fueling the global tb epidemic, the prevalence of the virus in tb patients is a sensitive indicator of the spread of hiv into the general population in many regions. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hiv-tb co-infection among a less studied population of eastern india.201323999356
ccr6 functions as a new coreceptor for limited primary human and simian immunodeficiency viruses.more than 12 chemokine receptors (ckrs) have been identified as coreceptors for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), type 2 (hiv-2), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) into target cells. the expression of cc chemokine receptor 6 (ccr6) on th17 cells and regulatory t cells make the host cells vulnerable to hiv/siv infection preferentially. however, only limited information is available concerning the specific role of ccr6 in hiv/siv infection. we examined ccr6 as a co ...201324009735
transfusion transmittable infections - seroprevalence among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital of delhi.transfusion transmittable infections (tti) continue to be a major threat to safe transfusion practices. blood is one of the major sources of transmission of infectious diseases viz. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), syphilis, malaria, and many other infections in india. screening assays for the infectious diseases with excellent sensitivity and specificity helps to enhance the safety of the blood transfusions reducing the diagnostic window peri ...201324014940
[evolution of residual risk for hiv, hcv and hbv, from 1999 to 2010, in blood donations of the centro hospitalar s. joão, epe, porto, portugal].monitoring the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections is important to evaluate the improvement achieved in the blood donation safety and to adopt policies to reduce risks. the present study calculates the incidence of the key infectious diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) as well as the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections, during twelve years, 1999 through 2010. data were analyzed over 3 period ...201324016646
selection and characterization of viruses resistant to the dual acting pyrimidinedione entry and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor iqp-0410.the 1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-6-(phenylthio)thymine (hept)-like compounds with homocyclic moieties at the n-1 of the pyrimidinedione, including the highly potent lead compound iqp-0410, inhibit hiv-1 at sub-nanomolar concentrations primarily through a typical non-nucleoside mechanism involving allosteric inhibition at the hydrophobic binding pocket of the hiv-1 rt. like all nnrtis, the pyrimidinediones have no activity against hiv-2 rt. the pyrimidinediones, however, also possess a second mode o ...201324055450
[study of molecular function of proteins in human immunodeficiency virus].human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has no more than nine genes expressing approximately twenty proteins. when t lymphocytes and macrophages in a body are infected with hiv, these proteins work in turn at specific time and location, causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), a disease yet to be overcome. since the elucidation of molecular mechanism of hiv proteins should lead to remedy of aids, the author has been engaged in the study of hiv protein in the past decade. described herein ar ...201324088354
further characterisation of rotavirus cores: ss(+)rnas can be packaged in vitro but packaging lacks sequence specificity.rotavirus (rv) cores were released from double-layered particles (dlps) by high concentrations of cacl2, purified and 'opened' by treatment with edta or egta. under appropriate in vitro conditions dlps have been shown to have transcriptase and 'open cores' replicase activity. furthermore, it has been demonstrated that transcriptase activity and infectivity of native cores can be restored by transcapsidation with vp6, vp7 and vp4. the missing link for particle reconstitution in vitro has been the ...201324091366
poly-proline motif in hiv-2 vpx is critical for its efficient translation.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) carries an accessory protein vpx that is important for viral replication in natural target cells. in its c-terminal region, there is a highly conserved poly-proline motif (ppm) consisting of seven consecutive prolines, encoded in a poly-pyrimidine tract. we have previously shown that ppm is critical for vpx expression and viral infectivity. to elucidate the molecular basis underlying this observation, we analysed the expression of vpx proteins with var ...201424114794
distribution of jc virus genotypes among serbian patients infected with hiv and in healthy donors.certain factors lead to increased reactivation of jc virus (jcv) and immunodeficiency seems to be the most important. jcv isolates can be classified into eight different genotypes and several subtypes based on nucleotide difference in the vp1 gene. jcv genotypes are strongly associated with particular ethnic groups and frequently used as genetic markers for human evolution and migration. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of jcv urinary shedding and genotype distribution in ser ...201424123117
discovery and full genome characterization of two highly divergent simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting black-and-white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) in kibale national park, uganda.african non-human primates (nhps) are natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv), the zoonotic transmission of which led to the emergence of hiv-1 and hiv-2. however, our understanding of siv diversity and evolution is limited by incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling of nhps, particularly in east africa. in this study, we screened blood specimens from nine black-and-white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza occidentalis) from kibale national park, uganda, for novel sivs using a ...201324139306
activity of and effect of subcutaneous treatment with the broad-spectrum antiviral lectin griffithsin in two laboratory rodent models.griffithsin (grft) is a red-alga-derived lectin that binds the terminal mannose residues of n-linked glycans found on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and other enveloped viruses, including hepatitis c virus (hcv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), and ebola virus. grft displays no human t-cell mitogenic activity and does not induce production of proinflammatory cytokines in treated human cell lines. however, despite the growing evidence ...201324145548
evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope in the first years of infection is associated with the dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response.differently from hiv-1, hiv-2 disease progression usually takes decades without antiretroviral therapy and the majority of hiv-2 infected individuals survive as elite controllers with normal cd4⁺ t cell counts and low or undetectable plasma viral load. neutralizing antibodies (nabs) are thought to play a central role in hiv-2 evolution and pathogenesis. however, the dynamic of the nab response and resulting hiv-2 escape during acute infection and their impact in hiv-2 evolution and disease progr ...201324156513
[consensus statement by gesida/national aids plan secretariat on antiretroviral treatment in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (updated january 2013)].this consensus document is an update of combined antiretroviral therapy (cart) guidelines for hiv-1 infected adult patients.201324161378
samhd1 host restriction factor: a link with innate immune sensing of retrovirus infection.samhd1 [sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain (hd) containing protein 1] is the most recent addition to a unique group of host restriction factors that limit retroviral replication at distinct stages of the viral life cycle. samhd1 is a deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase that degrades the intracellular pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates available during early reverse transcription. samhd1 activity is blocked by the vpx accessory function present in human immunodefici ...201324161438
influence of hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 infection and cd4 count on cervical hpv dna detection in women from senegal, west africa.hiv infection is associated with greater risk of precancerous lesions and cervical cancer in women. however, several factors remain unclarified regarding the association between hiv infection and hpv detection, especially among those with hiv type 2 versus type 1 infection and severely immunocompromised persons.201324210330
malaria and hiv co-infection and their effect on haemoglobin levels from three health-care institutions in lagos, southwest nigeria.malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are two major infections with enormous public health consequence. together, they are endemic in many developing countries with anaemia being the most frequent haematological consequence of the infections.201324235927
the capsids of hiv-1 and hiv-2 determine immune detection of the viral cdna by the innate sensor cgas in dendritic cells.hiv-2 is less pathogenic for humans than hiv-1 and might provide partial cross-protection from hiv-1-induced pathology. although both viruses replicate in the t cells of infected patients, only hiv-2 replicates efficiently in dendritic cells (dcs) and activates innate immune pathways. how hiv is sensed in dc is unknown. capsid-mutated hiv-2 revealed that sensing by the host requires viral cdna synthesis, but not nuclear entry or genome integration. the hiv-1 capsid prevented viral cdna sensing u ...201324269171
antagonism of samhd1 is actively maintained in natural infections of simian immunodeficiency virus.restriction factors are effectors of the innate immune response to viral pathogens that inhibit viral replication by operating as molecular barriers to steps of the viral life cycle. the restriction factor samhd1 blocks lentiviral reverse transcription in myeloid cells and resting cd4+ t cells. many lineages of lentiviruses, including hiv-2 and other simian immunodeficiency viruses, encode accessory genes that serve to counteract host samhd1 restriction by causing degradation of the antiviral fa ...201324324150
structural basis of lentiviral subversion of a cellular protein degradation pathway.lentiviruses contain accessory genes that have evolved to counteract the effects of host cellular defence proteins that inhibit productive infection. one such restriction factor, samhd1, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 infection of myeloid-lineage cells as well as resting cd4(+) t cells by reducing the cellular deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate (dntp) concentration to a level at which the viral reverse transcriptase cannot function. in other lentiviruses, including hiv-2 and related ...201424336198
validation and clinical use of a sensitive hiv-2 viral load assay that uses a whole virus internal control.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is distantly related to the more widespread hiv-1. although hiv-2 infection is rare in the u.s., cases are concentrated in the northeast. no fda-approved hiv-2 viral load assays exist. a clinically validated laboratory-developed assay is currently available in the u.s., however it is not currently approved for use on new york state patients.201324342472
field evaluation of the abbott architect hiv ag/ab combo immunoassay.fourth generation assays for hiv diagnosis are progressively being introduced into routine services, due to their improvement of diagnosis. in spite of this, hiv diagnosis remains a challenge in sub-saharan africa, due to false positive reactivity. there is a continuous need for field evaluations and routine validations of fourth generation hiv tests in african populations.201324342480
comparative evaluation of the bio-rad geenius hiv-1/2 confirmatory assay and the bio-rad multispot hiv-1/2 rapid test as an alternative differentiation assay for clsi m53 algorithm-i.the clsi-m53-a, criteria for laboratory testing and diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection; approved guideline includes an algorithm in which samples that are reactive on a 4th generation eia screen proceed to a supplemental assay that is able to confirm and differentiate between antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2. the recently ce-marked bio-rad geenius hiv-1/2 confirmatory assay was evaluated as an alternative to the fda-approved bio-rad multispot hiv-1/hiv-2 rapid test which has ...201324342484
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