Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| efficacy, duration, and onset of immunogenicity of a west nile virus vaccine, live flavivirus chimera, in horses with a clinical disease challenge model. | west nile virus (wnf) is a flavivirus responsible for a life-threatening neurological disease in man and horses. development of improved vaccines against flavivirus infections is therefore important. | 2007 | 18065305 |
| incidence of primary dengue virus infections in southern vietnamese children and reactivity against other flaviviruses. | to study the incidence of asymptomatic primary dengue infections among children and reactivity against other flaviviruses. | 2007 | 18076564 |
| complement protein c1q inhibits antibody-dependent enhancement of flavivirus infection in an igg subclass-specific manner. | severe dengue virus infection can occur in humans with pre-existing antibodies against the virus. this observation led to the hypothesis that a subneutralizing antibody level in vivo can increase viral burden and cause more severe disease. indeed, antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ade) in vitro has been described for multiple viruses, including the flaviviruses dengue virus and west nile virus. here, we demonstrate that the complement component c1q restricts ade by anti-flavivirus igg ... | 2007 | 18078693 |
| construction and application of chimeric virus-like particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus and mosquito-borne japanese encephalitis virus. | we have previously reported a system for packaging tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus subgenomic replicon rnas into single-round infectious virus-like particles (vlps) by using in trans expression of viral c/prm/e structural proteins. in this study, the trans-packaging system was applied to the generation of chimeric vlps with mosquito-borne japanese encephalitis (je) virus. although trans-expression of tbe virus c and je virus prm/e proteins resulted in the secretion of vlps, the expression of ... | 2008 | 18089744 |
| elisa as an alternative tool for epidemiological surveillance for dengue in mosquitoes: a report from thailand. | dengue fever (df), dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) and dengue shock syndrome (dss) are the re-emerging infectious diseases caused by the four serotypes of dengue (den) virus, type 1 to 4, belonging to the family flaviviridae and genus flavivirus. in the absence of a safe and effective mass immunisation, the prevention and control of dengue outbreaks depend upon the surveillance of cases and mosquito vector. the aim of this work is to test enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tool for the vir ... | 2007 | 18092535 |
| serological studies of west nile virus in a liver transplant population. | background: solid organ transplant populations are at increased risk for serious clinical manifestations of west nile virus (wnv) infection. objective: to monitor liver transplant recipients during the 2003 wnv season in manitoba and to identify incidence, clinical presentation and serology. methods: serial blood specimens were obtained from adult patients followed at the liver transplant outpatient clinic between may 2003 and october 2003. studies for wnv infection included immunoglobulin (ig) ... | 2004 | 18159505 |
| genetic determinants of sindbis virus mosquito infection are associated with a highly conserved alphavirus and flavivirus envelope sequence. | wild-type sindbis virus (sinv) strain mre16 efficiently infects aedes aegypti midgut epithelial cells (mec), but laboratory-derived neurovirulent sinv strain te/5'2j infects mec poorly. sinv determinants for mec infection have been localized to the e2 glycoprotein. the e2 amino acid sequences of mre16 and te/5'2j differ at 60 residue sites. to identify the genetic determinants of mec infection of mre16, the te/5'2j virus genome was altered to contain either domain chimeras or more focused nucleo ... | 2008 | 18160430 |
| monoclonal antibodies that bind to common epitopes on the dengue virus type 2 nonstructural-1 and envelope glycoproteins display weak neutralizing activity and differentiated responses to virulent strains: implications for pathogenesis and vaccines. | the abilities of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that bind to defined sequential epitopes on the dengue virus (denv) nonstructural-1 (ns1) glycoproteins to cross-react with epitopes on the denv envelope (e) glycoproteins were investigated. in this study, some of these mabs cross-reacted with the denv type 2 (denv-2) e glycoprotein and with synthetic peptides representing x-ray crystallographically confirmed surface-exposed regions on this glycoprotein. mab 1g5.3 cross-reacted with the flavivirus-co ... | 2008 | 18160621 |
| detection and isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from blood clots collected during the acute phase of infection. | clinical specimens from an encephalitis outbreak in the lakhimpur area of uttar pradesh, india, were investigated for identification and characterization of the etiologic agent. igm capture elisa showed recent japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection. jev isolation was attempted from white blood cells (wbcs) separated from blood clots of 12 patients (9 igm positive and 3 negative) by serial co-culturing with phytohemagglutinin p-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (pbmcs) obtai ... | 2007 | 18165537 |
| flavivirus-like particles in the cardiac myocyte of a patient with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. | 2007 | 18167234 | |
| epidemiological study of tick-borne encephalitis virus in northern greece. | serum samples from 921 apparently healthy individuals living in different prefectures of northern greece were investigated for the presence of antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus. in addition, serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples of 302 patients with central nervous system (cns) infection were tested for the presence of specific igg and igm antibodies and tbe virus rna. two percent of the general population was found to have antibodies to the virus, with no significant differ ... | 2007 | 18171108 |
| ultrastructural evidence of the ehrlichial developmental cycle in naturally infected ixodes persulcatus ticks in the course of coinfection with rickettsia, borrelia, and a flavivirus. | ehrlichiae are small gram-negative obligately intracellular bacteria that multiply within vacuoles of their host cells and are associated for a part of their life cycle with ticks, which serve as vectors for vertebrate hosts. two morphologically and physiologically different ehrlichial cell types, reticulate cells (rc) and dense-cored cells (dc), are observed during experimental infection of cell cultures, mice, and ticks. dense-cored cells and reticulate cells in vertebrate cell lines alternate ... | 2007 | 18171109 |
| hts identifies novel and specific uncompetitive inhibitors of the two-component ns2b-ns3 proteinase of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv), a member of the flavividae family, is a mosquito-borne, emerging pathogen. in addition to wnv, the family includes dengue, yellow fever, and japanese encephalitis viruses, which affect millions of individuals worldwide. because countermeasures are currently unavailable, flaviviral therapy is urgently required. the flaviviral two-component nonstructural ns2b-ns3 proteinase (protease [pro]) is essential for viral life cycle and, consequently, is a promising drug target. we r ... | 2007 | 18181690 |
| flavivirus dna vaccines--good science, uncertain future. | 2007 | 18190248 | |
| a west nile virus dna vaccine induces neutralizing antibody in healthy adults during a phase 1 clinical trial. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause severe meningitis and encephalitis in infected individuals. we report the safety and immunogenicity of a wnv dna vaccine in its first phase 1 human study. | 2007 | 18190252 |
| antibodies targeting linear determinants of the envelope protein protect mice against west nile virus. | the flavivirus envelope (e) protein mediates cellular attachment and fusion with host cell membranes and is recognized by virus-neutralizing antibodies. we raised antibodies against a broad range of epitopes by immunizing a horse with recombinant west nile virus (wnv) e protein. to define epitopes recognized by protective antibodies, we selected, by affinity chromatography, immunoglobulins against immobilized linear peptides derived from parts of the e protein. immunoglobulins binding 9 differen ... | 2007 | 18190253 |
| effective inhibition of japanese encephalitis virus replication by small interfering rnas targeting the ns5 gene. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes an acute infection of the central nervous system resulting in encephalitis of humans and many kinds of animals. ns5, the largest and most conserved flavivirus protein, is homologous to methyltransferase and rna-dependent rna polymerase. rna interference is an effective anti-viral strategy to inhibit viral replication in vitro. in this study, four short hairpin rna (shrna) expression vectors (ps4.1-ns5-201, ps4.1-ns5-455, ps4. ... | 2008 | 18190994 |
| the chikungunya threat: an ecological and evolutionary perspective. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus. although primarily african and zoonotic, it is known chiefly for its non-african large urban outbreaks during which it is transmitted by the same vectors as those of dengue viruses. unlike dengue viruses, chikv displays a re-emergence pattern that closely depends on long-distance migrations including recent re-immigrations from african (putatively zoonotic) sources. genus-based differences also emerged when comparing the evoluti ... | 2008 | 18191569 |
| west nile virus is neutralized by hocl-modified human serum albumin that binds to domain iii of the viral envelope protein e. | the outbreaks of west nile virus (wnv), an emerging flavivirus recently implicated in outbreaks of fatal encephalitis, necessitate the development of effective anti-wnv drugs. in this study, it is demonstrated that human serum albumin is transformed into a wnv antiviral substance by hypochlorite (hocl) modification. the hocl-modified albumin efficiently neutralized wnv in vitro (ec50=300 nm) and showed binding to a recombinant protein, representing the domain iii of the wnv external envelope e g ... | 2008 | 18191981 |
| increased blood-brain barrier permeability is not a primary determinant for lethality of west nile virus infection in rodents. | blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability was evaluated in mice and hamsters infected with west nile virus (wnv, flavivirus) as compared to those infected with semliki forest (alphavirus) and banzi (flavivirus) viruses. bbb permeability was determined by measurement of fluorescence in brain homogenates or cerebrospinal fluid (csf) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of sodium fluorescein, by macroscopic examination of brains after i.p. injection of evans blue, or by measurement of total protein ... | 2008 | 18198377 |
| yellow fever virus ns3 plays an essential role in virus assembly independent of its known enzymatic functions. | in flaviviruses it has been proposed that there is a coupling between genome replication and virion assembly and that nonstructural proteins are involved in this process. it was previously reported that mutations in yellow fever virus (yfv) nonstructural protein ns2a blocked production of infectious virus and that this block could be released by a suppressor mutation in ns3. here, based on studies using a yfv replicon-based trans-packaging system as well as full-length yfv cdna, we report that m ... | 2008 | 18199634 |
| crystal structure of the catalytic domain of japanese encephalitis virus ns3 helicase/nucleoside triphosphatase at a resolution of 1.8 a. | the ns3 protein of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a large multifunctional protein possessing protease, helicase, and nucleoside 5'-triphosphatase (ntpase) activities, and plays important roles in the processing of a viral polyprotein and replication. to clarify the enzymatic properties of ns3 protein from a structural point of view, an enzymatically active fragment of the jev ntpase/helicase catalytic domain was expressed in bacteria and the crystal structure was determined at 1.8 a resolu ... | 2008 | 18201743 |
| defining the levels of secreted non-structural protein ns1 after west nile virus infection in cell culture and mice. | infection with west nile virus (wnv) causes a febrile illness that can progress to meningitis or encephalitis, primarily in humans that are immunocompromised or elderly. for successful treatment of wnv infection, accurate and timely diagnosis is essential. previous studies have suggested that the flavivirus non-structural protein ns1, a highly conserved and secreted glycoprotein, is a candidate protein for rapid diagnosis. herein, we developed a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) ... | 2008 | 18205232 |
| west nile virus and blood product safety in germany. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus, widely distributed throughout africa, asia and the middle east. wnv may cause epidemics of human meningoencephalitis. the unexpected emergence of wnv (new york, 1999) and its rapid spread throughout north america during the following years caused a number of blood transfusion- and organ transplant-associated transmissions of wnv. in order to estimate the potential wnv threat for central europe, we analyzed the anti-wnv prevalence and wn ... | 2008 | 18205233 |
| after a tick bite in a tick-borne encephalitis virus endemic area: current positions about post-exposure treatment. | if a person suffers a tick bite in tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) endemic areas, there is uncertainty on post-exposure treatment of naïve (non-immune) persons in order to protect the patient against tbe. particularly, there are no distinct positions on the use of tbe active immunization as post-exposure treatment. of special concern is the possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection and exacerbation of disease in case of post-exposure vaccination. such phenomena have been reported ... | 2008 | 18206274 |
| evaluation of the langat/dengue 4 chimeric virus as a live attenuated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine for safety and immunogenicity in healthy adult volunteers. | with the steady rise in tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) infections in europe, development of a live attenuated vaccine that will generate long-lasting immunity would be of considerable benefit. a chimeric flavivirus, designated lgt/den4, was previously constructed to have a genome containing the prm and e protein genes of langat virus (lgt), a naturally attenuated member of the tbev complex, and the remaining genetic sequences derived from dengue 4 virus (den4). lgt/den4 was highly attenuat ... | 2008 | 18207289 |
| universal primers that amplify rna from all three flavivirus subgroups. | species within the flavivirus genus pose public health problems around the world. increasing cases of dengue and japanese encephalitis virus in asia, frequent outbreaks of yellow fever virus in africa and south america, and the ongoing spread of west nile virus throughout the americas, show the geographical burden of flavivirus diseases. flavivirus infections are often indistinct from and confused with other febrile illnesses. here we review the specificity of published primers, and describe a n ... | 2008 | 18218114 |
| recent advances in flavivirus antiviral drug discovery and vaccine development. | many flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus, dengue virus, japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and west nile virus, are globally important human pathogens. despite an emergence and resurgence of flavivirus-mediated disease, specific therapies are not yet available; however, significant progress has been made toward the prevention and treatment of flavivirus infections. in this article we review recent advances made in the areas of (i) flavivirus vaccine development, a ... | 2006 | 18221133 |
| rapid detection of dengue virus in serum using magnetic separation and fluorescence detection. | a magnetophoretic fluorescence sensor (mfs) has been developed to rapidly detect dengue virus in serum at a sensitivity that was approximately three orders of magnitude higher than conventional solid phase immunoassays. uv inactivated type 2 dengue virus was first reacted with a mixture of superparamagnetic and fluorescent microparticles functionalised with an anti-type 2 dengue virus monoclonal antibody in 10% fetal calf serum. the magnetic particles were separated from the serum based on their ... | 2008 | 18227947 |
| development and evaluation of one step single tube multiplex rt-pcr for rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses. | dengue is emerging as a major public health concern in many parts of the world. the development of a one-step, single tube, rapid, and multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (m-rt-pcr) for simultaneous detection and typing of dengue virus using serotype specific primers during acute phase of illness is reported. | 2008 | 18234069 |
| specific requirements for elements of the 5' and 3' terminal regions in flavivirus rna synthesis and viral replication. | we initially studied requirements for 5' and 3' terminal regions (trs) in flavivirus negative strand synthesis in vitro. purified west nile (wnv) and dengue-2 (dv2) rna polymerases were both active with all-wnv or all-dv2 subgenomic rnas containing the 5'- and 3'trs of the respective genomes. however, subgenomic rnas in which the 5'-noncoding region (5'ncr) or the 5'orf (nts 100-230) in the 5'tr were substituted by analogous sequences derived from the heterologous genome were modestly to severel ... | 2008 | 18234265 |
| human outbreak of st. louis encephalitis detected in argentina, 2005. | an outbreak of flavivirus encephalitis occurred in 2005 in córdoba province, argentina. | 2008 | 18249032 |
| a strong endoplasmic reticulum retention signal in the stem-anchor region of envelope glycoprotein of dengue virus type 2 affects the production of virus-like particles. | recombinant virus-like particles (vlps) of flaviviruses have been shown to be produced efficiently by co-expressing the precursor membrane (prm) and envelope (e) proteins with few exceptions, such as dengue virus type 2 (denv2). it was reported previously that chimeric denv2 prm/e construct containing the stem-anchor region of e protein of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) produced vlps efficiently (chang, g. j., hunt, a. r., holmes, d. a., springfield, t., chiueh, t. s., roehrig, j. t., and gub ... | 2008 | 18252258 |
| assay for and replication of karshi (mammalian tick-borne flavivirus group) virus in mice. | little is known about the replication of karshi virus, a member of the mammalian tick-borne flavivirus group, in its rodent hosts. therefore, we developed a quantitative real-time rt-pcr assay and measured the amount of viral rna in selected tissues of infected swiss webster mice. two-day-old mice were highly susceptible, with 100% fatality 9 to 12 days after infection, whereas infection in 9-day-old mice was less virulent, with death occurring only rarely. in nearly all cases, mice inoculated w ... | 2008 | 18256443 |
| modulation of signaling pathways by rna virus capsid proteins. | capsid proteins are structural components of virus particles. they are nucleic acid-binding proteins whose main recognized function is to package viral genomes into protective structures called nucleocapsids. research over the last 10 years indicates that in addition to their role as genome guardians, viral capsid proteins modulate host cell signaling networks. disruption or alteration of intracellular signaling pathways by viral capsids may benefit replication of the virus by affecting innate i ... | 2008 | 18258415 |
| toward universal flavivirus identification by mass cataloging. | development of rapid and specific molecular diagnostics for flaviviruses remains an important global health challenge. herein a platform technology using mass spectrometry that can be used for universal identification and genotyping of these viruses is described. the feasibility of the approach is demonstrated by using it to correctly identify and serotype two strains of dengue virus. predictive calculations show that the approach can be expected to be equally efficacious for the identification ... | 2008 | 18258926 |
| pathogenic flaviviruses. | haemorrhagic disease, encephalitis, biphasic fever, flaccid paralysis, and jaundice are typical manifestations of diseases in human beings after infections by mosquito-borne or tick-borne flaviviruses such as yellow fever, dengue, west nile, st louis encephalitis, japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, kyasanur forest disease, and omsk haemorrhagic fever. although the characteristics of these viruses are well defined, they are still unpredictable with increases in disease severity, unus ... | 2008 | 18262042 |
| the mannose receptor mediates dengue virus infection of macrophages. | macrophages (mø) and mononuclear phagocytes are major targets of infection by dengue virus (dv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause haemorrhagic fever in humans. to our knowledge, we show for the first time that the mø mannose receptor (mr) binds to all four serotypes of dv and specifically to the envelope glycoprotein. glycan analysis, elisa, and blot overlay assays demonstrate that mr binds via its carbohydrate recognition domains to mosquito and human cell-produced dv antigen. this bi ... | 2008 | 18266465 |
| substitution of wild-type yellow fever asibi sequences for 17d vaccine sequences in chimerivax-dengue 4 does not enhance infection of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | to address concerns that a flavivirus vaccine/wild-type recombinant virus might have a high mosquito infectivity phenotype, the yellow fever virus (yfv) 17d backbone of the chimerivax-dengue 4 virus was replaced with the corresponding gene sequences of the virulent yfv asibi strain. field-collected and laboratory-colonized aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on blood containing each of the viruses under investigation and held for 14 days after infection. infection and dissemination rates were base ... | 2008 | 18266608 |
| evaluation of recombinant kunjin replicon siv vaccines for protective efficacy in macaques. | persistent gag-specific t cell immunity would be a useful component of an effective hiv vaccine. the flavivirus kunjin replicon was previously engineered to persistently express hiv gag and was shown to induce protective responses in mice. we evaluated kunjin replicon virus-like-particles expressing sivgag-pol in pigtail macaques. kunjin-specific antibodies were induced, but no siv-specific t cell immunity were detected. following sivmac251 challenge, there was no difference in siv viremia or re ... | 2008 | 18272194 |
| structure-based mutagenesis identifies important novel determinants of the ns2b cofactor of the west nile virus two-component ns2b-ns3 proteinase. | west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes neuronal damage in the absence of treatment. in many flaviviruses, including wnv, the ns2b cofactor promotes the productive folding and the functional activity of the two-component ns3 (pro)teinase. based on an analysis of the ns2b-ns3pro structure, we hypothesized that the g(22) residue and the negatively charged patch d(32)dd(34) of ns2b were part of an important configuration required for ns2b-ns3pro activity. our expe ... | 2008 | 18272753 |
| constancy and diversity in the flavivirus fusion peptide. | flaviviruses include the mosquito-borne dengue, japanese encephalitis, yellow fever and west nile and the tick-borne encephalitis viruses. they are responsible for considerable world-wide morbidity and mortality. viral entry is mediated by a conserved fusion peptide containing 16 amino acids located in domain ii of the envelope protein e. highly orchestrated conformational changes initiated by exposure to acidic ph accompany the fusion process and are important factors limiting amino acid change ... | 2008 | 18275613 |
| viral haemorrhagic fever and vascular alterations. | pathogenesis of viral haemorrhagic fever (vhf) is closely associated with alterations of the vascular system. among the virus families causing vhf, filoviruses (marburg and ebola) are the most fatal, and will be focused on here. after entering the body, ebola primarily targets monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells. infected dendritic cells are largely impaired in their activation potency, likely contributing to the immune suppression that occurs during filovirus infection. monocytes/macropha ... | 2008 | 18278167 |
| considerations for accurate identification of adult culex restuans (diptera: culicidae) in field studies. | understanding the ecology and behavior of different mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) is essential for identifying their role in disease transmission cycles and public health risk. two species of culex mosquitoes in the northeastern united states, culex pipiens l. and culex restuans theobald, have been implicated in enzootic transmission of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv). despite the difficulty of differentiating these two species as adults, many public health w ... | 2008 | 18283935 |
| characterization of asn130-to-ala mutant of dengue type 1 virus ns1 protein. | the nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) of flavivirus has two n-glycosylation sites that are thought to be important for viral replication. effects of ns1 glycosylation site mutations on viral replication have been reported in several flaviviruses, but the results have differed. in this report, we examined the role of glycosylation site of ns1 on the replication of dengue type 1 virus (denv-1). denv-1 production was not detectable when full-length denv-1 rna, which has an n-glycosylation site asn130-t ... | 2008 | 18288598 |
| the host complement system and arbovirus pathogenesis. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a significant cause of human diseases worldwide. interactions between these viruses and the innate immune system play a major role in determining the outcome of disease. the complement system is particularly important in this process as activation of complement can contribute to both host defense as well as injury to host tissues. this review focuses on the increasing evidence that the complement system plays key roles in both protective and pathologic o ... | 2008 | 18288968 |
| functional analysis of dengue virus cyclization sequences located at the 5' and 3'utrs. | flavivirus rna replication involves cyclization of the viral genome. a model for this process includes a promoter element at the 5' end of the genome and long-range rna-rna interactions. two pairs of complementary sequences present at the ends of the viral rna, known as 5'-3'cs and 5'-3'uar, have been proposed to be involved in dengue virus genome cyclization. the requirement of 5'-3'cs complementarity for viral replication has been experimentally demonstrated for dengue and other mosquito borne ... | 2008 | 18289628 |
| west nile virus methyltransferase catalyzes two methylations of the viral rna cap through a substrate-repositioning mechanism. | flaviviruses encode a single methyltransferase domain that sequentially catalyzes two methylations of the viral rna cap, gpppa-rna-->m(7)gpppa-rna-->m(7)gpppam-rna, by using s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam) as a methyl donor. crystal structures of flavivirus methyltransferases exhibit distinct binding sites for sam, gtp, and rna molecules. biochemical analysis of west nile virus methyltransferase shows that the single sam-binding site donates methyl groups to both n7 and 2'-o positions of the viral ... | 2008 | 18305027 |
| proliferative index in astrocytic tumours. | the accurate grading of astrocytic tumours is of prime importance because it is critical to the patient management and survival/outcome. although internationally accepted who grading system of cns tumours is based on histological features of h&e stained sections, yet there are cases where differentiation between grade ii and grade iii is difficult particularly when the biopsy is small. proliferative index derived from mib-1 immunostaining has been found to be useful in the distinction between va ... | 2007 | 18306542 |
| orthomyxo-, paramyxo- and flavivirus infections in wild waterfowl in finland. | screening wild birds for viral pathogens has become increasingly important. we tested a screening approach based on blood and cloacal and tracheal swabs collected by hunters to study the prevalence of influenza a, paramyxo-, flavi-, and alphaviruses in finnish wild waterfowl, which has been previously unknown. we studied 310 blood samples and 115 mixed tracheal and cloacal swabs collected from hunted waterfowl in 2006. samples were screened by rt-pcr and serologically by hemagglutination inhibit ... | 2008 | 18307758 |
| explaining usutu virus dynamics in austria: model development and calibration. | usutu virus (usuv), a flavivirus of the japanese encephalitis virus complex, was for the first time detected outside africa in the region around vienna (austria) in 2001 by weissenböck et al. [weissenböck, h., kolodziejek, j., url, a., lussy, h., rebel-bauder, b., nowotny, n., 2002. emergence of usutu virus, an african mosquito-borne flavivirus of the japanese encephalitis virus group, central europe. emerg. infect. dis. 8, 652-656]. usuv is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) circulating betwe ... | 2008 | 18314208 |
| [study of the diagnostic potential of various regions of tick-borne encephalitis virus glycoprotien e]. | bioinformation techniques were used to analyze envelope glycoprotein of tick-borne encephalitis virus in order to determine the potential diagnostically significant antigenic clusters. five selected regions of the amino acid sequence of protein e were retranslated to nucleic sequences, by employing the optimum code for e. coli. the resultant dna fragments were synthesized by polymerase chain reaction from synthetic oligonucleotides and expressed in e. coli cells. the recombinant antigen replicat ... | 2008 | 18318135 |
| synergy of a hepatitis c virus (hcv) ns4a antagonist in combination with hcv protease and polymerase inhibitors. | rapid emergence of resistance to monotherapy with virus-specific inhibitors necessitates combination therapy. ach-806 is a hepatitis c virus ns4a inhibitor with a novel mechanism of action and resistance pathway. this compound was synergistic with ns3 protease inhibitors and ns5b nucleoside and nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitors. | 2008 | 18332167 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccine in flavivirus naive children. | a live-attenuated tetravalent dengue virus (denv) vaccine candidate has been well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy, us flavivirus naive adult volunteers. we conducted a pilot, safety, and immunogenicity trial of the vaccine candidate in healthy thai children (6-7 years of age) to prepare for its eventual evaluation in thai infants. in an uncontrolled, open clinical trial, the investigational vaccine was administered on study days 0 and 180 to seven volunteers residing in bangkok without neut ... | 2008 | 18337339 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using novel japanese encephalitis virus antigen improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of flavivirus infections. | the cross-reactive antibodies induced by flavivirus infections confound serodiagnosis and pathogenesis, especially in secondary infections caused by antigenically closely related yet distinct flaviviruses. the envelope (e) glycoprotein fusion peptide contains immunodominant cross-reactive determinants. using a recombinant japanese encephalitis virus (jev) premembrane and e expression plasmid producing jev virus-like particles (vlps), dramatic reductions in cross-reactivity were produced by the g ... | 2008 | 18337381 |
| role of nonstructural protein ns2a in flavivirus assembly. | flavivirus nonstructural (ns) proteins are involved in rna replication and modulation of the host antiviral response; however, evidence is mounting that some ns proteins also have essential roles in virus assembly. kunjin virus (kun) ns2a is a small, hydrophobic, transmembrane protein that is part of the replication complex and inhibits interferon induction. previously, we have shown that an isoleucine (i)-to-asparagine (n) substitution at position 59 of the ns2a protein blocked the production o ... | 2008 | 18337583 |
| mutations in the ns2b and ns3 genes affect mouse neuroinvasiveness of a western european field strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus. | an attenuated strain (263) of the tick-borne encephalitis virus, isolated from field ticks, was either serially subcultured, 5 times in mice, or at 40 degrees c in ps cells, producing 2 independent strains, 263-m5 and 263-tr with identical genomes; both strains exhibited increased plaque size, neuroinvasiveness and temperature-resistance. sequencing revealed two unique amino acid substitutions, one mapping close to the catalytic site of the viral protease. these observations imply that virus ada ... | 2008 | 18339416 |
| the relative contribution of antibody and cd8+ t cells to vaccine immunity against west nile encephalitis virus. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito borne, neurotropic flavivirus that causes a severe central nervous system (cns) infection in humans and animals. although commercial vaccines are available for horses, none is currently approved for human use. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy and mechanism of immune protection of two candidate wnv vaccines in mice. a formalin-inactivated wnv vaccine induced higher levels of specific and neutralizing antibodies compared to a dna plasmid vaccine that pro ... | 2008 | 18339459 |
| effect of ns3 and ns5b proteins on classical swine fever virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation and its host cellular translation. | a full-length ns3 (ns3f) and a truncated ns3 protein (ns3h) with an rna helicase domain possess rna helicase activity. using an in vitro system with a monocistronic reporter rna or dna, containing the csfv 5'-utr, we observed that both ns3f and ns3h enhanced internal ribosome entry site (ires)-mediated and cellular translation in a dose-dependent manner, but ns3 protease (ns3p) that lacks a helicase domain did not. ns3f was stronger than ns3h in promoting both translations. these results showed ... | 2008 | 18343841 |
| mutagenesis of the west nile virus ns2b cofactor domain reveals two regions essential for protease activity. | the flavivirus ns2b/ns3 protease has received considerable attention as a target for the development of antiviral compounds. while substrate based inhibitors have been the primary focus to date, an approach focussing on ns2b cofactor displacement could prove to be an effective alternative. to understand better the role of the ns2b cofactor in protease activation, we conducted an alanine mutagenesis screen throughout the 42-residue central cofactor domain (ns2b(51-92)) of west nile virus (wnv). t ... | 2008 | 18343843 |
| transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) is a flavivirus that is maintained in a bird-mosquito transmission cycle. humans, horses and other non-avian vertebrates are usually incidental hosts, but evidence is accumulating that this might not always be the case. historically, wnv has been associated with asymptomatic infections and sporadic disease outbreaks in humans and horses in africa, europe, asia and australia. however, since 1994, the virus has caused frequent outbreaks of severe neuroinvasive disease in huma ... | 2008 | 18348742 |
| comparative neuropathogenesis and neurovirulence of attenuated flaviviruses in nonhuman primates. | based on previous preclinical evaluation in mice and monkeys, the chimeric tbev/den4delta30 virus, carrying the prm and e protein genes from a highly virulent far eastern strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) on the backbone of a nonneuroinvasive dengue type 4 virus (den4), has been identified as a promising live attenuated virus vaccine candidate against disease caused by tbev. however, prior to use of this vaccine candidate in humans, its neurovirulence in nonhuman primates needed to ... | 2008 | 18353947 |
| west nile virus attenuates activation of primary human macrophages. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has spread rapidly throughout the u.s. and there is currently no effective treatment. understanding the pathogenesis of wnv infection in humans is critical for development of a potent therapy. in this study, we examined the activation of primary human macrophages in response to wnv infection, and showed that wnv interacts with human macrophages at multiple levels. while infection with wnv induced production of interleukin (il)-8, producti ... | 2008 | 18355125 |
| [west nile fever/encephalitis]. | west nile virus (wnv), a member of the family flaviviridae (genus flavivirus), is a mosquito-borne virus first isolated in 1937 in the west nile district of uganda. the disease in humans is characterized by a dengue-like illness with fever, and a more severe form is characterized by central nervous system involvement, including encephalitis, meningitis, and myelitis. wn encephalitis was first reported in the western hemisphere in the summer of 1999, there was an outbreak in new york city. epidem ... | 2007 | 18357758 |
| the flavivirus precursor membrane-envelope protein complex: structure and maturation. | many viruses go through a maturation step in the final stages of assembly before being transmitted to another host. the maturation process of flaviviruses is directed by the proteolytic cleavage of the precursor membrane protein (prm), turning inert virus into infectious particles. we have determined the 2.2 angstrom resolution crystal structure of a recombinant protein in which the dengue virus prm is linked to the envelope glycoprotein e. the structure represents the prm-e heterodimer and fits ... | 2008 | 18369147 |
| phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of st. louis encephalitis virus genomes. | st. louis encephalitis virus belongs to the japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex of the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae. since the first known epidemic in 1933, the virus has been isolated from a variety of geographical, temporal, and host origins. we have sequenced 10,236 nucleotides of the open reading frame (93.6% of the full-length genome) of 23 of these strains, and have used the sequences to conduct phylogenetic analyses, in order to investigate the forces shaping the evolution of ... | 2008 | 18374605 |
| preservation of a critical epitope core region is associated with the high degree of flaviviral cross-reactivity exhibited by a dengue-specific cd4+ t cell clone. | dengue is a member of the flaviviridae, a large group of related viruses some of which co-circulate in certain regions (e.g. dengue and yellow fever in south america). immune responses cross-reactive between different dengue serotypes are important in the pathogenesis of dengue disease but it is not known whether previous infection with one flavivirus might affect the clinical course of subsequent infections with other members of the family. cd4+ t cells have been shown to be important in the pr ... | 2008 | 18383038 |
| prevalence of west nile virus neutralizing antibodies in spain is related to the behavior of migratory birds. | west nile virus (wnv) is a bird flavivirus capable of infecting horses and humans that is transmitted by blood-sucking vectors. in europe and africa, sporadic infections and outbreaks causing human illness and deaths have occurred and have led to 2 mutually nonexclusive hypotheses regarding the circulation of wnv in europe: (1) the occurrence of endemic sylvatic cycles that occasionally result in human or equine infection, or (2) sporadic seeding of wnv by migratory birds from areas where the vi ... | 2008 | 18399777 |
| host-seeking heights, host-seeking activity patterns, and west nile virus infection rates for members of the culex pipiens complex at different habitat types within the hybrid zone, shelby county, tn, 2002 (diptera: culicidae). | host-seeking heights, host-seeking activity patterns, and west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) infection rates were assessed for members of the culex pipiens complex from july to december 2002, by using chicken-baited can traps (ct) at four ecologically different sites in shelby county, tn. host-seeking height was assessed by ct placed at elevations of 3.1, 4.6, and 7.6 m during one 24-h period per month. host-seeking activity was assessed by paired ct placed at an elevat ... | 2008 | 18402144 |
| key steps in the structure-based optimization of the hepatitis c virus ns3/4a protease inhibitor sch503034. | the structures of both native and s139a holo-hcv ns3/4a protease domain were solved to high resolution. subsequently, structures were determined for a series of ketoamide inhibitors in complex with the protease. the changes in the inhibitor potency were correlated with changes in the buried surface area upon binding the inhibitor to the active site. the largest contributions to the binding energy arise from the hydrophobic interactions of the p1 and p2 groups as they bind to the s1 and s2 pocket ... | 2008 | 18421139 |
| construction and characterization of a second-generation pseudoinfectious west nile virus vaccine propagated using a new cultivation system. | safer vaccines are needed to prevent flavivirus diseases. to help develop these products we have produced a pseudoinfectious west nile virus (wnv) lacking a functional c gene which we have named replivax wn. here we demonstrate that replivax wn can be safely propagated at high titer in bhk cells and vaccine-certified vero cells engineered to stably express the c protein needed to trans-complement replivax wn growth. using these bhk cells we selected a better growing mutant replivax wn population ... | 2008 | 18423946 |
| single-round infectious particles enhance immunogenicity of a dna vaccine against west nile virus. | dna vaccines encoding replication-defective viruses are safer than inactivated or live attenuated viruses but may fail to stimulate an immune response sufficient for effective vaccination. we augment the protective capacity of a capsid-deleted flavivirus dna vaccine by co-expressing the capsid protein from a separate promoter. in transfected cells, the capsid-deleted rna transcript is replicated and translated to produce secreted virus-like particles lacking the nucleocapsid. this rna is also pa ... | 2008 | 18425125 |
| eared dove (zenaida auriculata, columbidae) as host for st. louis encephalitis virus (flaviviridae, flavivirus). | st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) is an emerging flavivirus in south american countries. its ecology and biological transmission cycles are scarcely known. eared doves (zenaida auriculata) have frequently been found infected by slev, and therefore, could be suspected as slev hosts. thirty post-hatch-year eared doves were subcutaneously inoculated with the genotype v slev 78v-6507 viral strain and subsequently bled. no deaths or clinical signs of illness were observed in the inoculated doves. t ... | 2008 | 18429694 |
| serologic survey of potential vertebrate hosts for west nile virus in poland. | a survey for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv; genus ,flavivirus) was carried out by plaque-re-duction neutralization microtesting in 78 horses, 20 domestic chickens, and 97 wild birds belonging to 10 species from different areas in poland. specific antibodies were detected in five juvenile (hatching-year) birds collected in 2006: three white storks (ciconia ciconia) in a wildlife rehabilitation center (5.4% of all examined storks; the antibody titers in each bird were 1:320, 1:160, and 1:20), ... | 2008 | 18433332 |
| construction and evaluation of a chimeric pseudoinfectious virus vaccine to prevent japanese encephalitis. | multiple vaccines exist to control japanese encephalitis (je), but all suffer from problems. we have developed a new type of flavivirus vaccine, a pseudoinfectious virus (replivax wn) that prevents west nile virus (wnv)-induced disease. here, we describe production of a chimeric replivax (replivax je) that expresses the je virus (jev) prm and e proteins. our prototype replivax je replicated poorly in cells, but blind passage produced a better-growing derivative, and analyses of this derivative a ... | 2008 | 18433947 |
| a comparative biochemical analysis of the ns2b(h)-ns3pro protease complex from four dengue virus serotypes. | the two-component protease ns2b-ns3 of dengue virus mediates proteolytic processing of the polyprotein precursor and therefore represents a target for the development of antiviral drugs. the amino acid sequences of the ns3 serine protease and the ns2b cofactor exhibit relatively low degrees of conservation among the 4 serotypes thus suggesting that differences in enzyme activity exist which could modulate their susceptibility to future protease inhibitors. in this study we have addressed the que ... | 2008 | 18439431 |
| the two-component ns2b-ns3 proteinase represses dna unwinding activity of the west nile virus ns3 helicase. | similar to many flavivirus types including dengue and yellow fever viruses, the nonstructural ns3 multifunctional protein of west nile virus (wnv) with an n-terminal serine proteinase domain and an rna triphosphatase, an ntpase domain, and an rna helicase in the c-terminal domain is implicated in both polyprotein processing and rna replication and is therefore a promising drug target. to exhibit its proteolytic activity, ns3 proteinase requires the presence of the cofactor encoded by the upstrea ... | 2008 | 18442976 |
| a survey on cases of tick-borne encephalitis in european countries. | the european network for diagnostics of "imported" viral diseases (enivd) is finalising a project to improve the diagnostic and monitoring of encephalitis viruses in europe. part of this study was to analyse the present surveillance situation for tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), which is the most important flavivirus infection of the central nervous system in the european union (eu) and russia. a questionnaire was mailed to contact points in all member states of the eu and three non-eu countries ( ... | 2008 | 18445446 |
| insights into the oligomerization state-helicase activity relationship of west nile virus ns3 ntpase/helicase. | west nile virus (wnv) is a member of the flaviviridae family of positive-strand rna viruses. its viral rna is translated to produce a polyprotein precursor that is further processed into three structural and seven non-structural proteins. the non-structural protein 3 (ns3) possess both protease and helicase activities. the c-terminal portion of the ns3 contains the atpase/helicase domain presumably involved in viral replication. this domain has been expressed in escherichia coli, purified in sol ... | 2008 | 18448185 |
| genetic interactions among the west nile virus methyltransferase, the rna-dependent rna polymerase, and the 5' stem-loop of genomic rna. | flavivirus methyltransferase catalyzes both guanine n7 and ribose 2'-oh methylations of the viral rna cap (gpppa-rna-->m(7)gpppam-rna). the methyltransferase is physically linked to an rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) in the flaviviral ns5 protein. here, we report genetic interactions of west nile virus (wnv) methyltransferase with the rdrp and the 5'-terminal stem-loop of viral genomic rna. genome-length rnas, containing amino acid substitutions of d146 (a residue essential for both cap meth ... | 2008 | 18448528 |
| cholesterol effectively blocks entry of flavivirus. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and dengue virus serotype 2 (den-2) are enveloped flaviviruses that enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and low ph-triggered membrane fusion and then replicate in intracellular membrane structures. lipid rafts, cholesterol-enriched lipid-ordered membrane domains, are platforms for a variety of cellular functions. in this study, we found that disruption of lipid raft formation by cholesterol depletion with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin or cholesterol che ... | 2008 | 18448543 |
| [analysis of the efficiency of tick-borne encephalitis vaccination in the population in the natural foci of austria]. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), the preventive measure against which is vaccination, is a disease caused by flavivirus (tbe virus). the infection is common in many european countries and in much of central and eastern asia. formaline-killed whole-virion high-purified vaccine inactivated is widely used for immunization of the population in europe; however, the coverage of the population with vaccination greatly differs in the country where the natural foci of tbe are recorded. the exception is aus ... | 2008 | 18450105 |
| dynamics of immune cell recruitment during west nile encephalitis and identification of a new cd19+b220-bst-2+ leukocyte population. | west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging neurotropic flavivirus. we investigated the dynamics of immune cell recruitment in peripheral tissues and in the cns during wnv encephalitis in an immunocompetent mouse model. in the periphery, immune cell expansion can successfully limit viremia and lymphoid tissue infection. however, viral clearance in the periphery is too late to prevent viral invasion of the cns. in the cns, innate immune cells, including microglia/macrophages, nk cells, and plasmacytoid ... | 2008 | 18453596 |
| serologic survey of birds for west nile flavivirus in southern moravia (czech republic). | a serosurvey for west nile virus (wnv) was carried out in 54 domestic birds (geese and ducks bred on fishponds) and 391 wild birds representing 28 migratory and resident species, using a plaque-reduction neutralization microtest with vero cells and egyptian topotype eg-101 strain as test virus. the birds were sampled in the south-moravian fishpond ecosystem between 2004 and 2006. antibodies to wnv were not detected in domestic waterfowl, but 23 (5.9%) free-living birds of 10 species showed a pos ... | 2008 | 18454599 |
| clinical isolates of dengue virus with distinctive susceptibility to nitric oxide radical induce differential gene responses in thp-1 cells. | in the present study, 10 clinical isolates of dengue virus were selected according to their susceptibility to the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide radical, no. five of them are nitric oxide-susceptible viruses while the other five are nitric oxide-resistant viruses. these isolates were investigated to identify genetic factors that are responsible for the different phenotypes. due to the evidence showing that no suppresses denv rna polymerase activity, we, therefore, hypothesized that the rdrp d ... | 2008 | 18455750 |
| long-term balancing selection at the west nile virus resistance gene, oas1b, maintains transspecific polymorphisms in the house mouse. | oligoadenylate synthetases (oass) are interferon-inducible enzymes that participate in the first line of defense against a wide range of viral infection. recent studies have determined that oas1b, a member of the oas gene family in the house mouse (mus musculus), provides specific protection against flavivirus infection (e.g., west nile virus, dengue fever virus, and yellow fever virus). we characterized the nucleotide sequence variation in coding and noncoding regions of the oas1b gene for a la ... | 2008 | 18460447 |
| kunjin replicon-based simian immunodeficiency virus gag vaccines. | an rna-based, non-cytopathic replicon vector system, based on the flavivirus kunjin, has shown considerable promise as a new vaccine delivery system. here we describe the testing in mice of four different sivmac239 gag vaccines delivered by kunjin replicon virus-like-particles. the four vaccines encoded the wild type gag gene, an rna-optimised gag gene, a codon-optimised gag gene and a modified gag-pol gene construct. the vaccines behaved quite differently for induction of effector memory and ce ... | 2008 | 18462846 |
| flavivirus dna vaccine with a kick. | 2008 | 18464782 | |
| persistence of antibodies to west nile virus nonstructural protein 5. | because igm antibody against west nile virus (wnv) pre-membrane/envelope (prem/e) recombinant protein may persist for more than 1 year, an assay distinguishing recent from past wnv infection would be useful. published findings for a single patient suggest that the presence of antibody against wnv nonstructural protein 5 (ns5) indicates recent infection. | 2008 | 18467165 |
| mutagenesis of the dengue virus type 2 ns5 methyltransferase domain. | the flavivirus ns5 protein possesses both (guanine-n7)-methyltransferase and nucleoside-2'-o methyltransferase activities required for sequential methylation of the cap structure present at the 5' end of the flavivirus rna genome. seventeen mutations were introduced into the dengue virus type 2 ns5 methyltransferase domain, targeting amino acids either predicted to be directly involved in s-adenosyl-l-methionine binding or important for ns5 conformation and/or charged interactions. the effects o ... | 2008 | 18469001 |
| genetic study of the distribution of greek goat encephalitis virus in greece. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and louping ill virus (liv) are viruses in the mammalian tick-borne virus group/genus flavivirus, causing central nervous system disease. greek goat encephalitis virus (ggev), which was isolated from the brain of a newborn goat with neurological symptoms, is currently classified in the tbev group. the vector of ggev has not yet been specifically identified but is considered likely to be ixodes ricinus. a total of 3,144 ixodidae ticks collected during 2003-200 ... | 2008 | 18471057 |
| west nile virus antibodies in permanent resident and overwintering migrant birds in south-central kansas. | we conducted serological studies, using epitope-blocking elisas directed at west nile virus (wnv) and flavivirus antibodies, of wild birds in south-central kansas, the first for this state, in the winters of 2003-04 through 2005-06. overwintering migratory species (primarily the american tree sparrow and dark-eyed junco) consistently showed significantly lower seropositivity than permanent residents (primarily the northern cardinal). the cardinal showed annual variation in seropositivity between ... | 2008 | 18471059 |
| molecular mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralisation of flavivirus infection. | flaviviruses are a group of positive-stranded rna viruses that cause a spectrum of severe illnesses globally in more than 50 million individuals each year. while effective vaccines exist for three members of this group (yellow fever, japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses), safe and effective vaccines for several other flaviviruses of clinical importance, including west nile and dengue viruses, remain in development. an effective humoral immune response is critical for protec ... | 2008 | 18471342 |
| guidelines for plaque-reduction neutralization testing of human antibodies to dengue viruses. | through the advisory committee on dengue and other flavivirus vaccines, the world health organization(who) has had a long-standing commitment to facilitate and to guide research and development of vaccines for medically important flaviviruses. recently, the paediatric dengue vaccine initiative (pdvi) was formed to accelerate the development, testing, and introduction of dengue (den)vaccines worldwide, partnering with who in this important public health effort. there are now a variety of den vacc ... | 2008 | 18476771 |
| dengue in travellers is still underestimated. | dengue fever (df), one of the main emerging virus diseases, also increases in german travellers, due to the increasing number of travellers to tropical regions. | 2008 | 18477850 |
| viral ns3 helicase activity is inhibited by peptides reproducing the arg-rich conserved motif of the enzyme (motif vi). | the ntpase/helicase of flaviviridae viruses is one of the essential components of their replication complex. the enzyme is defined by the presence of seven highly conserved amino acid motifs. random screening of numerous hepatitis c virus (hcv) derived peptides, revealed a basic amino acid stretch corresponding to motif vi of the hcv ntpase/helicase (amino acids 1487-1500 of the hcv polyprotein). this peptide inhibited the unwinding activity of the enzyme with an ic(50)=0.2 microm. peptides corr ... | 2008 | 18479669 |
| identification of mutated cyclization sequences that permit efficient replication of west nile virus genomes: use in safer propagation of a novel vaccine candidate. | existing live-attenuated flavivirus vaccines (lav) could be improved by reducing their potential to recombine with naturally circulating viruses in the field. since the highly conserved cyclization sequences (cs) found in the termini of flavivirus genomes must be complementary to each other to support genome replication, we set out to identify paired mutant cs that could support the efficient replication of lav but would be unable to support replication in recombinant viruses harboring one wild- ... | 2008 | 18480453 |
| improvement of the purification of saint louis encephalitis virus ns2b-ns3 recombinant protease expressed in escherichia coli. | the ns2b-ns3 serine protease of saint louis encephalitis virus (slev), a potential target for antiviral drug design, has been over-expressed as a recombinant his-tag protein in escherichia coli for future structural determination. the production process resulted in a soluble protease with co-purification of dnak, a bacterial molecular chaperone already described in e. coli protein expression. two approaches were tested to remove this specific contaminant. the fusion protein bound to the purifica ... | 2008 | 18485841 |
| molecular characterization of two rocio flavivirus strains isolated during the encephalitis epidemic in são paulo state, brazil and the development of a one-step rt-pcr assay for diagnosis. | rocio virus (rocv) was responsible for an explosive encephalitis epidemic in the 1970s affecting about 1,000 residents of 20 coastland counties in são paulo state, brazil. rocv was first isolated in 1975 from the cerebellum of a fatal human case of encephalitis. clinical manifestations of the illness are similar to those described for st. louis encephalitis. rocv shows intense antigenic cross-reactivity with japanese encephalitis complex (jec) viruses, particularly with ilheus (ilhv), st. louis ... | 2008 | 18488087 |
| rhabdomyolysis in a patient with west nile encephalitis and flaccid paralysis. | west nile virus (wnv), a flavivirus, was first documented in the united states by the center for disease control in 1999. wnv has been associated with a variety of clinical features from a subclinical febrile illness to a neuroinvasive disease. rhabdomyolysis, however, has not been a clinically well-described occurrence during wnv illness. we report a case of a 56 year-old african-american male with wnv infection who developed neuroinvasive encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, and rhabdomyolysis. du ... | 2008 | 18488686 |