Publications

tbp is differentially regulated by c-jun n-terminal kinase 1 (jnk1) and jnk2 through elk-1, controlling c-jun expression and cell proliferation.	emerging evidence supports the idea that the c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) possess overlapping but distinct functions. the potential roles of the ubiquitously expressed jnk1 and jnk2 in regulating expression of the central transcription initiation factor, tata-binding protein (tbp), were examined. relative to wild-type fibroblasts, tbp was decreased in jnk1(-/-) cells and increased in jnk2(-/-) cells. similarly, reduction of jnk1 in human hepatoma cells decreased tbp expression, whereas reduct ...	2007	17074809
copper and the prion protein: methods, structures, function, and disease.	the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) arise from conversion of the membrane-bound prion protein from prp(c) to prp(sc). examples of the tses include mad cow disease, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, scrapie in goats and sheep, and kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans. although the precise function of prp(c) in healthy tissues is not known, recent research demonstrates that it binds cu(ii) in an unusual and highly conserved region of the protein termed the octarepea ...	2007	17076634
molecular detection and characterization of piroplasms infecting cervids and chamois in northern spain.	wildlife can act as reservoir of different tick-borne pathogens of veterinary and zoonotic importance. to investigate the role of wild ruminants as reservoir of piroplasm infection, 28 red deer, 69 roe deer and 38 chamois from northern spain were examined by reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization. the survey detected a prevalence of 85.7% in red deer, 62.3% in roe deer and 28.9% in chamois. four different piroplasms were identified: theileria sp. ot3 (previously described in sheep) as the most pr ...	2007	17076924
seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the przewalski horse (equus ferus przewalskii) ii. energy expenditure.	many large mammals show pronounced seasonal fluctuations of metabolic rate (mr). it has been argued, based on studies in ruminants, that this variation merely results from different levels of locomotor activity (la), and heat increment of feeding (hi). however, a recent study in red deer (cervus elaphus) identified a previously unknown mechanism in ungulates--nocturnal hypometabolism--that contributed significantly to reduced energy expenditure, mainly during late winter. the relative contributi ...	2006	17079726
sperm characteristics and dna integrity of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal spermatozoa frozen in the presence of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.	the main goal of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants on cryopreservation injuries to red deer epididymal spermatozoa. in experiment 1, the effects on sperm freezability of the enzymatic antioxidants catalase, superoxide dismutase, and a combination thereof were studied. in experiment 2, sperm cryoresistance was evaluated when different nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as vitamin e, vitamin c, and butylated hydroxytoluene (bht), ...	2007	17079744
mek1/2 inhibition attenuates vascular eta and etb receptor alterations after cerebral ischaemia.	cerebral ischaemia is associated with elevated levels of endothelin b (etb) receptors in the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (mca). this up-regulation of et receptors occurs via de novo transcription involving mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk). the aim of this study was to examine the effect of inhibition of the map kinase/erk kinase (mek)1/2 on et receptor alteration, brain damage, and neurology in experimental cerebral ischaemia. transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (mcao) was ...	2007	17091294
spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in wisconsin white-tailed deer.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal, emerging disease of cervids associated with transmissible protease-resistant prion proteins. the potential for cwd to cause dramatic declines in deer and elk populations and perceived human health risks associated with consuming cwd-contaminated venison have led wildlife agencies to embark on extensive cwd control programs, typically involving culling to reduce deer populations. we characterized the spatial distribution of cwd in white-tailed deer (odoco ...	2006	17092889
passage of chronic wasting disease prion into transgenic mice expressing rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prpc.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) is one of three naturally occurring forms of prion disease, the others being creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans and scrapie in sheep. in the last few decades, cwd has spread among captive and free-ranging cervids in 13 us states, two canadian provinces and recently in korea. the origin of the cwd agent(s) in cervids is not known. this study describes the development of a transgenic mouse line (tgel ...	2006	17098997
properties and regulation of a transiently assembled erk2.ets-1 signaling complex.	erk2 is a proline-directed protein kinase that displays a high specificity for a single threonine (thr-38) on the substrate ets-1, which lies within the consensus sequence 36phi-chi-thr-pro39 (where phi is typically a small hydrophobic residue and chi appears to be unrestricted). thr-38 lies in a long flexible n-terminal tail (residues 1-52), which also contains a second potential phosphorylation site, ser-26. how ets-1 binds erk2 to promote the phosphorylation of thr-38 while simultaneously dis ...	2006	17105191
ethanol-induced modulation of hepatocellular extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 activity via 4-hydroxynonenal.	modulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk-1/2), a signaling pathway directly associated with cell proliferation, survival, and homeostasis, has been implicated in several pathologies, including alcoholic liver disease. however, the underlying mechanism of ethanol-induced erk-1/2 modulation remains unknown. this investigation explored the effects of ethanol-associated oxidative stress on constitutive hepatic erk-1/2 activity and assessed the contribution of the lipid peroxidat ...	2007	17107949
imaging mitogen-activated protein kinase function in xenograft models of prostate cancer.	mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) play important roles in malignancy. the ability to detect and quantitate mapks in live animal models of cancer will facilitate an understanding of disease progression. we have developed a gene expression-based imaging system that detects and quantifies mapk activity in prostate cancer tumors implanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice. the imaging technology uses a modified version of two-step transcriptional amplification (tsta). the tissue speci ...	2006	17108114
sequential decision-making in a variable environment: modeling elk movement in yellowstone national park as a dynamic game.	we develop a suite of models with varying complexity to predict elk movement behavior during the winter on the northern range of yellowstone national park (ynp). the models range from a simple representation of optimal patch choice to a dynamic game, and we show how the underlying theory in each is related by the presence or absence of state- and frequency-dependence. we compare predictions from each of the models for three variables that are of basic and applied interest: elk survival, aggregat ...	2007	17109906
parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand encodes a variant of viral vascular endothelial growth factor.	parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz), a species of the parapoxvirus genus, causes scabby lesions on the skin and the velvet of red deer. the three other species of the genus have each been shown to encode homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf). we report here that pvnz strain rd86 also encodes a vegf and that the predicted pvnz protein shows only 37-54% amino acid identity to vegfs encoded by the other species of the genus. despite this extensive sequence divergence, ass ...	2007	17109982
the rate of senescence in maternal performance increases with early-life fecundity in red deer.	tradeoffs between reproduction and somatic maintenance are a frequently cited explanation for reproductive senescence in long-lived vertebrates. between-individual variation in quality makes such tradeoffs difficult to detect and evidence for their presence from wild populations remains scarce. here, we examine the factors affecting rates of senescence in maternal breeding performance in a natural population of red deer (cervus elaphus), using a mixed model framework to control for between-indiv ...	2006	17118008
detection of prp(cwd) in postmortem rectal lymphoid tissues in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) infected with chronic wasting disease.	preclinical diagnostic tests for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have been described for mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), using biopsy tissues of palatine tonsil, and for sheep, using lymphoid tissues from palatine tonsil, third eyelid, and rectal mucosa. the utility of examining the rectal mucosal lymphoid tissues to detect chronic wasting disease (cwd) was investigated in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), a species for which there is not a live-animal diagnostic test. post ...	2006	17121082
inhibition of glutamatergic activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases in hippocampal neurons by the intravenous anesthetic propofol.	intravenous anesthetics cause amnesia, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. recent studies reveal a significant role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (erks) in controlling synaptic plasticity and memory formation. as a major synapse-to-nucleus superhighway, erk transmits n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor signals to inducible transcriptional events essential for nmda receptor-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity and memory. this study investigated t ...	2006	17122581
brief review on the epidemiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse).	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) form a group of human and animal diseases that share common features such as (a) distinct pathological lesions in the central nervous system, (b) transmissibility at least in experimental settings, and (c) a long incubation period. considerable differences exist in the host range of individual tses, their routes of transmission, and factors influencing the host susceptibility (such as genotype). the objective of this review was to briefly describe ...	2007	17126962
identification of differentially expressed genes in the developing antler of red deer cervus elaphus.	understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying bone development is a fundamental and fascinating problem in developmental biology, with significant medical implications. here, we have identified the expression patterns for 36 genes that were characteristic or dominant in the consecutive cell differentiation zones (mesenchyme, precartilage, cartilage) of the tip section of the developing velvet antler of red deer cervus elaphus. two major functional groups of these genes clearly outlined: six ...	2007	17131158
male fertility and sex ratio at birth in red deer.	efforts to test sex ratio theory have focused mostly on females. however, when males possess traits that could enhance the reproductive success of sons, males would also benefit from the manipulation of the offspring sex ratio. we tested the prediction that more-fertile red deer males produce more sons. our findings reveal that male fertility is positively related to the proportion of male offspring. we also show that there is a positive correlation between the percentage of morphologically norm ...	2006	17138900
extender osmolality and sugar supplementation exert a complex effect on the cryopreservation of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal spermatozoa.	we have carried out two experiments to study the cryobiology of red deer epididymal spermatozoa and to improve freezing extenders: (1) effect of extender (tris-citrate-fructose) osmolality (300-600 mosm/kg), and (2) effect of sugar (0.4m) supplementation to the extender (no sugar, glucose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, threalose and raffinose). sperm quality was assessed pre-freezing, post-thawing, and after 2h at 37 degrees c post-thawing: sperm motility index (smi), acrosome integrity a ...	2007	17140651
the protein kinase c-eta isoform induces proliferation in glioblastoma cell lines through an erk/elk-1 pathway.	glioblastoma multiforme (gbm) is the highest grade of astrocytoma. gbm pathogenesis has been linked to receptor tyrosine kinases and kinases further down signal-transduction pathways - in particular, members of the protein kinase c (pkc) family. the expression and activity of various pkc isoforms are increased in malignant astrocytomas, but not in non-neoplastic astrocytes. this suggests that pkc activity contributes to tumor progression. the level of pkc-eta expressed correlates with the degree ...	2007	17146445
different hunting strategies select for different weights in red deer.	much insight can be derived from records of shot animals. most researchers using such data assume that their data represents a random sample of a particular demographic class. however, hunters typically select a non-random subset of the population and hunting is, therefore, not a random process. here, with red deer (cervus elaphus) hunting data from a ranch in toledo, spain, we demonstrate that data collection methods have a significant influence upon the apparent relationship between age and we ...	2005	17148205
constraints on plastic responses to climate variation in red deer.	influences of climate on life history traits in natural populations are well documented. however, the implications of between-individual variation in phenotypic plasticity underlying observed trait-environment relationships are rarely considered due to the large, long-term datasets required for such analysis. studies typically present correlations of annual trait means with climate or assume that individual phenotypic responses are constant. here, we examine this additional level of variation an ...	2005	17148232
selectivity of harvesting differs between local and foreign roe deer hunters: trophy stalkers have the first shot at the right place.	harvesting represents a major source of mortality in many deer populations. the extent to which harvesting is selective for specific traits is important in order to understand contemporary evolutionary processes. in addition, since such data are frequently used in life-history studies, it is important to know the pattern of selectivity as a source of bias. recently, it was demonstrated that different hunting methods were selected for different weights in red deer (cervus elaphus), but little ins ...	2006	17148307
sperm design and sperm function.	spermatozoa vary enormously in their form and dimensions, both between and within species, yet how this variation translates into fertilizing efficiency is not known. sperm swimming velocity is a key determinant of male fertilization success, but previous efforts to identity which sperm phenotypic traits are associated with swimming velocity have been unsuccessful. here, we examine the relationship between the size of several sperm components and sperm swimming velocity in natural populations of ...	2006	17148374
optimal dose and timing in phytohaemagglutinin skin-testing of deer.	to establish the optimal dose of the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (pha) and the optimal time for measuring increased skin-fold thickness in red deer following intradermal injection, as an indicator of cell-mediated immune response.	2006	17151738
novel aspects of prions, their receptor molecules, and innovative approaches for tse therapy.	1. prion diseases are a group of rare, fatal neurodegenerative diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), that affect both animals and humans and include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in cattle, scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk, and creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans. tses are usually rapidly progressive and clinical symptoms comprise dementia and loss of movement coordination due to the accumulation of an abnormal iso ...	2007	17151946
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal adduction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) and the inhibition of hepatocyte erk-est-like protein-1-activating protein-1 signal transduction.	4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-hne) is a major lipid peroxidation (lpo) product formed during oxidative stress. 4-hne is highly reactive toward cellular nucleophiles and is implicated in the evolution of numerous pathologies associated with oxidative stress and lpo. recent evidence suggests that chronic prooxidant exposure results in the loss of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)-1/2 phosphorylation in vivo, a signaling pathway associated with cellular proliferation, survival, and homeostasis. ...	2007	17164404
molecular phylogeny of the filaria genus onchocerca with special emphasis on afrotropical human and bovine parasites.	filarial parasites of the genus onchocerca are found in a broad spectrum of ungulate hosts. one species, o. volvulus, is a human parasite that can cause severe disease (onchocerciasis or 'river blindness'). the phylogenetic relationships and the bionomics of many of the nearly 30 known species remain dubious. here, the phylogeny of 11 species representing most major lineages of the genus is investigated by analysing dna sequences from three mitochondrial genes (nd5, 12s and 16s rrna) and portion ...	2007	17174932
microscopic intrarenal particles after pulsatile machine preservation do not adversely affect outcomes after renal transplantation.	our center has recently observed foreign carbohydrate-appearing particles (fp) on transplant postreperfusion biopsy specimens: (prbx).	2006	17175278
human prion disease and relative risk associated with chronic wasting disease.	the transmission of the prion disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) to humans raises concern about chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of deer and elk. in 7 colorado counties with high cwd prevalence, 75% of state hunting licenses are issued locally, which suggests that residents consume most regionally harvested game. we used colorado death certificate data from 1979 through 2001 to evaluate rates of death from the human prion disease creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd). the rel ...	2006	17176567
activation of mapks by 1alpha,25(oh)2-vitamin d3 and 17beta-estradiol in skeletal muscle cells leads to phosphorylation of elk-1 and creb transcription factors.	the mitogen activated protein kinases (mapks) have been classified into at least six subfamilies, among which erk1/2, jnk1/2 and p38 mapk are the most extensively studied. the steroid hormones 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-vitamin d(3) and 17beta-estradiol promote biological responses through activation of mapk cascades in various cell types. we previously reported that 1alpha,25(oh)(2)d(3) rapidly (within 1 min) activates p38 mapk in c2c12 skeletal muscle cells. in this work, using the same muscle cell l ...	2007	17197172
serum response factor binding sites differ in three human cell types.	the serum response factor (srf) is essential for embryonic development and maintenance of muscle cells and neurons. the mechanism by which this factor controls these divergent pathways is unclear. here we present a genome-wide view of occupancy of srf at its binding sites with a focus on those that vary with cell type. we used chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) in combination with human promoter microarrays to identify 216 putative srf binding sites in the human genome. we performed independen ...	2007	17200232
the translation inhibitor anisomycin induces elk-1-mediated transcriptional activation of egr-1 through multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.	the early growth response-1 gene (egr-1) encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor egr-1 and is rapidly inducible by a variety of extracellular stimuli. anisomycin (anx), a protein synthesis inhibitor, stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways and thereby causes a rapid induction of immediate-early response genes. we found that anisomycin treatment of u87mg glioma cells resulted in a marked, time-dependent increase in levels of egr-1 protein. the results of northern blot analy ...	2006	17202844
overexpression of ets-like protein 1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.	to study the expression pattern of ets-like protein 1 (elk-1) in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (escc) and to analyze its relationship with clinicopathologic parameters.	2006	17203534
ras/erk1/2-mediated stat3 ser727 phosphorylation by familial medullary thyroid carcinoma-associated ret mutants induces full activation of stat3 and is required for c-fos promoter activation, cell mitogenicity, and transformation.	the precise role of stat3 ser(727) phosphorylation in ret-mediated cell transformation and oncogenesis is not well understood. in this study, we have shown that familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (fmtc) mutants ret(y791f) and ret(s891a) induced, in addition to tyr(705) phosphorylation, constitutive stat3 ser(727) phosphorylation. using inhibitors and dominant negative constructs, we have demonstrated that ret(y791f) and ret(s891a) induce stat3 ser(727) phosphorylation via a canonical ras/erk1/ ...	2007	17209045
hoxa1-stimulated oncogenicity is mediated by selective upregulation of components of the p44/42 map kinase pathway in human mammary carcinoma cells.	expression of homeobox a1 (hoxa1) results in oncogenic transformation of immortalized human mammary epithelial cells with aggressive tumor formation in vivo. however, the mechanisms by which hoxa1 mediates oncogenic transformation is not well defined. to identify molecules that could potentially be involved in hoxa1-mediated oncogenic transformation, microarray analysis was utilized to characterize and compare the gene expression pattern in response to forced expression or depletion of hoxa1 in ...	2007	17213808
nerve growth factor mrna expression in the regenerating antler tip of red deer (cervus elaphus).	deer antlers are the only mammalian organs that can fully regenerate each year. during their growth phase, antlers of red deer extend at a rate of approximately 10 mm/day, a growth rate matched by the antler nerves. it was demonstrated in a previous study that extracts from deer velvet antler can promote neurite outgrowth from neural explants, suggesting a possible role for nerve growth factor (ngf) in antler innervation. here we showed using the techniques of northern blot analysis, denervation ...	2007	17215957
head and neck manifestations of wegener's granulomatosis.	wegener's granulomatosis (wg) is a necrotizing granulomatous angiitis that presents the classic elk triad of ear, nose, throat (e), lung (l), and kidney (k) involvement. its potential rapid and fatal outcome makes the early recognition--before irreversible organ involvement occurs--mandatory. the aetiology is still unknown. today, immunosuppressive therapy makes wg a treatable disease with a chronically relapsing course. the otorhinolaryngologist plays an important role in early diagnosis of wg, ...	2006	17216737
chronic wasting disease.	until recently, chronic wasting disease of cervids, the only prion disease affecting wildlife, was believed to be geographically concentrated to colorado and wyoming within the united states. however, increased surveillance has unveiled several additional pockets of cwd-infected deer and elk in 12 additional states and 2 canadian provinces. deer and elk with cwd have extensive aggregates of prp(sc) not only in the central nervous system, but also in peripheral lymphoid tissues, skeletal muscle, ...	2007	17223321
cepstral coefficients and hidden markov models reveal idiosyncratic voice characteristics in red deer (cervus elaphus) stags.	bouts of vocalizations given by seven red deer stags were recorded over the rutting period, and homomorphic analysis and hidden markov models (two techniques typically used for the automatic recognition of human speech utterances) were used to investigate whether the spectral envelope of the calls was individually distinctive. bouts of common roars (the most common call type) were highly individually distinctive, with an average recognition percentage of 93.5%. a "temporal" split-sample approach ...	2006	17225434
presence of shiga toxin-producing e. coli o157:h7 in a survey of wild artiodactyls.	this study was carried out to evaluate the role of wild artiodactyls as reservoirs of escherichia coli o157:h7 for livestock and humans. retroanal mucosal swabs samples from 206 red deer (cervus elaphus), 20 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 6 fallow deer (dama dama) and 11 mouflon (ovis musimon), collected during the hunting season (autumn-winter) in south-western spain, were screened. samples were pre-enriched in modified buffered peptone water, concentrated by an immunomagnetic separation techn ...	2007	17229534
[dynamic of dna-binding activity of transcription factors in a431 cells during their spreading on immobilized ligands].	dynamics of actin cytoskeleton in a431 cells and specific nf-kappab srf and ap-1 dna-binding activities were studied during a 2 h spreading of these cells on fibronectin, laminin-2/4 or an antibody to epidermal growth factor receptor. cell spreading was shown to be accompanied by sequential formation of actin cytoskeleton structures, whose spatial organization depends on the type of immobilized ligand. we have determined the time intervals, within which certain forms of cytoskeleton do not chang ...	2006	17233479
fly-casting in protein-dna binding: frustration between protein folding and electrostatics facilitates target recognition.		2007	17243791
dna-independent parp-1 activation by phosphorylated erk2 increases elk1 activity: a link to histone acetylation.	polyadp-ribose polymerases (parps) catalyze a posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins by polyadp-ribosylation. the catalytic activity of the abundant nuclear protein parp-1 is stimulated by dna strand breaks, and parp-1 activation is required for initiation of dna repair. here we show that parp-1 also acts within extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling cascade that mediates growth and differentiation. the findings reveal an alternative mode of parp-1 activation, which do ...	2007	17244536
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and mycobacterium avium subsp. avium infections in a tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) herd.	between 2 august and 22 september 2000, 37 hunter-killed tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) were evaluated at the grizzly island wildlife area, california, usa, for evidence of paratuberculosis. elk were examined post-mortem, and tissue and fecal samples were submitted for radiometric mycobacterial culture. acid-fast isolates were identified by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) that discriminates among members of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). histopathologic evaluations were c ...	2006	17255437
infections caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies avium, hominissuis, and paratuberculosis in free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) in austria, 2001-2004.	between 2001 and 2004, 14 austrian free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) infected by mycobacterium avium species were observed. eight of the cases were from different geographical regions, and six originated from the same hunting area. the affected animals had signs of diarrhea, severe weight loss, and emaciation. on post-mortem examination, lymphadenitis associated with grossly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes as well as multiple caseous or purulent nodular lesions in the thickened ...	2006	17255438
malignant catarrhal fever in free-ranging cervids associated with ovhv-2 and cphv-2 dna.	pathologic lesions were summarized in 18 free-ranging cervids (15 moose [alces alces], two roe deer [capreolus capreolus], and one red deer [cervus elaphus]) diagnosed with malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) after examination at the national veterinary institute, oslo 1982-2005. eye lesions (conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, fibrin clots in the anterior eye chamber) were the most frequent gross finding. erosive-ulcerative mucosal lesions in the nose and mouth were also commonly found. histopathology ...	2006	17255446
serological survey for potential disease agents of free-ranging cervids in six selected national parks from germany.	a total of 164 blood samples, collected from free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in six german national parks (np) between 2000 and 2002, were assayed for antibodies against nine viral disease agents. antibodies were only detected against the alpha-herpesviruses; specifically, bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) (22 of 157, 14%), cervid herpesvirus-1 (17 of 157, 10.8%), and caprine herpesvirus-1 (11 of 159, 6.9%). titers ranged from 4 to 10 ...	2006	17255452
larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi in a population of free-living red deer in italy.	hunter-killed red deer (n = 68; cervus elaphus) harvested from the italian provinces of bologna (emilia romagna) and pistoia (tuscany) (44 degrees 00'n 11 degrees 00'e) from october 2001 to january 2002 were examined for protostrongylid larvae. twenty-eight animals (41%) had protostrongylid larvae in feces, lungs, and inguinal and iliac lymph nodes. of these 28 animals, 20 were adults (71%), four were yearlings (14%), and four were calves (14%). shape, length, width, and the location to the nema ...	2006	17255458
identification of dok-4b, a dok-4 splice variant with enhanced inhibitory properties.	dok adapter proteins have been primarily implicated in negative regulation of tyrosine kinase signaling, but dok-4 has been reported to exert both inhibitory and stimulatory effects. we have identified a splice variant of dok-4, dok-4b, which contains a 39 aa insert within the its c-terminal region. the approximately 45kda dok-4b protein was detected in several human epithelial cell lines. based on genomic sequences, dok-4b was also predicted to exist in primates and possibly bovines, but not in ...	2007	17258175
wolf reintroduction to scotland: public attitudes and consequences for red deer management.	reintroductions are important tools for the conservation of individual species, but recently more attention has been paid to the restoration of ecosystem function, and to the importance of carrying out a full risk assessment prior to any reintroduction programme. in much of the highlands of scotland, wolves (canis lupus) were eradicated by 1769, but there are currently proposals for them to be reintroduced. their main wild prey if reintroduced would be red deer (cervus elaphus). red deer are the ...	2007	17264063
nuclear factor activation by fcgammar in human peripheral blood neutrophils detected by a novel flow cytometry-based method.	in mammals, neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocytes. neutrophils are short-lived cells presenting at least two important transcriptionally regulated cellular responses, initiated by cell activation: the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inhibition of apoptosis. the study of transcriptionally regulated processes in these cells cannot be approached through conventional reporter gene strategies, as there are currently not available methods for neutrophil transfection ...	2007	17266982
regulating overabundant ungulate populations: an example for elk in rocky mountain national park, colorado.	in many areas of the world, populations of native ungulates have become so abundant that they are believed to be harming vegetation and disrupting ecosystem function. methods for controlling overabundance populations include culling animals from the population and controlling fertility using contraceptives. however, understanding the feasibility these alternatives requires insight into their long-term effects on populations. we constructed a simulation model to evaluate options for regulating el ...	2008	17276577
transmission and adaptation of chronic wasting disease to hamsters and transgenic mice: evidence for strains.	in vitro screening using the cell-free prion protein conversion system indicated that certain rodents may be susceptible to chronic wasting disease (cwd). therefore, cwd isolates from mule deer, white-tailed deer, and elk were inoculated intracerebrally into various rodent species to assess the rodents' susceptibility and to develop new rodent models of cwd. the species inoculated were syrian golden, djungarian, chinese, siberian, and armenian hamsters, transgenic mice expressing the syrian gold ...	2007	17287284
multiscale wolf predation risk for elk: does migration reduce risk?	while migration is hypothesized to reduce predation risk for ungulates, there have been few direct empirical tests of this hypothesis. furthermore, few studies examined multiscale predation risk avoidance by migrant ungulates, yet recent research reveals that predator-prey interactions occur at multiple scales. we test the predation risk reduction hypothesis at two spatial scales in a partially migratory elk (cervus elaphus) population by comparing exposure of migrant and resident elk to wolf (c ...	2007	17287955
the spread of prions through the body in naturally acquired transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by unconventional pathogens and affect the central nervous system of animals and humans. several different forms of these diseases result from natural infection (i.e. exposure to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents or prions, present in the natural environment of the respective host). this holds true also for scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, chronic wasting disea ...	2007	17288548
rev7/mad2b links c-jun n-terminal protein kinase pathway signaling to activation of the transcription factor elk-1.	the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases represent one of the most important classes of signaling cascades that are used by eukaryotic cells to sense extracellular signals. one of the major responses to these cascades is a change in cellular gene expression profiles mediated through the direct targeting of transcriptional regulators, such as the transcription factor elk-1. here we have identified human rev7 (hrev7)/mad2b/mad2l2 as an interaction partner for elk-1 and demonstrate that hrev7 ac ...	2007	17296730
differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine on elk-1 in rat hippocampus.	transcriptional regulation is central to the long-term effects of drugs of abuse. activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk1/2) pathway underlies plasticity changes that accompany drug use. one target of erk1/2 activation is the ets-like transcription factor elk-1. we show here that nicotine modulates elk-1 in the rat hippocampus in a spatially and temporally specific manner. in-vitro nicotine (1 mum) activated elk-1 in hippocampal slices. in-vivo acute nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) ac ...	2007	17301675
climate, food, density and wildlife population growth rate.	1. the aim of this study was to derive and evaluate a priori models of the relationship between annual instantaneous population growth rate (r) and climate. these were derived from the numerical response of annual r and food, and the effect of climate on a parameter in the numerical response. the goodness of fit of a range of such deductive models to data on annual r of soay sheep and red deer were evaluated using information-theoretic (aicc-based) analyses. 2. the analysis for sheep annual r sh ...	2007	17302843
the relationship between tooth wear, habitat quality and late-life reproduction in a wild red deer population.	1. molar tooth wear is considered an important proximate mechanism driving patterns of senescence in ungulates but few studies have investigated the causes of variation in molar wear or their consequences for reproductive success. 2. in this study, we assessed molar tooth wear at death among red deer cervus elaphus of known age on the isle of rum, scotland. 3. first molar height showed a decelerating decline with age. in females, the rates of molar wear with age varied with location of home rang ...	2007	17302848
predation risk affects reproductive physiology and demography of elk.	elk (cervus elaphus) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem alter patterns of aggregation, habitat selection, vigilance, and foraging in the presence of wolves (canis lupus). antipredator behaviors like these can reduce predation risk but are also likely to carry costs. data from five elk populations studied for 16 site years showed that progesterone concentrations (from 1489 fecal samples) declined with the ratio of elk to wolves. in turn, progesterone concentrations were a good predictor of calf ...	2007	17303746
revising how the computer program cervus accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment.	genotypes are frequently used to identify parentage. such analysis is notoriously vulnerable to genotyping error, and there is ongoing debate regarding how to solve this problem. many scientists have used the computer program cervus to estimate parentage, and have taken advantage of its option to allow for genotyping error. in this study, we show that the likelihood equations used by versions 1.0 and 2.0 of cervus to accommodate genotyping error miscalculate the probability of observing an erron ...	2007	17305863
tamoxifen-induced activation of p21waf1/cip1 gene transcription is mediated by early growth response-1 protein through the jnk and p38 map kinase/elk-1 cascades in mda-mb-361 breast carcinoma cells.	tamoxifen (tam) is a synthetic non-steroidal anti-estrogen compound that is widely used as an effective chemotherapeutic agent for treatment and prevention of breast cancer. unfortunately, prolonged treatment with tam causes tam-responsive tumors to become tam resistant through an as-yet-unknown mechanism. to develop novel anti-breast cancer agents that are therapeutically superior to tam, we must first fully understand the biological effects of tam. in this study, we found that tam treatment of ...	2007	17307334
a 12-month survey of gastrointestinal helminth infections of cervids kept in two zoos in belgium.	infections with helminths are a major health issue in captive and wild deer. in this study, fecal egg count patterns and clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes were assessed for 12 mo in nine cervid herds kept under different husbandry conditions at two sites. at site 1, an urban zoo, fecal egg counts remained low and no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were seen in the herds of fallow deer (dama dama), dybowski's deer (cervus nippon dybowski), pudu (pudu pudu), and ...	2005	17312767
surveillance for selected bacterial and toxicologic contaminants in donated carcass meat fed to carnivores.	wildlife safari, a zoo located in winston, oregon, has fed donated carcass meat as a diet to carnivores for over 30 yr. carcass meat is an alternative to commercially prepared meat. donated meat arrives at wildlife safari as an entire animal. cattle (bos taurus), horse (equus caballus), deer (odocoileus hemionus), and elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) have been donated. bacterial testing was performed on site with the use of neogen reveal immunosorbent assays. testing focused on salmonella spp., l ...	2006	17312786
evaluation of three strategic parasite control programs in captive wild ruminants.	parasite control in wild ruminants is based mainly on anthelmintics. the objective of the present study was to evaluate three parasite control programs in seven herds of captive wild ruminants in 3 consecutive years. in the first year, a biannual spring-summer treatment regime with fenbendazole at 7.5 mg/kg body weight p.o. for 3 days was applied. the next year, an early-season treatment program with three administrations of fenbendazole at the same dosage at 3-wk intervals was used. in the thir ...	2006	17312807
resistance to chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice expressing a naturally occurring allelic variant of deer prion protein.	prion protein (prp) is a required factor for susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion diseases. in transgenic mice, expression of prion protein (prp) from another species often confers susceptibility to prion disease from that donor species. for example, expression of deer or elk prp in transgenic mice has induced susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (cwd), the prion disease of cervids. in the current experiments, transgenic mice expressing two naturally occurring ...	2007	17314157
the distribution of the growth factors fgf-2 and vegf, and their receptors, in growing red deer antler.	the cellular distributions of the growth factors fgf-2 and vegf, and their receptors fgfr1, fgfr2 and fgfr3, and vegfr-2 respectively, were visualized by immunohistochemistry and light microscopy in sections of growing red deer antler. both of these signalling systems were widely expressed in the integument and osteocartilaginous compartments. fgf-2 was found in the same cells as all three fgfrs, indicating that fgf signalling may be principally autocrine. the patterns of labelling for vegf and ...	2007	17316726
evaluation of vaginal implant transmitters in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	the effects of vaginal implant transmitters for tissue damage after 11 wk in 13 captive adult elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and subsequent reproductive performance in 38 free-ranging elk were evaluated. vaginal implant transmitters are designed to be shed at parturition and are used to locate birth sites of wild ungulates; however, potential adverse effects of these transmitters on tissues associated with the vaginal walls or subsequent reproductive performance have not been assessed. vaginal imp ...	2006	17319128
a biomechanical comparison of kyphoplasty using a balloon bone tamp versus an expandable polymer bone tamp in a deer spine model.	we performed a biomechanical study to compare the augmentation of isolated fractured vertebral bodies using two different bone tamps. compression fractures were created in 21 vertebral bodies harvested from red deer after determining their initial strength and stiffness, which was then assessed after standardised bipedicular vertebral augmentation using a balloon or an expandable polymer bone tamp. the median strength and stiffness of the balloon bone tamp group was 6.71 kn (sd 2.71) and 1.885 k ...	2007	17322448
antibody responses are generated to immunodominant elk/kle-type motifs on the nonstructural-1 glycoprotein during live dengue virus infections in mice and humans: implications for diagnosis, pathogenesis, and vaccine design.	antibodies generated to the purified dengue type 2 virus (d-2v) nonstructural-1 (ns1) protein in mice and rabbits were compared with those generated to this protein in congeneic (h-2 class ii) mouse strains and humans after d-2v infections. unlike the profiles observed with the rabbits, similar antibody reaction profiles were generated by mice and humans with severe d-2v disease (dengue hemorrhagic fever [dhf]/dengue shock syndrome [dss]). many of these epitopes contained the core acidic-hydroph ...	2007	17329445
evaluation of an ovarian synchronization scheme for fixed-time artificial insemination in wapiti.	the ovarian response to an empirically derived treatment protocol used commercially for fixed-time insemination in wapiti (cervus elaphus) was evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography in hinds during transition into the ovulatory season. on september 29, hinds (n=7) were given an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (cidr-b, 1.9 g of progesterone) or left untreated (controls, n=9). fourteen days later, hinds in the treated group were given 200 iu ecg and the cidr was removed. hinds in the ...	2007	17331570
h3 histamine receptor agonist inhibits biliary growth of bdl rats by downregulation of the camp-dependent pka/erk1/2/elk-1 pathway.	histamine regulates many functions by binding to four histamine g-coupled receptor proteins (h1r, h2r, h3r and h4r). as h3r exerts their effects by coupling to galpha(i/o) proteins reducing adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (camp) levels (a key player in the modulation of cholangiocyte hyperplasia/damage), we evaluated the role of h3r in the regulation of biliary growth. we posed the following questions: (1) do cholangiocytes express h3r? (2) does in vivo administration of (r)-(alpha)-(-)-methylhis ...	2007	17334413
experimental infections in young red deer (cervus elaphus) with a bovine and an ovine strain of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.	to compare the virulence of a 'bovine' and an 'ovine' strain of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (m. ptb) in red deer (cervus elaphus) after experimental inoculation orally, and to examine the relationship between the dose of the bovine strain given and immunological, clinical and histopathological outcomes in young red deer.	2007	17339913
sex, age, spleen size, and kidney fat of red deer relative to infection intensities of the lungworm elaphostrongylus cervi.	we analyzed the relationships among spleen size, body condition (measured as kidney fat), and larval counts of the nematode elaphostrongylus cervi in red deer (cervus elaphus). the aim was to investigate the interaction between host body condition and intensity of infection with parasites. as red deer are highly polygynous, we also tested whether these relationships varied with sex and age of the hosts. kidney fat and spleen size were positively correlated in subadults (2-3 years old) and adults ...	2007	17340117
rap1/b-raf signaling is activated in neuroendocrine tumors of the digestive tract and raf kinase inhibition constitutes a putative therapeutic target.	molecular pathogenesis of digestive neuroendocrine tumors (dnets) is largely unknown. recently, the serine-threonine kinase b-raf was identified as an oncogene in endocrine cancer such as thyroid carcinoma. in endocrine cells, the small g-protein rap1 stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling by activating b-raf. we examined the expression of rap1 and b-raf in dnets and their contribution to mapk signaling in neuroendocrine cell lines. in addition, we explored the effect of su ...	2007	17341847
mineral deficiencies in tule elk, owens valley, california.	male tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) are susceptible to high rates of antler breakage in owens valley, california. we hypothesized that a mineral deficiency in the diet predisposed male elk to antler breakage. we analyzed elk antler, liver, and forage samples to identify mineral imbalances. we compared the mineral content of livers and antlers from elk in owens valley to samples taken from tule elk at grizzly island wildlife area, a population experiencing normal rates (<5%) of antler breakag ...	2007	17347394
structural and functional diversity of the microbial kinome.	the eukaryotic protein kinase (epk) domain mediates the majority of signaling and coordination of complex events in eukaryotes. by contrast, most bacterial signaling is thought to occur through structurally unrelated histidine kinases, though some epk-like kinases (elks) and small molecule kinases are known in bacteria. our analysis of the global ocean sampling (gos) dataset reveals that elks are as prevalent as histidine kinases and may play an equally important role in prokaryotic behavior. by ...	2007	17355172
downregulation of cuzn-superoxide dismutase contributes to beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated oxidative stress in the heart.	sustained beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-ar) activation augments oxidative stress in the heart; whether alterations in antioxidant enzymes contribute to this effect is unknown.	2007	17362897
mek/erk signaling controls osmoregulation of nucleus pulposus cells of the intervertebral disc by transactivation of tonebp/orebp.	earlier studies have shown that intervertebral disc cells express tonebp, a transcription factor that permits adaptation to osmotic stress and regulates aggrecan gene expression. however, the mechanism of hyperosmotic activation of tonebp in disc cells is not known. results of this study show that hypertonic activation of erk signaling regulates transactivation activity of tonebp, modulating its function.	2007	17371162
non-destructive characterization of deer (cervus elaphus) antlers by x-ray microtomography coupled with image analysis.	x-ray microtomography coupled with image analysis was tested as a non-destructive alternative method for the textural characterization of the trabecular part of deer antlers (cervus elaphus). as gas adsorption and mercury intrusion cannot be applied on this soft and spongy material, its pore texture was, up to now, determined from histological sections that give only two-dimensional information. in this work, x-ray microtomography is used to scan entire or half pieces of antlers and three-dimens ...	2007	17371448
sprouty2 regulates growth and differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells through ret tyrosine kinase.	the sprouty (spry) family of proteins includes important regulators of downstream signaling initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases. in the present study, we investigated the role of spry proteins in intracellular signaling via the ret receptor tyrosine kinase activated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf). expression of spry1, spry2, spry3 and spry4 in hek293t cells transfected with ret and gdnf receptor family alpha1 (gfralpha1) genes significantly reduced sustained erk activat ...	2007	17388787
influence of a large herbivore reintroduction on plant invasions and community composition in a california grassland.	despite many successful reintroductions of large mammalian herbivores throughout the world, remarkably little attention has focused on how these actions affect native and exotic vegetation at reintroduction sites. one such herbivore is tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes), which was on the brink of extinction in the mid 1800s, but now has numerous stable populations due to intensive reintroduction efforts. here, we summarize results from a 5-year exclosure experiment that explored the effects of t ...	2007	17391201
the importance of parasite life history and host density in predicting the impact of infections in red deer.	we studied a macroparasite (elaphostrongylus cervi, nematoda) and a microparasite infection (tuberculosis, tb) in red deer (cervus elaphus) across different populations where managers manipulated host condition, density and aggregation by providing supplemental food. we aimed to test whether and, if so, how persistence and transmission of both parasites differentially varied as host body condition and population density varied. we took account of sex, as red deer life history greatly concerns se ...	2007	17401583
biliary epithelial cell antibodies link adaptive and innate immune responses in primary sclerosing cholangitis.	primary sclerosing cholangitis (psc) is an autoimmune liver disease with destruction of hepatic bile ducts. a high frequency of biliary epithelial cell antibodies (bec-ab) is present in psc. here, we studied the mechanisms and signaling pathways used by these ab in causing bec dysfunction.	2007	17408653
efficacy, distribution and faecal excretion of copper oxide wire particles in a novel bolus in red deer (cervus elaphus).	to determine the efficacy of a novel copper oxide wire particle (cowp) formulation in elevating concentrations of copper (cu) in the liver and serum of red deer (cervus elaphus), and to investigate the distribution of particles in the gastrointestinal tract and the rate of their excretion in faeces.	2007	17410215
parasites and diseases of bison in canada: 1 tuberculosis and some other pathological conditions in bison at wood buffalo and elk island national parks in the fall and winter of 1959-60.		1961	17421345
johne's disease in a european red deer.		1961	17421389
fascioloides magna: occurrence in saskatchewan and distribution in canada.	infection with fascioloides magna, the large american liver fluke, was diagnosed in two moose (alces alces) and six wapiti (cervus elaphus) from central saskatchewan. this is believed to be the first record of the parasite in the province. fecal samples collected from wild wapiti at five sites in the commercial forest zone in saskatchewan contained eggs believed to be those of f. magna. trematode eggs were not found in feces from five captive herds of wapiti in the province, nor in samples from ...	1985	17422561
the existing and potential importance of brucellosis and tuberculosis in canadian wildlife: a review.	as the campaign to eradicate bovine brucellosis (brucella abortus) and tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in canadian livestock nears completion, the importance of extraneous sources of these diseases increases. this review summarizes the literature on brucellosis and tuberculosis in canadian wildlife species to determine existing and potential hosts. canadian caribou (rangifer tarandus) are reservoirs of brucella suis biotype 4 which is pathogenic in caribou, humans and muskoxen but reportedly ...	1986	17422637
a brief review of infectious and parasitic diseases of wapiti, with emphasis on western canada and the northwestern united states.	in this paper i review diseases reported in both captive and free-ranging wapiti in western north america, with some reference to diseases in captive red deer in great britain, europe, new zealand, and eastern north america.with the exception of coronavirus in neonates, few viral agents are reported to cause serious disease losses in wapiti in north america at this time. bacterial diseases of current significance include brucellosis (focus in wyoming), clostridial diseases, coliform enteritis of ...	1991	17423839
mycobacterium bovis in elk in alberta.		1993	17424216
forelimb amputation in a red deer.		1993	17424260
risk factors associated with the prevalence of tuberculosis-like lesions in fenced wild boar and red deer in south central spain.	in recent decades the management of large game mammals has become increasingly intensive in south central spain (scs), resulting in complex epidemiological scenarios for disease maintenance, and has probably impeded schemes to eradicate tuberculosis (tb) in domestic livestock. we conducted an analysis of risk factors which investigated associations between the pattern of tuberculosis-like lesions (tbl) in wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) across 19 hunting estates from scs and ...	2007	17425933
a qtl study of growth and body shape in the inter-species hybrid of père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) and red deer (cervus elaphus).	an interspecies deer hybrid resource population developed from a cross of père david's and red deer was used to detect qtl that account for species differences. a genome scan, coupled with composite interval mapping, was conducted to search for qtl controlling body measurements at pre-pubescent age (6 months of age) and puberty (15 months of age) in this interspecies hybrid. five linkage groups that harbour qtl affecting morphology were identified. a joint-traits analysis was used to search for ...	2007	17433011
adsorption of pathogenic prion protein to quartz sand.	management responses to prion diseases of cattle, deer, and elk create a significant need for safe and effective disposal of infected carcasses and other materials. furthermore, soil may contribute to the horizontal transmission of sheep scrapie and cervid chronic wasting disease by serving as an environmental reservoirforthe infectious agent. as an initial step toward understanding prion mobility in porous materials such as soil and landfilled waste, the influence of ph and ionic strength (l) o ...	2007	17438782
transforming growth factor beta signaling via ras in mesenchymal cells requires p21-activated kinase 2 for extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent transcriptional responses.	transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) signaling via smad proteins occurs in various cell types. however, whereas the biological response to tgf-beta can be as distinct as growth promoting (i.e., mesenchymal cells) versus growth inhibiting (i.e., epithelial cells), few discernible differences in tgf-beta signaling have been reported. in the current study, we examined the role of ras in the proliferative response to tgf-beta and how it might interface with smad-dependent and smad-independent ...	2007	17440079
differential extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 activation by the angiotensin type 1 receptor supports distinct phenotypes of cardiac myocytes.	the angiotensin ii (angii) type 1 receptor (at(1)r) is a seven-transmembrane receptor well established to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2) by discrete g protein-dependent and beta-arrestin2-dependent pathways. the biological importance of this, however, remains obscure. application of the modified analogue [sar(1), ile(4), ile(8)]-angii ([sii] angii) allowed us to dissect the two pathways of erk1/2 activation in native cardiac myocytes. although cytosol-retained, ...	2007	17448114
chronic wasting disease of deer and elk in transgenic mice: oral transmission and pathobiology.	to study the pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk, transgenic (tg) mice were generated that expressed the prion protein (prp) of deer containing a glycine at amino acid (aa) 96 and a serine at aa 225 under transcriptional control of the murine prp promoter. this construct was introduced into murine prp-deficient mice. as anticipated, neither non-tg mice nor prp ko mice were susceptible when inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) or orally with cwd brain material (scrapie pool ...	2007	17451773