Publications

a bifunctional monocyclic beta-lactam cross-links across the active site of beta-lactamase.	a 4-alkoxy-2-azetidinone behaves as a bifunctional active site-directed inhibitor of the class a beta-lactamase from bacillus cereus 569/h. it cross-links ser 70 and lys 234 as it binds in a approximately 1:1 ratio. the cross-linked enzyme is irreversibly inhibited while the secondary structure is partially stabilized under conditions when the native enzyme is otherwise converted to a form with no detectable secondary structure by circular dichroism.	1995	7826374
transformation of microorganisms with the plasmid vector with the replicon from pac1 from acetobacter pasteurianus.	a number of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria species was screened for the expression of the gram-negative plasmid pack5 and pact72 with replicon of pac1 plasmid from acetobacter pasteurianus. as was described previously, both plasmids were expressed in escherichia coli, acetobacter pasteurianus, acetobacter aceti, shigella spp. and citrobacter spp. expressions of plasmids were successful in twelve species tested, comamonas terrigena, salmonella typhimurium, serratia marcescens, bacillus ...	1995	7832808
inhibition of spoilage and food-borne pathogens by lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermenting tef (eragrostis tef) dough.	a study was carried out at the department of biology, addis abeba university, in 1991 to determine the inhibitory potential of fermenting tef and the lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermenting tef dough on salmonella spp., pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella spp., bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus. the test bacteria grew in the fermenting tef uptill 30 hr or till the ph dropped to 4.7. thereafter, growth was inhibited and decreases in population were apparent. the results showed that t ...	1994	7835350
bacillus subtilis possesses a second determinant with extensive sequence similarity to the escherichia coli mreb morphogene.	a gene with substantial sequence similarity to the mreb morphogene of bacillus subtilis has been identified at 302 degrees on the chromosomal map by a. decatur, b. kunkel, and r. losick (harvard university; personal communication). our characterization has revealed that the protein product of this determinant (termed mbl for mreb-like) is 55 and 53% identical in sequence to the mreb proteins of b. subtilis and escherichia coli, respectively. the protein is 86% identical to a protein identified a ...	1995	7836311
toxin-related diarrheas.		1994	7838605
glycan requirements of glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase c from trypanosoma brucei. glucosaminylinositol derivatives inhibit phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c.	glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase c (gpi-plc) from trypanosoma brucei and phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c (pi-plc) from bacillus sp. both cleave glycosylphosphatidylinositols (gpis). however, phosphatidylinositol, which is efficiently cleaved by pi-plc, is a very poor substrate for gpi-plc. we examined gpi-plc substrate requirements using glycoinositol analogs of gpi components as potential inhibitors. glucosaminyl (alpha 1-->6)-d-myo-inositol (glcn(alpha 1-->6)ins), glcn(alpha 1-- ...	1995	7852313
a turbidometric assay for phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase.	we describe a simple turbidometric assay for phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase c (pc-plc) (ec 3.1.4.3), phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) (ec 3.1.4.10), and sphingomyelinase (smase) (ec 3.1.4.12), suitable for high-volume screening using unmodified substrates. under the conditions described, 1 to 10 u/ml of pc-plc (bacillus cereus) induces a rapid and continuous increase in turbidity (0.4 to 0.6 au at 410 nm) of phosphatidylcholine vesicles (1-10 mm) that highly cor ...	1994	7864373
evaluation of the safety of domestic food preparation in malaysia.	food-handling practices were studied in 119 and 158 households, respectively, in an urban and a rural community in peninsular malaysia. hazard analyses, including microbiological analysis of foods, were carried out in two households in each community and in a house that prepared food for distribution in the urban area. kitchen hygiene was generally acceptable, although rated "poor" in some instances in the rural area. food prepared for lunch was usually sufficient for dinner also, the leftover i ...	1994	7867133
survival and growth of selected pathogens in fermented kocho (ensete ventricosum).	a study was conducted to investigate the antagonistic potential of fermented kocho, aqueous extract of fermented kocho and spent media from lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from it on salmonella sp, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella sp, bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus. fermented kocho (ph 4.3) inhibited growth of the test bacteria soon after their introduction into the food. the spent media from all of the four lab, isolated from fermented kocho, namely pediococcus sp, leuconostoc ...	1994	7867544
a device to measure the oxygen uptake rate of attached cells: importance in bioartificial organ design.	quantification of the dependence of cellular oxygen uptake rate (our) on oxygen partial pressure is useful for the design and testing of bioartificial devices which utilize cells. thus far, this information has only been obtained from suspended cells and from cells attached to microcarriers. in this work, a device was developed to obtain the dependence of our on oxygen partial pressure for anchorage-dependent cells cultured in standard culture dishes. the device is placed and sealed on the top o ...	1994	7881763
specific oligonucleotide primers for detection of lecithinase-positive bacillus spp. by pcr.	an assay based on the pcr has been developed to facilitate detection and identification of bacillus cereus in foods. three primers for the pcr have been designed within the sequence for cereolysin ab, a cytolytic determinant that encodes lecithin-hydrolyzing and hemolytic activities of b. cereus. with the pcr and hybridization, the specificity of the primers was tested with 39 isolates of the b. cereus group, with 17 other bacillus spp., and with 21 non-bacillus strains. results demonstrate a hi ...	1995	7887632
functionalized depsipeptides, substrates and inhibitors of beta-lactamases and dd-peptidases.	a series of derivatives of phenyl phenylacetylglycinates (aryl phenaceturates) with a carboxylate substituent meta to the oxygen of the phenoxide leaving group and a functionalized methylene group in the ortho- or para-position have been synthesized. these molecules possess a latent o- or p-quinone methide electrophile which could be unmasked during enzymic turnover and could react with an active site nucleophile. this chemistry does seem to occur in solution where a common hydrolysis product, i ...	1994	7894969
oxytetracycline residue levels in chicken eggs after oral administration of medicated drinking water to laying chickens.	twenty laying birds were divided into four groups (n = 5) and given drinking water containing 0, 400, 600, and 800 mg/l of oxytetracycline respectively for 7 days. eggs were collected continuously for 17 days after drug administration and stored at +4 degrees c. the oxytetracycline residues in yolk and albumen were analysed using a microbiological method with bacillus cereus var. mycoides atcc 11778 as the test organism. the mean maximum concentration of oxytetracycline was observed 2 days earli ...	1994	7895869
antibacterial activity of 7-aminocholesterol, a new sterol.	a new sterol, 7-aminocholesterol, which inhibits growth of saccharomyces cerevisiae, also displayed antibiotic activity against gram-positive bacteria. the 50% growth inhibitory concentration against strains of listeria innocua, l. monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus hirae and bacillus cereus was 3 microm.	1995	7896083
site-directed mutagenesis of beta-lactamase i: role of glu-166.	two glu-166 mutants of beta-lactamase i from bacillus cereus 569/h were constructed: one with a lengthened side chain (e166cmc, the s-carboxymethylcysteine mutant) and the other with the side chain shortened and made non-polar (e166a). their kinetic properties were studied and compared with those of the wild-type and the e166d mutant (with a shortened side chain) previously made by gibson, christensen and waley (1990) (biochem. j. 272, 613-619). surprisingly, with good penicillin substrates, km, ...	1994	7910734
bacillus cereus endophthalmitis.		1994	7918273
toward the mechanism of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases c.		1994	7922124
synthesis of optically-active hexadecyl thiophosphoryl-1-d-myo-inositol: a thiophosphate analog of phosphatidylinositol.	the synthesis of optically-active hexadecyl thiophosphoryl-1-d-myo-inositol 11 was accomplished from 2,3-o-(d-1',7',7'-trimethyl[2.2.1]bicyclohept-2'-ylidene)-4,5,6-o- tris(methoxymethyl)-d-myo-inositol 6 or 2,3,4,5,6-o-pentakis(methoxymethyl)-d-myo-inositol 14, using the arbusov reaction of their dimethyl phosphite derivatives 7 and 15 with n-hexadecyl thiophthalimide 8. this product was a substrate for phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c from bacillus cereus.	1994	7922128
purification and properties of zinc-metallophospholipase c from pseudomonas fluorescens.	phospholipase c produced by pseudomonas fluorescens, isolated as a laboratory contaminant, has been purified to apparent homogeneity by ammonium sulphate fractionation, anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatographies. the apparent molecular mass of the purified polypeptide was 39.5 kda. purified preparations of phospholipase c were used to characterize its enzymic properties and to obtain amino acid sequence of the n-terminus of the molecule. the p. fluorescens phospholipase c hydrolysed ptde ...	1994	7925409
contamination of hospital linen by bacillus cereus.	an investigation into two cases of post-operative bacillus cereus meningitis revealed that hospital linen laundered by a batch continuous washing machine was heavily contaminated by b. cereus spores. the washing machine, detergents, other chemical additives and the water supply were eliminated as the source of contamination. it was found that the linen introduced into the washing machine had a high b. cereus spore content and that this was still present after the wash process. the spores were no ...	1994	7925667
the aspergillus nidulans flug gene is required for production of an extracellular developmental signal and is related to prokaryotic glutamine synthetase i.	mutations in the aspergillus nidulans flug gene disrupt the programmed induction of asexual sporulation and result in formation of fluffy colonies that are characterized by undifferentiated cotton-like masses of vegetative cells. we show that the flug mutant phenotype is suppressed when flug mutant colonies are grown next to wild-type colonies even if the two strains are separated by dialysis membrane with a 6000- to 8000-dalton pore size. flug encodes a cytoplasmically localized approximately 9 ...	1994	7926755
a new methionine antagonist that has antifungal activity: mode of action.	a new antifungal, azoxybacilin (an unusual amino acid with an azoxy moiety) was identified from bacillus cereus, and its in vitro antifungal activity and mode of action were investigated. azoxybacilin was active against a broad spectrum of fungi. it was especially active against mycelial fungi, such as aspergillus, and did not show antibacterial activity. no cross-resistance with antifungals currently on the market was observed. the ic50 values of azoxybacilin antifungal activity against sacchar ...	1994	7928678
a comparison of elisa and rpla for detection of bacillus cereus diarrhoeal enterotoxin.	fourteen strains of bacillus cereus isolated from different sources were examined for their ability to produce diarrhoeal enterotoxin by two commercial immunoassay kits (oxoid bcet-rpla and tecra elisa) and the microslide immunodiffusion assay. one strain that was positive in monkey feedings, as well as a number of other strains isolated from diarrhoeal outbreaks, gave positive results in the elisa and negative results in the rpla test systems. when tested in the microslide assay, these strains ...	1994	7928785
the rice culture filtrate of bacillus cereus isolated from emetic-type food poisoning causes mitochondrial swelling in a hep-2 cell.	rice culture filtrates of bacillus cereus sa-50, an emetic-type strain, produced a toxin which caused cytoplasmic vacuole formation in hep-2 and hela cells. electron microscopic observation revealed that the apparent vacuoles in hep-2 seen under a light microscope were actually swollen mitochondria. the oxygen consumption of hep-2 cells was accelerated by the addition of the rice culture filtrate as was measured with a polarographic oxymeter; a respiratory control ratio was 1.0 for control cells ...	1994	7935057
glutamine synthetase of mycobacterium tuberculosis: extracellular release and characterization of its enzymatic activity.	we have investigated the activity and extracellular release of glutamine synthetase [l-glutamate:ammonia ligase (adp-forming), ec 6.3.1.2] of mycobacterium tuberculosis. the purified, homogeneous m. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase appears to consist of 12 most likely identical subunits of m(r) 58,000, arranged in two superimpose hexagons. in the catalysis of l-glutamine, the enzyme has an apparent km for l-glutamate of approximately 3 mm at the ph optimum of 7.5. m. tuberculosis releases a lar ...	1994	7937767
activation of (his)6-raf-1 in vitro by partially purified plasma membranes from v-ras-transformed and serum-stimulated fibroblasts.	the serine-threonine protein kinase raf-1 is an important signal transducer in mitogenesis, phosphorylating and activating mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase kinase. raf-1 activation in vivo is dependent on ras, but the mechanism of raf activation is unknown. the ability of preparations of plasma membranes to activate exogenous (his)6-raf-1 was studied. plasma membranes of v-ras-transformed nih 3t3 cells, but not parental cells, enhanced map kinase kinase kinase (mapkkk) activity dependent o ...	1994	7937802
diacylglycerol kinase activity in rat liver nuclei.	membrane-depleted rat liver nuclei contain diacylglycerol (dag) kinase showing a specific activity which doubles that of the whole homogenate. in contrast, cytoplasmic and plasma membrane marker enzymes attain a specific activity of 0.4% at the most, when nuclear dag kinase approaches 4.5% of the total tissue activity. the enzyme shows a km of 161 and 200 microm for atp in both nuclei and microsomes whereas the km for dag is 75 microm in nuclei and 658 microm in microsomes. octylglucoside, chaps ...	1994	7946964
infection due to bacillus cereus in an injection drug user with aids: bacteremia without morbidity.		1994	7948544
cloning and sequencing of the sspf (originally 0.3 kb) genes from bacillus cereus and bacillus megaterium.	the sspf gene (originally 0.3 kb) of bacillus cereus and b. megaterium has been cloned and sequenced, and the predicted amino acid sequences of the gene products (sspf) compared to that of b. subtilis sspf. these proteins exhibit an average of 74% sequence identity across species, suggesting they may play some important role in either sporulation or the dormant spore.	1994	7959056
bacteriological analysis of uncooked pork sausages in relation to public health.	one hundred and eighteen samples of uncooked pork sausages were analysed bacteriologically. the total aerobic plate count ranged from 1.8 x 10(8) to 9.2 x 10(8) cfu/g in the samples. high mean counts of staphylococci, enterococci, micrococci, bacillus cereus, salmonella and coliforms were observed. staphylococcus aureus were encountered with count range 2.8 x 10(6) cfu/g to 7.4 x 10(6) cfu/g. the viable count of escherichia coli ranged from 2.0 x 10(5) to 4.3 x 10(5) cfu/g. clostridium perfringe ...	1994	7959987
antimicrobial activity of lactobacilli: preliminary characterization and optimization of production of acidocin b, a novel bacteriocin produced by lactobacillus acidophilus m46.	approximately 1000 lactobacillus strains were isolated and screened for the production of antimicrobial activity, using a target panel of spoilage organisms and pathogens. only eight positive strains were found; two of these were studied in more detail. lactobacillus salivarius m7 produces the new broad spectrum bacteriocin salivaricin b which inhibits the growth of listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus, brochothrix thermosphacta, enterococcus faecalis and many lactobacilli. a new atypical bac ...	1994	7961186
the presence of low molecular weight germinative substances in bacillus cereus t spore extract.	an extract from intact spores of bacillus cereus t having a germination-inducing activity was studied. two distinct germinative principles were found through dialysis of the extract. one was diffusible through the dialysis membrane and the other was non-diffusible. the activity of the former fraction was inhibited by the addition of 1 mm glycoletherdiamine-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid (gedta), whereas the latter fraction was inactive unless gedta was added to the assay system. the diffusible princ ...	1994	7968684
[the identification of bacillus cereus, bacillus lichenformis and bacillus subtilis strains using the coagglutination reaction].	polyclonal rabbit antisera against 4 b. cereus strains were selected from a total of 9 b. cereus antisera and pooled. this serum agglutinated all available b. cereus strains (n = 63) at a titre > or = 1:64 when tested by a slide co-agglutination reaction. one hundred and thirty-six bacillus strains belonging to 17 other species reacted with higher serum concentrations only (titres mainly < or = 1:16). a pooled antiserum comprised of two b. licheniformis antisera and two b. subtilis antisera aggl ...	1994	7980381
kinetic and physical studies of beta-lactamase inhibition by a novel penem, brl 42715.	the interactions of staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus i, tem, klebsiella pneumoniae k1 and enterobacter cloacae p99 beta-lactamases with the novel penem inhibitor brl 42715 were investigated kinetically and, in some cases, by electrospray mass spectrometry (e.s.m.s.). all the beta-lactamases were rapidly inactivated by brl 42715, with second-order rate constants ranging from 0.17 to 6.4 microm-1.s-1. the initial stoichiometry of beta-lactamase inhibition was essentially 1:1, with the except ...	1994	7980451
a small (2.4 mb) bacillus cereus chromosome corresponds to a conserved region of a larger (5.3 mb) bacillus cereus chromosome.	we have determined the sizes of the chromosomes of six bacillus cereus strains (range 2.4-4.3 mb) and constructed a physical map of the smallest b. cereus chromosome (2.4 mb). this map was compared to those of the chromosomes of four b. cereus strains and one b. thuringiensis strain previously determined to be 5.4-6.3 mb. of more than 50 probes, 30 were localized to the same half of the larger b. cereus and b. thuringiensis chromosomes. all 30 were also present on the small chromosome. twenty of ...	1994	7984090
the relationship between phospholipid content and ca2+-atpase activity in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.	the relationship between the phospholipid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum and the activity of the ca2+, mg2+-stimulated atpase was analyzed by digestion of membrane phospholipids with phospholipase c and a2 enzymes of diverse specificity and by detergent extraction. phospholipase c of clostridium perfringens and clostridium welchii, that hydrolyze preferentially phosphatidylcholine (pc), inhibited the ca2+-atpase activity parallel with the depletion of phosphatidylcholine from the membrane ...	1994	7986804
studies on the bacillus flora of milk and milk products.	bacillus licheniformis and b. cereus were the most commonly isolated species of bacillus found in milk at all stages of processing. bacillus licheniformis was ubiquitous in the farm environment and counts in raw milks heat-treated in the laboratory were higher during the winter months, whilst b. cereus was associated with cattle feed throughout the year, and tended to be more common in raw milks during the summer months. although b. licheniformis was usually isolated in larger numbers than b. ce ...	1994	7989250
interactions between saturated acyl chains confer detergent resistance on lipids and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored proteins: gpi-anchored proteins in liposomes and cells show similar behavior.	proteins anchored by gpi are poorly solubilized from cell membranes by cold nonionic detergents because they associate with detergent-resistant membranes rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids. in this study, we demonstrated that cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich liposomes were incompletely solubilized by triton x-100. gpi-anchored placental alkaline phosphatase incorporated in these liposomes was also not solubilized by cold triton x-100. as sphingolipids have much higher melting temperatures (t ...	1994	7991596
transfer of shuttle vectors containing bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene into wild-type b. cereus, b. brevis and b. subtilis by electroporation.	gram positive and negative bacterial shuttle vectors carrying bacillus thuringiensis (b.t.) toxin gene were introduced by electroporation into wild-type bacillus cereus, b. brevis and b. subtilis. the transformation efficiencies for these bacteria were around 10(1)-10(4) transformants per micrograms dna based on the numbers of neomycin- and ampicillin-resistant colonies produced. the structure of the transferred plasmids proved identical with the original ones both in size and restriction patter ...	1994	7993966
antibacterial and molluscicidal phenolic acids from spondias mombin.	spondias mombin l. (anacardiaceae), used in traditional medicine because of its antimicrobial properties, was found to contain a series of 6-alkenyl-salicylic acids. they were isolated from the ethanolic extract of leaves and stems of spondias mombin by a combination of chromatographic methods. their structure was determined by nmr and ms techniques as (17:3), (17:2) and (17:1) pelandjuaic acid [or 6-(8'z,11'z,14'z-heptadecatrienyl)-salicylic acid, 6-(8'z,11'z-heptadecadienyl)-salicylic acid, an ...	1994	7997478
differential hydrolysis of immobilized phosphatidylcholines by phospholipases a2 and c.	a novel phospholipid, 1-fatty acyl-2-(12-aminododecyl) phosphatidylcholine (apc), was synthesized and reacted with two different activated agarose matrices, differing in the spacer arm length: n-hydroxysuccinimidylester agarose (1-atom spacer arm) and n-hydroxysuccinimidylester-6-aminohexanoic acid agarose (8-atom spacer arm). both immobilized phosphatidylcholines were readily degraded by bacillus cereus phospholipase c at similar rates. by contrast, crotalus adamanteus phospholipase a2 hydrolyz ...	1994	7999009
multiple proline substitutions cumulatively thermostabilize bacillus cereus atcc7064 oligo-1,6-glucosidase. irrefragable proof supporting the proline rule.	nine residues of bacillus cereus atcc7064 oligo-1,6-glucosidase were replaced stepwise with proline residues. of the nine residues, lys121, glu208 and glu290 were at second sites of beta turns; asn109, glu175 and thr261 were at n-caps of alpha helices; glu216, glu270 and glu378 were in coils within loops. the replacements were carried out in the order, lys121-->pro, glu175-->pro, glu290-->pro, glu208-->pro, glu270-->pro, glu378-->pro, thr261-->pro, glu216-->pro and asn109-->pro. the resultant ni ...	1994	8001545
identification of hemolysin bl-producing bacillus cereus isolates by a discontinuous hemolytic pattern in blood agar.	bacillus cereus causes distinct exotoxin-mediated diarrheal and emetic food poisoning syndromes and a variety of nongastrointestinal infections. evidence is accumulating that hemolysin bl is a major b. cereus virulence factor. we describe two methods for detection of hemolysin bl in crude samples and on primary culture media. in the first method, the highly unusual discontinuous hemolysis pattern that is characteristic of pure hemolysin bl was produced in sheep and calf blood agar around wells f ...	1994	8017944
sequence analysis of the l1 metallo-beta-lactamase from xanthomonas maltophilia.	the amino acid sequence deduced from the l1 beta-lactamase gene of xanthomonas maltophilia shows a significant variation from that of the cpha and blm metallo-beta-lactamases of aeromonas hydrophila and bacillus cereus, respectively. whilst the n-terminus of the l1 protein shows some similarity, particularly at the histidine residues previously suggested as a zinc-binding motif, the c-terminus of the protein demonstrates very little similarity. such differences amongst this group of enzymes woul ...	1994	8018721
a proposal for the catalytic mechanism in phospholipase c based on interaction energy and distance geometry calculations.	the non-specific phospholipase c from bacillus cereus preferentially hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine but is also active against phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and at a much lower level, sphingomyelin. a minimal substrate model containing all required structural and configurational elements of a high affinity substrate was docked into the active site. the enzyme-substrate attachment points were from molecular interaction energy calculations using the program grid and from a previous ...	1994	8029214
biological activities of two fungistatic antibiotics produced by bacillus cereus uw85.	cultures and culture filtrates of bacillus cereus uw85 suppress damping-off of alfalfa caused by phytophthora medicaginis. we studied the role in disease suppression of two antibiotics from culture filtrates of uw85 that reversibly inhibited growth of p. medicaginis. we purified the two antibiotics by cation-exchange chromatography and high-voltage paper electrophoresis and showed that one of them, designated zwittermicin a, was an aminopolyol of 396 da that was cationic at ph 7.0; the second, d ...	1994	8031096
an improved method for detecting cytostatic toxin (emetic toxin) of bacillus cereus and its application to food samples.	we developed an improved hep-2 cell assay method for the detection of bacillus cereus toxin, which affects the proliferation of hep-2 cells. the cytostatic toxin was stable upon exposure to heat, ph 2, ph 11 and trypsin, which suggests it is an emetic. using the hep-2 cell assay, we examined the distribution and contamination of b. cereus strains that produced an emetic toxin in various foods. although there were 228 enterotoxin producers among 310 b. cereus strains obtained from foods, 16 of th ...	1994	8039670
extraction and purification of leucine dehydrogenase from bacillus cereus.		1994	8047018
bacillus cereus and its toxins.		1994	8047911
the efficiency of processing and secretion of the thermolysin-like neutral protease from bacillus cereus does not require the whole prosequence, but does depend on the nature of the amino acid sequence in the region of the cleavage site.	using deletion mutants, it is shown that part of the prosequence, the omega-peptide (-4, -24), of the thermolysin-like neutral protease (tnp) from bacillus cereus, cnp, is not required for efficient processing and secretion of fully functional mature protease. it is demonstrated that the rate and selectivity of proprotein processing is dependent on both the flexibility and primary sequence of the processing site. processing is found to be particularly sensitive to the nature of the amino acid th ...	1994	8052127
[sepsis and massive intravascular hemolysis caused by bacillus cereus as the cause of death in a pregnant woman with acute myeloblastic leukemia].		1994	8059295
responses of diverse heterotrophic bacteria to elevated copper concentrations.	the influence of copper on the growth of escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio alginolyticus (three strains), and an unidentified vibrio sp. was examined in batch cultures. the effects of copper at micromolar concentrations varied from undetectable to complete growth inhibition. each strain was able to recover from a growth lag observed after copper addition at a characteristic concentration. copper concentrations that allow ...	1994	8069784
antimicrobial activities of indolocarbazole and bis-indole protein kinase c inhibitors.	the antimicrobial activities of twenty-two substances structurally related to staurosporine, aglycone in the indolocarbazole and bis-indole series were examined against streptomyces chartreusis and streptomyces griseus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, candida albicans and botrytis cinerea. inhibition of sporulation was examined also on the two species of streptomyces. unlike literature reports for efficient protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine and k-252a, no evident correlation could be f ...	1994	8071125
azoxybacilin, a novel antifungal agent produced by bacillus cereus nr2991. production, isolation and structure elucidation.		1994	8071129
modes of inhibition of foodborne non-salmonella bacteria by selenite cystine selective broth.	various cell densities of six common foodborne non-salmonella bacteria were exposed to selenite cystine (sc) salmonella selective medium. the insensitivity of pseudomonas aeruginosa and proteus vulgaris to sc was confirmed. selenite cystine selective medium was effective against the sensitive bacteria up to certain cell densities, beyond which the bacteria survived. as judged from the minimum cell number required for survival in sc, staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive to sc, followed by ...	1994	8074974
inhibition of ngf-induced neurite outgrowth of pc12 cells by bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase, a bacterial hemolysin.	sphingomyelinase of bacillus cereus, a bacterial hemolysin, reduced nerve growth factor (ngf)-induced neurite outgrowth of pc12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. at 200 mu/ml, sphingomyelinase repressed half the neurite outgrowth of the cells at 250 ng/ml ngf. the c-fos superinduction, one of the early responses induced by ngf, was not influenced by this treatment, suggesting that the repression by sphingomyelinase occurred via a protein kinase c-independent pathway.	1994	8079375
a spore-lytic enzyme released from bacillus cereus spores during germination.	the exudate of fully germinated spores of bacillus cereus ifo 13597 in 0.25 m sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7.0, was found to contain a spore-lytic enzyme. this enzyme was found to cause loss of absorbance in coat-stripped spore suspensions and phase-darkening of the spores but had minimal activity on isolated peptidoglycan substrates. the enzyme was purified in an active form and identified as a 24 kda protein which is either an amidase or a peptidase. the amino-terminal 19 residues had the follo ...	1994	8081503
a novel dodecadepsipeptide, cereulide, isolated from bacillus cereus causes vacuole formation in hep-2 cells.	a hep-2 cell-vacuolation factor was extracted and purified from the culture supernatant of a bacillus cereus strain which caused emetic-syndrome food poisoning. the final preparation was chemically pure, and the toxin was named as cereulide. mass spectrometry, nmr studies and chemical degradation revealed that the cereulide is a cyclic dodecadepsipeptide, (d-o-leu-d-ala-l-o-val-l-val)3, which is closely related to the potassium ionophore, valinomycin.	1994	8082824
osteomyelitis due to bacillus cereus in an adolescent: case report and review.	non-anthracis bacillus species associated with clinical infections are usually dismissed as contaminants or nonpathogens. as opportunists, however, bacillus organisms can cause significant systemic infections including bacteremia, endophthalmitis, and pneumonia. osteomyelitis with non-anthracis bacillus organisms has been described in adults, although to our knowledge it has been described only once in a child. we report a case of chronic osteomyelitis due to staphylococcus aureus and superinfec ...	1994	8086544
synthesis and beta-lactamase inhibitory activity of 6-fluoropenicillanic acids.	the benzyl 6-fluoro-penicillanate sulfides 4a, 6a, 7a; and sulfones 6c, 7d were synthesized. the conversion to their free acids 4b, 6b, 6d, 7b, 7e and potassium salts 7c, 7f are described. these acids and salt 7c were evaluated as beta-lactamase inhibitors using beta-lactamase i from bacillus cereus. the data indicate that substitution of the 6 alpha-hydrogen by a 6 alpha-fluorine atom on 6 beta-bromopenicillanic acid (1), leads to loss of beta-lactamase inhibitory activity. in the case of the i ...	1993	8087566
bromhexine plus oxytetracycline: the effect of combined administration upon the rheological properties of mucus from the mini-pig.	three adult mini-pigs were employed to assess the effects of a twice daily dosage (40 mg kg-1) of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (otc) and a combination of otc with (0.5 mg kg-1) bromhexine hydrochloride (bhc) on the rheological properties and wet weight of secreted tracheal mucus. mucus was collected daily from open-ended tracheal pouches established surgically in the mini-pigs. after a five day control period, either otc or otc plus bhc was administered twice daily with the normal diet. each st ...	1993	8095527
infection due to a contaminated thoracic drainage system.	infection and colonization of the pleural space in three patients was traced to contaminated thoracic drain equipment. the organisms implicated were bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus and various non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria. a careful examination of cleaning and decontamination procedures revealed delay in replacing the drainage bottle jar to be the main factor responsible for the contamination of the drainage unit and the pleural space. recent technical adaptation of the drainage ...	1993	8101199
[fragmentation and solubilization of filamentous appendages of bacillus cereus spores].	filamentous appendages were removed from the surfaces of bacillus cereus spores by treatment with sodium thioglycolate and purified by filtration through a glass microfiber paper and a membrane filter. the basic structure of the isolated appendages resembled that of the native appendages on the spores. the results of electron microscopical analysis, amino acid analysis, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) attested the purity of the preparation. the purified f ...	1993	8103120
increase in bacillus food poisoning in northern ireland.		1993	8105187
a chemiluminescent substrate for the detection of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c.	a water-soluble, chemiluminescent substrate for sensitive detection of bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) activity was synthesized. this was achieved by replacing the diacylglycerol moiety found in the natural substrate, phosphatidylinositol, by a dioxetane-containing moiety, resulting in the synthetic substrate (+/-)-3-(4-methoxyspiro[1,2-dioxetane-3,2'- tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7]decan]-4-yl)phenyl myo-inositol-1-o-hydrogen phosphate (lumi-pi). pi-plc-catalyzed cleavage ...	1993	8109748
synthesis of cyclodextrin glucosyl transferase by bacillus cereus for the production of cyclodextrins.	a potent indigenous bacillus isolate identified as bacillus cereus (rj-30) was found to produce cyclodextrin glucosyl transferase (cgtase) extracellularly. process optimization of various fermentation parameters has been established for optimal growth of bacillus and the maximum enzyme synthesis. the organism had the highest specific growth rate (0.7 mu) with a generation time of 1 h in glucose containing medium at the conditions of ph 7.0, 37 degrees c at 300 rpm, 1.5 vvm of agitation, and aera ...	1993	8109958
lipolytic membrane release of two phosphatidylinositol-anchored camp receptor proteins in yeast alters their ligand-binding parameters.	two new camp-binding proteins have been discovered recently in saccharomyces cerevisiae. they are genetically distinct from the regulatory subunit of cytoplasmic camp-dependent protein kinase a and are distinguished from the latter, in addition, by their anchorage through phosphatidylinositol-containing lipid and glycolipid structures to mitochondrial and plasma membranes, respectively (müller and bandlow, 1989 biochemistry 28, 9957-9967, 1991, biochemistry 30, 10181-10190). a nutritional upshif ...	1994	8109981
antimicrobial activity of neutralized extracellular culture filtrates of lactic acid bacteria isolated from a cultured indian milk product ('dahi').	neutralized extracellular culture filtrate obtained from isolates of lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus delbruecki ssp. bulgaricus, lactobacillus salivarius and lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis from 'dahi' showed weak to moderate inhibition of staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, bacillus brevis, bacillus circulans, bacillus coagulans, bacillus laterosporus, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa when tested by the diffusion agar well assay method. the effective mi ...	1993	8110603
improved purification and characterization of hemolysin bl, a hemolytic dermonecrotic vascular permeability factor from bacillus cereus.	bacillus cereus causes diarrheal and emetic food poisoning syndromes as well as a variety of mild to severe infections. a dermonecrotic vascular permeability (vp) factor has been implicated as a virulence factor in these illnesses. hemolysin bl was previously identified as a unique tripartite hemolysin possessing vp activity. in this study, a high-yield purification scheme, which allowed quantitative characterization of hemolysin bl activity and determination of the molecular weight, pi, and n-t ...	1994	8112873
[a case of bacillus cereus prosthetic valve endocarditis].	a rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis by bacillus cereus was reported. the patient was 43-year-old japanese man, who had mitral valve replacement 5 months prior to this admission. remitral valve replacement was immediately done successfully. his postoperative course was uneventful for 8 months.	1994	8114394
bacillus cereus food poisoning associated with fried rice at two child day care centers--virginia, 1993.	bacillus cereus, an infectious cause of foodborne illness, accounted for 2% of outbreaks with confirmed etiology that were reported to cdc during 1973-1987 (1). on july 21, 1993, the lord fairfax (virginia) health district received reports of acute gastrointestinal illness that occurred among children and staff at two jointly owned child day care centers following a catered lunch. this report summarizes the investigation of this outbreak.	1994	8121375
dna relatedness among bacillus thuringiensis serovars.	the genetic relationships of bacillus cereus and of the bacillus thuringiensis serovars were assessed from measurements of dna reassociation. a study of 8 to 10 strains each of 13 of the most commonly encountered serovars revealed that the levels of intragroup dna relatedness for most serovars ranged from 90 to 100%. in contrast, b. thuringiensis serovars canadensis and kenyae consisted of two dna relatedness groups, each of which exhibited levels of intragroup relatedness of 80% or higher and l ...	1994	8123555
differentiation of bacillus anthracis from other bacillus cereus group bacteria with the pcr.	variation among isolates of bacillus anthracis was examined by using restriction fragmentation patterns and the pcr performed with arbitrary and sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers. the patterns were compared with the patterns generated from strains of closely related species belonging to the "bacillus cereus group" of bacteria, including b. cereus, bacillus thuringiensis, and bacillus mycoides. all b. anthracis profiles were identical for each of 18 restriction enzymes, each of 10 arbitra ...	1994	8123566
structure and expression of a gene coding for thermostable alpha-glucosidase with a broad substrate specificity from bacillus sp. sam1606.	we cloned an alpha-glucosidase gene from thermophilic bacillus sp. sam1606 to overexpress it in escherichia coli transformants. deletion of the 5'-noncoding region as well as expression of the alpha-glucosidase gene under the control of the icp promotor of the insecticidal crystal protein gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. sotto enhanced the enzyme productivity to 23.5 u/ml, which was 12,000-fold higher than that obtained by the strain sam1606. the open reading frame corresponding to the al ...	1994	8125087
molecular characterization of an enterobacterial metallo beta-lactamase found in a clinical isolate of serratia marcescens that shows imipenem resistance.	a clinical isolate of serratia marcescens (tn9106) produced a metallo beta-lactamase (imp-1) which conferred resistance to imipenem and broad-spectrum beta-lactams. the blaimp gene providing imipenem resistance was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli hb101. the imp-1 was purified from e. coli hb101 that harbors psmbnu24 carrying blaimp, and its apparent molecular mass was calculated to be about 30 kda by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. kinetic studies of imp-1 aga ...	1994	8141584
psychrotrophs in dairy products: their effects and their control.	health concerns and technological effects of psychrotrophic bacteria in dairy products are reviewed, as well as methods to control their presence and development. the various gram-negative and gram-positive psychrotrophic species are listed and, with respect to pathogenic psychrotrophs, emphasis is given on listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica, and bacillus cereus. the influence of psychrotrophic bacteria on the quality of raw milk, pasteurized and uht milks, butter, ice cream, cheese ...	1994	8142043
phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c from bacillus cereus at the lipid-water interface: interfacial binding, catalysis, and activation.	binding characteristics of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) from bacillus cereus binding to the phospholipid-water interface were determined by spectroscopic methods and correlated with pi-plc's catalytic properties. binding of the enzyme to micelles and bilayers of zwitterionic phosphocholines is accompanied by an increase in the fluorescence emission from tryptophan, whereas a decrease in the emission is observed with synthetic anionic lipids containing a phosphomethanol ...	1994	8142343
phosphatidylcholine metabolism in hypoxic and phospholipase c exposed rat ventricular myocytes.	a phospholipase c specific for choline and ethanolamine acyl and plasmalogen glycerophospholipids (pc-plc) has been described in myocardial tissue. in the present study we investigated whether an endogenous pc-plc is activated in hypoxic, substrate-free incubations of rat ventricular myocytes. the phosphatidylcholine pool of the myocytes was prelabelled with [14c]choline during a 4-h preincubation (pulse) period. the myocytes were subsequently washed and incubated for another 2 h (chase period) ...	1993	8143243
beta-lactamase ragged ends detected by electrospray mass spectrometry correlates poorly with multiple banding on isoelectric focusing.	purified preparations of tem-2, p99, bacillus cereus i and b. cereus ii beta-lactamases were examined by electrospray (es) mass spectrometry. the es mass spectra of the b. cereus enzymes revealed the presence of four to five components of different mass, corresponding to the loss of different numbers of n-terminal amino acids (ragged ends). the es mass spectra of both tem-2 and p99 consisted of a single component with no evidence of ragged ends. all four beta-lactamase preparations were visualiz ...	1994	8148407
from the centers for disease control and prevention. bacillus cereus food poisoning associated with fried rice at two child day care centers--virginia, 1993.		1994	8151840
results of antibiotic treatment of hickman-catheter-related infections in oncological patients.	a group of 330 oncological patients were supported throughout a 7-year period with central venous catheters (broviac/hickman catheters) and underwent standard oncological chemotherapy, because of hematological malignancies or solid tumors (156 children), or a myeloablative conditioning regimen followed by bone marrow transplantation because of leukemia or lymphoma (174 patients: 110 adults, 64 children). of these, 17 patients (8 after bone marrow transplantation) developed a catheter-related bac ...	1994	8156260
cloning of the blasticidin s deaminase gene (bsd) from aspergillus terreus and its use as a selectable marker for schizosaccharomyces pombe and pyricularia oryzae.	aspergillus terreus produces a unique enzyme, blasticidin s deaminase, which catalyzes the deamination of blasticidin s (bs), and in consequence confers high resistance to the antibiotic. a cdna clone derived from the structural gene for bs deaminase (bsd) was isolated by transforming escherichia coli with an aspergillus cdna expression library and directly selecting for the ability to grow in the presence of the antibiotic. the complete nucleotide sequence of bsd was determined and proved to co ...	1994	8159161
insecticidal activity of the cryiia protein from the nrd-12 isolate of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki expressed in escherichia coli and bacillus thuringiensis and in a leaf-colonizing strain of bacillus cereus.	a 4.0-kb bamhi-hindiii fragment encoding the cryiia operon from the nrd-12 isolate of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was cloned into escherichia coli. the nucleotide sequence of the 2.2-kb acci-hindiii fragment containing the nrd-12 cryiia gene was identical to the hd-1 and hd-263 cryiia gene sequences. expression of cryiia and subsequent purification of cryiia inclusion bodies resulted in a protein with insecticidal activity against heliothis virescens, trichoplusia ni, and culex quinqu ...	1994	8161182
hemolysin ii is more characteristic of bacillus thuringiensis than bacillus cereus.	to investigate the distribution of the hemolysin ii determinant among strains of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis, thirteen strains of b. cereus and fourteen strains of b. thuringiensis strains were tested for hybridization of their chromosomal dnas with a dna probe containing the b. cereus hemolysin ii gene. in addition, the production of hemolysin ii, whose activity is not inhibited by cholesterol, was tested. the presence (absence) of the hydridization response in the microorganisms ...	1994	8161285
novel automated microbial screening of platelet concentrates.	the recovery of bacteria and the speed of detection of microbial growth in platelet concentrates (pc) were studied, comparing a novel automated blood culture system (bact/alert) with two traditional methods. full-scale experiments were performed with a total of 33 units of pc (average content 320 x 10(9) platelets per unit) obtained from pooled buffy coats. six strains known as possible pc contaminants were tested: s. epidermidis, s. aureus, p. aeruginosa, b. cereus, e. aerogenes, and s. sanguis ...	1994	8167004
micellar bolaform and omega-carboxylate phosphatidylcholines as substrates for phospholipases.	a series of mixed-chain diacyl-pcs which contain an omega-cooh on the sn-2 chain [1-cx-2-cy-(cooh)-pc] and bolaform (1-cx-2,2'-cy-1'-cx-pc) phosphatidylcholines were synthesized and examined as substrates for phospholipase a2 (naja naja naja) and c (bacillus cereus). there is very little detectable phospholipase a2 activity toward pure micellar 1-acyl-2-acyl-(omega-cooh) species. in addition, when these same omega-cooh species are present at concentrations above their cmcs, they are potent inhib ...	1994	8172875
bacillus-caused gastroenteritis.		1994	8179722
variable stability of antibiotic-resistance markers in bacillus cereus uw85 in the soybean rhizosphere in the field.	we compared the stability of antibiotic-resistance markers in strains derived from bacillus cereus uw85 in culture media and in the soybean rhizosphere in a growth chamber and in the field. we studied two independent, spontaneous mutants resistant to neomycin, three independent, spontaneous mutants resistant to streptomycin, and strains carrying plasmid pbc16, which encodes tetracycline resistance. antibiotic-resistance markers were maintained in populations of all uw85 derivatives in culture an ...	1993	8180735
bacterial contamination of platelets at a university hospital: increased identification due to intensified surveillance.	a cluster of bacterial contamination of platelets occurred at a university hospital in a one-month period. this unusual clustering allowed us to examine the likely mechanism of contamination and clinical sequelae.	1994	8201239
phospholipid asymmetry in plasma membrane vesicles derived from bhk cells.	the transbilayer distribution of phospholipids in plasma membrane vesicles derived from bhk cells by treatment with iodoacetamide or fluoride and merocyanine 540 has been examined by exposing the vesicles to bee venom phospholipase a2 (pla2) or to bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase. the results show that almost all of the phosphatidylserine (ps) is on the inner lipid leaflet and most of the sphingomyelin is on the outer lipid leaflet. in contrast, about 50% of the phosphatidylcholine (pc) and 30-4 ...	1994	8204655
efficacy of pasteurizers.		1994	8207169
release of carcinoembryonic antigen from human tumor cells by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c: highly effective extraction and upregulation from ls-174t colonic adenocarcinoma cells.	carcinoembryonic antigen (cea), produced by gastrointestinal tumor cells, is anchored to cell membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol moiety which can be cleaved with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc). we studied the extraction of cea from living human colon carcinoma (ls-174t, ht-29, colo-205, and hrt-18) and pancreatic carcinoma (capan) cells by pi-plc from bacillus cereus. the total cea content of ls-174t cells, quantitated by triton x-114 extraction followed by radio ...	1993	8215392
[the nutritive efficiency of bacillus cereus as a probiotic in the raising of piglets. 1. effect on the growth parameters and gastrointestinal environment].	in an experiment with 4 x 12 piglets the probiotic effect of the bacillus cereus strain fh 1457 s on the performance and changes in the gastrointestinal tract was studied. beside a negative control the feed was supplemented with 10(7), 10(8) and 10(9) cfu bacillus cereus/kg. the experiment included two feeding periods, whereby in the first a prestarter and in the second a piglet rearing feed was administrated ad libitum with the animals kept individually in cages. over the whole feeding trial th ...	1993	8215887
[the nutritive effect of bacillus cereus as a probiotic in the raising of piglets. 2. effect and microbial count, composition and resistance determination of gastrointestinal and fecal microflora].	after a feeding trial of 42 days with 4 x 12 piglets 4 x 6 piglets were slaughtered and the influence of spores of the bacillus cereus strain fh 1457 s added to the feed on the microorganism counts of lactobacillus/bifidobacterium, eubacteria, bacteroidaceae, e. coli, enterococcus and passants (bacillus cereus) in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon was investigated. beside a negative control the feed was supplemented with 10(7), 10(8) and 10(9) cfu bacillus cereus/kg. the feeding trial i ...	1993	8215895
the role of acidic amino-acid residues in catalytic and adsorptive sites of bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase.	by the modification of acidic amino-acid residues with woodward's reagent k (n-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate), the activity of sphingomyelinase of bacillus cereus was decreased by 80-90%. also, the reduction of cys residues in the sphingomyelinase molecule by dithiothreitol caused a drastic decrease in enzymatic activity, whereas the sphingomyelinase activity was not affected by treatment with p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid. actually, no inactivation of sphingomyelinase activity wa ...	1993	8218395
an efficient expression and secretion system based on bacillus subtilis phage phi 105 and its use for the production of b. cereus beta-lactamase i.	a novel expression system based on the bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 105 has been developed to permit the high-level synthesis and secretion of beta-lactamase i (blai) from bacillus cereus. shotgun insertion of a promoterless lacz gene into the phage genome permitted the identification of a clone producing large amounts of beta-galactosidase (beta gal), indicating the transcription of the reporter gene from a strong phage promoter. the insertion also blocked lysis of the host cell. althoug ...	1993	8224893
cloning, expression, and mutagenesis of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c from staphylococcus aureus: a potential staphylococcal virulence factor.	staphylococcus aureus secretes a phosphatidylinositol (pi)-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) which is able to hydrolyze the membrane lipid pi and membrane protein anchors containing glycosyl-pi. the gene for pi-plc (plc) was cloned from s. aureus into escherichia coli. oligonucleotide probes based on partial protein sequence and polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified protein were used to identify positive clones. e. coli transformed with a plasmid containing the plc gene expressed pi- ...	1993	8225585
crystal structure of phospholipase c from bacillus cereus complexed with a substrate analog.	we report the first crystal structure of a complex between plc from bacillus cereus (plcbc) and a competitive inhibitor that is an analog of the natural phospholipid substrate. the structure has been determined at 1.9 a resolution and refined to a final r-factor of 15.7%. the inhibitor binds with its phosphonyl group to the three zn ions in the active site of the enzyme and is also involved in a hydrogen bonded network including several water molecules and amino acid side-chains which appear to ...	1993	8230197
a transformation vector for dictyostelium discoideum with a new selectable marker bsr.	a new selectable marker for transformation of dictyostelium discoideum cells was constructed by using the bsr gene from bacillus cereus, which confers resistance to blasticidin s. the bsr gene was driven by dictyostelium actin 15 promoter and dictyostelium actin 8 terminator for expression in dictyostelium cells. to demonstrate the feasibility of using the bsr marker, we constructed an extrachromosomal replication vector by replacing the neor gene of pndei (b. leiting and a. noegel (1988) plasmi ...	1993	8234487
production of a cloned xylanase in bacillus cereus and its performance in kraft pulp prebleaching.	xylanase production from a bacillus subtilis gene cloned into a strain of escherichia coli was monitored. although this gene was expressed in e. coli at several temperatures, efficient xylanase secretion did not occur; the observed protein release apparently depended on cell leakage or lysis. screening for a better microbial protein secretor free of cellulase selected bacillus cereus no. 518. a bidirectional vector plasmid (pmk3) was employed to carry the cloned gene into this b. cereus strain. ...	1993	8242487