Publications

occupational health guidelines for remediation workers at bacillus anthracis-contaminated sites--united states, 2001-2002.	despite the apparently low disease rate from exposure, protection for remediation workers at b. anthracis-contaminated sites is warranted because inhalational anthrax is rapidly progressive and highly fatal, ppe does not guarantee 100% protection, and the risk for developing disease cannot be characterized adequately. the guidelines described here go beyond hazwoper requirements and include recommendations for treating inhalation exposure to b. anthracis spores as a medical emergency, medical fo ...	2002	12227440
protecting building environments from airborne chemical, biologic, or radiologic attacks.	in november 2001, following the discovery that letters containing bacillus anthracis had been mailed to targeted locations in the united states, the secretary of the u.s. department of health and human services requested site assessments of an array of public- and private-sector buildings by a team of engineers and scientists from cdc's national institute for occupational safety and health (niosh). in november 2001, this team assessed six buildings, including a large hospital and medical researc ...	2002	12227441
macrophage-enhanced germination of bacillus anthracis endospores requires gers.	germination of bacillus anthracis sterne and plasmidless delta-sterne endospores was dramatically enhanced in raw264.7 macrophage-like cells, while germination of nonpathogenic bacillus endospores was not. elimination of gers, a germinant receptor locus, caused a complete loss of cell-enhanced germination, implicating gers in the breaking of endospore dormancy in vivo.	2002	12228320
management of anthrax.	from 3 october 2001 through 16 november 2001, in the united states, there were 18 confirmed cases of inhalational and cutaneous anthrax, an additional 4 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax, and 5 deaths due to inhalational anthrax. although the number of cases was relatively small, this experience brought bioterrorism and its potential to sharp focus as thousands of people began receiving prophylactic antibiotics after possible exposure to anthrax spores. these events have resulted in a substan ...	2002	12228822
bioterrorism and patent rights: "compulsory licensure" and the case of cipro.		2002	12230852
compulsory licensure: the case of cipro and beyond.		2002	12230853
the cipro patent and bioterrorism.		2002	12230854
beyond government intervention: drug companies and bioethics.		2002	12230855
who are the guardians guarding?		2002	12230858
[anthrax as a biological weapon].		2002	12238162
antimicrobial susceptibility of bacillus anthracis in an endemic area.	we aimed to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of 28 bacillus anthracis strains isolated from cutaneous anthrax cases to various antimicrobial agents using the sceptor automatic system in an anthrax endemic area. all strains tested were susceptible to penicillin (mic < or = 0.03 microg/ml). piperacillin-tazobactam and carbapenems showed good activity towards all strains. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefepime had no activity. strains were also tested with other antimicrobials.	2002	12238569
a case of anthrax meningitis.	meningeal anthrax is a very rare complication of the cutaneous, respiratory and gastrointestinal form of anthrax infection. anthrax bacilli, most commonly enter the body via the skin, and the organism then disseminates to the central nervous system via the hematogenous or lymphatic routes leading to fatal bacterial meningitis, even with intensive antibacterial therapy.	2002	12238584
bioterrorism vs. health security--crafting a plan of preparedness.	bioterrorism, once a subject of fantasy and speculation, has become all too real in a world turned upside down by the september 11, 2001. series of events. an essential, but as yet unanswered, question has become a crucial topic for discussion on the nightly news and in living rooms across the united states: how much of a terrorist threat do we face, and what must be done to control its potential for mass destruction? this article seeks to both answer this question and explore proper plans of pr ...	2002	12243568
[microbial warfare and bioterrorism].	infectious diseases have been used as warfares since ancient times. since the 1920s military organizations have studied bacteria of anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, brucelloses, glander, q-fever, and smallpox virus, filo-, arena-, bunyaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever or alphaviruses eliciting encephalitis. these can be dispersed by aerosol. salmonellae, shigellae, vibrio cholerae, distinguished escherichia coli strains are suitable to contaminate food, water, pharmaceutical products. fana ...	2002	12244657
delayed treatment with doxycycline has limited effect on anthrax infection in blk57/b6 mice.	blk57/b6 mice were infected with ld90 dose of sterne strain anthrax spores subcutaneously and then treated with doxycycline. doxycycline at a dose of 1.5mg/kg, by intra-peritoneal injection, protected mice from death when given at the same time as spores. when doxycycline administration was delayed 4h survival is 90%. delay of 24h increased survival time but had no impact on eventual mortality. when doxycycline was delayed 48h, mortality and time to death were comparable to sham injection. perit ...	2002	12270123
the vigilance defense.		2002	12271529
bioterrorism fears.		2002	12271909
disaster planning and emergency preparedness: lessons learned.	following the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001, the federal response plan was activated immediately, with most efforts focused on helping recovery workers at ground zero in new york city. comprehensive pharmacy services were critical in protecting the health of those potentially exposed to anthrax at u.s. postal service facilities and the u.s. capitol. responding to anthrax attacks taught many valuable lessons to emergency workers on how to manage a bioterrorist attack. because of its cen ...	2002	12296554
[infection and invasion of humans in the yamal peninsula].	the helminthic fauna of vertebrates in the yamal peninsula consists of 61 species: of them 2 species are monogenic, 6 are trematodes, 29 are cestodes, and 24 are nematodes. twelve species of the 4 are antroponoses and 8 are zoonoses which may parasite on human beings. human infection with some zoonoses is due to local habits of eating raw or undercooked meat of wild animals, domestic deers, and fish. these helminthic diseases include trichinosis, taeniasis, opisthorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis. o ...	2002	12298157
bioterrorism expert says u.s. agriculture vulnerable to attack.		2002	12322901
veterinarians key to bioterrorism preparedness initiatives.		2002	12322902
the identification of a tetracycline resistance gene tet(m), on a tn916-like transposon, in the bacillus cereus group.	in order to investigate whether resistance genes present in bacteria in manure could transfer to indigenous soil bacteria, resistant isolates belonging to the bacillus cereus group (bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis) were isolated from farm soil (72 isolates) and manure (12 isolates) samples. these isolates were screened for tetracycline resistance genes (tet(k), tet(l), tet(m), tet(o), tet(s) and tet(t)). of 88 isolates examined, three (3.4%) isolates carried both t ...	2002	12351239
anthrax: new threat from an ancient microbe.		2002	12352747
comments on the institute of medicine's 2002 report on the safety of anthrax vaccine.	in april 2002, the prestigious institute of medicine of the national academy of sciences issued a final report on the safety and effectiveness of the anthrax vaccine currently in use by the united states military. it concluded that the present vaccine was completely safe and effective, but ignored evidence of several recent research studies from three different nations that have implicated vaccines, often including anthrax vaccine, in the epidemiology of gulf war illnesses. omissions and limitat ...	2002	12353779
bioterrorism and physicians.		2002	12353968
therapeutic challenges posed by bacterial bioterrorism threats.	the events of the autumn of 2001 in the united states made it clear that the spectre of the use of microorganisms to intentionally harm humans is a reality. the current strategy to control disease outbreaks caused by the intentional release of bacteria is to use antimicrobial agents, both therapeutically and prophylactically. however, multidrug-resistant strains of bacterial bioterrorism agents occur naturally or have been bio-engineered, indicating how vulnerable this strategy is.	2002	12354556
public relations. straight talk.		2002	12355974
reporting for duty. one year after terrorist attacks shook the nation, hospitals confront a changed landscape--and seek to do their part to defend the homeland.	as we observe the first anniversary of the sept. 11 terrorist attacks that changed our nation, health care providers prepare to deal with potential disasters that in better times were merely the realm of science fiction. in communities across the country, readiness is the new goal, bioterrorism the new threat.	2002	12355977
preparing for bioterrorism.		2002	12357139
containing and combatting bioterrorism.		2002	12357849
furin at the cutting edge: from protein traffic to embryogenesis and disease.	furin catalyses a simple biochemical reaction--the proteolytic maturation of proprotein substrates in the secretory pathway. but the simplicity of this reaction belies furin's broad and important roles in homeostasis, as well as in diseases ranging from alzheimer's disease and cancer to anthrax and ebola fever. this review summarizes various features of furin--its structural and enzymatic properties, intracellular localization, trafficking, substrates, and roles in vivo.	2002	12360192
[the policy of vaccinal prevention in the italian armed forces].		2002	12360822
believe it or not--silver still poisons!	for centuries, silver has been endowed with therapeutic benefits. it is still used today as a "caustic" for superficial bleeding. within 7days, we had 3 cases of "argyria" and then 2 more over the next month. the first 2 cases involved a husband and wife with a 3-y exposure to naturopathic hydrolyzed silver treatment. the third casewas a 37-y-old male in a state psychiatric facility noted to have darkly "discolored" skin probable obtained from herbal tea. the last 2 cases were a married couple i ...	2002	12361115
[consequences in different fields after the terror attack in new york].		2002	12362541
anthrax.		2002	12362648
on the front lines: family physicians' preparedness for bioterrorism.	the events of september 11, 2001, and the nation's recent experience with anthrax assaults made bioterrorism preparedness a national priority. because primary care physicians are among the sentinel responders to bioterrorist attacks, we sought to determine family physicians' beliefs about their preparedness for such an attack.	2002	12366891
anthrax fusion protein therapy of cancer.	most patients with cancer are treated with chemotherapy but die from progressive disease or toxicities of therapy. current chemotherapy regimens primarily use cytotoxic drugs which damage cell dna or impair cell proliferation in both malignant and normal tissues. after several treatment courses, the patients' tumor cells often overexpress multi-drug resistance genes which prevent further tumor cytoreduction. novel agents which can kill such resistant tumor cells are needed. one such class of age ...	2002	12370003
delivery of nucleic acid into mammalian cells by anthrax toxin.	gene delivery vehicles based on receptor-mediated endocytosis offer an attractive long-term solution as they might overcome the limitations of toxicity and cargo capacity inherent to many viral gene delivery systems. the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin bind to specific receptors and deliver lethal factor or edema factor into the cytosol of mammalian cells. the n-terminal 254 amino acids of lf (lf(1-254)) binds to pa and, when fused to heterologous proteins, delivers such proteins i ...	2002	12372402
antimicrobial therapy for anthrax.		2002	12373508
guidelines for treatment of anthrax.		2002	12377080
guidelines for treatment of anthrax.		2002	12377082
chemical and biological weapons. implications for anaesthesia and intensive care.	in the wake of recent atrocities there has been renewed apprehension regarding the possibility of chemical and biological weapon (cbw) deployment by terrorists. despite various international agreements that proscribe their use, certain states continue to develop chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. of greater concern, recent historical examples support the prospect that state-independent organizations have the capability to produce such weapons. indeed, the deliberate deployment ...	2002	12378672
postexposure prophylaxis against anthrax: evaluation of various treatment regimens in intranasally infected guinea pigs.	the efficiency of postexposure prophylaxis against bacillus anthracis infection was tested in guinea pigs infected intranasally with either vollum or strain atcc 6605 spores (75 times the 50% lethal dose [ld(50)] and 87 times ld(50,) respectively). starting 24 h postinfection, animals were treated three times per day for 14 days with ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, cefazolin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). administration of cefazolin and tmp-smx failed to protect the ani ...	2002	12379702
rapid genotyping of bacillus anthracis strains by real-time polymerase chain reaction.	rapid and accurate identification of bacillus anthracis is critical for patient care as well as outbreak control. we have developed 3 separate pcr based assays using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to detect the presence of pxo1, pxo2 plasmids and a chromosomal marker. a set of amplification primers and probes were used in each assay. the probes were ad jacently placed inside the primer sites and were 1-bp apart. the upstream probe was labeled with fluorescein at the 3' end, and th ...	2002	12381573
basis for the extraordinary genetic stability of anthrax.	over 500 isolates of anthrax bacillus from around the world represent one of the most genetically homogeneous microbes. there are three possibilities for this genetic stability: (1) anthrax has an extraordinarily high fidelity repair system, (2) genetic damage to anthrax is usually lethal, and/or (3) a highly demanding and selective process exists in its environment that is necessary for the completion of its life cycle. using probes made from genes selected by growth of an escherichia coli expr ...	2002	12381574
emergency response planning for anthrax outbreaks in bison herds of northern canada: a balance between policy and science.	anthrax outbreaks in northern canada have implications for ongoing recovery efforts for the threatened wood bison and may pose a health risk to humans, other wildlife, and domestic livestock. rwed and wbnp maintain anthrax emergency response plans (aerps) for their respective jurisdictions. an aerp is a pre-planned logistical framework for responding effectively and rapidly to an outbreak so as to minimize spread of the disease, reduce environmental load of spores available for future outbreaks, ...	2002	12381599
anthrax as a biological weapon: an old disease that poses a new threat.		2002	12382615
cdc: be alert to symptoms associated with bioterrorism.		2001	12382635
antimicrobial therapy for bacillus anthracis-induced polymicrobial infection in (60)co gamma-irradiated mice.	challenge with both nonlethal ionizing radiation and toxigenic bacillus anthracis spores increases the rate of mortality from a mixed bacterial infection. if biological weapons, such as b. anthracis spores, and nuclear weapons were used together, casualties could be more severe than they would be from the use of either weapon alone. we previously discovered that a polymicrobial infection developed in b6d2f(1)/j mice after nonlethal (7-gy) (60)co gamma irradiation and intratracheal challenge with ...	2002	12384351
open-market innovation.	companies in many industries are feeling immense pressure to improve their ability to innovate. even in these tough economic times, executives have pushed innovation initiatives to the top of their priority lists, but they know that the best ideas aren't always coming out of their own r&d labs. that's why a growing number of companies are exploring the idea of open-market innovation--an approach that uses tools such as licensing, joint ventures, and strategic alliances to bring the benefits of f ...	2002	12389463
cutaneous anthrax.		1967	12389548
[prevention of bioterrorism by vaccines].	prevention against the weapons of bioterrorists is limited by the multiplicity of agents that could be used. against smallpox, stocks of the classical vaccine must be prepared, but this vaccine is dangerous and we must look for a new and safer vaccine. a vaccine against anthrax is probably possible relatively soon. one may be less optimistic concerning plague, since it is not sure that we could protect against the pulmonary plague, but research in this field is an emergency. the large number of ...	2002	12391900
banai a new isoschizomer of the type ii restriction endonuclease haeiii discovered in a bacillus anthracis isolate from amazon basin.	bacillus anthracis was isolated and identified from a bacterial collection of samples from the amazon river bank. type ii restriction endonuclease activity was detected in this prokaryote, the enzyme was purified, the molecular mass of the native protein estimated by gel filtration, and optima ph, temperature and salt requirements were determined. quality control assays showed complete absence of 'non-specific nucleases'. restriction cleavage analysis and dna sequencing of restriction fragments ...	2002	12393207
feeling crummy? is it the flu?		2002	12393332
anthrax bioterrorism: lessons learned and future directions.		2002	12396907
public health in the time of bioterrorism.		2002	12396908
investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, united states, 2001: epidemiologic findings.	in october 2001, the first inhalational anthrax case in the united states since 1976 was identified in a media company worker in florida. a national investigation was initiated to identify additional cases and determine possible exposures to bacillus anthracis. surveillance was enhanced through health-care facilities, laboratories, and other means to identify cases, which were defined as clinically compatible illness with laboratory-confirmed b. anthracis infection. from october 4 to november 20 ...	2002	12396909
first case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax in the united states, palm beach county, florida, 2001.	on october 4, 2001, we confirmed the first bioterrorism-related anthrax case identified in the united states in a resident of palm beach county, florida. epidemiologic investigation indicated that exposure occurred at the workplace through intentionally contaminated mail. one additional case of inhalational anthrax was identified from the index patient's workplace. among 1,076 nasal cultures performed to assess exposure, bacillus anthracis was isolated from a co-worker later confirmed as being i ...	2002	12396910
first case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax, florida, 2001: north carolina investigation.	the index case of inhalational anthrax in october 2001 was in a man who lived and worked in florida. however, during the 3 days before illness onset, the patient had traveled through north carolina, raising the possibility that exposure to bacillus anthracis spores could have occurred there. the rapid response in north carolina included surveillance among hospital intensive-care units, microbiology laboratories, medical examiners, and veterinarians, and site investigations at locations visited b ...	2002	12396911
opening a bacillus anthracis-containing envelope, capitol hill, washington, d.c.: the public health response.	on october 15, 2001, a u.s. senate staff member opened an envelope containing bacillus anthracis spores. chemoprophylaxis was promptly initiated and nasal swabs obtained for all persons in the immediate area. an epidemiologic investigation was conducted to define exposure areas and identify persons who should receive prolonged chemoprophylaxis, based on their exposure risk. persons immediately exposed to b. anthracis spores were interviewed; records were reviewed to identify additional persons i ...	2002	12396912
bacillus anthracis aerosolization associated with a contaminated mail sorting machine.	on october 12, 2001, two envelopes containing bacillus anthracis spores passed through a sorting machine in a postal facility in washington, d.c. when anthrax infection was identified in postal workers 9 days later, the facility was closed. to determine if exposure to airborne b. anthracis spores continued to occur, we performed air sampling around the contaminated sorter. one cfu of b. anthracis was isolated from 990 l of air sampled before the machine was activated. six cfus were isolated duri ...	2002	12396913
epidemiologic investigations of bioterrorism-related anthrax, new jersey, 2001.	at least four bacillus anthracis-containing envelopes destined for new york city and washington, d.c. were processed at the trenton processing and distribution center (pdc) on september 18 and october 9, 2001. when cutaneous anthrax was confirmed in a trenton postal worker, the pdc was closed. four cutaneous and two inhalational anthrax cases were identified. five patients were hospitalized; none died. four were pdc employees; the others handled or received mail processed there. onset dates occu ...	2002	12396914
bioterrorism-related anthrax: international response by the centers for disease control and prevention.	after reports of the intentional release of bacillus anthracis in the united states, epidemiologists, laboratorians, and clinicians around the world were called upon to respond to widespread political and public concerns. to respond to inquiries from other countries regarding anthrax and bioterrorism, the centers for disease control and prevention established an international team in its emergency operations center. from october 12, 2001, to january 2, 2002, this team received 130 requests from ...	2002	12396915
a two-component direct fluorescent-antibody assay for rapid identification of bacillus anthracis.	a two-component direct fluorescent-antibody (dfa) assay, using fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies specific to the bacillus anthracis cell wall (cw-dfa) and capsule (cap-dfa) antigens, was evaluated and validated for rapid identification of b. anthracis. we analyzed 230 b. anthracis isolates; 228 and 229 were positive by cw-dfa and cap-dfa assays, respectively. we also tested 56 non-b. anthracis strains; 10 b. cereus and 2 b. thuringiensis were positive by the cw-dfa assay, and 1 b. megate ...	2002	12396916
inhalational anthrax outbreak among postal workers, washington, d.c., 2001.	in october 2001, four cases of inhalational anthrax occurred in workers in a washington, d.c., mail facility that processed envelopes containing bacillus anthracis spores. we reviewed the envelopes' paths and obtained exposure histories and nasal swab cultures from postal workers. environmental sampling was performed. a sample of employees was assessed for antibody concentrations to b. anthracis protective antigen. case-patients worked on nonoverlapping shifts throughout the facility, suggesting ...	2002	12396917
surveillance for anthrax cases associated with contaminated letters, new jersey, delaware, and pennsylvania, 2001.	in october 2001, two inhalational anthrax and four cutaneous anthrax cases, resulting from the processing of bacillus anthracis-containing envelopes at a new jersey mail facility, were identified. subsequently, we initiated stimulated passive hospital-based and enhanced passive surveillance for anthrax-compatible syndromes. from october 24 to december 17, 2001, hospitals reported 240,160 visits and 7,109 intensive-care unit admissions in the surveillance area (population 6.7 million persons). fo ...	2002	12396918
bioterrorism-related anthrax surveillance, connecticut, september-december, 2001.	on november 19, 2001, a case of inhalational anthrax was identified in a 94-year-old connecticut woman, who later died. we conducted intensive surveillance for additional anthrax cases, which included collecting data from hospitals, emergency departments, private practitioners, death certificates, postal facilities, veterinarians, and the state medical examiner. no additional cases of anthrax were identified. the absence of additional anthrax cases argued against an intentional environmental rel ...	2002	12396919
environmental sampling for spores of bacillus anthracis.	on november 11, 2001, following the bioterrorism-related anthrax attacks, the u.s. postal service collected samples at the southern connecticut processing and distribution center; all samples were negative for bacillus anthracis. after a patient in connecticut died from inhalational anthrax on november 19, the center was sampled again on november 21 and 25 by using dry and wet swabs. all samples were again negative for b. anthracis. on november 28, guided by information from epidemiologic invest ...	2002	12396920
call-tracking data and the public health response to bioterrorism-related anthrax.	after public notification of confirmed cases of bioterrorism-related anthrax, the centers for disease control and prevention's emergency operations center responded to 11,063 bioterrorism-related telephone calls from october 8 to november 11, 2001. most calls were inquiries from the public about anthrax vaccines (58.4%), requests for general information on bioterrorism prevention (14.8%), and use of personal protective equipment (12.0%); 882 telephone calls (8.0%) were referred to the state liai ...	2002	12396921
coordinated response to reports of possible anthrax contamination, idaho, 2001.	in 2001, the intentional release of anthrax spores in the eastern united states increased concern about exposure to anthrax nationwide, and residents of idaho sought assistance. response from state and local agencies was required, increasing the strain on epidemiologists, laboratorians, and communications personnel. in late 2001, idaho's public health communications system handled 133 calls about suspicious powders. for each call, a multiagency bridge call was established, and participants (publ ...	2002	12396922
laboratory response to anthrax bioterrorism, new york city, 2001.	in october 2001, the greater new york city metropolitan area was the scene of a bioterrorism attack. the scale of the public response to this attack was not foreseen and threatened to overwhelm the bioterrorism response laboratory's (btrl) ability to process and test environmental samples. in a joint effort with the centers for disease control and prevention and the cooperation of the department of defense, a massive effort was launched to maintain and sustain the laboratory response and return ...	2002	12396923
specific, sensitive, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human immunoglobulin g antibodies to anthrax toxin protective antigen.	the bioterrorism-associated human anthrax epidemic in the fall of 2001 highlighted the need for a sensitive, reproducible, and specific laboratory test for the confirmatory diagnosis of human anthrax. the centers for disease control and prevention developed, optimized, and rapidly qualified an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa) in human serum. the qualified elisa had a minimum detection limit of 0.06 micro ...	2002	12396924
molecular subtyping of bacillus anthracis and the 2001 bioterrorism-associated anthrax outbreak, united states.	molecular subtyping of bacillus anthracis played an important role in differentiating and identifying strains during the 2001 bioterrorism-associated outbreak. because b. anthracis has a low level of genetic variability, only a few subtyping methods, with varying reliability, exist. we initially used multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) to subtype 135 b. anthracis isolates associated with the outbreak. all isolates were determined to be of genotype 62, the same as the ame ...	2002	12396925
sequencing of 16s rrna gene: a rapid tool for identification of bacillus anthracis.	in a bioterrorism event, a tool is needed to rapidly differentiate bacillus anthracis from other closely related spore-forming bacillus species. during the recent outbreak of bioterrorism-associated anthrax, we sequenced the 16s rrna generom these species to evaluate the potential of 16s rrna gene sequencing as a diagnostic tool. we found eight distinct 16s types among all 107 16s rrna gene seqs fuences that differed from each other at 1 to 8 positions (0.06% to 0.5%). all 86 b. anthracis had an ...	2002	12396926
antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis for anthrax: adverse events and adherence.	we collected data during postexposure antimicrobial prophylaxis campaigns and from a prophylaxis program evaluation 60 days after start of antimicrobial prophylaxis involving persons from six u.s. sites where bacillus anthracis exposures occurred. adverse events associated with antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent anthrax were commonly reported, but hospitalizations and serious adverse events as defined by food and drug administration criteria were rare. overall adherence during 60 days of antim ...	2002	12396927
anthrax postexposure prophylaxis in postal workers, connecticut, 2001.	after inhalational anthrax was diagnosed in a connecticut woman on november 20, 2001, postexposure prophylaxis was recommended for postal workers at the regional mail facility serving the patient's area. although environmental testing at the facility yielded negative results, subsequent testing confirmed the presence of bacillus anthracis. we distributed questionnaires to 100 randomly selected postal workers within 20 days of initial prophylaxis. ninety-four workers obtained antibiotics, 68 of w ...	2002	12396928
adherence to antimicrobial inhalational anthrax prophylaxis among postal workers, washington, d.c., 2001.	in october 2001, two envelopes containing bacillus anthracis spores were processed at the washington, d.c., processing and distribution center of the u.s. postal service; inhalational anthrax developed in four workers at this facility. more than 2,000 workers were advised to complete 60 days of postexposure prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax. interventions to promote adherence were carried out to support workers, and qualitative information was collected to evaluate our interventions. a ...	2002	12396929
surface sampling methods for bacillus anthracis spore contamination.	during an investigation conducted december 17-20, 2001, we collected environmental samples from a u.s. postal facility in washington, d.c., known to be extensively contaminated with bacillus anthracis spores. because methods for collecting and analyzing b. anthracis spores have not yet been validated, our objective was to compare the relative effectiveness of sampling methods used for collecting spores from contaminated surfaces. comparison of wipe, wet and dry swab, and hepa vacuum sock samples ...	2002	12396930
collaboration between public health and law enforcement: new paradigms and partnerships for bioterrorism planning and response.	the biological attacks with powders containing bacillus anthracis sent through the mail during september and october 2001 led to unprecedented public health and law enforcement investigations, which involved thousands of investigators from federal, state, and local agencies. following recognition of the first cases of anthrax in florida in early october 2001, investigators from the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) and the federal bureau of investigation (fbi) were mobilized to as ...	2002	12396931
collaboration between public health and law enforcement: the constitutional challenge.		2002	12396932
epidemic anthrax in the eighteenth century, the americas.	anthrax has been described as a veterinary disease of minor importance to clinical medicine, causing occasional occupational infections in single cases or clusters. its potential for rapid and widespread epidemic transmission under natural circumstances has not been widely appreciated. a little-known 1770 epidemic that killed 15,000 people in saint-domingue (modern haiti) was probably intestinal anthrax. the epidemic spread rapidly throughout the colony in association with consumption of uncooke ...	2002	12396933
epidemiologic response to anthrax outbreaks: field investigations, 1950-2001.	we used unpublished reports, published manuscripts, and communication with investigators to identify and summarize 49 anthrax-related epidemiologic field investigations conducted by the centers for disease control and prevention from 1950 to august 2001. of 41 investigations in which bacillus anthracis caused human or animal disease, 24 were in agricultural settings, 11 in textile mills, and 6 in other settings. among the other investigations, two focused on building decontamination, one was a r ...	2002	12396934
evaluation and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid identification of bacillus anthracis.		2002	12396935
industry-related outbreak of human anthrax, massachusetts, 1868.		2002	12396936
[bioterrorism and primary care].		2002	12396947
cutaneous anthrax management algorithm.		2002	12399771
influenza review and outlook. 2002-2003, with additional considerations for differentiation from inhalation anthrax.		2002	12400233
the anthrax threat: a concise guide for nps.		2001	12400346
fielding pleas for cipro.		2001	12400348
an outbreak of web sites selling ciprofloxacin following an outbreak of anthrax by mail.		2002	12401538
anthrax: what should the otolaryngologist know?		2002	12403119
an anthrax "smoke" detector. online monitoring of aerosolized bacterial spores.		2002	12405057
night of two town meetings.		2002	12405129
anthrax peritonitis.		2002	12405320
evolution of signalling in the sporulation phosphorelay.	two-component and phosphorelay signal transduction systems are believed to function as environ-mental sensors that programme gene expression to the composition of the ecological niche in which a microbe normally resides. the question of how evolutionarily related bacteria that occupy different environments change their signal transduction pathways to adapt to such environments was asked of the sporulation phosphorelay of bacillus subtilis, bacillus halodurans, bacillus anthracis and bacillus ste ...	2002	12406209
scientific evidence supports anthrax vaccination.		2002	12406785
protocol for real-time pcr identification of anthrax spores from nasal swabs after broth enrichment.	a mass-screening protocol for the diagnosis of anthrax from nasal swabs based on an enrichment step in liquid medium was devised. incubation for growth was performed in autoclavable vials and racks which allow real-time pcr analysis of sterilized cultures. a dual-color pcr was set up with primers and probes for the chromosomal marker rpob and the plasmid marker lef. specific primer and probe sets were designed for the differentiation of bacillus anthracis from b. cereus and for the differentiati ...	2002	12409358
pcr-based detection of bacillus anthracis in formalin-fixed tissue from a patient receiving ciprofloxacin.	we demonstrate that bacillus anthracis may be detected from a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimen, even after the patient has received antibiotic treatment. although traditional pcr methods may not be sufficiently sensitive for anthrax detection in such patients, cycle numbers can be increased or pcr can be repeated by using an aliquot from a previous pcr as the template.	2002	12409432
real-time pcr assay for rapid detection of bacillus anthracis spores in clinical samples.		2002	12409444
public health nursing practice: aftermath of september 11, 2001.	america's experience on september 11, 2001, forms the backdrop of this review of the public health nursing role in bioterrorism preparedness. the risks and challenges to the public health infrastructure are reviewed in order to place bioterrorism preparedness in a public health context. a review of the literature provides background material on the extent to which public health has evolved in planning for a bioterrorism event. the skills and competencies that will prepare public health nurses in ...	2002	12410635