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immunizing adult female mice with a tcpa-a2-ctb chimera provides a high level of protection for their pups in the infant mouse model of cholera.vibrio cholerae expresses two primary virulence factors, cholera toxin (ct) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp). ct causes profuse watery diarrhea, and tcp (composed of repeating copies of the major pilin tcpa) is required for intestinal colonization by v. cholerae. antibodies to ct or tcpa can protect against cholera in animal models. we developed a tcpa holotoxin-like chimera (tcpa-a2-ctb) to elicit both anti-tcpa and anti-ctb antibodies and evaluated its immunogenicity and protective effica ...201425474636
[genetic characterization of toxigenic vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 strains, isolated in the middle asia].here, we report the characterization of 22 clinical toxigenic v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 strains isolated in the middle asia (uzbekistan) in 1971-1990. pcr analysis has revealed that these strains contain the main virulence genes such as ctxa, zot, ace (ctxφ); rstc (rs1φ); tcpa, toxt, alda (pathogenicity island vpi), but they lack both pandemic islands vsp-i and vsp-ii specific to epidemic strains of o1 serogroup of el tor biotype and o139 serogroup. only two of the twenty two toxigenic strains ...201325474893
lolb gene, a valid alternative for qpcr detection of vibrio cholerae in food and environmental samples.in recent years a new genetic target for vibrio cholerae detection has been reported, but its application was limited to clinical samples. this target, lolb, has never been applied to either food or environmental samples. in the present study the development, as well as the evaluation and pre-validation, of a real-time pcr method based on lolb, is described. the method included a newly designed hydrolysis probe to enhance its specificity. after comparison against other molecular and traditional ...201525475326
development of benzo[1,4]oxazines as biofilm inhibitors and dispersal agents against vibrio cholerae.bacterial biofilms are estimated to be associated with over 65 percent of all nosocomial infections. however, no therapeutics have been approved by the fda which directly mediate biofilm formation or persistence. herein we report oxazine as a highly potent inhibitor, disperser and in the presence of the appropriate antibiotic eradicator of v. cholerae biofilms.201525479128
interplay between genetic regulation of phosphate homeostasis and bacterial virulence.bacterial pathogens, including those of humans, animals, and plants, encounter phosphate (pi)-limiting or pi-rich environments in the host, depending on the site of infection. the environmental pi-concentration results in modulation of expression of the pho regulon that allows bacteria to regulate phosphate assimilation pathways accordingly. in many cases, modulation of pho regulon expression also results in concomitant changes in virulence phenotypes. under pi-limiting conditions, bacteria use ...201425483775
turn-on optomagnetic bacterial dna sequence detection using volume-amplified magnetic nanobeads.detection of a vibrio cholerae dna-sequence using an optomagnetic read-out exploiting the dynamic behavior of magnetic nanobeads along with two turn-on data analysis approaches is demonstrated. the optomagnetic method uses a weak uniaxial ac magnetic field of varying frequency applied perpendicular to the optical path and measures the modulation of laser light passing through a cuvette containing the sample with oligonucleotide-tagged magnetic beads and macromolecular coils of single-stranded dn ...201525483917
[comparative molecular-genetic analysis of mobile elements in natural strains of cholera agent].the molecular-genetic peculiarities of the prophage ctxφ genome, the vpi-1 pathogenicity island, and the vsp-ii pandemicity island in recently emerged, genetically altered vibrio cholerae el tor strains have been studied. the genome of the prophage ctxφ, which contains the ctxab operon, which codes cholera toxin (ct), was shown to be unstable. a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the two phage genome regions (the ctxb gene and ctxab operon promoter region) among 23 genovariant s ...201325486771
crp-dependent positive autoregulation and proteolytic degradation regulate competence activator sxy of escherichia coli.natural competence, the ability of bacteria to take up exogenous dna and incorporate it into their chromosomes, is in most bacteria a transient phenomenon under complex genetic and environmental control. in the gram-negative bacteria haemophilus influenzae and vibrio cholerae, the master regulator sxy/tfox controls competence development. although not known to be naturally competent, escherichia coli possesses a sxy homologue and a competence regulon containing the genes required for dna uptake. ...201525491382
adp-ribosylargininyl reaction of cholix toxin is mediated through diffusible intermediates.cholix toxin is an adp-ribosyltransferase found in non-o1/non-o139 strains of vibrio cholera. the catalytic fragment of cholix toxin was characterized as a diphthamide dependent adp-ribosyltransferase.201425494717
detection of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in environmental waters of rural bangladesh: a flow-cytometry-based field trial.presence of vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 in the waters of the rural area of matlab, bangladesh, was investigated with quantitative measurements performed with a portable flow cytometer. the relevance of this work relates to the testing of a field-adapted measurement protocol that might prove useful for cholera epidemic surveillance and for validation of mathematical models. water samples were collected from different water bodies that constitute the hydrological system of the region, a ...201525496520
a study on the existence of vibrio cholerae non-o1 in the river.the aim of the present study is vibrio cholerae non-o1 existing in river. bacteria are known to inhabit all kinds of environment. vibrionaceae is widely distributed in environmental water. vibrio spp. have been identified as a cause of toxicity in fish and shellfish. one condition affecting the survival of pathogenic microorganisms in environmental water is the salt concentration, and they have been reported to inhabit brackish water. however, v. cholerae non-o1 has also been detected in fresh w ...201525500964
mechanistic insights into filamentous phage integration in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of acute diarrhoeal disease cholera, harbors large numbers of lysogenic filamentous phages, contribute significantly to the host pathogenesis and provide fitness factors to the pathogen that help the bacterium to survive in natural environment. most of the vibriophage genomes are not equipped with integrase and thus exploit two host-encoded tyrosine recombinases, xerc and xerd, for lysogenic conversion. integration is site-specific and it occurs at dimer re ...201425506341
[genetic characterization of toxigenic vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 strains, isolated in the middle asia].here, we report the characterization of 22 clinical toxigenic v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 strains isolated in the middle asia (uzbekistan) in 1971-1990. pcr analysis has revealed that these strains contain the main virulence genes such as ctxa, zot, ace (ctxφ); rstc (rs1φ); tcpa, toxt, alda (pathogenicity island vpi), but they lack both pandemic islands vsp-i and vsp-ii specific to epidemic strains of o1 serogroup of el tor biotype and o139 serogroup. only two of the twenty two toxigenic strains ...201325508672
[comparative molecular-genetic analysis of mobile elements in natural strains of cholera agent].the molecular-genetic peculiarities of the prophage ctxφ genome, the vpi-1 pathogenicity island, and the vsp-ii pandemicity island in recently emerged, genetically altered vibrio cholerae el tor strains have been studied. the genome of the prophage ctxφ, which contains the ctxab operon, which codes cholera toxin (ct), was shown to be unstable. a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the two phage genome regions (the ctxb gene and ctxab operon promoter region) among 23 genovariant s ...201325508902
real-time cell analysis for monitoring cholera toxin-induced human intestinal epithelial cell response.the pathogenic mechanism of vibrio cholerae manifests as diarrhea and causes life-threatening dehydration. here, we observe the human intestinal epithelial cells (hiec) response to cholera toxin (ct) by a real-time cell analysis (rtca) platform, and disclose the difference from ct-induced cytotoxicity and others in hiec. an hiec cell of 1.0 × 10(5) cells/ml was characterized as the suitable concentration for each well. for experimentation, the assay requires an inoculation of ct dissolved in dul ...201525510171
in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of natural plant-derived compounds against vibrio cholerae of o1 el tor inaba serotype.in this study, we investigated antibacterial activities of 20 plant-derived natural compounds against gram-negative enteric pathogens. we found that both flavonoids and non-flavonoids, including honokiol and magnolol, possess specific antibacterial activities against v. cholerae, but not against other species of gram-negative bacterium which we tested. using various antibacterial assays, we determined that there was a dose-dependent bactericidal and biofilm inhibitory activity of honokiol and ma ...201525516242
[microbial community of municipal discharges in a sewage treatment plant].there are numerous microorganisms, especial pathogens, in the discharges. those microorganisms are discharged into the river and sea through sewage outfalls, which results in possible health risks to coastal populations. and more attention should be paid to municipal discharges in developing countries. this study investigated the microbial community in the discharges by constructing 16s rdna clones library and using the pcr-rflp technology. phylogenetic analysis of bacteria in municipal discharg ...201425518668
solar-photocatalytic disinfection of vibrio cholerae by using ag@zno core-shell structure nanocomposites.disinfection of gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae 569b in aqueous matrix by solar-photocatalysis mediated by ag@zno core-shell structure nanocomposite particles was investigated. silver nanoparticles are synthesized by the reduction of silver perchlorate followed by precipitation of zinc oxide shell and are employed in the photocatalytic disinfection of the model pathogen. effect of photocatalyst loading and reaction temperature on the disinfection kinetics was studied. disinfection effici ...201525523714
microbiota talks cholera out of the gut.in a recent nature paper, hsiao et al., 2014 examine microbiota contribution during and after cholera and identify commensals correlated with healing and reconstitution of the microbial community. one particular species may use intercellular communication to stymie vibrio cholerae pathogenesis, indicating how the microbiota can restrict pathogens.201425525783
dynamic intervention: pathogen disarmament of mitochondrial-based immune surveillance.in this issue of cell host & microbe, suzuki et al. (2014) describe a vibrio cholerae type-iii-secreted effector that targets mitochondrial dynamics to dampen host innate immune signaling. this suggests that mammalian hosts possess surveillance mechanisms to monitor pathogen-mediated alterations in the integrity of normal cellular processes and organelles.201425525786
the acetate switch of an intestinal pathogen disrupts host insulin signaling and lipid metabolism.vibrio cholerae is lethal to the model host drosophila melanogaster through mechanisms not solely attributable to cholera toxin. to examine additional virulence determinants, we performed a genetic screen in v. cholerae-infected drosophila and identified the two-component system crbrs. crbrs controls transcriptional activation of acetyl-coa synthase-1 (acs-1) and thus regulates the acetate switch, in which bacteria transition from excretion to assimilation of environmental acetate. the resultant ...201425525791
monitoring water sources for environmental reservoirs of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1, haiti. 201525531032
inca/c plasmids harboured in serious multidrug-resistant vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 strains in china.vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 emerged in 1992 and is one of two major serogroups to have caused cholera epidemics. after 1998, serious multidrug-resistant (mdr) o139 strains quickly became common in china, showing a multidrug resistance profile to eight antibiotics. it is a great threat to public health, and elucidation of its mechanisms of resistance will provide a helpful guide for the clinical treatment and prevention of cholera. in this study, mega-plasmids from mdr v. cholerae o139 strains ...201525532743
[sensitivity to antibacterial preparations of vibrio cholerae el tor strains isolated from the environmental objects in russia in 2005 - 2012].analysis of antibiotic resistance profiles of vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated from the environmental objects in the territory of russia in 2005 - 2012.201425536777
phylodynamic analysis of clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae isolates from haiti reveals diversification driven by positive selection.phylodynamic analysis of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) data is a powerful tool to investigate underlying evolutionary processes of bacterial epidemics. the method was applied to investigate a collection of 65 clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae from haiti collected between 2010 and 2012. characterization of isolates recovered from environmental samples identified a total of four toxigenic v. cholerae o1 isolates, four non-o1/o139 isolates, and a novel nontox ...201425538191
the vibrio cholerae vpra-vprb two-component system controls virulence through endotoxin modification.the bacterial cell surface is the first structure the host immune system targets to prevent infection. cationic antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system bind to the membrane of gram-negative pathogens via conserved, surface-exposed lipopolysaccharide (lps) molecules. we recently reported that modern strains of the global intestinal pathogen vibrio cholerae modify the anionic lipid a domain of lps with a novel moiety, amino acids. remarkably, glycine or diglycine addition to lipid a alt ...201425538196
novel readout method for molecular diagnostic assays based on optical measurements of magnetic nanobead dynamics.we demonstrate detection of dna coils formed from a vibrio cholerae dna target at picomolar concentrations using a novel optomagnetic approach exploiting the dynamic behavior and optical anisotropy of magnetic nanobead (mnb) assemblies. we establish that the complex second harmonic optical transmission spectra of mnb suspensions measured upon application of a weak uniaxial ac magnetic field correlate well with the rotation dynamics of the individual mnbs. adding a target analyte to the solution ...201525539065
regulatory elements involved in the expression of competence genes in naturally transformable vibrio cholerae.the human pathogen vibrio cholerae normally enters the developmental program of natural competence for transformation after colonizing chitinous surfaces. natural competence is regulated by at least three pathways in this organism: chitin sensing/degradation, quorum sensing and carbon catabolite repression (ccr). the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) receptor protein crp, which is the global regulator of ccr, binds to regulatory dna elements called crp sites when in complex with camp. previo ...201425539806
antibacterial potential of a basic phospholipase a2 (vrv-pl-v) of daboia russellii pulchella (russell's viper) venom.microbial/bacterial resistance against antibiotics is considered as a potentially serious threat to public health. further, as these antibiotics elicit side effects, there is interest in developing new molecules with novel modes of action from diverse organisms. along these lines, in this study the antibacterial potential of the basic protein vrv-pl-v (vipera russellii venom phospholipase a2 fraction v) of daboia russellii pulchella venom was evaluated. vrv-pl-v demonstrated a potent antibacteri ...201425540009
transcriptome analysis revealed changes of multiple genes involved in immunity in cynoglossus semilaevis during vibrio anguillarum infection.half-smooth tongue sole (cynoglossus semilaevis) is one of the most valuable marine aquatic species in northern china. given to the rapid development of aquaculture industry, the c. semilaevis was subjected to disease-causing bacteria vibrio anguillarum. it therefore is indispensable and urgent to understand the mechanism of c. semilaevis host defense against v. anguillarum infection. in the present study, the extensively analysis at the transcriptome level for v. anguillarum disease in tongue s ...201525543033
emergence and spread of tetracycline resistant vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant during 2010 cholera epidemic in the tribal areas of odisha, india.the epidemics of cholera were reported in the kashipur, k.singhpur, b cuttack blocks of rayagada district and mohana block of gajapati district of odisha during 2010. the present study was carried out to isolate the bacterial pathogen, its drug sensitivity pattern and to describe the spread of the disease in those areas.201525543097
withdrawn: novel role of leuo in hns mediated silencing of the vibrio cholerae virulence regulatory gene toxt.this manuscript has been withdrawn by the author.201425548286
vibrio cholerae ghosts (vcg) exert immunomodulatory effect on dendritic cells for enhanced antigen presentation and induction of protective immunity.we previously showed that the vibrio cholerae ghost platform (vcg; empty v. cholerae cell envelopes) is an effective delivery system for vaccine antigens promoting the induction of substantial immunity in the absence of external adjuvants. however, the mechanism by which these cell envelopes enhance immunity and stimulate a predominantly th1 cellular and humoral immune response has not been elucidated. we hypothesized that the immunostimulatory ability of vcg involves dendritic cell (dc) activat ...201425551828
urinary tract infection due to nono1 vibrio cholerae. 201625553995
the type vi secretion system of vibrio cholerae fosters horizontal gene transfer.natural competence for transformation is a common mode of horizontal gene transfer and contributes to bacterial evolution. transformation occurs through the uptake of external dna and its integration into the genome. here we show that the type vi secretion system (t6ss), which serves as a predatory killing device, is part of the competence regulon in the naturally transformable pathogen vibrio cholerae. the t6ss-encoding gene cluster is under the positive control of the competence regulators tfo ...201525554784
quantitative and qualitative analyses of the bacterial microbiota of tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) cultured in earthen ponds in the philippines.the quantity and composition of the bacterial microbiota in the rearing water, sediment, gills and intestines of tilapia oreochromis niloticus collected every 2 weeks from day 30 to day 120 after stocking for grow-out culture in 6 earthen brackish water ponds in the philippines were examined. the total heterotrophic aerobic bacterial counts obtained in the water, sediment, gills and intestines of tilapia ranged from 10(3) to 10(4) c.f.u. ml(-1), 10(3)-10(5), 10(5)-10(7) and 10(4)-10(7) c.f.u. g( ...201525555375
non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae carrying multiple virulence factors and v. cholerae o1 in the chesapeake bay, maryland.non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae inhabits estuarine and coastal waters globally, but its clinical significance has not been sufficiently investigated, despite the fact that it has been associated with septicemia and gastroenteritis. the emergence of virulent non-o1/non-o139 v. cholerae is consistent with the recognition of new pathogenic variants worldwide. oyster, sediment, and water samples were collected during a vibrio surveillance program carried out from 2009 to 2012 in the chesapeake bay, ...201525556194
pocket analysis of the full-length cholix toxin. an assessment of the structure-dynamics of the apo catalytic domain.cholix toxin from vibrio cholerae is the third member of the diphtheria toxin (dt) group of mono-adp-ribosyltransferase (mart) bacterial toxins. it shares structural and functional properties with pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a and corynebacterium diphtheriae dt. cholix toxin is an important model for the development of antivirulence approaches and therapeutics against these toxins from pathogenic bacteria. herein, we have used the high-resolution x-ray structure of full-length cholix complex ...201525559625
comparative proteomic analysis reveals activation of mucosal innate immune signaling pathways during cholera.vibrio cholerae o1 is a major cause of acute watery diarrhea in over 50 countries. evidence suggests that v. cholerae o1 may activate inflammatory pathways, and a recent study of a bangladeshi population showed that variants in innate immune genes play a role in mediating susceptibility to cholera. we analyzed human proteins present in the small intestine of patients infected with v. cholerae o1 to characterize the host response to this pathogen. we collected duodenal biopsy specimens from patie ...201525561705
vibrio cholerae represses polysaccharide synthesis to promote motility in mucosa.the viscoelastic mucus layer of gastrointestinal tracts is a host defense barrier that a successful enteric pathogen, such as vibrio cholerae, must circumvent. v. cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is able to penetrate the mucosa and colonize the epithelial surface of the small intestine. in this study, we found that mucin, the major component of mucus, promoted v. cholerae movement on semisolid medium and in liquid medium. a genome-wide screen revealed that vibrio polysaccharide (vps) pr ...201525561707
a metalloprotease secreted by the type ii secretion system links vibrio cholerae with collagen.vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to various aquatic niches and is the etiological agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. the persistence of v. cholerae in natural habitats is a crucial factor in the epidemiology of cholera. in contrast to the well-studied v. cholerae-chitin connection, scarce information is available about the factors employed by the bacteria for the interaction with collagens. collagens might serve as biologically relevant substrates, because they are the most ...201525561716
graphene oxide nanoribbon-based sensors for the simultaneous bio-electrochemical enantiomeric resolution and analysis of amino acid biomarkers.in this work, a straightforward in-situ measurement of l and d-amino acids (aas) has been developed using disposable graphene oxide nanoribbon (gon) screen printed electrodes. for that, we took advantage of the electroactivity of certain clinically relevant aas, such as tyrosine (tyr) and methionine (met), which are involved in important bacterial diseases (bacillus subtilis and vibrio cholera, respectively). the strategy is based on a dual electrochemical and enzymatic approach. the d-aa with t ...201525562744
[microevolution of cholera agent in the modern period].to carry out comparative molecular genetic analysis of highly pathogenic atypical vibrio cholerae strains biovar el tor, isolated in the territory of rf, in order to determine micro-evolutionary alterations of cholera agent in the modern period.201425563004
ypfφ: a filamentous phage acquired by yersinia pestis.yersinia pestis, the plague bacillus, has an exceptional pathogenicity for humans. the plague bacillus emerged very recently (≈3,000 years ago) from the enteropathogen y. pseudotuberculosis. early after its emergence, y. pestis became infected by a filamentous phage named ypfφ. during the microevolution of the plague bacillus, the phage remained in the various lineages as an unstable extrachromosomal element. however, in the sub branch that caused the third plague pandemic, ypfφ integrated itsel ...201425566217
antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of terminalia stenostachya and terminalia spinosa.plants that belong to the combretaceae family have long history of use in the traditional medicine systems of africa and asia for treatment of diseases and conditions associated with hiv/aids-opportunistic infections. the objective of this study was to investigate the biological activities of extracts of terminalia stenostachya engl. & diels and terminalia spinosa engl. (combretaceae), to verify the rationale for their use by traditional health practitioners in the treatment of hiv/aids patients ...201125566609
a novel cofactor-binding mode in bacterial imp dehydrogenases explains inhibitor selectivity.the steadily rising frequency of emerging diseases and antibiotic resistance creates an urgent need for new drugs and targets. inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (imp dehydrogenase or impdh) is a promising target for the development of new antimicrobial agents. impdh catalyzes the oxidation of imp to xmp with the concomitant reduction of nad(+), which is the pivotal step in the biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides. potent inhibitors of bacterial impdhs have been identified that bind in a stru ...201525572472
architecture of the superintegron in vibrio cholerae: identification of core and unique genes.vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, is indigenous to aquatic environments. the v. cholerae genome consists of two chromosomes; the smallest of these harbors a large gene capture and excision system called the superintegron (si), of ~120 kbp. the flexible nature of the si that results from gene cassette capture, deletion and rearrangement is thought to make it a hotspot of v. cholerae diversity, but beyond the basic structure it is not clear if there is a core genome in the si and if ...201325580216
drinking cholera: salinity levels and palatability of drinking water in coastal bangladesh.to measure the salinity levels of common water sources in coastal bangladesh and explore perceptions of water palatability among the local population to investigate the plausibility of linking cholera outbreaks in bangladesh with ingestion of saline-rich cholera-infected river water.201525581714
polymyxin b resistance and biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae are controlled by the response regulator carr.two-component systems play important roles in the physiology of many bacterial pathogens. vibrio cholerae's carrs two-component regulatory system negatively regulates expression of vps (vibrio polysaccharide) genes and biofilm formation. in this study, we report that carr confers polymyxin b resistance by positively regulating expression of the almefg genes, whose products are required for glycine and diglycine modification of lipid a. we determined that carr directly binds to the regulatory reg ...201525583523
phenotypic and genetic characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from various regions of kenya between 2007 and 2010.cholera, a disease caused by vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 remains an important public health problem globally. in the last decade, kenya has experienced a steady increase of cholera cases. in 2009 alone, 11,769 cases were reported to the ministry of public health and sanitation. this study sought to describe the phenotypic characteristics of the isolated v. cholerae isolates.201425584121
multicenter evaluation of the biofire filmarray gastrointestinal panel for etiologic diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis.the appropriate treatment and control of infectious gastroenteritis depend on the ability to rapidly detect the wide range of etiologic agents associated with the disease. clinical laboratories currently utilize an array of different methodologies to test for bacterial, parasitic, and viral causes of gastroenteritis, a strategy that suffers from poor sensitivity, potentially long turnaround times, and complicated ordering practices and workflows. additionally, there are limited or no testing met ...201525588652
transcript changes in vibrio cholerae in response to salt stress.vibrio cholerae, which is a serious human intestinal pathogen, often resides and thrives in estuaries but requires major self-regulation to overcome intestinal hyperosmotic stress or high salt stress in water and food. in the present study, we selected multiple o1 and o139 group v. cholerae strains that were isolated from different regions and during different years to study their salt tolerance. based on the mechanisms that other bacteria use to respond to high salt stress, we selected salt str ...201425589902
determinants of percent expenditure of household income due to childhood diarrhoea in rural bangladesh.there is limited information on percent expenditure of household income due to childhood diarrhoea especially in rural bangladesh. a total of 4205 children aged <5 years with acute diarrhoea were studied. percent expenditure was calculated as total expenditure for the diarrhoeal episode divided by monthly family income, multiplied by 100. overall median percent expenditure was 3·04 (range 0·01-94·35). for vibrio cholerae it was 6·42 (range 0·52-82·85), for enterotoxigenic escherichia coli 3·10 ( ...201525591710
failure of the public health testing program for ballast water treatment systems.since 2004, an international testing program has certified 53 shipboard treatment systems as meeting ballast water discharge standards, including limits on certain microbes to prevent the spread of human pathogens. we determined how frequently certification tests failed a minimum requirement for a meaningful evaluation, that the concentration of microbes in the untreated (control) discharge must exceed the regulatory limit for treated discharges. in 95% of cases where the result was accepted as ...201525596892
comparison between single dose azithromycin and six doses, 3 day norfloxacin for treatment of cholera in adult.to evaluate the efficacy of single dose azithromycin (1 gram) in treatment of cholera in adults. a randomized, controlled clinical trial on 120 adults with acute watery diarrhoea and moderate to severe dehydration compared the efficacy of azithromycin (1 gram) single dose and norfloxacin (400 mg) twice daily for three days in treating cholera. data were analysed for 64 patients who were stool culture positive for vibrio cholerae. in conjunction with rehydration therapy, 32 patients received azit ...201425598755
sequence tag-based analysis of microbial population dynamics.we describe sequence tag-based analysis of microbial populations (stamp) for characterization of pathogen population dynamics during infection. stamp analyzes the frequency changes of genetically 'barcoded' organisms to quantify population bottlenecks and infer the founding population size. analyses of intraintestinal vibrio cholerae revealed infection-stage and region-specific host barriers to infection and showed unexpected v. cholerae migration counter to intestinal flow. stamp provides a rob ...201525599549
differential specificity of selective culture media for enumeration of pathogenic vibrios: advantages and limitations of multi-plating methods.plating environmental samples on vibrio-selective chromogenic media is a commonly used technique that allows one to quickly estimate concentrations of putative vibrio pathogens or to isolate them for further study. although this approach is convenient, its usefulness depends directly on how well the procedure selects against false positives. we tested whether a chromogenic medium, chromagar vibrio (cav), used alone (single-plating) or in combination (double-plating) with a traditional medium thi ...201525602161
clinical manifestations of non-o1 vibrio cholerae infections.infections caused by non-o1 vibrio cholera are uncommon. the aim of our study was to investigate the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with non-o1 v. cholera infections.201525602257
extracellular matrix structure governs invasion resistance in bacterial biofilms.many bacteria are highly adapted for life in communities, or biofilms. a defining feature of biofilms is the production of extracellular matrix that binds cells together. the biofilm matrix provides numerous fitness benefits, including protection from environmental stresses and enhanced nutrient availability. here we investigate defense against biofilm invasion using the model bacterium vibrio cholerae. we demonstrate that immotile cells, including those identical to the biofilm resident strain, ...201525603396
cholera in travelers: shifting tides in epidemiology, management, and prevention.the distribution of cholera's devastating effects has changed. while cholera is endemic in 50 countries mostly in asia and africa, more than half of the cases reported in 2012 were in the western hemisphere, predominantly haiti. since the current epidemic began in haiti in 2010, there has been spread to the dominican republic, cuba, and most recently mexico. several recent case reports document individuals returning home from affected areas with diarrhea from cholera, in some cases severe. hopef ...201525604481
identification of the target dna sequence and characterization of dna binding features of hlyu, and suggestion of a redox switch for hlya expression in the human pathogen vibrio cholerae from in silico studies.hlyu, a transcriptional regulator common in many vibrio species, activates the hemolysin gene hlya in vibrio cholerae, the rtxa1 operon in vibrio vulnificus and the genes of plp-vah1 and rtxachbde gene clusters in vibrio anguillarum. the protein is also proposed to be a potential global virulence regulator for v. cholerae and v. vulnificus. mechanisms of gene control by hlyu in v. vulnificus and v. anguillarum are reported. however, detailed elucidation of the interaction of hlyu in v. cholerae ...201525605793
the 40-residue insertion in vibrio cholerae fadr facilitates binding of an additional fatty acyl-coa ligand.fadr is a master regulator of fatty acid metabolism and influences virulence in certain members of vibrionaceae. among fadr homologues of the gntr family, the vibrionaceae protein is unusual in that it contains a c-terminal 40-residue insertion. here we report the structure of vibrio cholerae fadr (vcfadr) alone, bound to dna, and in the presence of a ligand, oleoyl-coa. whereas escherichia coli fadr (ecfadr) contains only one acyl-coa-binding site in each monomer, crystallographic and calorimet ...201525607896
antibacterial efficacy of five medicinal plants against multidrug-resistant enteropathogenic bacteria infecting under-5 hospitalized children.to evaluate in vitro antibacterial effectiveness of five medicinal plants used by an indian aborigine, against 8 multidrug-resistant (mdr) enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of under-5 hospitalized children.201525609371
survival and proliferation of the lysogenic bacteriophage ctxφ in vibrio cholerae.the lysogenic phage ctxφ of vibrio cholerae can transfer the cholera toxin gene both horizontally (inter-strain) and vertically (cell proliferation). due to its diversity in form and species, the complexity of regulatory mechanisms, and the important role of the infection mechanism in the production of new virulent strains of v. cholerae, the study of the lysogenic phage ctxφ has attracted much attention. based on the progress of current research, the genomic features and their arrangement, the ...201525613689
o serogroup-specific touchdown-multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection and identification of vibrio cholerae o1, o139, and non-o1/non-o139.a novel, sensitive locus-specific touchdown-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (tmpcr), which is based on two-stage amplification pertaining to multiplex pcr and conditional touchdown strategy, was used in detecting and differentiating vibrio cholerae serogroups. a panel of molecular marker-based tmpcr method generates reproducible profiles of v. cholerae-specific (588 bp) amplicons derived from ompw gene encoding the outer membrane protein and serogroup-specific amplicons, 364 bp for the o1 an ...201425614837
quorum sensing-regulated chitin metabolism provides grazing resistance to vibrio cholerae biofilms.association of vibrio cholerae with chitinous surfaces of zooplankton is important for its persistence in marine environments, as it provides accessibility to nutrients and resistance to stresses. predation by heterotrophic protists has a major impact on the survival of v. cholerae. v. cholerae forms biofilms as its main defensive strategy, and quorum sensing (qs) additionally regulates the production of antiprotozoal factors. the role of chitin and qs regulation in v. cholerae grazing resistanc ...201525615438
single-molecule tracking and super-resolution imaging shed light on cholera toxin transcription activation.because of their small size, bacterial cells have long kept details about their inner workings a secret. we are starting to decipher their mechanistic secrets, in no small part due to the development of single-molecule and super-resolution fluorescence imaging, the subject of the 2014 nobel prize in chemistry. these new methods have yielded a surge of discoveries about the subcellular organization and dynamics inside microbes. one example is an increased understanding of the virulence pathway wi ...201525620046
intestinal gps: bile and bicarbonate control cyclic di-gmp to provide vibrio cholerae spatial cues within the small intestine.the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) regulates numerous phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli to enable bacteria to transition between different lifestyles. here we discuss our recent findings that the human pathogen vibrio cholerae recognizes 2 host-specific signals, bile and bicarbonate, to regulate intracellular c-di-gmp. we have demonstrated that bile acids increase intracellular c-di-gmp to promote biofilm formation. we have also shown that this bile-mediated increase of ...201425621620
identification and characterization of vpsr and vpst binding sites in vibrio cholerae.the ability to form biofilms is critical for environmental survival and transmission of vibrio cholerae, a facultative human pathogen responsible for the disease cholera. biofilm formation is controlled by several transcriptional regulators and alternative sigma factors. in this study, we report that the two main positive regulators of biofilm formation, vpsr and vpst, bind to nonoverlapping target sequences in the regulatory region of vpsl in vitro. vpsr binds to a proximal site (the r1 box) as ...201525622616
a novel polyamine allosteric site of speg from vibrio cholerae is revealed by its dodecameric structure.spermidine n-acetyltransferase, encoded by the gene speg, catalyzes the initial step in the degradation of polyamines and is a critical enzyme for determining the polyamine concentrations in bacteria. in escherichia coli, studies have shown that speg is the enzyme responsible for acetylating spermidine under stress conditions and for preventing spermidine toxicity. not all bacteria contain speg, and many bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to either acquire or silence it for pathogenes ...201525623305
a d, d-carboxypeptidase is required for vibrio cholerae halotolerance.the biological roles of low molecular weight penicillin-binding proteins (lmw pbp) have been difficult to discern in gram-negative organisms. in escherichia coli, mutants lacking these proteins often have no phenotype, and cells lacking all seven lmw pbps remain viable. in contrast, we report here that vibrio cholerae lacking daca-1, a pbp5 homologue, displays slow growth, aberrant morphology and altered peptidoglycan (pg) homeostasis in luria-bertani (lb) medium, as well as a profound plating d ...201525631756
multidrug efflux pumps from enterobacteriaceae, vibrio cholerae and staphylococcus aureus bacterial food pathogens.foodborne illnesses caused by bacterial microorganisms are common worldwide and constitute a serious public health concern. in particular, microorganisms belonging to the enterobacteriaceae and vibrionaceae families of gram-negative bacteria, and to the staphylococcus genus of gram-positive bacteria are important causative agents of food poisoning and infection in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. recently, variants of these bacteria have developed resistance to medically important chemother ...201525635914
genome-wide fitness and genetic interactions determined by tn-seq, a high-throughput massively parallel sequencing method for microorganisms.the lagging annotation of bacterial genomes and the inherent genetic complexity of many phenotypes is hindering the discovery of new drug targets and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. this unit presents tn-seq, a method that has made it possible to quantitatively determine fitness for most genes in a microorganism and to screen for quantitative genetic interactions on a genome-wide scale and in a high-throughput fashion. tn-seq can thus direct studies on the annotation of ...201525641100
differential rna-seq of vibrio cholerae identifies the vqmr small rna as a regulator of biofilm formation.quorum sensing (qs) is a process of cell-to-cell communication that enables bacteria to transition between individual and collective lifestyles. qs controls virulence and biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera disease. differential rna sequencing (rna-seq) of wild-type v. cholerae and a locked low-cell-density qs-mutant strain identified 7,240 transcriptional start sites with ∼ 47% initiated in the antisense direction. a total of 107 of the transcripts do not appear ...201525646441
anethole inhibits growth of recently emerged multidrug resistant toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant strains in vitro.to search natural compounds having inhibitory effect on bacterial growth is important, particularly in view of growing multidrug resistant (mdr) strains of bacterial pathogens. like other bacterial pathogens, mdr vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of diarrheal disease cholera, is becoming a great concern. as an approach of searching new antimicrobial agents, here, we show that anethole, a well-studied natural component of sweet fennel and star anise seeds, could potentially inhibit the growth ...201525648987
the immediate global responses of aliivibrio salmonicida to iron limitations.iron is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms, and virulence and sequestration of iron in pathogenic bacteria are believed to be correlated. as a defence mechanism, potential hosts therefore keep the level of free iron inside the body to a minimum. in general, iron metabolism is well studied for some bacteria (mostly human or animal pathogens). however, this area is still under-investigated for a number of important bacterial pathogens. aliivibrio salmonicida is a fish pathogen, an ...201525649684
modulating vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing-controlled communication using autoinducer-loaded nanoparticles.the rise of bacterial antibiotic resistance has created a demand for alternatives to traditional antibiotics. attractive possibilities include pro- and anti-quorum sensing therapies that function by modulating bacterial chemical communication circuits. we report the use of flash nanoprecipitation to deliver the vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing signal cai-1 ((s)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one) in a water dispersible form as nanoparticles. the particles activate v. cholerae quorum-sensing responses 5 order ...201525651002
survival, induction and resuscitation of vibrio cholerae from the viable but non-culturable state in the southern caribbean sea.the causative agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae, can enter into a viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state in response to unfavorable conditions. the aim of this study was to evaluate the in situ survival of v. cholerae in an aquatic environment of the southern caribbean sea, and its induction and resuscitation from the vbnc state. v. cholerae non-o1, non-o139 was inoculated into diffusion chambers placed at the cuare wildlife refuge, venezuela, and monitored for plate, total and viable cells coun ...201725651322
characterization and structure elucidation of antibacterial compound of streptomyces sp. ecr77 isolated from east coast of india.forty marine actinobacteria were isolated from the sediments of east coast (bay of bengal) region of tamilnadu, india. morphologically distinct colonies were primarily tested against fish pathogenic bacteria such as vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. alginolyticus, pseudomonas fluorescens and aeromonas hydrophila by cross-streak plate method. the secondary metabolites produced by the highly potential strain cultured on starch casein broth were extracted separately with various solvents suc ...201525656264
transfer activation of sxt/r391 integrative and conjugative elements: unraveling the setcd regulon.integrative and conjugative elements (ices) of the sxt/r391 family have been recognized as key drivers of antibiotic resistance dissemination in the seventh-pandemic lineage of vibrio cholerae. sxt/r391 ices propagate by conjugation and integrate site-specifically into the chromosome of a wide range of environmental and clinical gammaproteobacteria. sxt/r391 ices bear setc and setd, two conserved genes coding for a transcriptional activator complex that is essential for activation of conjugative ...201525662215
stepwise changes in viable but nonculturable vibrio cholerae cells.many bacterial species are known to become viable but nonculturable (vbnc) under conditions that are unsuitable for growth. in this study, the requirements for resuscitation of vbnc-state vibrio cholerae cells were found to change over time. although vbnc cells could initially be converted to culturable by treatment with catalase or ht-29 cell extract, they subsequently entered a state that was not convertible to culturable by these factors. however, fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence ...201525664673
expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a haem-utilizing protein, hutx, from vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has developed a variety of mechanisms to obtain the limited-availability iron from human hosts. one important method for iron acquisition is through haem-uptake systems. although the transport of haem has been widely studied, the fate of haem once it enters the cytoplasm remains an open question. here, preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis was performed on hutx, a member of the conserved haem-utilization operon from v. cholerae strain n16961 ...201525664785
crystallization of two operator complexes from the vibrio cholerae higba2 toxin-antitoxin module.the higa2 antitoxin and the higba2 toxin-antitoxin complex from vibrio cholerae were crystallized in complex with their operator box. screening of 22 different dna duplexes led to two crystal forms of higa2 complexes and one crystal form of a higba2 complex. crystals of higa2 in complex with a 17 bp dna duplex belong to space group p3221, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 94.0, c = 123.7 å, and diffract to 2.3 å resolution. the second form corresponding to higa2 in complex with a 19 bp duplex be ...201525664801
rapid effects of a protective o-polysaccharide-specific monoclonal iga on vibrio cholerae agglutination, motility, and surface morphology.2d6 is a dimeric monoclonal immunoglobulin a (iga) specific for the nonreducing terminal residue of ogawa o-polysaccharide (ops) of vibrio cholerae. it was previously demonstrated that 2d6 iga is sufficient to passively protect suckling mice from oral challenge with virulent v. cholerae o395. in this study, we sought to define the mechanism by which 2d6 iga antibody protects the intestinal epithelium from v. cholerae infection. in a mouse ligated-ileal-loop assay, 2d6 iga promoted v. cholerae ag ...201525667263
'big things in small packages: the genetics of filamentous phage and effects on fitness of their host'.this review synthesizes recent and past observations on filamentous phages and describes how these phages contribute to host phentoypes. for example, the ctxφ phage of vibrio cholerae encodes the cholera toxin genes, responsible for causing the epidemic disease, cholera. the ctxφ phage can transduce non-toxigenic strains, converting them into toxigenic strains, contributing to the emergence of new pathogenic strains. other effects of filamentous phage include horizontal gene transfer, biofilm de ...201525670735
cholera: environmental reservoirs and impact on disease transmission.vibrio cholerae is widely known to be the etiological agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. cholera remains a major scourge in many developing countries, infecting hundreds of thousands every year. remarkably, v. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of brackish riverine, estuarine, and coastal waters, and only a subset of strains are known to be pathogenic to humans. recent studies have begun to uncover a very complex network of relationships between v. cholerae and other sea dwel ...201325674360
protonography, a technique applicable for the analysis of η-carbonic anhydrase activity.protonography, a sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) technique derived from zymography was recently reported by our group to be an effective, cheap and reproducible technique for evidencing catalytically active α-carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) isoforms, such as the bovine red blood cell isoform bca or the bacterial enzyme from vibrio cholerae, vchca. ca activity was also observed on the protonogram of a cellular extract of escherichia coli, evidencing the ...201525676328
synthesis and molecular structure of the 5-methoxycarbonylpentyl α-glycoside of the upstream, terminal moiety of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o1, serotype inaba.the trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (tmsotf)-catalyzed reaction of methyl 6-hydroxyhexanoate with 3-o-benzyl-4-(2,4-di-o-acetyl-3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido)-4,6-dideoxy-2-o-levulinoyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate followed by a two-step deprotection (hydrogenolysis over pd/c catalyst and zemplén deacylation, to simultaneously remove the acetyl and levulinoyl groups) gave 5-(methoxycarbonyl)pentyl 4-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido)-4,6-dideoxy-α-d-mannopyranoside. the structur ...201525679049
rna-seq analysis identifies new genes regulated by the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns) affecting vibrio cholerae virulence, stress response and chemotaxis.the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns) functions as a transcriptional silencer by binding to at-rich sequences at bacterial promoters. however, h-ns repression can be counteracted by other transcription factors in response to environmental changes. the identification of potential toxic factors, the expression of which is prevented by h-ns could facilitate the discovery of new regulatory proteins that may contribute to the emergence of new pathogenic variants by anti-silencing. vibr ...201525679988
microcystin-producing and non-producing cyanobacterial blooms collected from the central india harbor potentially pathogenic vibrio cholerae.on the basis of relative abundance, frequency and biovolume, the important value index ranks were assigned to individual cyanobacteria in phytoplankton samples collected from fourteen water resources of central india. the mcyabde genes were detected in all the blooms with microcystis (-aeruginosa, -viridis, -panniformis, -botrys) as being the major constituent morphospecies. on the other hand, blooms composed of primarily oscillatoria (-limosa,-agardhii, -laetevirens) along with anabaena, nostoc ...201525682583
isolation of new delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1-producing vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 strain carrying ctxa, st and hly genes in southern vietnam.vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 (vc_nag) organisms are universally present in the aquatic environment and regarded as non-pathogenic bacteria. however, considering that they do occasionally induce gastroenteritis, a study of their virulence and antibiotic resistance genes is important. the presence of enteropathogenic genes, including ctxa, vc_nag-specific heat-stable toxin gene (st), hemolysin (hly), and zona occludens toxin (zot) was determined by pcr in 100 vc_nag strains isolated in souther ...201525683557
temperature affects c-di-gmp signalling and biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae.biofilm formation is crucial to the environmental survival and transmission of vibrio cholerae, the facultative human pathogen responsible for the disease cholera. during its infectious cycle, v. cholerae experiences fluctuations in temperature within the aquatic environment and during the transition between human host and aquatic reservoirs. in this study, we report that biofilm formation is induced at low temperatures through increased levels of the signalling molecule, cyclic diguanylate (c-d ...201525684220
bactericidal efficacy of elevated ph on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria.ship ballast water is a recognized medium for transfer and introductions of nonindigenous species. there is a need for new ballast water treatment methods that effectively and safely eliminate or greatly minimize movements of these species. the present study employed laboratory methods to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of increased ph (ph 10.0-12.0) for exposure durations of up to 72 h to kill a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria including fish pathogens (aeromonas spp., yer ...201225685439
unique atpase site architecture triggers cis-mediated synchronized atp binding in heptameric aaa+-atpase domain of flagellar regulatory protein flrc.bacterial enhancer-binding proteins (bebps) oligomerize through aaa(+) domains and use atp hydrolysis-driven energy to isomerize the rna polymerase-σ(54) complex during transcriptional initiation. here, we describe the first structure of the central aaa(+) domain of the flagellar regulatory protein flrc (flrc(c)), a bebp that controls flagellar synthesis in vibrio cholerae. our results showed that flrc(c) forms heptamer both in nucleotide (nt)-free and -bound states without atp-dependent subunit ...201525688103
inhibition of adhesion of intestinal pathogens (escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, campylobacter jejuni, and salmonella typhimurium) by common oligosaccharides.inhibition of the binding of pathogenic adhesins to host glycans by suitable oligosaccharides forms the basis of antiadhesion therapies. experiments were carried out to study the inhibition capability of oligosaccharides on the adhesion of four microorganisms (escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, campylobacter jejuni, and salmonella typhimurium) to ht-29 cells. results showed that, in the absence of oligosaccharides, all of the four pathogens efficiently adhered to the cells. cell adhesion with di ...201525692734
substrate-dependent activation of the vibrio cholerae vexab rnd efflux system requires vexr.vibrio cholerae encodes six resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) efflux systems which function in antimicrobial resistance, virulence factor production, and intestinal colonization. among the six rnd efflux systems, vexab exhibited broad substrate specificity and played a predominant role in intrinsic antimicrobial resistance. the vexab system was encoded in an apparent three gene operon that included vexr; which encodes an uncharacterized tetr family regulator. in this work we examined the role ...201525695834
comparative evaluation of the protective efficacy of two formulations of a recombinant chlamydia abortus subunit candidate vaccine in a mouse model.chlamydia abortus (c. abortus) is the causative agent of ovine enzootic abortion (oea) and poses a zoonotic risk to pregnant women. current live attenuated 1b vaccines are efficacious but cause disease in vaccinated animals and inactivated vaccines are only marginally protective. we tested the ability of a new c. abortus subunit vaccine candidate based on the conserved and immunogenic polymorphic membrane protein d (pmp18d) formulated in cpg1826+fl (fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; flt3l) or v ...201525698486
cholera toxin-b (ctxb) antigen expressing salmonella typhimurium polyvalent vaccine exerts protective immune response against vibrio cholerae infection.live attenuated vaccines are cost effective approach for preventing a broad range of infectious diseases, and thus are of great interest. however, immune-defects can predispose the patient to infections by the vaccine candidate itself. so far, few live vaccine candidates have been designed specifically for immune compromised individuals. recently, we reported a new salmonella typhimurium z234-vaccine strain (periaswamy et al., plos one 2012;7:e45433), which was specifically attenuated in the nad ...201525701672
recombinant toxin-coregulated pilus a (tcpa) as a candidate subunit cholera vaccine.the toxin co-regulated pilus a (tcpa) has been described as a critical pathogenicity factor of vibrio cholerae. tcpa is a candidate for making subunit vaccine against cholera. the aim of this study was to produce a candidate vaccine by expressing recombinant tcpa in e. coli.201425705354
vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: part i: overview, vaccines for enteric viruses and vibrio cholerae.efforts to develop vaccines for prevention of acute diarrhea have been going on for more than 40 y with partial success. the myriad of pathogens, more than 20, that have been identified as a cause of acute diarrhea throughout the years pose a significant challenge for selecting and further developing the most relevant vaccine candidates. based on pathogen distribution as identified in epidemiological studies performed mostly in low-resource countries, rotavirus, cryptosporidium, shigella, diarrh ...201525715048
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