Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| evolutionary and structural features of the c2, v3 and c3 envelope regions underlying the differences in hiv-1 and hiv-2 biology and infection. | unlike in hiv-1 infection, the majority of hiv-2 patients produce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies, control viral replication and survive as elite controllers. the identification of the molecular, structural and evolutionary footprints underlying these very distinct immunological and clinical outcomes may lead to the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of hiv infection. | 2011 | 21283793 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and related primate lentiviruses engage clathrin through gag-pol or gag. | the gag-pol polyprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is not required for efficient viral particle production. however, premature termination codons in pol, particularly in the integrase (in)-coding region, can markedly impair hiv-1 particle formation, apparently due to the premature activation of the viral protease (pr). we now report that the in domain of gag-pol is required for the incorporation of clathrin into hiv-1 virions. significantly, pr-dependent effects of point muta ... | 2011 | 21289110 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in two saudi families. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), the second retrovirus that causes the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in humans, is limited in its distribution to west africa. we report cases in two saudi families with hiv-2 infection and aids, resulting in death of the index cases-the husbands, while the wives and a daughter were maintained on antiretroviral therapy. when hiv viral loads were undetectable in initial assays, further testing confirmed the presence of hiv-2. in the first f ... | 2011 | 21293067 |
| sero-prevalence of hiv infection among tuberculosis patients in a rural tuberculosis referral clinic in northern nigeria. | co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and mycobacterium tuberculosis the causative agent of tuberculosis (tb), has been referred to as the "cursed duet" as a result of the attendant morbidity and mortality due to their synergistic actions. this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hiv infection among tuberculosis (tb) confirmed patients on admission at a tb referral centre. the association of hiv prevalence with gender and age as risk factors was also determined. b ... | 2010 | 21293749 |
| false-positive human immunodeficiency virus enzyme immunoassay results in pregnant women. | examine whether false-positive hiv enzyme immunoassay (eia) test results occur more frequently among pregnant women than among women who are not pregnant and men (others). | 2011 | 21304592 |
| an underestimated lentivirus model: what can hiv-2 research contribute to the development of an effective hiv-1 vaccine? | the development of an hiv-1 vaccine that would be effective against all existing subtypes and circulating recombinant forms remains one of the great scientific and public health challenges of our generation. one of the major barriers to hiv-1 vaccine development is a lack of understanding of the correlates of protective immunity against the virus. in this context, research has focused on the rare phenomenon of spontaneous control of hiv-1 infection, in groups referred to as 'long-term nonprogres ... | 2011 | 21342067 |
| update on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 infection. | infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) occurs mainly in west africa, but an increasing number of cases have been recognized in europe, india, and the united states. in this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of hiv-2 infection and how to test for this virus. although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment opt ... | 2011 | 21367732 |
| use of lectins in affinity purification of hiv and siv envelope glycoproteins. | the human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) are the etiologic agents of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and related disorders (1-3) simian immunodeficiency virus(siv) is the corresponding virus for nonhuman primates. sivmac has been isolated from rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) with immunosuppression and malignant lymphomas (4). | 1998 | 21374468 |
| inhibition of hiv infection by lectin binding to gp120. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the causative agent of aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). the polypeptide precursor gp160 of hiv-1 forms the external glycoprotein, gp120 and the transmembrane glycoprotein, gp41 (1). sequence variability is a feature of hiv viruses that have been classified into several subtypes (2). there are 22-31 potential n-linked glycosylation sites on gp120 depending on the hiv-1 isolate and thus, approximately half of its molecular weight is composed of carbo ... | 1998 | 21374492 |
| detection of treponema pallidum, haemophilus ducreyi, and herpes simplex virus by multiplex pcr. | the three major causes of genital ulcer disease (gud) are herpes simplex virus (hsv), treponema pallidum, and haemophilus ducreyi. although techniques exist for the laboratory diagnosis of all three organisms, constraints of cost, availability of equipment and expertise, and the lack of sensitivity and specificity of available tests, result in clinical presentation being primarily used for the diagnosis of gud both in the united states and in developing countries. due to the overlapping clinical ... | 1999 | 21390729 |
| the performance of the vikia(®) hiv1/2 rapid test-evaluation of the reliability and sensitivity. | the use of rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody tests can help reduce the number of individuals positive for hiv who are unaware of their infection. although several studies have demonstrated that the sensitivity and specificity of rapid hiv tests are comparable to those of enzyme immunoassays, none have addressed the rapidity with which these tests can yield a result and the reliability of such results. in this study, we investigated the performance of vikia(®) hiv1/2 rapid tests r ... | 2011 | 21419168 |
| association between peripheral ?d t-cell profile and disease progression in individuals infected with hiv-1 or hiv-2 in west africa. | human gammadelta (?d) t cells play an important role in protective immunity in hiv-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus infection; their role in hiv-2 infection is unknown. | 2011 | 21423026 |
| neurologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus-2: dementia, myelopathy, and neuropathy in west africa. | while well documented in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, neurologic sequelae have not been systematically evaluated in hiv-2. after excluding for confounding comorbidities, 67 individuals from a rural cohort in guinea-bissau (22 hiv-2 participants, 45 seronegative controls) were evaluated. hiv?+?individuals were divided into cd4?<?350 and cd4?=?350 for analysis. hiv-associated neurocognitive disorders (hand), assessed by the international hiv dementia scale (ihds), distal sensory polyneuro ... | 2011 | 21424866 |
| a case of italian hiv-2 infection: a genetic analysis. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), originally restricted to western africa is now spreading to european western countries because of migration from endemic areas. therefore, it is mandatory to enforce the surveillance and improve the diagnostics of this neglected infection. in this report, we describe a case of hiv-2 infection affecting an italian citizen along with 3 cases from india. phylogenetic analysis showed that the viral strain identified in the italian patient clustered with a ... | 2011 | 21453133 |
| induction of antibodies binding to the membrane proximal external region of gp36 of hiv-2. | objective: the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies may be the most important feature of an antiretroviral vaccine, preventing infection of target cells and subsequent integration of the virus into the cellular genome where the virus may persist. broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against conserved epitopes in the membrane proximal external region (mper) of the transmembrane envelope (tm) protein gp41 of hiv-1 such as the monoclonal antibodies (mab) 2f5 and mab 4e10 have been found in ... | 2011 | 21454955 |
| virucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide spl7013 against hiv-1. | topical microbicides for use by women to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted infections are urgently required. dendrimers are highly branched nanoparticles being developed as microbicides. spl7013 is a dendrimer with broad-spectrum activity against hiv type i (hiv-1) and -2 (hiv-2), herpes simplex viruses type-1 (hsv-1) and -2 (hsv-2) and human papillomavirus. spl7013 [3% (w/w)] has been formulated in a mucoadhesive carbopol gel (vivagel® ... | 2011 | 21459115 |
| [characteristics of antiretroviral drugs.] | as of november 2010, a total of 22 antiretroviral agents are marketed in spain. these agents are divided into 6 classes according to their mechanism of action: 1) nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrti) (abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, zidovudine, and tenofovir), 2) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrti) (efavirenz, etravirine, and nevirapine), 3) protease inhibitors (pi) (atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfi ... | 2011 | 21531048 |
| crystal structure of the hiv-2 neutralizing fab fragment 7c8 with high specificity to the v3 region of gp125. | 7c8 is a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for the third hypervariable region (v3) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-associated protein gp125. the three-dimensional crystal structure of the fab fragment of 7c8, determined to 2.7 å resolution, reveals a deep and narrow antigen-binding cleft with architecture appropriate for an elongated epitope. the highly hydrophobic cleft is bordered on one side by the negatively charged second complementarity determining region (cdr2) and the ... | 2011 | 21541316 |
| selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) by a novel family of tricyclic nucleosides. | nucleoside 1, with an unusual tricyclic carbohydrate moiety, specifically inhibits hiv-1 replication while being inactive against hiv-2 or other (retro) viruses. in an attempt to increase the inhibitory efficacy against hiv-1, and to further explore the structural features required for anti-hiv-1 activity, different types of modifications have been carried out on this prototype compound. these include substitution of the ethoxy group at the c-4'' position by alkoxy groups of different length, br ... | 2011 | 21600933 |
| mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 rna packaging: efficient trans packaging and selection of rna copackaging partners. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) has been reported to have a distinct rna packaging mechanism, referred to as cis packaging, in which gag proteins package the rna from which they were translated. we examined the progeny generated from dually infected cell lines that contain two hiv-2 proviruses, one encoding a wild-type gag/gag-pol and the other encoding a mutant gag that cannot express functional gag/gag-pol. viral titers and rna analyses revealed that mutant viral rnas can be packag ... | 2011 | 21613401 |
| diagnosis of dual human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infections in a resource-limited setting. | the presence of dual hiv-1/hiv-2 infection in ghana and the different drug requirements for the treatment of hiv-1 and hiv-2 presents difficulties for the treatment of dual infections with both viruses. | 2009 | 21644411 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5-alkyl-2-arylthio-6-((3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2h)-yl)methyl)pyrimidin-4(3h)-ones as potent non-nucleoside hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | a series of novel s-dabo analogues of 5-alkyl-2-arylthio-6-((3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2h)-yl)methyl)pyrimidin-4(3h)-ones were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1). among them, the most potent hiv-1 inhibitors were compounds 6c1,6c6, and 6b1 (ec(50)=0.24 -¦ 0.05, 0.38 -¦ 0.13, 0.39 -¦ 0.05 ++m, respectively), which possess improved or similar hiv-1 inhibitory activity compared with nevirapine (nvp) (ec(50)=0.21 ++m) and delavirdine (dlv) (ec(50)=0.32 ... | 2011 | 21683601 |
| vpx rescues hiv-1 transduction of dendritic cells from the antiviral state established by type 1 interferon. | vpx is a virion-associated protein encoded by sivsm, a lentivirus endemic to the west african sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). hiv-2 and sivmac, zoonoses resulting from sivsm transmission to humans or asian rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), also encode vpx. in myeloid cells, vpx promotes reverse transcription and transduction by these viruses. this activity correlates with vpx binding to dcaf1 (vprbp) and association with the ddb1/rbx1/cul4a e3 ubiquitin ligase complex. when delivered experimen ... | 2011 | 21696578 |
| Immune reconstitution and inflammatory syndrome due to disseminated tuberculosis in a case of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection. | We present a case of human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV- 2) infection with acquired immune deficiency syndrome with immune reconstitution and inflammatory syndrome due to disseminated tuberculosis. We address here the drug interactions between antiretroviral therapy and antituberculous treatment (ATT), choice of ATT, and duration of ATT when rifampicin is omitted as in our case. Though this problem is encountered rarely, we felt that it is important to report the issue to counter drug resistanc ... | 2011 | 21713047 |
| vpx relieves inhibition of hiv-1 infection of macrophages mediated by the samhd1 protein. | macrophages and dendritic cells have key roles in viral infections, providing virus reservoirs that frequently resist antiviral therapies and linking innate virus detection to antiviral adaptive immune responses. human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) fails to transduce dendritic cells and has a reduced ability to transduce macrophages, due to an as yet uncharacterized mechanism that inhibits infection by interfering with efficient synthesis of viral complementary dna. in contrast, hiv-2 and rel ... | 2011 | 21720370 |
| fiv diversity: fiv(ple) subtype composition may influence disease outcome in african lions. | feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infects domestic cats and at least 20 additional species of non-domestic felids throughout the world. strains specific to domestic cat (fiv(fca)) produce aids-like disease progression, sequelae and pathology providing an informative model for hiv infection in humans. less is known about the immunological and pathological influence of fiv in other felid species although multiple distinct strains of fiv circulate in natural populations. as in hiv-1 and hiv-2, mu ... | 2011 | 21723622 |
| formulation, in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics of anti-hiv vaginal bioadhesive gel. | inexpensive and female-controlled pre-exposure prophylaxis strategies to prevent mucosal transmission of the virus, is urgently needed with the rising prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1 and hiv2) infections in women. zidovudine-loaded bioadhesive vaginal gel may become one of the very useful strategies, as it can be used not only for controlled release but also for enhancing bioavailability. drug delivery through vaginal gel is a promising area for continued research with the aim ... | 2011 | 21731351 |
| hiv-1 replication in monocyte-derived dendritic cells is stimulated by melarsoprol, one of the main drugs against human african trypanosomiasis. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness that is still endemic in well defined regions of sub-saharan africa. co-infections with this human pathogen and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are not uncommon, but their potential interaction has been little studied. the organo-arsenical drug melarsoprol has been widely used for the treatment of late stage trypanosomiasis since the early 1950s and is ... | 2011 | 21763506 |
| variable prevalence and functional diversity of the antiretroviral restriction factor trimcyp in macaca fascicularis. | the retroviral restriction factor trimcyp, derived from the trim5 gene, blocks replication at a post-entry step. trimcyp has so far been found in four species of asian macaques, macaca fascicularis, m. mulatta, m. nemestrina, and m. leonina. m. fascicularis is commonly used as a model for aids research, but trimcyp has not been analyzed in detail in this species. we analyzed the prevalence of trimcyp in samples from indonesia, indochina, the philippines, and mauritius. we found that trimcyp is p ... | 2011 | 21795330 |
| hiv-2 infection surveillance --- united states, 1987--2009. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is categorized into two types, hiv-1 and hiv-2. worldwide, most hiv infections are hiv-1, whereas hiv-2 largely has been confined to persons in or from west africa. hiv-1 and hiv-2 have the same routes of transmission, and both can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids); however, hiv-2 infections should be differentiated from hiv-1 infections because they are less likely to cause aids and their clinical management differs. cdc's current surveillance ca ... | 2011 | 21796096 |
| acyclic nucleoside thiophosphonates as potent inhibitors of hiv and hbv replication. | 9-[2-(thiophosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine 3 and (r)-9-[2-(thiophosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 4 were synthesized as the first thiophosphonate nucleosides bearing a sulfur atom at the a-position of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates pmea and pmpa. thiophosphonates s-pmea 3 and s-pmpa 4 were evaluated for in vitro activity against hiv-1 (subtypes a to g), hiv-2 and hbv-infected cells, and found to exhibit potent antiretroviral activity. we showed that their diphosphate forms s-pmeapp 5 and s-pmpap ... | 2011 | 21803462 |
| hiv-2 a-subtype gp125(c2-v3-c3) mutations and their association with ccr5 and cxcr4 tropism. | the early events of the hiv replication cycle involve the interaction between viral envelope glycoproteins and their cellular cd4-chemokine (ccr5/cxcr4) receptor complex. in this study, for the first time, the hiv-2 a-subtype gp125(c2-v3-c3) mutations and their tropism association were characterized by analyzing 149 hiv-2 sequences from the los alamos database. the analysis has strengthened the importance of c2-v3-c3 region as a determinant factor for co-receptor selection. moreover, statistical ... | 2011 | 21814863 |
| a single amino acid of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 capsid protein affects conformation of two external loops and viral sensitivity to trim5+¦. | we previously reported that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) carrying alanine or glutamine but not proline at position 120 of the capsid protein (ca) could grow in the presence of anti-viral factor trim5+¦ of cynomolgus monkey (cm). to elucidate details of the interaction between the ca and trim5+¦, we generated mutant hiv-2 viruses, each carrying one of the remaining 17 possible amino acid residues, and examined their sensitivity to cm trim5+¦-mediated restriction. results showed tha ... | 2011 | 21829511 |
| Frequency of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 in hiv infected patients in Maputo City, Mozambique. | The HIV/AIDS pandemic is primarily caused by HIV-1. Another virus type, HIV-2, is found mainly in West African countries. We hypothesized that population migration and mobility in Africa may have facilitated the introduction and spreading of HIV-2 in Mozambique. The presence of HIV-2 has important implications for diagnosis and choice of treatment of HIV infection. Hence, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HIV-2 infection and its genotype in Maputo, Mozambique.HIV-infected i ... | 2011 | 21849066 |
| long-lasting persistence of integrase resistance mutations in hiv-2-infected patients after raltegravir withdrawal. | little is known in hiv-2 infection about the kinetics of disappearance of raltegravir (ral)-resistant virus after ral withdrawal. | 2011 | 21900727 |
| susceptibility of hiv type 2 primary isolates to ccr5 and cxcr4 monoclonal antibodies, ligands, and small molecule inhibitors. | abstract human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) entry into susceptible cells involves the interaction between viral envelope glycoproteins with cd4 and a chemokine receptor (coreceptor), namely ccr5 and cxcr4. this interaction has been studied to enable the discovery of a new class of antiretroviral drugs that targets the envelope glycoprotein-coreceptor interaction. however, very few data exist regarding hiv-2 susceptibility to these coreceptor inhibitors. with this work we aimed to identify this ... | 2011 | 21902586 |
| antibody-mediated enhancement of hiv-1 and hiv-2 production from bst-2/tetherin-positive cells. | bst-2/cd317/hm1.24/tetherin is a b-cell antigen overexpressed on the surface of myeloma cell lines and on neoplastic plasma cells of patients with multiple myeloma. antibodies to bst-2 are in clinical trial for the treatment of multiple myeloma and are considered for the treatment of solid tumors with high bst-2 antigen levels. functionally, bst-2 restricts the secretion of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, as well as members of the herpesvirus, filovirus, and arenavir ... | 2011 | 21917971 |
| Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Aryl-2-[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]-4-pyrimidinone hydrazones as Potent Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. | A series of novel diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) with a ketone hydrazone substituent on the methylene linker between the pyrimidine nucleus and the aryl moiety at the C-4 position were synthesized, and their antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in MT-4 cells was evaluated. Most compounds of this class exhibited excellent activity against wild-type HIV-1, with EC(50) values in the range of 1.7-13.2 nM. Of these compounds, 2-bromophenyl-2-[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]-4-pyrimidinon ... | 2011 | 21990112 |
| Elucidation of the time course of adenosine deaminase APOBEC3G and viral infectivity factor vif in HIV-2(287) -infected infant macaques. | Background Although the interactions of cellular cytidine deaminase A3G and viral infection factor (vif) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were reported, regulation of A3G after in vivo HIV infection and disease progression is not known. Methods Time courses of plasma virus, CD4(+) T lymphocyte Macaca levels, and concentrations of A3G and vif transcripts were determined in infant macaques infected with HIV-2(287) . These in vivo results were compared with those collected in vitro in HIV-2 ... | 2011 | 22017399 |
| broad and potent neutralizing antibody responses elicited in natural hiv-2 infection. | compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), little is known about the susceptibility of hiv-2 to antibody neutralization. we characterized the potency and breadth of neutralizing antibody (nab) responses in 64 subjects chronically infected with hiv-2 against three primary hiv-2 strains: hiv-2(7312a), hiv-2(st), and hiv-2(uc1). surprisingly, we observed in a single-cycle jc53bl-13/tzm-bl virus entry assay median reciprocal 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) nab titers of 1.7 × 1 ... | 2012 | 22031948 |
| Antiviral interactions of combinations of highly potent 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione congeners and other anti-HIV agents. | Structure-activity relationship evaluation of seventy-four 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione derivatives identified seven lead compounds based on anti-HIV-1 potency, extended range of action to include HIV-2, virus entry inhibition, reverse transcriptase inhibition, and lack of cytotoxicity to human cells. The selected pyrimidinedione congeners are highly active inhibitors of HIV-1 with EC(50) values ranging from 0.6 to 2 nM in CEM-SS cells infected with laboratory derived viruses, 11-20 nM in fresh hu ... | 2011 | 22036651 |
| photoinactivation of cell-free human immunodeficiency virus by hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) particles that remain in the blood of patients are frequently ignored as targets for aids treatment. we therefore investigated the use of photodynamic therapy (pdt) with hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (hmme) as a means of inactivating cell-free hiv in vitro. virus particles including hiv-1(iiib), resistant hiv-1 variants, hiv-1 clinical variants, and hiv-2 variants were incubated with hmme for 40 min, followed by irradiation with a 630-nm semiconductor laser ... | 2011 | 22045116 |
| potent intratype neutralizing activity distinguishes human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) from hiv-1. | hiv-2 has a lower pathogenicity and transmission rate than hiv-1. neutralizing antibodies could be contributing to these observations. here we explored side by side the potency and breadth of intratype and intertype neutralizing activity (nac) in plasma of 20 hiv-1-, 20 hiv-2-, and 11 dually hiv-1/2 (hiv-d)-seropositive individuals from guinea-bissau, west africa. panels of primary isolates, five hiv-1 and five hiv-2 isolates, were tested in a plaque reduction assay using u87.cd4-ccr5 cells as t ... | 2012 | 22072782 |
| A whole genome screen for HIV restriction factors. | ABSTRACT: | 2011 | 22082156 |
| PD 404,182 is a virucidal small molecule that disrupts hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. | We describe a virucidal small molecule, PD 404,182, effective against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The median IC(50) values for the antiviral effect of PD 404,182 against HCV and HIV in cell culture are 11 µM and 1 µM, respectively. The antiviral activity of PD 404,182 is due to physical disruption of virions that is accompanied to varying degrees (depending on the virus and exposure temperature/time) by release of viral nucleic acids into the surrounding mediu ... | 2011 | 22083468 |
| tetherin antagonism by primate lentiviral nef proteins. | the multifunctional nef protein of primate lentiviruses is commonly considered an early viral factor that downmodulates various receptors from the cell surface and modulates several signaling pathways to facilitate viral immune evasion and to render the cell conducive for viral replication. however, nef also acts during the late stages of infection, e.g. by increasing the infectivity of progeny virions. just recently, it has become clear that many primate lentiviruses that have been detected in ... | 2011 | 22103835 |
| geographic, genetic and functional diversity of antiretroviral host factor trimcyp in cynomolgus macaque (macaca fascicularis). | the antiretroviral factor trim5 gene-derived isoform, trimcyp, was found in at least three species of old world monkey, rhesus (macaca mulatta), pig-tailed (macaca nemestrina), and cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis). although the frequency of trimcyp has been well studied in rhesus and pig-tailed macaques, the frequency and prevalence of trimcyp in the cynomolgus macaque remain to be definitively elucidated. here, we studied the geographic and genetic diversity of trim5α/trimcyp in cynomo ... | 2011 | 22113010 |
| isolated anti-hbc-igm antibody among blood donors in the semi-arid region of nigeria. | laboratory screening for the diagnosis of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in blood donors currently consists of testing for hepatitis b surface (hbsag) antigen alone. the prevalence of isolated anti-hbc-igm is not yet known in the semi arid region of nigeria. the major objective of this study was to determine the sero-prevalence of antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc-igm) and other infectious agent markers; hbsag, hcv, hiv and syphilis among blood donors in the north eastern region ... | 2011 | 22129677 |
| molecular determinants of hiv-2 r5-x4 tropism in the v3 loop: development of a new genotypic tool. | objective. the use of ccr5 inhibitors requires a tool to predict human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) tropism, as established in hiv-1. the aim of our study was to identify genotypic determinants of hiv-2 tropism located in the gp105 v3 loop. methods. hiv-2 tropism phenotypic assays were performed on 53 hiv-2 clinical isolates using gfp expressing human osteosarcoma t4 [ghost(3)] cell lines expressing cd4 and ccr5 or cxcr4 coreceptors. the gp105 v3 loop was sequenced and analyzed. results ... | 2012 | 22140264 |
| transfusion transmitted infections - a retrospective analysis from the national blood transfusion service in eritrea. | the emergence of transfusion transmitted infection (tti) especially hiv/aids has created a huge obstacle in ensuring blood safety. to assess the situation in eritrea, we carried out a retrospective study of 29,501 blood donors for the prevalence of tti's i.e. hiv, hbv, hcv and syphilis. | 2011 | 22145069 |
| Characterization of a monoclonal anti-capsid antibody that cross-reacts with three major primate lentivirus lineages. | Mouse monoclonal antibodies with varying specificities against the Gag capsid of simian and human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/HIV) were generated by immunizing mice with whole inactivated SIVagmTYO-1. Monoclonal antibody AG3.0 showed the broadest reactivity recognizing the Gag capsid protein (p24-27) and Gag precursors p38, p55, and p150 of HIV-1, HIV-2, SIVmac, and SIVagm. Using overlapping peptides, the AG3.0 epitope was mapped in capsid to a sequence (SPRTLNA) conserved among HIV-1, HIV-2, SI ... | 2012 | 22153299 |
| samhd1-deficient cd14+ cells from individuals with aicardi-goutières syndrome are highly susceptible to hiv-1 infection. | myeloid blood cells are largely resistant to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). recently, it was reported that vpx from hiv-2/sivsm facilitates infection of these cells by counteracting the host restriction factor samhd1. here, we independently confirmed that vpx interacts with samhd1 and targets it for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. we found that vpx-mediated samhd1 degradation rendered primary monocytes highly susceptible to hiv-1 infection; vpx with a t17a mutation, ... | 2011 | 22174685 |
| How Samhd1 changes our view of viral restriction. | Recent studies have uncovered sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) as the restriction factor that blocks HIV-1 replication in myeloid cells. In contrast to previously identified HIV-1 restriction factors, SAMHD1 does not meet a countermeasure developed by HIV-1. However, HIV-2 and certain simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains express the auxiliary protein Vpx that potently blocks SAMHD1. It is therefore perplexing why this function has been lost or not acquired during the course of ... | 2011 | 22177690 |
| the phylogeographic footprint of colonial history in the global dispersal of hiv-2 group a. | hiv-2 emerged in west africa and has further spread to countries that share socio-historical ties with this region. however, viral origins and dispersal patterns at a global scale remain poorly understood. here, we adopt a bayesian phylogeographic approach to investigate the spatial dynamics of hiv-2 group a (hiv-2a) using a collection of 305 partial pol and 237 partial env sequences sampled throughout 18 countries worldwide. we extend phylogenetic diffusion models that simultaneously draw infor ... | 2011 | 22190015 |
| emergence of hbv resistance to lamivudine (3tc) in hiv/hbv co-infected patients in the gambia, west africa. | abstract: background: lamivudine (3tc) is a potent inhibitor of both hepatitis b virus (hbv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication and is part of first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in the gambia. unfortunately, the effectiveness of 3tc against hbv is limited by the emergence of resistant strains. aim: the aim of this retrospective study was to characterise 3tc-resistant mutations in hbv from co-infected patients receiving haart, by generating hbv polymerase se ... | 2011 | 22195774 |
| origin of decrease in potency of darunavir and two related antiviral inhibitors against hiv-2 compared to hiv-1 protease. | acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). hiv-1 is observed worldwide while hiv-2 though prevalent in west africa is persistently spreading to other parts of the world. an important target for aids treatment is the use of hiv protease (pr) inhibitors preventing the replication of the virus. in this work, the popular molecular mechanics poisson-boltzmann surface area (mm-pbsa) method has been used to investigate ... | 2012 | 22280246 |
| hiv types, groups, subtypes and recombinant forms: errors in replication, selection pressure and quasispecies. | hiv-1 is a chimpanzee virus which was transmitted to humans by several zoonotic events resulting in infection with hiv-1 groups m-p, and in parallel transmission events from sooty mangabey monkey viruses leading to infections with hiv-2 groups a-h. both viruses have circulated in the human population for about 80 years. in the infected patient, hiv mutates, and by elimination of some of the viruses by the action of the immune system individual quasispecies are formed. along with the selection of ... | 2012 | 22286874 |
| trim5α and species tropism of hiv/siv. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infects humans and chimpanzees but not old world monkeys (owms) such as the rhesus monkey (rh) and cynomolgus monkey (cm). hiv-1 efficiently enters cells of owms but encounters a block before reverse transcription. this narrow host range is attributed to a barrier in the host cell. in 2004, the screening of a rh cdna library identified tripartite motif 5α (trim5α) as a cellular antiviral factor. trim5α is one of splicing variants produced by trim5 gene ... | 2012 | 22291694 |
| elicitation of neutralizing antibodies directed against cd4-induced epitope(s) using a cd4 mimetic cross-linked to a hiv-1 envelope glycoprotein. | the identification of hiv-1 envelope glycoprotein (env) structures that can generate broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) is pivotal to the development of a successful vaccine against hiv-1 aimed at eliciting effective humoral immune responses. to that end, the production of novel env structure(s) that might induce bnabs by presentation of conserved epitopes, which are otherwise occluded, is critical. here, we focus on a structure that stabilizes env in a conformation representative of its pr ... | 2012 | 22291921 |
| the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef and vpu proteins downregulate the natural killer cell-activating ligand pvr. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) evades the immune responses of natural killer (nk) cells through mechanisms that have been partially deciphered. here we show that in hiv-1-infected t lymphocytes, the early viral nef protein downmodulates pvr (cd155, necl-5), a ligand for the activating receptor dnam-1 (cd226) expressed by all nk cells, cd8(+) t cells, and other cell types. this novel nef activity is conserved by nef proteins of laboratory hiv-1 strains (nl4-3, sf2) and of a patie ... | 2012 | 22301152 |
| samhd1 restricts the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by depleting the intracellular pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates. | samhd1 restricts the infection of dendritic and other myeloid cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), but in lentiviruses of the simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabey (sivsm)-hiv-2 lineage, samhd1 is counteracted by the virion-packaged accessory protein vpx. here we found that samhd1 restricted infection by hydrolyzing intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dntps), lowering their concentrations to below those required for the synthesis of the viral dna by reverse tr ... | 2012 | 22327569 |
| spontaneous gastric carcinomas in sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys). | sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) are native to west africa and are a natural host of siv, which is implicated in the origin of hiv2. they have been used in studies of aids pathogenesis, leprosy, immune responses, reproductive biology, and behavior. spontaneous tumors have rarely been reported in this species. however, we noted spontaneous gastric carcinomas in 8 sooty mangabeys. four male and 4 female mangabeys had mild to severe chronic weight loss, with abdominal distention in 5 of 8 animals. ... | 2011 | 22330580 |
| efficient nef-mediated downmodulation of tcr-cd3 and cd28 is associated with high cd4+ t cell counts in viremic hiv-2 infection. | the role of the multifunctional accessory nef protein in the immunopathogenesis of hiv-2 infection is currently poorly understood. here, we performed comprehensive functional analyses of 50 nef genes from 21 viremic (plasma viral load, >500 copies/ml) and 16 nonviremic (<500) hiv-2-infected individuals. on average, nef alleles from both groups were equally active in modulating cd4, tcr-cd3, cd28, mhc-i, and ii cell surface expression and in enhancing virion infectivity. thus, many hiv-2-infected ... | 2012 | 22345473 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type-2-a milder, kinder virus: an update. | human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) belongs to the family retroviridae which is phylogenetically clusters with siv sm from sooty mangabeys. this virus is morphologically similar to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) but has got only a 40% homology at the nucleotide level. there is a distinct geographical distribution of hiv-2 unlike hiv-1. there are currently eight subtypes/groups identified with subtype/group a responsible for the majority of infections. hiv-2 shows a considera ... | 2012 | 22361754 |
| hiv/simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) accessory virulence factor vpx loads the host cell restriction factor samhd1 onto the e3 ubiquitin ligase complex crl4dcaf1. | the sterile alpha motif and hd domain-containing protein-1 (samhd1) inhibits infection of myeloid cells by human and related primate immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv). this potent inhibition is counteracted by the vpx accessory virulence factor of hiv-2/sivsm viruses, which targets samhd1 for proteasome-dependent degradation, by reprogramming cellular crl4(dcaf1) e3 ubiquitin ligase. however, the precise mechanism of vpx-dependent recruitment of human samhd1 onto the ligase, and the molecul ... | 2012 | 22362772 |
| [rheumatic disorders observed in hiv infected patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart): a 366 case prospective study in burkina faso]. | the purpose of this report is to describe epidemiological aspects of rheumatic disorders observed in hiv-infected patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). patients and methods. this cross-sectional study was conducted from january 1 to june 30, 2008 in the hiv unit of an internal medicine department in burkina faso. all patients who had been undergoing haart for at least one year were included. interviewing and thorough physical examination were performed in all cases. r ... | 2010 | 22368930 |
| hiv-2 viral protein x (vpx) ubiquitination is dispensable for ubiquitin ligase interaction and effects on macrophage infection. | hiv-2 vpx, a virus-associated accessory protein, is critical for infection of non-dividing myeloid cells. to understand the function of vpx ubiquitination, interaction with an e3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and ability to overcome an inhibition of reverse transcription, we analyzed vpx lysine mutants for their function and replication capability in macrophages. both wt vpx and vpx ta (lysine-less vpx) localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus in hela cells. all hiv-2 vpx lysine mutants were functiona ... | 2012 | 22386056 |
| overview of microbicides for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevention tools that women can use and control are urgently needed. microbicides are chemical products applied to the vagina or rectum to prevent the sexual transmission of hiv. four classes of candidate microbicides have been tested to date: those that (1) enhance the natural defences in the vagina to inactivate hiv; (2) inactivate hiv in the vagina; (3) prevent hiv from attaching to, and fusing with, the host cells; and (4) prevent hiv from replicating in ge ... | 2012 | 22386823 |
| switching virally suppressed, treatment-experienced patients to a raltegravir-containing regimen does not alter levels of hiv-1 dna. | current hiv-1 antiretroviral therapy (art) greatly reduces virus replication but does not significantly affect the viral reservoir. raltegravir, a recently introduced integrase inhibitor, could, at least theoretically, reduce residual viremia in patients on art and affect the viral reservoir size. the aim of this study was to assess whether switching therapy in treatment-experienced patients that were virally suppressed to a raltegravir-containing regimen reduces the size of the viral reservoir, ... | 2012 | 22396745 |
| hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections induce autophagy in jurkat and cd4+ t cells. | autophagy plays important roles during innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, including virus infection. viruses develop ways to subvert the pathway for their own benefit in order to escape restriction by autophagy, leading to increased viral replication and/or control over apoptosis of their host cells. the effects of hiv infection on the autophagic pathway in host cells have been little documented. using the susceptible jurkat cell line and cd4(+) t cells, we studied the relationsh ... | 2012 | 22406083 |
| hiv-2 genome dimerization is required for the correct processing of gag: a second-site reversion in matrix can restore both processes in dimerization-impaired mutant viruses. | a unique feature of retroviruses is the packaging of two copies of their genome, noncovalently linked at their 5' ends. in vitro, dimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna occurs by interaction of a self-complementary sequence exposed in the loop of stem-loop 1 (sl-1), also termed the dimer initiation site (dis). however, in virions, hiv-2 genome dimerization does not depend on the dis. instead, a palindrome located within the packaging signal (psi) is the essential motif f ... | 2012 | 22419802 |
| role of human trim5α in intrinsic immunity. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has a very narrow host range. hiv type 1 (hiv-1) does not infect old world monkeys, such as the rhesus monkey (rh). rh trim5α was identified as a factor that confers resistance, intrinsic immunity, to hiv-1 infection. unfortunately, human trim5α is almost powerless to restrict hiv-1. however, human trim5α potently restricts n-tropic murine leukemia viruses (mlv) but not b-tropic mlv, indicating that human trim5α represents the restriction factor previously desi ... | 2012 | 22435067 |
| feline tetherin is characterized by a short n-terminal region and is counteracted by the feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein. | tetherin (bst2) is the host cell factor that blocks the particle release of some enveloped viruses. two putative feline tetherin proteins differing at the level of the n-terminal coding region have recently been described and tested for their antiviral activity. by cloning and comparing the two reported feline tetherins (called here cbst2(504) and cbst2*) and generating specific derivative mutants, this study provides evidence that feline tetherin has a shorter intracytoplasmic domain than those ... | 2012 | 22514338 |
| variable clinical presentations of classic kaposi sarcoma in turkish patients. | kaposi sarcoma (ks) is a vascular neoplasm with multicentric cutanenous and extracutaneous involvements, which was first described by moriz kaposi in 1872. since then, different epidemiological clinical and histopathological variants of this neoplasm have been identified. classic kaposi sarcoma (cks) is one of four main clinico-epidemiologiologic variants. characteristics of the disease. | 2012 | 22514583 |
| vpx is critical for sivmne infection of pigtail macaques. | viral protein x (vpx) of siv has been reported to be important for establishing infection in vivo. vpx has several different activities in vitro, promoting preintegration complex import into the nucleus in quiescent lymphocytes and overcoming a block in reverse transcription in macrophages. vpx interacts with the ddb1-cul4-dcaf1 e3 ligase complex, which may or may not be required for the ascribed functions. the goal of the current study was to determine whether these activities of vpx are import ... | 2012 | 22531456 |
| tight interplay among samhd1 protein level, cellular dntp levels, and hiv-1 proviral dna synthesis kinetics in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. | recently, samhd1 has come under intense focus as a host anti-hiv factor. samhd1 is a dntp triphosphohydrolase, which leads to the regulation of dna metabolism in host cells. hiv-2/siv (simian immunodeficiency virus) viral protein x (vpx) has been shown to promote the degradation of samhd1. in this study, we examine the kinetics of samhd1 degradation, the increase in the dntp pool level, and the efficiency of proviral dna synthesis in vpx+ virus-like particle (vlp)-treated monocyte-derived macrop ... | 2012 | 22589553 |
| [consensus document of gesida and spanish secretariat for the national plan on aids (spns) regarding combined antiretroviral treatment in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (january 2012)]. | this consensus document has been prepared by a panel consisting of members of the aids study group (gesida) and the spanish secretariat for the national plan on aids (spns) after reviewing the efficacy and safety results of clinical trials, cohort and pharmacokinetic studies published in medical journals, or presented in medical scientific meetings. gesida has prepared an objective and structured method to prioritise combined antiretroviral treatment (cart) in naïve patients. recommendations str ... | 2012 | 22633764 |
| enhanced u.s. army hiv diagnostic algorithm used to diagnose acute hiv infection in a deployed soldier. | antibody screening alone may fail to detect human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in recently infected individuals. by u.s. army regulation, hiv-infected soldiers are not permitted to deploy to areas of conflict, including iraq and afghanistan. we report here the first case of acute hiv infection (ahi) in a soldier in a combat area of operation detected by an enhanced u.s. army hiv testing algorithm and discuss features of the tests which aided in clinical diagnosis. we tested the sample from the a ... | 2012 | 22645891 |
| interplay between hiv-1 and host genetic variation: a snapshot into its impact on aids and therapy response. | as of february 2012, 50 circulating recombinant forms (crfs) have been reported for hiv-1 while one crf for hiv-2. also according to hiv sequence compendium 2011, the hiv sequence database is replete with 414,398 sequences. the fact that there are crfs, which are an amalgamation of sequences derived from six or more subtypes (crf27_cpx (cpx refers to complex) is a mosaic with sequences from 6 different subtypes besides an unclassified fragment), serves as a testimony to the continual divergent e ... | 2012 | 22666249 |
| electrostatic potential of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and rhesus macaque simian immunodeficiency virus capsid proteins. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a macaque monkey (sivmac) are assumed to have originated from simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from sooty mangabey (sivsm). despite their close similarity in genome structure, hiv-2 and sivmac show different sensitivities to trim5α, a host restriction factor against retroviruses. the replication of hiv-2 strains is potently restricted by rhesus (rh) monkey trim5α, while that of sivmac strain 239 (si ... | 2012 | 22679444 |
| performance evaluation of a new fourth-generation hiv combination antigen-antibody assay. | education and diagnostic tests capable of early detection represent our most effective means of preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the importance of early detection is underlined by studies demonstrating increased life expectancy following early initiation of antiviral treatment. the elecsys(®) hiv combi pt assay is a fourth-generation antigen-antibody combination assay developed to allow earlier detection of seroconversion, and to have increased sensitivity and impro ... | 2013 | 22706797 |
| synthesis, crystal structure and anti-hiv activity of 2-adamantyl/adamantylmethyl-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. | two series of 2-adamantyl/adamantylmethyl-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (4a-l and 5a-l) were synthesized by cyclodehydration of adamantan-1-carboxylic acid/adamantylacetic acid with various aryl hydrazides (3a-l) in the presence of pocl(3). the synthesis was supported by spectroanalytical techniques and verified further by crystal structure determination of compounds 4e and 5k. the synthesized compounds were screened for their inhibitory activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2 in mt-4 cells. compound 5b exh ... | 2012 | 22741800 |
| enhanced anti-hiv efficacy of indinavir after inclusion in cd4-targeted lipid nanoparticles. | combination drug therapy has reduced plasma hiv to undetectable levels; however, drug-sensitive virus persists in patients' lymphoid tissue. we have reported significant lymphoid tissue drug localization with indinavir-associated lipid nanoparticles (lnps). our current objective is to evaluate whether additional enhancement is achievable by targeting these particles to cd4-hiv host cells. | 2012 | 22743598 |
| a novel dcaf1-binding motif required for vpx-mediated degradation of nuclear samhd1 and vpr-induced g2 arrest. | hiv-2 and closely related siv vpx proteins are essential for viral replication in macrophages and dendritic cells. vpx hijacks dcaf1-ddb1-cul4 e3 ubiquitin ligase to promote viral replication. dcaf1 is essential for cell proliferation and embryonic development and is responsible for the polyubiquitination of poorly defined cellular proteins. how substrate receptors recruit the dcaf1-containing e3 ubiquitin ligase to induce protein degradation is still poorly understood. here we identify a highly ... | 2012 | 22776683 |
| exploring virus relationships based on virus-host protein-protein interaction network. | currently, several systems have been proposed to classify viruses and indicate the relationships between different ones, though each system has its limitations because of the complexity of viral origins and their rapid evolution rate. we hereby propose a new method to explore the relationships between different viruses. | 2011 | 22784617 |
| inhibition of hiv-1 disease progression by contemporaneous hiv-2 infection. | progressive immune dysfunction and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) develop in most persons with untreated infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) but in only approximately 20 to 30% of persons infected with hiv type 2 (hiv-2); among persons infected with both types, the natural history of disease progression is poorly understood. | 2012 | 22808957 |
| an analog of the natural steroidal alkaloid cortistatin a potently suppresses tat-dependent hiv transcription. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv) tat protein, a potent activator of hiv gene expression, is essential for integrated viral genome expression and represents a potential antiviral target. tat binds the 5'-terminal region of hiv mrna's stem-bulge-loop structure, the transactivation-responsive (tar) element, to activate transcription. we find that didehydro-cortistatin a (dca), an analog of a natural steroidal alkaloid from a marine sponge, inhibits tat-mediated transactivation of the i ... | 2012 | 22817991 |
| validation for clinical use of a novel hiv-2 plasma rna viral load assay using the abbott m2000 platform. | optimal care of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) requires an accurate assessment of hiv-2 plasma viral load (vl), but no clinically approved quantitative hiv-2 rna vl assay exists. | 2012 | 22832059 |
| clinical care versus ethical obligations: hiv-1 and -2 co-infection with hepatitis b in a pregnant jehovah's witness. | co-infection with hiv-1 and -2 is rare, even in west africa. we present the case of a 38-year-old pregnant jehovah's witness presenting late in pregnancy with triple infection with hiv-1, hiv-2 and hepatitis b virus. there was a successful outcome in averting vertical transmission despite objections to management based on religious and cultural beliefs. | 2012 | 22844019 |
| the role of raltegravir in the treatment of hiv-2 infections: evidence from a case series. | we describe five patients with hiv-2 infection (four antiretroviral-experienced and one antiretroviral-naive) treated with a regimen containing raltegravir. all responded to treatment as demonstrated by viral load and cd4(+) t-cell count monitoring. our series confirms the clinical effectiveness of raltegravir in hiv-2-infected patients when given with other antiretrovirals to which the virus is susceptible. | 2012 | 22892365 |
| viral hepatitis and hiv infection among injection drug users in a central iranian city. | this study aimed to determine the prevalence of serological markers for hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and occult hbv infection among injection drug users (idus) with isolated anti-hepatitis b core (anti-hbc). | 2012 | 22895463 |
| inactivation effect of standard and fractionated electron beam irradiation on enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in a tendon transplant model. | background: for increasing allograft tendon safety in reconstructive surgery, an effective sterilization method achieving sterility assurance including viruses without impairing the grafts properties is needed. fractionated electron beam (ebeam) has shown promising in vitro results. the proof of sufficient virus inactivation is a central part of the process validation. methods: the ebeam irradiation of the investigated viruses was performed in an optimized manner (oxygen content < 0.1%, -78 °c). ... | 2012 | 22896764 |
| samhd1-dependent and -independent functions of hiv-2/siv vpx protein. | both human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) encode a unique set of accessory proteins that enhance viral replication in the host. two similar accessory proteins, vpx and vpr, are encoded by hiv-2. in contrast, hiv-1 encodes vpr but not vpx. recent studies have indicated that vpx counteracts a particular host restriction factor, thereby facilitating reverse transcription in myeloid cells such as monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. ... | 2012 | 22908011 |
| association of soluble cd14 and inflammatory biomarkers with hiv-2 disease progression. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is characterized by a slower progression than hiv type 1. it is not known whether markers of inflammation such as high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hscrp), interleukin 6 (il-6), and soluble cd14 (scd14) may predict disease progression among hiv-2 patients. | 2012 | 22911639 |
| development of real-time pcr array for simultaneous detection of eight human blood-borne viral pathogens. | real-time pcr array for rapid detection of multiple viral pathogens should be highly useful in cases where the sample volume and the time of testing are limited, i.e. in the eligibility testing of tissue and organ donors. | 2012 | 22912836 |
| epitope mapping of broadly neutralizing hiv-2 human monoclonal antibodies. | recent studies have shown that natural infection by hiv-2 leads to the elicitation of high titers of broadly neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against primary hiv-2 strains (t. i. de silva, et al., j. virol. 86:930-946, 2012; r. kong, et al., j. virol. 86:947-960, 2012; g. ozkaya sahin, et al., j. virol. 86:961-971, 2012). here, we describe the envelope (env) binding and neutralization properties of 15 anti-hiv-2 human monoclonal antibodies (mabs), 14 of which were newly generated from 9 chronicall ... | 2012 | 22933274 |
| are plasma biomarkers of immune activation predictive of hiv progression: a longitudinal comparison and analyses in hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections? | chronic immune activation is a hallmark of hiv infection and has been associated with disease progression. assessment of soluble biomarkers indicating immune activation provide clues into pathogenesis and hold promise for the development of point-of-care monitoring of hiv in resource-poor-settings. their evaluation in cohort resources is therefore needed to further their development and use in hiv research. | 2012 | 22970212 |
| the vpx lentiviral accessory protein targets samhd1 for degradation in the nucleus. | sterile alpha motif domain- and hd domain-containing protein 1 (samhd1) is a deoxynucleoside triphosphohydrolase that restricts the replication of lentiviruses in myeloid cells by hydrolyzing the cellular deoxynucleotide triphosphates to a level below that which is required for reverse transcription. human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and some simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) encode the accessory protein viral protein x (vpx) that counteracts samhd1. vpx recruits samhd1 to a culli ... | 2012 | 22973040 |
| [research progress of the anti-hiv activity of samhd1]. | the sam and hd domain containing protein 1 (sterile alpha motif domain and hd domain-containing protein 1, samhd1) is a putative negative regulator of the antiviral innate immune response. it can significantly increase the antiviral immune response, mediates the interferon-induced inflammatory response involved in the host foreign-virus defense system. the early studies have focused on its gene mutations associated with aicardi-goutières syndrome (ags), the latest study found that samhd1 as a po ... | 2012 | 22978176 |
| hiv progression to aids: bioinformatics approach to determining the mechanism of action. | the mechanism by which hiv infection transforms into aids disease is unclear. several factors such as the decline in immune response, increase in replication rate, syncytium inducing capacity and ability of the viruses to infect tumour cell lines are found to be associated with hiv progression to aids. what has not been investigated is the role of an increase in affinity for the cd4+ t cells by the hiv-1 t cell lymphocyte-loving (t-tropic) viruses. they are known to be mutants of the macrophage- ... | 2013 | 22998236 |