Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| computational analysis and identification of amino acid sites in dengue e proteins relevant to development of diagnostics and vaccines. | we have identified 72 completely conserved amino acid residues in the e protein of major groups of the flavivirus genus by computational analyses. in the dengue species we have identified 12 highly conserved sequence regions, 186 negatively selected sites, and many dengue serotype-specific negatively selected sites. the flavivirus-conserved sites included residues involved in forming six disulfide bonds crucial for the structural integrity of the protein, the fusion motif involved in viral infec ... | 2007 | 17508277 |
| progress for dengue virus diseases. towards the ns2b-ns3pro inhibition for a therapeutic-based approach. | transmitted by the aedes aegypti mosquito, the dengue virus is the etiological agent of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, and, as such, is a significant factor in the high death rate found in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world. dengue diseases are not only a health burden to developing countries, but pose an emerging problem worldwide. the immunopathological mechanisms appear to include a complex series of immune responses. a rapid increase in the le ... | 2007 | 17509079 |
| monoclonal antibody-mediated enhancement of dengue virus infection in vitro and in vivo and strategies for prevention. | infection with dengue virus (denv) or any other flavivirus induces cross-reactive, but weakly neutralizing or nonneutralizing, antibodies that recognize epitopes involving the fusion peptide in the envelope glycoprotein. humanized mab igg 1a5, derived from a chimpanzee, shares properties of cross-reactive antibodies. mab igg 1a5 up-regulated denv infection by a mechanism of antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) in a variety of fc receptor-bearing cells in vitro. a 10- to 1,000-fold increase of vi ... | 2007 | 17517625 |
| functional requirements of the yellow fever virus capsid protein. | although it is known that the flavivirus capsid protein is essential for genome packaging and formation of infectious particles, the minimal requirements of the dimeric capsid protein for virus assembly/disassembly have not been characterized. by use of a trans-packaging system that involved packaging a yellow fever virus (yfv) replicon into pseudo-infectious particles by supplying the yfv structural proteins using a sindbis virus helper construct, the functional elements within the yfv capsid p ... | 2007 | 17526891 |
| nuclear localization of dengue virus nonstructural protein 5 through its importin alpha/beta-recognized nuclear localization sequences is integral to viral infection. | dengue virus nonstructural protein 5 (ns5) is a large multifunctional protein with a central role in viral replication. we previously identified two nuclear localization sequences (nlss) within the central region of dengue virus type-2 (denv-2) ns5 ('anls' and 'bnls') that are recognized by the importin alpha/beta and importin beta1 nuclear transporters, respectively. here, we demonstrate the importance of the kinetics of ns5 nuclear localization to virus production for the first time and show t ... | 2007 | 17537211 |
| survival and replication of dengue-2 virus in diapausing eggs of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). | survival and replication of dengue-2 virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, denv-2) was determined in diapausing eggs of aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) to evaluate the importance of this mechanism for viral maintenance during adverse climatic conditions. infected and uninfected eggs of ae. albopictus were induced to diapause under low temperature and short photoperiod. virus was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and isolated in c6/36 cells from bot ... | 2007 | 17547236 |
| processing of capsid protein by cathepsin l plays a crucial role in replication of japanese encephalitis virus in neural and macrophage cells. | the flavivirus capsid protein not only is a component of nucleocapsids but also plays a role in viral replication. in this study, we found a small capsid protein in cells infected with japanese encephalitis virus (jev) but not in the viral particles. the small capsid protein was shown to be generated by processing with host cysteine protease cathepsin l. an in vitro cleavage assay revealed that cathepsin l cleaves the capsid protein between amino acid residues lys(18) and arg(19), which are well ... | 2007 | 17553875 |
| efficacy of a live attenuated tetravalent candidate dengue vaccine in naïve and previously infected cynomolgus macaques. | the development of a safe and effective vaccine against dengue is a public health priority. attempts to evaluate candidate vaccine formulations in human volunteers were largely unsuccessful, at least in part due to too high reactogenicity of some of the candidate vaccines tested. we evaluated a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate in flavivirus naïve and dengue virus type 3 immune non-human primates. immune responses were measured both at the humoral and the cellular level and th ... | 2007 | 17560694 |
| controlled peptide solvation in portion-mixing libraries of fret peptides: improved specificity determination for dengue 2 virus ns2b-ns3 protease and human cathepsin s. | the solubility of peptides in aqueous buffers used for the enzyme assays is a common limitation for all peptide libraries. in principle, the more water-soluble peptides are, the more susceptible they will be to peptidase hydrolysis. we have demonstrated that this bias can be circumvented in a portion-mixing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) peptide library by introducing k (lysine in the d-form) in both termini of the peptides. this more solvated library and another one without the k ... | 2007 | 17563123 |
| early production of type i interferon during west nile virus infection: role for lymphoid tissues in irf3-independent interferon production. | infection of cells with flaviviruses in vitro is reduced by pretreatment with small amounts of type i interferon (ifn-alpha/beta). similarly, pretreatment of animals with ifn and experiments using mice defective in ifn signaling have indicated a role for ifn in controlling flavivirus disease in vivo. these data, along with findings that flavivirus-infected cells block ifn signaling, suggest that flavivirus infection can trigger an ifn response. to investigate ifn gene induction by the very first ... | 2007 | 17567689 |
| a comparison of concentration methods applied to non-infectious flavivirus recombinant antigens for use in diagnostic serological assays. | since the introduction of west nile virus into the united states in 1999, there has been a greater awareness of arboviruses, consequently, diagnostic testing for west nile virus and other arboviruses has increased both in u.s. and international public health laboratories. the centers for disease control and prevention/division of vector-borne infectious diseases/arbovirus diagnostic and reference laboratory produces and provides the serodiagnostic reagents which are not available commercially. r ... | 2007 | 17570536 |
| identification and characterization of rna-dependent rna polymerase activity in recombinant japanese encephalitis virus ns5 protein. | the complete nonstructural ns5 gene of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) was amplified and cloned into an expression vector. the ns5 protein was expressed in escherichia coli and purified by his-tag based affinity chromatography. this recombinant ns5 protein exhibited rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity in vitro in the absence of other viral or cellular factors. the rna polymerase activity was dependent on divalent cations, and mn(2+) was found to be 20 times more effective than mg(2+) ... | 2007 | 17577613 |
| dnazyme-mediated inhibition of japanese encephalitis virus replication in mouse brain. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus with a single-stranded rna genome containing non-coding regions (ncrs) at its 5' and 3'-ends. the ncrs have flavivirus-conserved sequences that are important for virus replication. here we describe dnazymes (dzs) that cleave the rna sequence of the 3'-ncr of jev genome in vitro. the nuclease-resistant dzs, containing phosphorothioate linkages, were efficiently taken up by mouse neuronal and glial cells, and addition of a continuo ... | 2007 | 17579579 |
| antibody recognition of cell surface-associated ns1 triggers fc-gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis and clearance of west nile virus-infected cells. | previous studies have suggested that monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to flavivirus nonstructural protein-1 (ns-1) protect against infection in mice through an fc-gamma receptor-dependent pathway. to identify a specific mechanism, we evaluated the protective activity of anti-ns1 mabs to wnv using mice and cells with deficiencies of specific fc-gamma receptors. our results suggest that only mabs that recognize cell surface-associated ns1 trigger fc-gamma receptor i- and/or iv-mediated phagocytosis an ... | 2007 | 17582005 |
| ilheus virus isolate from a human, ecuador. | 2007 | 17582910 | |
| a multiplexed taqman assay for the detection of arthropod-borne flaviviruses. | arboviruses in the genus flavivirus are major causes of human disease worldwide, and yet they are widely under reported. this is partially due to the classical methods of detection, using virologic or immunologic techniques, which typically lack sensitivity and specificity or require biological containment facilities in order to manipulate infectious cultures. molecular detection assays based on broadly reactive (degenerate) primers also tend to have differential and lower sensitivity for many f ... | 2007 | 17583360 |
| [strokes caused by infection in the tropics]. | almost three out of every four people in the world who suffer a fatal stroke live in developing countries. a number of different tropical diseases may appear in europe in the coming years as a consequence of the demographic change that is being brought about by migratory flows. we review the main infectious causes of strokes in the tropics. | 2007 | 17583870 |
| thirteen to twenty-seven-year follow-up of patients with hepatitis c while transfusing or donating plasma. | hepatitis c virus is a hepatotrophic flavivirus infecting 170 million people worldwide and 3.2% people in china. we aim to investigate the clinical outcomes and hepatic histology of patients with hepatitis c in the north of china. | 2007 | 17591072 |
| epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate west nile virus from japanese encephalitis virus infections in equine sera. | west nile virus (wnv) is now widely distributed worldwide, except in most areas of asia where japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is distributed. considering the movement and migration of reservoir birds, there is concern that wnv may be introduced in asian countries. although manuals and guidelines for serological tests have been created in japan in preparedness for the introduction of wnv, differential diagnosis between wnv and jev may be complicated by antigenic cross-reactivities between these ... | 2007 | 17596430 |
| detection of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 by real-time pcr. | west nile virus (wnv) is a flavivirus attracting worldwide attention because it has spread rapidly across the americas since its first appearance in new york city in 1999. several pcr-based diagnostic methods have been developed for the detection of wnv. the focus of these assays has been wnv lineage 1 which can be found worldwide, while lineage 2 viruses were thought to be endemic only in some regions of africa. however, both lineages may be imported from africa to europe by migrating birds. in ... | 2007 | 17604132 |
| cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions of hepatitis c virus particles. | the structural details of hepatitis c virus (hcv) have been elusive because of the lack of a robust tissue culture system for producing an adequate amount of virions from infectious sources for in-depth three-dimensional (3d) structural analysis. using both negative-stain and cryo-electron microscopy (cryoem), we show that hcv virions isolated from cell culture have a rather uniform size of 500 a in diameter and that recombinantly expressed hcv-like particles (hcv-lps) have similar morphologic, ... | 2007 | 17618667 |
| flavivirus serology by western blot analysis. | the spread of west nile virus (wnv) across the united states into areas with endemic flavivirus activity has complicated serologic surveillance of seasonal virus activity and diagnosis of infected individuals. here we describe preliminary results from a comparison of serologic assays for flaviviruses: the reference plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt), enzyme immunoassay (eia), and a western blot (wb) in which crude viral lysates were electrophoresed and blotted onto nitrocellulose. human ... | 2007 | 17620648 |
| yellow fever virus ns3 protease: peptide-inhibition studies. | a recombinant form of yellow fever virus (yfv) ns3 protease, linked via a nonapeptide to the minimal ns2b co-factor sequence (cf40-gly-ns3pro190), was expressed in escherichia coli and shown to be catalytically active. it efficiently cleaved the fluorogenic tetrapeptide substrate bz-norleucine-lysine-arginine-arginine-amc, which was previously optimized for dengue virus ns2b/3 protease. a series of small peptidic inhibitors based on this substrate sequence readily inhibited its enzymic activity. ... | 2007 | 17622626 |
| crystal structure of the murray valley encephalitis virus ns5 methyltransferase domain in complex with cap analogues. | we have determined the high resolution crystal structure of the methyltransferase domain of the ns5 polypeptide from the murray valley encephalitis virus. this domain is unusual in having both the n7 and 2'-o methyltransferase activity required for cap 1 synthesis. we have also determined structures for complexes of this domain with nucleotides and cap analogues providing information on cap binding, based on which we suggest a model of how the sequential methylation of the n7 and 2'-o groups of ... | 2007 | 17622627 |
| complete genome characterization of rocio virus (flavivirus: flaviviridae), a brazilian flavivirus isolated from a fatal case of encephalitis during an epidemic in sao paulo state. | the flaviviruses of major medical importance in south american countries are yellow fever, dengue, saint louis encephalitis, west nile and rocio viruses. rocio virus (rocv) has been responsible for epidemics of severe encephalitis in brazil with a case-fatality rate of 10 % and development of sequelae in 20 % of the survivors. we have sequenced and characterized the entire genome of rocv for the first time, by determining the general traits of the open reading frame and the characteristics of vi ... | 2007 | 17622628 |
| biochemical characterization of a recombinant japanese encephalitis virus rna-dependent rna polymerase. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) ns5 is a viral nonstructural protein that carries both methyltransferase and rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) domains. it is a key component of the viral rna replicase complex that presumably includes other viral nonstructural and cellular proteins. the biochemical properties of jev ns5 have not been characterized due to the lack of a robust in vitro rdrp assay system, and the molecular mechanisms for the initiation of rna synthesis by jev ns5 remain to be el ... | 2007 | 17623110 |
| interaction between the cellular protein eef1a and the 3'-terminal stem-loop of west nile virus genomic rna facilitates viral minus-strand rna synthesis. | rnase footprinting and nitrocellulose filter binding assays were previously used to map one major and two minor binding sites for the cell protein eef1a on the 3'(+) stem-loop (sl) rna of west nile virus (wnv) (3). base substitutions in the major eef1a binding site or adjacent areas of the 3'(+) sl were engineered into a wnv infectious clone. mutations that decreased, as well as ones that increased, eef1a binding in in vitro assays had a negative effect on viral growth. none of these mutations a ... | 2007 | 17626087 |
| complex adenovirus-mediated expression of west nile virus c, prem, e, and ns1 proteins induces both humoral and cellular immune responses. | west nile virus (wnv), a member of the family flaviviridae, was first identified in africa in 1937. in recent years, it has spread into europe and north america. the clinical manifestations of wnv infection range from mild febrile symptoms to fatal encephalitis. two genetic lineages (lineages i and ii) are recognized; lineage ii is associated with mild disease, while lineage i has been associated with severe disease, including encephalitis. wnv has now spread across north america, significantly ... | 2007 | 17634508 |
| a global perspective on the epidemiology of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) (flavivirus: flaviviridae) is the most widespread arbovirus in the world. a significant range expansion occurred beginning in 1999 when the virus was introduced into new york city. this review highlights recent research into wnv epizootiology and epidemiology, including recent advances in understanding of the host-virus interaction at the molecular, organismal, and ecological levels. vector control strategies, vaccines, and antivirals, which now must be considered on a glob ... | 2008 | 17645411 |
| origin and evolution of flavivirus 5'utrs and panhandles: trans-terminal duplications? | flavivirus replication is mediated by interactions between complementary ssrna sequences of the 5'- and 3'-termini that form dsrna cyclisation stems or panhandles, varying in length, sequence and specific location in the mosquito-borne, tick-borne, non-vectored and non-classified flaviviruses. in this manuscript we manually aligned the flavivirus 5'utrs and adjacent capsid genes and revealed significantly more homology than has hitherto been identified. analysis of the alignments revealed that t ... | 2007 | 17658577 |
| flavitrack: an annotated database of flavivirus sequences. | motivation: properly annotated sequence data for flaviviruses, which cause diseases, such as tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), dengue fever (df), west nile (wn) and yellow fever (yf), can aid in the design of antiviral drugs and vaccines to prevent their spread. flavitrack was designed to help identify conserved sequence motifs, interpret mutational and structural data and track evolution of phenotypic properties. summary: flavitrack contains over 590 complete flavivirus genome/protein sequences an ... | 2007 | 17660525 |
| characterization of retrovirus-based reporter viruses pseudotyped with the precursor membrane and envelope glycoproteins of four serotypes of dengue viruses. | in this study, we successfully established retrovirus-based reporter viruses pseudotyped with the precursor membrane and envelope (prm/e) proteins of each of the four serotypes of dengue viruses, which caused the most important arboviral diseases in this century. co-sedimentation of the dengue e protein and hiv-1 core proteins by sucrose gradient analysis of the pseudotype reporter virus of dengue virus type 2, d2(hivluc), and detection of hiv-1 core proteins by immunoprecipitation with anti-e m ... | 2007 | 17662331 |
| construction and characterization of a stable subgenomic dengue virus type 2 replicon system for antiviral compound and sirna testing. | self-replicating, non-infectious flavivirus subgenomic replicons have been broadly used in the studies of trans-complementation, adaptive mutation, viral assembly and packaging in kunjin, yellow fever and west nile viruses. we describe here the construction of subgenomic egfp- or renilla luciferase-reporter based dengue replicons of the type 2 new guinea c (ngc) strain and the establishment of stable bhk21 cell lines harboring the replicons. in replicon cells, viral proteins and rnas are stably ... | 2007 | 17662475 |
| probing the flavivirus membrane fusion mechanism by using monoclonal antibodies. | in this study, we investigated in a flavivirus model (tick-borne encephalitis virus) the mechanisms of fusion inhibition by monoclonal antibodies directed to the different domains of the fusion protein (e) and to different sites within each of the domains by using in vitro fusion assays. our data indicate that, depending on the location of their binding sites, the monoclonal antibodies impaired early or late stages of the fusion process, by blocking the initial interaction with the target membra ... | 2007 | 17670824 |
| tissue tropism and neuroinvasion of west nile virus do not differ for two mouse strains with different survival rates. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that infects the central nervous system of humans and other animals. in this study, we found that c3h/hen (c3h) mice exhibited a higher morbidity and mortality than c57bl/6 (b6) mice. we compared tissue tropism, viral replication and kinetics for c3h and b6 mice during acute viral infection. wnv was detected in multiple tissues, including novel sites such as the skin, duodenum and pancreas, but the tropism was identical for the two strains. ad ... | 2007 | 17675128 |
| structural and functional analysis of methylation and 5'-rna sequence requirements of short capped rnas by the methyltransferase domain of dengue virus ns5. | the n-terminal 33 kda domain of non-structural protein 5 (ns5) of dengue virus (dv), named ns5mtase(dv), is involved in two of four steps required for the formation of the viral mrna cap (7me)gpppa(2'ome), the guanine-n7 and the adenosine-2'o methylation. its s-adenosyl-l-methionine (adomet) dependent 2'o-methyltransferase (mtase) activity has been shown on capped (7me+/-)gpppac(n) rnas. here we report structural and binding studies using cap analogues and capped rnas. we have solved five crysta ... | 2007 | 17686489 |
| reduced infection in mosquitoes exposed to blood meals containing previously frozen flaviviruses. | the increased difficulty and expense of using live animals for delivering infectious blood meals in arthropod-borne virus vector competence experiments has resulted in an increase in the use of artificial feeding systems. compared to live hosts, artificial systems require higher viral titers to attain mosquito infection, thereby limiting the utility of such systems with low or moderate titer virus stocks. based on the report that freshly propagated virus is more infectious than previously frozen ... | 2007 | 17686541 |
| the imidazopyrrolopyridine analogue ag110 is a novel, highly selective inhibitor of pestiviruses that targets the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase at a hot spot for inhibition of viral replication. | ethyl 2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-8-carboxylate (ag110) was identified as a potent inhibitor of pestivirus replication. the 50% effective concentration values for inhibition of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-induced cytopathic effect, viral rna synthesis, and production of infectious virus were 1.2 +/- 0.5 microm, 5 +/- 1 microm, and 2.3 +/- 0.3 microm, respectively. ag110 proved inactive against the hepatitis c virus and a flavivirus. ag110 inhibits bvdv replication at a tim ... | 2007 | 17686854 |
| dengue hemorrhagic fever--u.s.-mexico border, 2005. | dengue fever is a mosquito-transmitted disease caused by any of four closely related virus serotypes (den-1, den-2, den-3, and den-4) of the genus flavivirus. infection with one of these serotypes provides lifelong immunity to the infecting serotype only. therefore, persons can acquire a second dengue infection from a different serotype, and second infections place them at greater risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), the more severe form of the disease. dhf is characterized by bleeding manif ... | 2007 | 17687243 |
| analysis of secondary structure predictions of dengue virus type 2 ns2b/ns3 against crystal structure to evaluate the predictive power of the in silico methods. | multiple sequence alignment was performed against eight proteases from the flaviviridae family using clustalw to illustrate conserved domains. two sets of prediction approaches were applied and the results compared. firstly, secondary structure prediction was performed using available structure prediction servers. the second approach made use of the information on the secondary structures extracted from structure prediction servers, threading techniques and dssp database of some of the templates ... | 2007 | 17688447 |
| construction and biological characterization of artificial recombinants between a wild type flavivirus (kunjin) and a live chimeric flavivirus vaccine (chimerivax-je). | although the theoretical concern of genetic recombination has been raised related to the use of live attenuated flavivirus vaccines [seligman, gould, lancet 2004;363:2073-5], it has little foundation [e.g., monath tp, kanesa-thasan n, guirakhoo f, pugachev k, almond j, lang j, et al. vaccine 2005;23:2956-8]. to investigate biological effects of recombination between a chimeric yellow fever (yf) 17d/japanese encephalitis (je) vaccine virus (chimerivax-je) and a wild-type flavivirus kunjin (kun-cd ... | 2007 | 17693000 |
| a single positively selected west nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in american crows. | west nile virus (wnv), first recognized in north america in 1999, has been responsible for the largest arboviral epiornitic and epidemic of human encephalitis in recorded history. despite the well-described epidemiological patterns of wnv in north america, the basis for the emergence of wnv-associated avian pathology, particularly in the american crow (amcr) sentinel species, and the large scale of the north american epidemic and epiornitic is uncertain. we report here that the introduction of a ... | 2007 | 17694056 |
| mapping to completeness and transplantation of a group-specific, discontinuous, neutralizing epitope in the envelope protein of dengue virus. | dengue is caused by a taxonomic group of four viruses, dengue virus types 1-4 (denv1-denv4). a molecular understanding of the antibody-mediated protection against this disease is critical to design safe vaccines and therapeutics. here, the energetic epitope of antibody mab4e11, which neutralizes the four serotypes of denv but no other flavivirus, and binds domain 3 (ed3) of their envelope glycoprotein, was characterized. alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the ed3 domain from serotype denv1 was perf ... | 2007 | 17698647 |
| adaptation of two flaviviruses results in differences in genetic heterogeneity and virus adaptability. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first introduced into the usa in the new york city area in 1999. since its introduction, wnv has steadily increased both its host and geographical ranges. outbreaks of the closely related flavivirus, st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), occur in the usa periodically, but levels of activity and host range are more restricted than those of wnv. understanding the selective pressures that drive arbovirus adaptation and evolution in their ... | 2007 | 17698648 |
| comparison of immune responses of brown-headed cowbird and related blackbirds to west nile and other mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses. | the rapid geographic spread of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) across the united states has stimulated interest in comparative host infection studies to delineate competent avian hosts critical for viral amplification. we compared the host competence of four taxonomically related blackbird species (icteridae) after experimental infection with wnv and with two endemic, mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses, western equine encephalomyelitis virus (family togaviridae, gen ... | 2007 | 17699082 |
| dengue neurovirulence in mice: identification of molecular signatures in the e and ns3 helicase domains. | recent observations indicate that the clinical profile of dengue virus (denv) infection is changing, and that neurological manifestations are becoming frequent. the neuro pathogenesis of dengue, and the contribution of viral and host factors to the disease are not well understood. to define the amino acid substitutions in denv potentially implicated in the acquisition of a neurovirulent phenotype we used a murine model to characterize two neuroadapted strains of denv-1, fga/na a5c (previously ob ... | 2007 | 17705192 |
| production of pseudoinfectious yellow fever virus with a two-component genome. | application of genetically modified, deficient-in-replication flaviviruses that are incapable of developing productive, spreading infection is a promising means of designing safe and effective vaccines. here we describe a two-component genome yellow fever virus (yfv) replication system in which each of the genomes encodes complete sets of nonstructural proteins that form the replication complex but expresses either only capsid or prm/e instead of the entire structural polyprotein. upon delivery ... | 2007 | 17715227 |
| identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors of west nile virus infection. | west nile virus (wnv) has spread throughout the united states and canada and now annually causes a clinical spectrum of human disease ranging from a self-limiting acute febrile illness to acute flaccid paralysis and lethal encephalitis. no therapy or vaccine is currently approved for use in humans. using high-throughput screening assays that included a luciferase expressing wnv subgenomic replicon and an ns1 capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we evaluated a chemical library of over 80,00 ... | 2007 | 17715228 |
| differential effects of mutations in ns4b on west nile virus replication and inhibition of interferon signaling. | west nile virus (wnv) is a human pathogen that can cause symptomatic infections associated with meningitis and encephalitis. previously, we demonstrated that replication of wnv inhibits the interferon (ifn) signal transduction pathway by preventing the accumulation of phosphorylated janus kinase 1 (jak1) and tyrosine kinase 2 (tyk2) (j. t. guo et al., j. virol. 79:1343-1350, 2005). through a genetic analysis, we have now identified a determinant on the nonstructural protein 4b (ns4b) that contro ... | 2007 | 17715229 |
| induction of epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies against west nile virus. | previous studies have established that an epitope on the lateral ridge of domain iii (diii-lr) of west nile virus (wnv) envelope (e) protein is recognized by strongly neutralizing type-specific antibodies. in contrast, an epitope against the fusion loop in domain ii (dii-fl) is recognized by flavivirus cross-reactive antibodies with less neutralizing potential. using gain- and loss-of-function e proteins and wild-type and variant wnv reporter virus particles, we evaluated the expression pattern ... | 2007 | 17715236 |
| fas ligand interactions contribute to cd8+ t-cell-mediated control of west nile virus infection in the central nervous system. | west nile virus (wnv) is a neurotropic flavivirus that causes encephalitis, most frequently in elderly and immunocompromised humans. previous studies demonstrated that cd8+ t cells utilize perforin-dependent cytolytic mechanisms to limit wnv infection. nonetheless, the phenotype of perforin-deficient cd8+ t cells was not as severe as that of an absence of cd8+ t cells, suggesting additional effector control mechanisms. in this study, we evaluated the contribution of fas-fas ligand (fasl) interac ... | 2007 | 17804505 |
| selection and analysis of mutations in an encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site that improve the efficiency of a bicistronic flavivirus construct. | flaviviruses have a positive-stranded rna genome, which simultaneously serves as an mrna for translation of the viral proteins. all of the structural and nonstructural proteins are translated from a cap-dependent cistron as a single polyprotein precursor. in an earlier study (k. k. orlinger, v. m. hoenninger, r. m. kofler, and c. w. mandl, j. virol. 80:12197-12208, 2006), it was demonstrated that an artificial bicistronic flavivirus genome, tbev-bc, in which the region coding for the viral surfa ... | 2007 | 17855533 |
| recombinant vector derived from live attenuated measles virus: potential for flavivirus vaccines. | the measles vaccine is one of the best vaccines currently available. over the last 30 years, it has been administered to hundreds of millions of children and has proved to be both effective and safe. this attenuated live virus induces life-long immunity after only one or two injections. it is produced on a large scale, with ease, in many countries and is distributed at low cost. these excellent characteristics led us to consider its use as a pediatric live vector, to simultaneously immunize chil ... | 2008 | 17869338 |
| field effectiveness of vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by a flavivirus (tbe virus) that is endemic in many european countries and large parts of central and eastern asia. in europe, highly purified formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccines are in widespread use, but the vaccination coverage differs significantly between countries with tbe endemicity. austria presents an exceptional situation because 88% of the total population have a history of tbe vaccination, with 58% being regu ... | 2007 | 17869389 |
| serological evidence of continuing high usutu virus (flaviviridae) activity and establishment of herd immunity in wild birds in austria. | usutu virus (usuv), family flaviviridae, has been responsible for avian mortality in austria from 2001 to 2006. the proportion of usuv-positive individuals among the investigated dead birds decreased dramatically after 2004. to test the hypothesis that establishment of herd immunity might be responsible, serological examinations of susceptible wild birds were performed. blood samples of 442 wild birds of 55 species were collected in 4 consecutive years (2003--2006). in addition, 86 individuals f ... | 2008 | 17869454 |
| protective immunity of e. coli-synthesized ns1 protein of japanese encephalitis virus. | immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant japanese encephalitis virus (jev) ns1 proteins generated using dna vaccines and recombinant viruses have been demonstrated to induce protection in mice against a challenge of jev at a lethal dose. the west nile virus ns1 region expressed in e. coli is recognized by these protective monoclonal antibodies and, in this study, we compare immunogenicity and protective immunity of the e. coli-synthesized ns1 protein with another protective immunoge ... | 2008 | 17876533 |
| the continuing spread of west nile virus in the western hemisphere. | west nile virus (wnv) has historically been considered to be among the least virulent of the japanese serogroup viruses of the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus. however, recent epidemics associated with severe and fatal neuroinvasive disease have changed that perception. the emergence of a virus subtype with greater epidemic potential and virulence in the early 1990s facilitated the geographic expansion and westward spread of wnv; in 1999, it first appeared in the western hemisphere. becaus ... | 2007 | 17879923 |
| type- and subcomplex-specific neutralizing antibodies against domain iii of dengue virus type 2 envelope protein recognize adjacent epitopes. | neutralization of flaviviruses in vivo correlates with the development of an antibody response against the viral envelope (e) protein. previous studies demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against an epitope on the lateral ridge of domain iii (diii) of the west nile virus (wnv) e protein strongly protect against infection in animals. based on x-ray crystallography and sequence analysis, an analogous type-specific neutralizing epitope for individual serotypes of the related flavivirus d ... | 2007 | 17881453 |
| virtual screening and bioassay study of novel inhibitors for dengue virus mrna cap (nucleoside-2'o)-methyltransferase. | we report high-throughput structure-based virtual screening of putative flavivirus 2'-o-methyltransferase inhibitors together with results from subsequent bioassay tests of selected compounds. potential inhibitors for the s-adenosylmethionine binding site were explored using 2d similarity searching, pharmacophore filtering and docking. the inhibitory activities of 15 top-ranking compounds from the docking calculations were tested on a recombinant methyltransferase with the rna substrate (7me)gpp ... | 2007 | 17888664 |
| structure of the murray valley encephalitis virus rna helicase at 1.9 angstrom resolution. | murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic to australia, is closely related to japanese encephalitis virus and west nile virus. nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) is a multifunctional enzyme with serine protease and dexh/d-box helicase domains, whose activity is central to flavivirus replication and is therefore a possible target for anti-flaviviral compounds. cloning, purification, and crystal structure determination to 1.9 angstrom resolution of the ns3 helicase of ... | 2007 | 17893366 |
| prevalence and genotypes of hepatitis g virus/gb virus c in a multirisk group in hungary. | hgv/gbv-c is a mainly parenterally transmitted flavivirus that causes a persistent infection. so far no disease has been associated with hgv/gbv-c infection, but its beneficial role in co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus has been shown in many recent studies. the aim of our study was to determine the frequency of ongoing hgv/gbv-c infections among a sociologically unique group of the hungarian population, who are at great risk for parenterally transmitted diseases. viral rna was d ... | 2007 | 17896477 |
| different contribution of co-stimulatory molecules b7.1 and b7.2 to the immune response to recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara vaccine expressing prm/e proteins of japanese encephalitis virus and two hepatitis b virus vaccines. | this study clarifies the role of co-stimulatory molecules b7.1 and b7.2 in the immune response to 3 types of vaccines: a/ recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) (vjh9) expressing prm/e proteins of japanese encephalitis virus (jev), b/ recombinant yeast-expressed hepatitis b virus (yhbv), c/ human plasma-derived hepatitis b virus (phbv). we constructed plasmids expressing b7.1 and b7.2 molecules and found that the expression level of b7.2 protein in transfected cho-k1 cells was higher t ... | 2007 | 17900219 |
| knock-in of the oas1b(r) allele into a flavivirus-induced disease susceptible mouse generates the resistant phenotype. | inheritance patterns in mice suggested that resistance to flavivirus-induced disease was conferred by a single autosomal dominant allele (flv(r)). a positional cloning strategy followed by comparison of flv interval gene sequences from congenic resistant c3h.pri-flv(r) and susceptible c3h/he mouse strains identified the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1b (oas1b) gene as flv. however, since these mouse strains differ by a 31 cm region, the possible involvement of differences in other linked genes ... | 2007 | 17904183 |
| abrogation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor decreases west nile virus lethality by limiting viral neuroinvasion. | the flavivirus west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging pathogen that causes life-threatening encephalitis in susceptible individuals. we investigated the role of the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif), which is an upstream mediator of innate immunity, in wnv immunopathogenesis. we found that patients suffering from acute wnv infection presented with increased mif levels in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid. mif expression also was induced in wnv-infected mice. rem ... | 2007 | 17909632 |
| emergence of usutu virus in hungary. | in 2001, usutu virus (usuv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus of the japanese encephalitis virus serogroup related to west nile virus and previously restricted to sub-saharan africa, emerged in wild and zoo birds in and around vienna, austria. in order to monitor the spread of the infection, a dead bird surveillance program was established in austria and in neighboring hungary. in hungary, 332 dead birds belonging to 52 species were tested for usuv infection between 2003 and 2006. in the first 2 year ... | 2007 | 17913929 |
| expectoration of flaviviruses during sugar feeding by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | biological transmission of arboviruses to a vertebrate host occurs when virions are expelled along with saliva during blood feeding by a hematophagous arthropod. we undertook experiments to determine whether mosquitoes expectorate flaviviruses in their saliva while sugar feeding. batches of culex annulirostris skuse and culex gelidus theobald (diptera: culicidae) were orally infected with japanese encephalitis (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, jev), kunjin (family flaviviridae, genus flavi ... | 2007 | 17915518 |
| evaluation of circulating natural type 1 interferon-producing cells in hiv/gbv-c and hiv/hcv coinfected patients: a preliminary study. | gb virus-c (gbv-c) is a flavivirus that probably influences hiv infection-associated disease among hiv/gbv-c coinfected patients and inhibits the progression of hiv infection to aids. to address the possibility of immune-modulating effects of gbv-c coinfection in hiv patients, we evaluated interferon-producing cells in hiv/gbv-c coinfected patients and compared them to hiv-infected patients. | 2007 | 17923269 |
| crystal structure of the ns3 protease-helicase from dengue virus. | several flaviviruses are important human pathogens, including dengue virus, a disease against which neither a vaccine nor specific antiviral therapies currently exist. during infection, the flavivirus rna genome is translated into a polyprotein, which is cleaved into several components. nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) carries out enzymatic reactions essential for viral replication, including proteolysis of the polyprotein through its serine protease n-terminal domain, with a segment of 40 residues ... | 2008 | 17942558 |
| west nile virus-induced cytoplasmic membrane structures provide partial protection against the interferon-induced antiviral mxa protein. | the human mxa protein is a type i and iii interferon (ifn)-induced protein with proven antiviral activity against rna viruses. in this study, we investigated the effect of mxa expression on the replication of west nile virus strain kunjin (wnv(kun)). pretreatment of a549 cells with ifn-alpha lead to increased expression of mxa, which contributed to inhibition of wnv(kun) replication and secretion. however, in vero cells stably expressing the mxa protein, wnv(kun) replication, maturation and secr ... | 2007 | 17947524 |
| a short treatment of cells with the lanthanide ions la3+, ce3+, pr3+ or nd3+ changes the cellular chemistry into a state in which rna replication of flaviviruses is specifically blocked without interference with host-cell multiplication. | alpha- and flaviviruses contain class ii fusion proteins, which form ion-permeable pores in the target membrane during virus entry. the pores generated during entry of the alphavirus semliki forest virus have been shown previously to be blocked by lanthanide ions. here, analyses of the influence of rare earth ions on the entry of the flaviviruses west nile virus and uganda s virus revealed an unexpected effect of lanthanide ions. the results showed that a 30 s treatment of cells with an appropri ... | 2007 | 17947525 |
| detection of small rnas containing the 5'- and the 3'-end sequences of viral genome during west nile virus replication. | in the first step of flavivirus replication, the 5'-end of viral genomic rna is thought to interact with the 3'-end of the genomic rna at the complimentary sequences (css) located at both ends of the genomic rna. however, there is little evidence of direct interaction between the two ends of the viral genomic rna in virus-replicating cells. herein, we show that viral small negative-strand rna species, composed of two ends corresponding to the upstream of the 5'-end cs and the downstream of the 3 ... | 2008 | 17963811 |
| the prevalence of gb virus c/hepatitis g virus rna among healthy and hcv-infected catalan children. | gb virus c (gbv-c) is a blood-borne flavivirus. the prevalence of gbv-c viremia among healthy adults is 0.5% to 4% and, to date, no disease has been definitely associated with gbv-c infection. we conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate gbv-c viremia prevalence in a group of 327 healthy children with normal alanine amino transferase (alt) levels (group a) and elevated alt levels (group b) of unknown origin, and among 38 pediatric patients with mother-to-child-transmitted hepatitis c virus ( ... | 2008 | 17965880 |
| construction and characterization of recombinant flaviviruses bearing insertions between e and ns1 genes. | the yellow fever virus, a member of the genus flavivirus, is an arthropod-borne pathogen causing severe disease in humans. the attenuated yellow fever 17d virus strain has been used for human vaccination for 70 years and has several characteristics that are desirable for the development of new, live attenuated vaccines. we described here a methodology to construct a viable, and immunogenic recombinant yellow fever 17d virus expressing a green fluorescent protein variant (egfp). this approach too ... | 2007 | 17971212 |
| safety and efficacy in geese of a per.c6-based inactivated west nile virus vaccine. | studies were performed with an inactivated vaccine against the mosquito-borne flavivirus, west nile virus (wnv). the mammalian cell line, per.c6, was selected as the platform for wnv growth since both the neurovirulent strains ny99 and isr98 that cause epidemics in humans and high mortality in geese, respectively, could be propagated to high titers (10(9) to 10(10)tcid(50)/ml) on these cells. based on the high dna homology of the wnv envelope (e) protein and non-structural protein 5 (ns5), and i ... | 2007 | 17977629 |
| recent change of the antigenicity and genotype of japanese encephalitis viruses distributed on okinawa island, japan. | in this study, five isolates of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) were obtained from swine serum samples collected on okinawa island, japan, between 2002 and 2003. all five jev isolates belonged to genotype 1, and jev isolates obtained from the island before 1992 were genotype 3. genotype 1 was known to be distributed from northern thailand to cambodia and recently expanded to australia, vietnam, the republic of korea, and japan. however, phylogenetic analysis showed that the source of the newly ... | 2007 | 17978081 |
| nucleic acid-based inhibition of flavivirus infections. | the genus flavivirus in the family flaviviridae consists of many arthropod-transmitted human pathogens, including dengue, yellow fever, japanese encephalitis, west nile, st. louis encephalitis, murray valley encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. treatment options against flaviviral disease are extremely limited, with no effective drugs yet commercially available. recent advances in virology, synthetic organic chemistry, and the discovery of rna interference (rnai), have provided the ... | 2008 | 17981637 |
| structure and biochemical analysis of kokobera virus helicase. | 2008 | 18004778 | |
| maculopathy associated with dengue fever in a military pilot. | dengue fever is the most prevalent vector-borne flavivirus infection in humans. its ocular manifestations have only recently been reported with increasing frequency. we present a case of an air force rotary wing pilot who presented with dengue-related maculopathy and decrement in visual function. the pilot ultimately recovered full visual function and was returned to full unrestricted flying duties with the proviso of regular ophthalmic monitoring. dengue-related maculopathy may present with ret ... | 2007 | 18018440 |
| a real-time rt-pcr method for the universal detection and identification of flaviviruses. | here we describe an optimized molecular protocol for the universal detection and identification of flaviviruses. it combines the convenient real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) format with a broad spectrum of flavivirus detection. this assay, based on the amplification of a 269-272 nt (depending on the flavivirus tested) region at the n terminal end of the ns5 gene, enabled the amplification of 51 flavivirus species and 3 tentative species. sequencing of the amplicons produced by reverse tr ... | 2007 | 18020965 |
| expression of gb virus c ns5a protein from genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 5 and a 30 aa ns5a fragment inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in a cd4+ t-lymphocyte cell line. | gb virus type c (gbv-c) is a common human flavivirus that has been associated with prolonged survival in hiv-positive individuals in several, though not all, epidemiological studies. there are five distinct gbv-c genotypes that are geographically localized, and it has been speculated that gbv-c genotypic differences may explain variable outcomes observed in different clinical studies. expression of an 85 aa fragment of the gbv-c ns5a phosphoprotein (genotype 2) in a cd4+ t cell line (jurkat) res ... | 2007 | 18024904 |
| animal models of highly pathogenic rna viral infections: encephalitis viruses. | the highly pathogenic rna viruses that cause encephalitis include a significant number of emerging or re-emerging viruses that are also considered potential bioweapons. many of these viruses, including members of the family flaviviridae, the genus alphavirus in the family togaviridae, and the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae, circulate widely in their endemic areas, where they are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. they use a variety of vertebrate hosts, ranging from birds to bat ... | 2008 | 18031836 |
| utilization of complement-dependent cytotoxicity to measure low levels of antibodies: application to nonstructural protein 1 in a model of japanese encephalitis virus. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and related assays are representative of methods currently used for antibody tests. however, they occasionally produce nonspecific reactions, thus making it difficult to reliably measure low levels of specific antibodies. to find a test method that minimizes nonspecific reactions, we introduced the principle of antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (cdc) into an antibody assay. the procedure has three steps: (i) the mixing of test samples w ... | 2008 | 18032598 |
| [global warming: trailblazer for tropical infections in germany?]. | since 1850, the co (2) content of the atmosphere has increased from 280 to 360 ppm, and the average surface temperature has risen from 14.6 to 15.3 c . a further increase between 1.8 and 4.0 c is expected for the 21st century. temperate and cold climate zones are affected predominantly, but tropical regions are not spared. at the same time, the world wide climate effects of the "el niño southern oscillation" are amplified. global warming enhances the growth of tropical pathogens (malarial plasmo ... | 2007 | 18033654 |
| the internal initiation of translation in bovine viral diarrhea virus rna depends on the presence of an rna pseudoknot upstream of the initiation codon. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is the prototype representative of the pestivirus genus in the flaviviridae family. it has been shown that the initiation of translation of bvdv rna occurs by an internal ribosome entry mechanism mediated by the 5' untranslated region of the viral rna 1. the 5' and 3' boundaries of the ires of the cytopathic bvdv nadl have been mapped and it has been suggested that the ires extends into the coding of the bvdv polyprotein 2. a putative pseudoknot structure has b ... | 2007 | 18034871 |
| novel anti-dengue monoclonal antibody recognizing conformational structure of the prm-e heterodimeric complex of dengue virus. | an interaction between the premembrane (prm) and envelope (e) glycoproteins as prm-e heterodimer is required for proper folding and transport of e during the formation and release of new flaviviral progeny. more evidence, however, is needed to confirm this interaction of prm and e during dengue virus replication. in this study, 2e11, a mouse monoclonal antibody (mab) that specifically recognizes dengue prm-e heterodimeric complex in either intracellular or secreted dengue virions, was generated ... | 2008 | 18041028 |
| [evolution of tick-borne encephalitis and a problem of evolution of its causative agent]. | the evolution of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is marked by the expanded nosological area, the transformation of landscapes, the formation of anthropurgic foci, the change of environmental systems, the increase of mortality rate mainly among urban dwellers, as well as pathomorphism. the evolution of natural tbe virus (tbev) populations was studied in eastern and western siberia, middle urals, and the european part of the nosological area. the paper first describes the types of evolutionary trans ... | 2007 | 18041219 |
| [complex environmental and virological monitoring in the primorye territory in 2003-2006]. | the paper presents the results of monitoring of viruses of western nile (wn), japanese encephalitis (je), tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), geta, influenza a, as well as avian paramicroviruses type i (virus of newcastle disease (nd)) and type 6 (apmv-6) in the primorye territory in 2003-2006. totally throughout the period, specific antibodies to the viruses were detected by neutralization test in wild birds (7.3%, wn; 8.0%, geta; 0.7% batai; 2.8%, alpine hare (lepus timidus); by hemagglutination-in ... | 2007 | 18041224 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus ns5 associates with membrane protein scribble and impairs interferon-stimulated jak-stat signalling. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) ns5 protein is a multifunctional rna-dependent rna polymerase that is indispensable for viral replication. tbev is considered to be highly neurovirulent and can cause lethal encephalitis. in this study, we demonstrate a novel interaction between tbev ns5 and the pdz protein scribble (hscrib) affecting interferon (ifn) type i and ii mediated jak-stat signalling. the sequence of tbev ns5 interacting with hscrib was identified using extensive site-directed mutag ... | 2008 | 18042258 |
| evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for detection of immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg antibodies against yellow fever virus. | the first commercial indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using euroimmun biochip technology was evaluated for the serodiagnosis of immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm antibodies against yellow fever virus (yfv) and was compared with the plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt), which is currently the gold standard test for yfv. an overall correlation between the tests of 98.7% was established based on the analysis of 150 sera from individuals after vaccination with the 17d yellow fever vaccine ... | 2008 | 18045884 |
| west nile virus-infected dead corvids increase the risk of infection in culex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in domestic landscapes. | a comparative study of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) infection rates in culex mosquitoes collected at 13 sites, seven reporting wnv-positive dead corvids (case sites) and six without reported dead birds (control sites) was conducted in davis, ca, from 14 to 21 july at the beginning of the 2006 wnv outbreak. in total, 3051 culex mosquitoes were collected using gravid traps and co2-baited traps; wnv-infected mosquitoes were only collected with co2-baited traps. wnv-i ... | 2007 | 18047208 |
| west nile virus infection decreases fecundity of culex tarsalis females. | west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) persistently infects many mosquito tissues, and it has been associated with cytopathological changes in midgut muscles and salivary glands. however, the effects of wnv infection on mosquito fitness (survival and reproduction) are not known. we conducted a life table study of individually housed female culex tarsalis coquillett. after an initial bloodmeal from a wnv-infected or uninfected chicken, mosquitoes were provided sucrose and of ... | 2007 | 18047209 |
| nocturnal activity of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in a west nile virus focus in connecticut. | six species of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were collected in sufficient numbers for analysis in segregating traps set at 2-h intervals by using co2 and light as attractants in a west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) focus in stratford, ct. the kolmogorov-smirnov one-sided test for two samples was used to analyze the data. mosquito activity began shortly before sunset and continued until shortly after sunrise the next morning. all species had geometric means that were s ... | 2007 | 18047212 |
| spatiotemporal investigation of adult mosquito (diptera: culicidae) populations in an eastern iowa county, usa. | landscape and climatic factors regulate distributions of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) over time and space. the anthropogenic control of mosquito populations is often carried out at a local administrative scale, and it is applied based on the relevant agency's experiential knowledge rather than systematic analysis of spatial and temporal data. to address this shortcoming, a spatial and temporal analysis of landscape and climatic parameters in relation to mosquito populations in black hawk coun ... | 2007 | 18047216 |
| optic neuropathy from viruses and spirochetes. | 2007 | 18049280 | |
| [molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis]. | the review presents information on the development of studies into the molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in russia and foreign countries. the existence of three major virus genotypes has been established by various techniques, such as genomic fragment sequencing, molecular hybridization using genotype-specific probes, and restriction fragment length polymorphism test. each of the genotypes prevails in different parts of a natural habitat; the ural-siberian genotype (a siber ... | 2007 | 18050710 |
| [biological and molecular genetic characteristics of a far-eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus population and its pathogenetic implication]. | the authors have got an idea of the structure of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus population forming in the human body after tick bite in the south of the far east. a hundred and forty-five antigen-positive samples were virologically studied in enzyme immunoassays. human blood leukocytic virus isolation on the first day of tick suction testified to the capacity of the virus to adsorb and multiply just in the peripheral blood immunocompetent cells. the bulk (as high as 70%) of the tbe viru ... | 2007 | 18050711 |
| [development of amplification technology-based methods for tick-borne encephalitis virus detection and genotyping]. | the development of methods for tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus genotyping, such as determination of nucleotide sequences, analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism, polymerase chain reaction using genotype-specific probes with hybridization-fluorescence detection, is under consideration. the capacities and application area of varions typing techniques, such as tbe detection and genotyping in the field, autoptic, and cultural materials; study of circulating genotypes in different n ... | 2007 | 18050712 |
| treatment of yellow fever. | yellow fever (yf) is a life-threatening mosquito-borne flaviviral hemorrhagic fever (vhf) characterized by severe hepatitis, renal failure, hemorrhage, and rapid terminal events with shock and multi-organ failure. a live, attenuated vaccine (yf 17d), in wide use for over 60 years, causes a disease identical to wild-type virus at an incidence of 2.5x10(-6). our current understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of yf (described in this brief review) is derived from studies of animal models ( ... | 2008 | 18061688 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the ns5 gene of dengue viruses isolated in ecuador. | dengue virus (denv) is a member of the genus flavivirus of the family flaviviridae. denv causes a wide range of diseases in humans, from the acute febrile illness dengue fever (df) to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss). there is not knowledge of the genetic relations among denv circulating in ecuador. given the emerging behaviour of denv, a single tube rt-pcr assay using a pair of consensus primers to target the ns5 coding region has been recently validated ... | 2008 | 18063164 |
| safety of an attenuated west nile virus vaccine, live flavivirus chimera in horses. | west nile virus (wnv) infection is endemic and able to cause disease in naive hosts. it is necessary therefore to evaluate the safety of new vaccines. | 2007 | 18065304 |