Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| molecules released by helminth parasites involved in host colonization. | parasites are designed by evolution to invade the host and survive in its organism until they are ready to reproduce. parasites release a variety of molecules that help them to penetrate the defensive barriers and avoid the immune attack of the host. in this respect, particularly interesting are enzymes and their inhibitors secreted by the parasites. serine-, aspartic-, cysteine-, and metalloproteinases are involved in tissue invasion and extracellular protein digestion. helminths secrete inhibi ... | 2006 | 16410836 |
| the epidemiology of human trichinellosis in china during 2000-2003. | the endemic foci of trichinellosis continue to be mainly located in the southwestern, the central and northeastern china. the seroepidemiological surveys of t. spiralis infection in humans were carried out in six provinces or municipals (p/m) of china during 2000-2003, the overall seroprevalence was 3.57%. from 2000 to 2003, 17 outbreaks of human trichinellosis, with 828 cases and 11 deaths, were recorded in 8 p/a of china. all of 11 deaths occurred in the southwestern china (1 case in sichuan, ... | 2006 | 16414006 |
| trichinella spiralis and breast carcinoma--a case report. | authors report about a patient with recurrent ductal invasive breast carcinoma and trichinosis. the patient underwent mastectomy of the left breast with evacuation of the axilla because of the cancer. radiation therapy was received. an infestation with trichinella spiralis was diagnosed two years after the patient was treated with mebendazole. a local recurrence of the tumor was found on the chest wall six years after the surgery. tumor excision was performed. histological analysis pointed at a ... | 2005 | 16417199 |
| ox40 interactions in gastrointestinal nematode infection. | the immune expulsion of gastrointestinal nematode parasites is usually associated with t helper type 2 (th2) responses, but the effector mechanisms directly responsible for parasite loss have not been elucidated. the intestinal inflammatory response accompanying infection with gastrointestinal helminths is thought to be a contributory factor leading to the expulsion of the parasite. however, we have shown that the intestinal inflammation, which is controlled by interleukin (il)-4, is not require ... | 2006 | 16423046 |
| vaccination of mice against intestinal trichinella spiralis infections by oral administration of antigens microencapsulated in methacrilic acid copolymers. | balb/c and nih mice have been successfully vaccinated against the intestinal nematode trichinella spiralis by oral administration of crude larval extracts (cle) and excretory-secretory (es) products derived from first stage t. spiralis larvae (l1) encapsulated in microcapsules made of copolymers of the metacrylic acid (eudragit l100). oral vaccination stimulated the secretion of ifn-gamma and inhibited the secretion of il-4 in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) of balb/c mice. in vaccinated ... | 2006 | 16446017 |
| induction of enhanced immunity to intestinal nematodes using il-9-producing dendritic cells. | dendritic cells can be considered natural adjuvants and are able to act as cellular vaccines to protect against disease. adoptive transfer of ag-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmdcs) enhanced expulsion of the intestinal nematode, trichinella spiralis, from the small intestine. il 9 is a critical cytokine in protective immunity to intestinal nematode infection and is believed to enhance th2 immune responses. deriving dendritic cells from an il-9 transgenic (il-9t) mouse has enabled a ... | 2006 | 16456011 |
| chromosomal mapping of host resistance loci to trichinella spiralis nematode infection in rats. | the differences in host response among strains of rats to intestinal nematode parasite trichinella spiralis infection could provide a powerful benefit for further elucidation of molecular interactions between the host and the parasite. using several strains of rats, we previously observed that da strain is a strong responder and f344 strain is a weak responder with respect to expulsion of the adult worm. to identify the host resistance loci, quantitative trait loci (qtls) analysis in f2 populati ... | 2006 | 16465509 |
| long-lasting changes in small intestinal transport following the recovery from trichinella spiralis infection. | changes in intestinal motility and visceral sensitivity are found after resolution of acute enteric inflammation. the study investigates whether a transient nematode-induced intestinal inflammation may result in long-lasting remodelling of epithelial transport. ferrets infected with trichinella spiralis or sham-infected animals were euthanized on day 10, 30 or 60 postinfection (pi) and the jejunum was isolated. the net transport of electrolytes was measured electrophysiologically as transmucosal ... | 2006 | 16487415 |
| cell-mediated response at the muscle phase of trichinella pseudospiralis and trichinella spiralis infections. | the cell-mediated response in balb/c mice infected either by trichinella pseudospiralis or trichinella spiralis was compared at days 30-50 post-infection (muscle phase). the former species is non-encapsulated, whereas the latter is encapsulated in host muscles. the pattern of response against the two species was similar. both species elicited t(h)0 or t(h)1/t(h)2 response, with the last one being dominant. productions of interferon gamma (ifn-gamma), interleukin (il)-4 and il-5 were observed aft ... | 2006 | 16489472 |
| amelioration of influenza-induced pathology in mice by coinfection with trichinella spiralis. | illness due to respiratory virus infection is often induced by excessive infiltration of cells into pulmonary tissues, leading to airway occlusion. we show here that infection with trichinella spiralis results in lower levels of tumor necrosis factor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and inhibits cellular recruitment into the airways of mice coinfected with influenza a virus. infiltration of neutrophils and cd4+ and cd8+ lymphocytes was reduced, resulting in animals gaining weight more rapidly fol ... | 2006 | 16495568 |
| synthesis of syndecan-1 by skeletal muscle cells is an early response to infection with trichinella spiralis but is not essential for nurse cell development. | trichinella spiralis creates a unique intracellular habitat in striated muscle. we report that a proteoglycan, syndecan-1, is induced early in infection yet is not essential for habitat development and exerts a modest influence on the immune response. this report is the first to address the requirement for a specific muscle protein in trichinellosis by using mice deficient in the relevant gene. | 2006 | 16495570 |
| trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis mixed infection in a wild boar (sus scrofa) of germany. | a wild boar (sus scrofa) from the island usedom in mecklenburg-western pomerania (north-east germany) was detected as trichinella-positive during routine meat inspection. encapsulated and non-encapsulated larvae were detected in the muscle tissue by trichinoscopy. in the diaphragm, 922 larvae per g were detected by artificial digestion. muscle larvae displayed two different sizes of about 700 and 1100 microm. by a multiplex pcr analysis, larvae with a large size were identified as trichinella sp ... | 2006 | 16513281 |
| inhibition of nitric oxide production by aminoguanidine influences the number of trichinella spiralis parasites in infected "low responders" (c57bl/6) and "high responders" (balb/c) mice. | the influence of nitric oxide (no) on the development of adults and larvae trichinella spiralis was examined in two strains of mice: c57bl/6 and balb/c. the influence of aminoguanidine (ag)-inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) administered in the first days after t. spiralis infection (1-5 dpi) on the number of adult parasites, as well as the influence of ag administered at the beginning of muscle phase of the t. spiralis infection (16-29 dpi) on the number of muscle larvae, was s ... | 2006 | 16541259 |
| [epidemiological trends and control measures of trichinellosis in china]. | 2005 | 16562466 | |
| [the epidemiological and clinicoimmunological aspects of the outburst of trichinosis in the krymsky district of the krasnodar territory]. | the present paper presents the epidemiological and clinicoimmunological aspects of the outburst of trichinosis in the krymsky district of the krasnodar territory in january 2001. six hundred and forty-eight persons ate infested wild boar meat, 119 (74.8%) fell ill with moderate and severe trichinosis. the authors provide the results of 3.5-year immunological studies of the patients with trichinosis and convalescents, infection-risk and healthy individuals; those of autopsies of the corpses of th ... | 2006 | 16562745 |
| [cloning and characterization of p43 cdna from trichinella spiralis]. | to clone and characterize the p43 cdna from muscle larvae cdna library of trichinella spiralis (ts) chinese isolate. | 2005 | 16566215 |
| [sero-epidemiological investigation on trichinosis in dehong prefecture]. | 2005 | 16566228 | |
| functional characterisation of a nematode secreted gm2-activator protein. | we have identified a gm2-activator protein (gm2ap) with highly unusual properties secreted by the nematode parasite trichinella spiralis. expression in pichia pastoris resulted in a hyperglycosylated protein of 28 kda, but the 18 kda native protein was not glycosylated. the parasite gm2ap does not facilitate degradation of gm2 ganglioside by n-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase a, although it does inhibit phospholipase d activity. lack of the former activity might be explained by the absence of a domain ... | 2006 | 16569450 |
| trichinella spiralis: histamine secretion induced by tsl-1 antigens from unsensitized mast cells. | mast cells' hyperplasia and activation are prominent features in trichinella spiralis infection. recently, it was shown that tsl-1 antigens from t. spiralis muscle larvae induce il-4 and tnf release by unsensitized, normal mast cells (mc) involving an ig-independent mechanism. in this study, we characterized histamine secretion induced by tsl-1 antigens from normal, unsensitized rat peritoneal mc. maximum histamine secretion (30+/-5.3% sem, n=13) was achieved with 30 ng/ml tsl-1 antigens. howeve ... | 2006 | 16600218 |
| alterations in intestinal contractility during inflammation are caused by both smooth muscle damage and specific receptor-mediated mechanisms. | to evaluate motoric intestinal disturbances during inflammation with trichinella spiralis in rats as an experimental model. | 2006 | 16625700 |
| post-miocene expansion, colonization, and host switching drove speciation among extant nematodes of the archaic genus trichinella. | parasitic nematodes of the genus trichinella cause significant food-borne illness and occupy a unique evolutionary position at the base of the phylum nematoda, unlike the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans. although the forthcoming genome sequence of trichinella spiralis can provide invaluable comparative information about nematode biology, a basic framework for understanding the history of the genus trichinella is needed to maximize its utility. we therefore developed the first robust ... | 2006 | 16651518 |
| acute trichinellosis increases susceptibility to giardia lamblia infection in the mouse model. | the intestinal protozoan parasite giardia lamblia causes diarrhoea in humans and animals. in the present study, we used the c57bl/6 inbred mouse model to assess the impact of a nematode (trichinella spiralis) infection on the course of a g. lamblia (clone gs/m-83-h7) infection. acute trichinellosis coincided with transient intestinal inflammation and generated an intestinal environment that strongly promoted growth of g. lamblia trophozoites although the local anti-giardia immunoglobulin (ig) a ... | 2006 | 16677442 |
| the effect of peptic and tryptic digestion on the antigenicity of trichinella spiralis. | 1947 | 16695400 | |
| distribution of muscle larvae and antibody dynamics in goats experimentally infected with trichinella spiralis. | herbivorous animals can play a very important role in spreading trichinellosis. in the study presented here, the susceptibility and distribution of trichinella spiralis infection was examined in 16 goat kids. the goats were inoculated with 10,000 t. spiralis larvae isolated by artificial digestion methods. the animals were necropsied per two animals in weekly intervals, and the larval burdens in different muscle tissue and anti-trichinella antibodies measured with the indirect enzyme-linked immu ... | 2006 | 16715233 |
| the role of th2 cytokines, chemokines and parasite products in eosinophil recruitment to the gastrointestinal mucosa during helminth infection. | trichinella spiralis and trichuris muris are nematode parasites of the mouse, dwelling in the small and large intestines, respectively: worm expulsion requires development of a th2 immune response. the chemokine ccl11 is agonist for the chemokine receptor ccr3 and acts in synergy with il-5 to recruit eosinophils to inflammatory sites. the role of ccl11 in gastrointestinal helminth infection has not been previously studied. we challenged wild-type (wt) balb/c, ccl11 single knockout (sko) and ccl1 ... | 2006 | 16783848 |
| effects of trichinella spiralis infection on intestinal pathology in mice lacking interleukin-4 (il-4) or intestinal trefoil factor (itf/tff3). | the nematode trichinella spiralis induces pathological changes in the small intestine of the host, which are known to be controlled by immune and inflammatory mediators. the detail of this control has still to be completely understood. mice deficient in interleukin 4 (il-4) or in intestinal trefoil factor/trefoil family factor 3 (itf/tff3) were infected with t. spiralis and the resultant changes in the intestinal mucosa followed by quantifying numbers of mucosal mast cells, goblet cells, paneth ... | 2006 | 16814598 |
| [neuroimmunomodulatory effect of highly toxic organophosphorus compound on the development of trichinella spiralis infection]. | the highly toxic organophosphorus compound (isopropylmethylphosphonofluoridate--impf) belonging to the group of the so called toxic of warfare agents can impair immune effector mechanisms determining the development of parasitic infection. preliminary studies have demonstrated that impf delays elimination of adults trichinella spiralis forms from the intestine of c57b1/6 mice and b6c3f1 hybrids. besides, the studied compound modifies the proliferative activity of t-cells in the above mentioned m ... | 2004 | 16859016 |
| [the intriguing influence of albendazole on glutathione reductase activity in the muscles from trichinella spiralis infected mice]. | a clear stimulation of the activity of glutathione reductase (rg, ec 1.6.4.2), one of the major enzymes participating in glutathione metabolism, was observed in the skeletal muscles from trichinella spiralis infected mice. the maximal, almost two-fold increase in rg activity was observed in week 5 post-infection. administration of albendazole, an anthelmintic widely used in trichinellosis treatment, resulted in an additional, about 40% stimulation of rg activity (small, but statistically signifi ... | 2004 | 16859036 |
| [ultrastructural analysis of capsule and nurse-cell morphology examined seven months after trichinella spiralis mouse infection]. | ultrastructural changes in muscles cells of mice infected with t. spiralis larvae in 220 day of infection were evaluated. the object of study was in the region of the "nurse-cell" being in direct contact with the larva wall. electron microscopic observations revealed the continuity of the muscle cell membrane adjacent to larva surface. | 2004 | 16859037 |
| [ effect of mebendazole on the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver of rats infected with trichinella spiralis]. | by administering mebendazolum to control the trichinella invaded white linear rats it was showed that mebendazolum does not have direct effect on activity of liver antioxidizing enzyme, however it increases prooxidantal effect of trichinella metabolite, which in condition of invaded organism appears to be a supplementary pathogenic factor. | 2004 | 16865964 |
| [osmotic resistance of red blood cells membranes in vermox and "akbeta" vitamin complex treatment of experimental trichinosis in rats]. | the aim was to examine the osmotic resistance dynamics in rats infected with trichinella spiralis. antioxidant "akbeta" vitamin complex used together with vermox, decreases the toxic effect of vermox, thereby causes the stabilization of red blood cells membrane osmotic resistance parameters in rats. | 2004 | 16865965 |
| molecular characterization of trichinella genotypes by inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (issr-pcr). | a bulk analysis of inter-simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction (issr-pcr) provides a quick, reliable, and highly informative system for dna banding patterns that permit species identification. the present study evaluates the applicability of this system to trichinella species identification. after a single amplification carried out on a single larva with the primer 816([ca]nry) under high stringency conditions, which provide high reproducibility, we were able to identify by consistent ... | 2006 | 16884006 |
| [regulation of the immune response to intestinal nematode infections in mice]. | control of parasitic infections is dependent on mechanisms that limit invasion, reproduction or survival of the parasite, including elevated serum ige, eosinophilia and intestinal mast cell hyperplasia. studies with mice infected with heligmosomoides polygyrus, trichuris muris, nippostrongylus brasiliensis and trichinella spiralis have provided considerable information about immune mechanisms correlated with resistance and susceptibility. activation and cytokine secretion of distinct th cell sub ... | 2000 | 16886322 |
| [effect of ketotifen on the immune response in balb/c mice infected with trichinella spiralis]. | infection with trichinella spiralis in mice generates th-2 mediated response, which controls effector mechanism operating in the intestine. it is associated with a pronounced intestinal mastocytosis, eosinophilia and destruction of intestinal epithelial layer during expulsion of parasite from the gut. it is believed that protection is dependent on non-specific inflammatory reaction mediated by mast cells. furthermore, the higher serum levels of parasite specific igg1 and igg2a and also mucosal i ... | 2000 | 16886340 |
| the phenomenon of apoptosis in the course of experimental trichinellosis in mice. | mice infected with 200 trichinella spiralis larvae were killed at 3-69 days post infection (dpi) and the jejunum and masseter muscles were sectioned in a cryostat and examined in the tunell method with "in situ cell detected kid pod" of boehringer-mannheim. data concering the exact localization and dynamic of apoptic cells in both organs are presented. the authors conclude that apoptosis plays a important role in the pathogenesis of trichinellosis. | 2000 | 16886360 |
| [frequency of antibodies against trichinella spiralis and echinococcus ssp. appearance in children with atopic diseases]. | parasitic infestation and atopic diseases have common features. the aim of our study was to evaluate the occurrence of trichinella and echinococcus seropositivity in children with atopic diseases. the study group involved 72 children aged from 2,5 to 18 years with asthma and allergic rhinitis. the control group comprised 30 children without allergic diseases. in 12 children with atopic diseases the serological tests were positive for trichinella spiralis, in ii for echinococcus spp. and in 5 bot ... | 2001 | 16886393 |
| the mucosal mast cell and iga plasma cell responses to primary trichinelia spiralis infection in balb/c mice treated with ketotifen. | the effect of ketotifen on inflammation in the intestine during t. spiralis infection in balb/c mice was examined. the lack of enteropathy in treated mice was accompanied to affected the size of worms and the number of worms, but did not prevent the retardation of nematodes in the intestine. fecundity of females in vitro and the number of muscle larvae were not statistically changed after treatment. ketotifen reduced the number of mast cells and iga plasma cells in the intestine. as inflammatory ... | 2001 | 16886396 |
| [the influence of intensity of trichinella invasion on the phagocytosis of candida albicans by mice macrophages]. | experiments were carried out on male balb/c mice, weighing 20 g. the candida cells (candida albicans l 45) were killed by heat-treatment and obsonized with mouse serum. macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavity. phagocytosis was executed by incubation 0,2 ml of suspension of macrophages with 0,2 ml of candida suspension. microscopic slides with cell smear were preparated. the phagocytic index and the percentage of phagocytizing macrophages were calculeted. it was found that infection ... | 2001 | 16886407 |
| [changes in the immune response of balb/c mice coinfected with heligmosomoides polygyrus and trichinella spiralis]. | the influence of heligmosomoides polygyrus on infection with trichinella spiralis was studied in balb/c mice. mice coinfected with t. spiralis and previously given h. polygyrus harboured both nematode species till day 34. the number of t. spiralis muscle larvae was greater in mice coinfected with h. polygyrus/t. spiralis or t. spiralis/h. polygyrus than after infection with t. spiralis alone. infection with h. polygyrus did not enhance eosinophil and il-5 levels induced by t. spiralis. additiona ... | 2001 | 16886419 |
| [trials of penetration modification by inflammatory infiltrating cells into trichinella spiralis larva capsules]. | the inflammatory infiltration cells penetrating through the larval capsule walls were observed. the observation were carried out in the masseter muscle of the mice infected with trichinella spiralis larvae only (control) or infected and treated with pha-p, tfx or dexamethason. the more numerous cells, than in the control, in the mice treated with pha-p and tfx were seen. opposite, the fever numerous cells inside the capsula walls in the mice that received dexamethason were found. the authors sup ... | 2001 | 16888949 |
| detection of trichinella spiralis antigens in urine of men and animals. | the practical inability to diagnose trichinella spiralis antibodies in man before day 20 post infection (dpi) has stimulated interest in the development of immunodiagnostic test to detect circulating antigens. our previous experience showed that soon after infection immune complexes as well as uncomplexed parasite antigens in sera of infected rats could be detected. to diagnose the presence of antigen in urine, double sandwich-capture elisa was applied using a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit immuno ... | 2001 | 16888981 |
| glutathione-s-transferase activity in mouse muscle during experimental trichinellosis. | the role of glutathione-s-transferase (gst, ec 2.5.1.18) in biochemical host defence in experimental trichinellosis was evaluated. the activity of gst in mouse skeletal muscles was measured during the muscular phase of trichinellosis, starting from the 3rd week post infection (w.p.i.) to the 11th w.p.i. activity was determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the formation of thioether (s-2,4-dinitrophenylglutathione) from the reduced form of glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene used ... | 2001 | 16888982 |
| the study of cell and tissue mechanisms of the homeostasis of "helminth-host" system at muscle trichinellosis before and after the administration of a herb biostimulator and anthelminthic. | results of micromorphological and histological studies of larvae of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis, as well as, muscles, liver and small intestine of the rat-host before and after biostimulator administration of phytohemagglutinin and phytoanthelminthic were presented. it has been established that rats with trichinella larvae of both species developed unspecific allergic angiomyositis, hepatitis, cholangitis, and erosio-haemorrhagic enterocolitis in the host's organism on the 35th da ... | 2003 | 16889026 |
| involvement of the c-ski oncoprotein in cell cycle arrest and transformation during nurse cell formation after trichinella spiralis infection. | the role of c-ski, an oncoprotein encoded by the oncogene, c-ski, in trichinella spiralis-infected muscle tissues during nurse cell formation, was investigated by following the expression kinetics and distribution of c-ski (both protein and mrna) in the infected muscle cell, as well as the expression kinetics of the transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) signaling pathway factor genes (tgf-beta, smad2 and smad4) which cooperate with c-ski. immunohistochemical analysis using an anti-c-ski ant ... | 2006 | 16890942 |
| 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin improves the effectiveness of albendazole against encapsulated larvae of trichinella spiralis in a murine model. | we evaluated whether the effectiveness of albendazole against encapsulated larvae increases when 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (hp-betacd) is added to improve bioavailability. | 2006 | 16895937 |
| trichinella as a modulator of flu-induced pathology? | in trichinella spiralis and influenza co-infected mice, the influenza virus-induced secretion of the lung-damaging tumour necrosis factor alpha is modulated, as described by furze et al. in a recent study. however, the immune response induced by t. spiralis is so variable that this modulation could be of limited value to manage clinical cases of influenza. nevertheless, the concept that parasites can modulate influenza-induced pathology presents an interesting and potentially useful approach to ... | 2006 | 16920026 |
| epidemiological survey of trichinella infection in domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic animals from argentina. | the presence of trichinella larvae was investigated in 247 samples taken from domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic animals, collected during 1996 to 2005 in 12 endemic provinces of trichinella infection in argentina. muscle larvae of trichinella from 65 infected animals were identified at the species level by single larva nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique based on the variability within the expansion segment v (esv) region of the ribosomal dna. trichinella infections were found in ... | 2006 | 16923270 |
| experimental trichinosis: parasitological, electrophysiological and biochemical studies. | trichinosis is a parasitic infection affecting the gut and the muscles causing mild gastrointestinal symptoms followed by periorbital oedema, muscle pains, fever and eosinophilia. the infection evokes functional disturbances in physiological effector systems. furthermore, several biochemical changes are associated with the infection. therefore, this work was carried out to study the electrophysiological changes in intestine, striated and cardiac muscles by electromyography (emg) and to assess th ... | 2006 | 16927861 |
| nematodes as host resistance models for detection of immunotoxicity. | greater susceptibility to infection is a hallmark of compromised immune function in humans and animals, and is often considered the benchmark against which the predictive value of immune function tests are compared. the focus of this paper is resistance to infection with the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis as a model of host resistance. topics include overviews of parasite biology, host immune responses that limit infection and methods used to evaluate the host response to infection. det ... | 2007 | 16938464 |
| transgenomic metabolic interactions in a mouse disease model: interactions of trichinella spiralis infection with dietary lactobacillus paracasei supplementation. | irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is a common multifactorial intestinal disorder for which the aetiology remains largely undefined. here, we have used a trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis)-induced model of post-infective ibs, and the effects of probiotic bacteria on gut dysfunction have been investigated using a metabonomic strategy. a total of 44 mice were divided into four groups: an uninfected control group and three t. spiralis-infected groups, one as infected control and the two other groups su ... | 2006 | 16944930 |
| swine infection with trichinella spiralis: comparative analysis of the mucosal intestinal and systemic immune responses. | the immune protective response developed by swine against trichinella spiralis is not yet fully understood, particularly at the mucosal level. this study aimed to characterise intestinal immunity to t. spiralis by comparison with the systemic response in specifically pathogen-free pigs. for this purpose, the kinetics of cytokine and antibody production were assessed in the intestinal mucosa and serum of swine infected with t. spiralis for up to 60 days post-infection (dpi). an ex vivo model of j ... | 2007 | 16962244 |
| mast cell stabilizer ketotifen [4-(1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)-4h-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10(9h)-one fumarate] prevents mucosal mast cell hyperplasia and intestinal dysmotility in experimental trichinella spiralis inflammation in the rat. | trichinella spiralis infection in rats induces hypermotility and an abnormal response to cholecystokinin (cck) similar to motor disturbances observed in irritable bowel syndrome. mast cell hyperplasia is also characteristic of this experimental model. the aim of our study was to correlate mast cell activity with the development of dysmotility and to demonstrate whether the mast cell stabilizer ketotifen [4-(1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)-4h-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10(9h)-one fumarate] co ... | 2006 | 16988056 |
| trichinella spiralis: strong antibody response to a 49 kda newborn larva antigen in infected rats. | in this work, we analyzed the kinetics of anti-trichinella spiralis newborn larva (nbl) antibodies (ab) and the antigenic recognition pattern of nbl proteins and its dose effects. wistar rats were infected with 0, 700, 2000, 4000 and 8000 muscle larvae (ml) and bled at different time intervals up to day 31 post infection (p.i.). ab production was higher with 2000 ml dose and decreased with 8000, 4000 and 700 ml. abs were not detected until day 10, peaked on day 14 for the 2000 ml dose and on day ... | 2007 | 16989813 |
| antihelminthic activity of some newly synthesized 5(6)-(un)substituted-1h-benzimidazol-2-ylthioacetylpiperazine derivatives. | piperazine derivatives of 5(6)-substituted-(1h-benzimidazol-2-ylthio)acetic acids were synthesized by using two methods and studied for antihelminthic activity. the antiparasitic screening showed that compounds 18-24 exhibited higher activity against trichinella spiralis in vitro in comparison to methyl 5-(propylthio)-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-carbamate (albendazole). most active were compounds 2-({2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}thio)-1h-benzimidazole 21 and 2-{[2-oxo-2-(4-benzhydryl ... | 2006 | 16996654 |
| comparative analysis of the excretory-secretory proteome of the muscle larva of trichinella pseudospiralis and trichinella spiralis. | the nematodes trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis are both intracellular parasites of skeletal muscle cells and induce profound alterations in the host cell resulting in a re-alignment of muscle-specific gene expression. while t. spiralis induces the production of a collagen capsule surrounding the host-parasite complex, t. pseudospiralis exists in a non-encapsulated form and is also characterised by suppression of the host inflammatory response in the muscle. these observed diff ... | 2007 | 17007860 |
| molecular epidemiology of trichinella spp. in three baltic countries: lithuania, latvia, and estonia. | meat of domestic pigs and wild boars has been the significant source of emerged human trichinellosis in lithuania, latvia, and estonia over the past two decades. however, there is very little known on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in main wildlife reservoirs and its transmission in domestic and sylvatic cycles in these countries. the present study demonstrated considerably higher endemicity of trichinella spp. in main sylvatic reservoirs (28.9-42% in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs ( ... | 2007 | 17013647 |
| evaluation of baculovirus-derived recombinant 53-kda protein of trichinella spiralis for detection of trichinella-specific antibodies in domestic pigs by elisa. | the complete gene encoding the 53-kda protein derived from trichinella spiralis was cloned and expressed using a baculovirus-based system. characterization of a purified fusion protein consisting of the 53-kda protein and the glutathione s-transferase protein showed unspecific reactivity with swine pre-immune serum in both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot analysis. subsequently, a purified c-terminal 6xhis-tagged 53-kda protein was used in an elisa. the evaluation of th ... | 2007 | 17016726 |
| evaluation of effects of albendazole on the kinetics of cytosolic glutathione transferase in skeletal muscles during experimental trichinellosis in mice. | in this study, the effect of trichinellosis as well as the effect of albendazole treatment on the kinetics of substrate saturation of cytosolic glutathione transferase (gst) in the skeletal muscles from infected mice was examined because the idea of multifunctional mode of action of anthelmintic drugs was considered. our results pointed out to the influence of trichinellosis and albendazole treatment on the quaternary structure of gst in mouse muscles. a double reciprocal plot of gst saturation ... | 2007 | 17024361 |
| [methods for investigating trichinella infections in domestic and wild animals]. | trichinellosis is an important parasitic zoonosis that is caused by the intracellular nematode trichinella spp.. infection of humans occurs through consumption of raw (or undercooked) meat containing infectious larvae. in europe, meat from pork, horse, and wild boar have been identified as most important sources of trichinella infections in humans. in switzerland, both the domestic pig and wild boar population are considered free of trichinella. conversely, swiss foxes, lynxs and recently a wolf ... | 2006 | 17024975 |
| early pulmonary response in rats infected with trichinella spiralis. | the migratory stage of trichinella spiralis, the newborn larva, travels along the pulmonary microvascular system on its way to the striated muscle cells. in the present study, an important inflammatory reaction was observed on days 5 and 14 post-infection (p.i.) in the lungs of infected rats. this inflammation was characterized by a th2 cell phenotype of hyperplastic bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and by goblet cell hyperplasia. among the inflammatory cells were eosinophils and mast cells s ... | 2007 | 17040611 |
| trichinellosis in the european union: epidemiology, ecology and economic impact. | trichinellosis, one of the most widespread helminthic zoonoses, is still endemic in most countries of the european union. in the past few years, advanced biotechnology has been used to re-examine the taxonomy, epidemiology and life cycles of aetiological agents, providing additional information on the main factors contributing to the maintenance of these parasites in nature. the old concept that pigs and rats are the main hosts of trichinella spiralis, as still reported in many books, has been r ... | 1998 | 17040688 |
| how does trichinella spiralis make itself at home? | the nurse cell-parasite complex of trichinella spiralis is unlike anything else in nature. it is derived from a normal portion of striated skeletal muscle cell and develops in a matter of 15 to 20 days after the larva invades that cell type. what are the molecular mechanisms at work that result in this unique relationship? here, dickson despommier presents a hypothesis to account for its formation, in which secreted tyvelosylated proteins of the larva play a central role. these proteins are alwa ... | 1998 | 17040798 |
| inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection. | gastrointestinal nematode infections are prevalent worldwide and are potent inducers of t helper 2 responses with the capacity to modulate the immune response to heterologous antigens. parasitic helminth infection has even been shown to modulate the immune response associated with autoimmune diseases. nonobese diabetic (nod) mice provide a model for studying human autoimmune diabetes; as in humans, the development of diabetes in nod mice has been linked to the loss of self-tolerance to beta cell ... | 2007 | 17043101 |
| differential roles of the co-stimulatory molecules gitr and ctla-4 in the immune response to trichinella spiralis. | we investigated the roles of the regulatory molecules glucocorticoid-induced tnf receptor family-related protein (gitr) and cytotoxic t lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (ctla-4) in murine infection with the nematode parasite trichinella spiralis. expression of gitr and ctla-4 was rapidly upregulated on cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, with approximately 80% of cd4+ lymphocytes expressing gitr by day 7 post-infection, coinciding with release and dissemination of newborn larvae. as t ... | 2006 | 17045510 |
| microcapsules formulated in the enteric coating copolymer eudragit l100 as delivery systems for oral vaccination against infections by gastrointestinal nematode parasites. | microcapsules using the copolymer of methacrylic acid (eudragit l100) were formulated for oral delivery of vaccines against the enteral/parenteral nematode parasite trichinella spiralis. antigenic preparations from first stage larvae (l1) of t. spiralis were microencapsulated in eudragit l100. the microcapsules prepared by the spray drying method were resistant to acid ph, although the antigen was rapidly released under neutral and basic environmental conditions. the native protein conformation ... | 2006 | 17050122 |
| canine trichinosis presenting with syncope and av conduction disturbance. | 2006 | 17063722 | |
| secretion and processing of a novel multi-domain cystatin-like protein by intracellular stages of trichinella spiralis. | the excretory-secretory (es) proteins of nematode parasites are of major interest as they function at the host-parasite interface and are likely to have roles crucial for successful parasitism. furthermore, the es proteins of intracellular nematodes such as trichinella spiralis may also function to regulate gene expression in the host cell. in a recent proteomic analysis we identified a novel secreted cystatin-like protein from t. spiralis l1 muscle larva. here we show that the protein, mcd-1 (m ... | 2007 | 17081632 |
| protein profile analysis from advanced third-stage larvae (advl3) and adult worms of gnathostoma binucleatum (nematoda: spirurida). | proteins from crude extracts of advanced third-stage larvae and adult gnathostoma binucleatum nematode worms showed protein profiles in sds-page analysis similar to echinococcus granulosus, trichinella spiralis, dipylidium caninum, ancylostoma caninum, ascaris lumbricoides and toxocara canis. the immunoblot analysis of the human serum infected or suspected to be infected with g. binucleatum using the total larvae extract recognized the 40, 60, 80 and 115 kda proteins and using the total adult wo ... | 2007 | 17096141 |
| isolation of a 14 kda antigen from taenia solium cyst fluid by hplc and its evaluation in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis. | a fraction with a major band of 14kda was obtained from crude cyst fluid of taenia solium cysticerci by 2-step chromatography. a first fraction isolated by gel filtration (sephacryl s-300 high resolution) was purified using an anion exchange column (mono q hr 5/5) on high performance liquid chromatography. evaluation of the analytic sensitivity of this fraction (f3) was carried out in an antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ab-elisa-f3) using serum samples from pigs experimentally infecte ... | 2007 | 17101161 |
| riboflavin-deficient and trichinella spiralis-induced stresses on plasma corticosterone associated with spermatogenesis in male wistar rats. | the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of riboflavin-deficient and trichinella spiralis-induced stresses on corticosterone associated with spermatogenesis in male wistar rats. rats were allocated into 4 groups: group 1: control; group 2: riboflavin-deficient diet; group 3: t. spiralis infection; group 4: riboflavin deficient diet with t. spiralis infection. this experiment lasted for 12 weeks. plasma corticosterone was significantly enhanced when exposed to acute riboflavin d ... | 2006 | 17124982 |
| systematics and epidemiology of trichinella. | in this review, we describe the current knowledge on the systematics, ecology and epidemiology of trichinella and trichinellosis, and the impact of recent research discoveries on the understanding of this zoonosis. the epidemiology of this zoonosis has experienced important changes over the past two decades, especially with regard to the importance of the sylvatic cycle and the sylvatic species. outbreaks of trichinellosis due to trichinella spiralis from domestic swine, while still frequent, in ... | 2006 | 17134656 |
| detection of coproantibodies and faecal immune complexes in human trichinellosis. | trichinella spiralis is the nematode causative agent of trichinellosis, an intestinal and tissular parasitosis. even though an early diagnosis during the intestinal phase is essential to limit the infection in humans, to date, there are no available tests to achieve this goal. based on the immune response generated by the host's intestinal mucosa, the aim of this work was to develop elisas to assess the presence of coproantigens (cags), coproantibodies (cabs) and faecal immune complexes in stool ... | 2007 | 17156581 |
| pro-oxidant effects of mebendazole in albino rats experimentally infected with trichinella spiralis. | trichinellosis treated with mebendazole often leads to complications in the course of the disease in humans and animals as a result of intoxication and hyper-sensitization of an organism due to the massive destruction of parasites. this study was conducted to research mebendazole incidence on lipid peroxidation processes (lpp) in rats' blood in trichinella spiralis-infected and parasite-free albino rats. the research was conducted to evaluate erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (sod) activity and m ... | 2007 | 17186274 |
| coordinated control of immunity to muscle stage trichinella spiralis by il-10, regulatory t cells, and tgf-beta. | we previously demonstrated that il-10 is critical in the control of acute inflammation during development of trichinella spiralis in the muscle. in this study, we use gene-targeted knockout mice, adoptive transfer of specific t cell populations, and in vivo ab treatments to determine the mechanisms by which inflammation is controlled and effector t cell responses are moderated during muscle infection. we report that cd4(+)cd25(-) effector t cells, rather than cd4(+)cd25(+) regulatory t cells, su ... | 2007 | 17202367 |
| trichinella in pork: current knowledge on the suitability of freezing as a public health measure. | 2006 | 17213551 | |
| infectious muscle disease. | infectious muscle diseases have very different aetiologies. the viral myositides are proved by clinical and laboratory evidences in various etiologic settings (influenza a and b, coxsackie and hiv). the bacterial myositis was considered in the near past a tropical disease, but in our days with migration of people from south to north and the endemia of aids it became a problem of the "civilized" world. on the other hand, tuberculous endemia in central-eastern europe, including romania, results in ... | 2006 | 17236294 |
| the role of il-4, il-13 and il-4ralpha in the development of protective and pathological responses to trichinella spiralis. | t helper type 2 (th2) responses have been shown to be important in protective responses to gastrointestinal (gi) helminth infections and in the development of the intestinal pathology accompanying expulsion of the parasite. different inbred mouse strains have been shown to develop different cytokine profiles following infection with gi helminths with increased resistance observed in those strains where th2 cytokines predominate. the aim of this study was to determine the role of il-4, il-13 and ... | 2007 | 17241396 |
| thermally induced and developmentally regulated expression of a small heat shock protein in trichinella spiralis. | a cdna encoding a small heat shock protein of trichinella spiralis, ts-shsp, was cloned and expressed and is herein characterized. this cdna encoded a predicted protein of 165 amino acids, which had a high sequence identity in alpha crystallin domain with various small heat shock proteins of other organisms. a western blot analysis indicated that anti-ts-shsp recombinant antibody recognized the protein of adults and larvae migrating at about 19 kda. an in situ localization study showed the prote ... | 2007 | 17268805 |
| [analyzing the time course of changes in the titers of specific antibodies while immunization of animals with the biological agent egfb with different adjuvants]. | the recombinant echinococcus antigens egf and egb were prepared and purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography (800 and 780 mg, respectively being obtained). four vaccinating complexes, the major component of which were the recombinant antigens egf and egb, were developed and tested in an experiment on rabbits. the time course of changes in antibody genesis was studied during a single immunization of the animals with the biological agent egfb with different adjuvants for 120 days ... | 2006 | 17290902 |
| dendritic cell expression of the transcription factor t-bet regulates mast cell progenitor homing to mucosal tissue. | the transcription factor t-bet was identified in cd4(+) t cells, and it controls interferon gamma production and t helper type 1 cell differentiation. t-bet is expressed in certain other leukocytes, and we recently showed (lord, g.m., r.m. rao, h. choe, b.m. sullivan, a.h. lichtman, f.w. luscinskas, and l.h. glimcher. 2005. blood. 106:3432-3439) that it regulates t cell trafficking. we examined whether t-bet influences homing of mast cell progenitors (mcp) to peripheral tissues. surprisingly, we ... | 2007 | 17296784 |
| prolactin-like hormone in the nematode trichinella spiralis larvae. | expression of prolactin (prl) or prolactin-like hormone has been reported in invertebrates. we investigated the larval phase of trichinella spiralis: (a) to express 23 kda prl, (b) to define its localization and (c) to test its possible biological activity. immunostaining in isolated larvae demonstrated positive material to 23 kda prl by all along the stichosome, specifically in the stichocytes. homogenized immunoblot larvae showed a 23 kda protein band. to assess prl release and its biological ... | 2007 | 17300781 |
| cyclic amp signaling contributes to neural plasticity and hyperexcitability in ah sensory neurons following intestinal trichinella spiralis-induced inflammation. | trichinella spiralis infection causes hyperexcitability in enteric after-hyperpolarising (ah) sensory neurons that is mimicked by neural, immune or inflammatory mediators known to stimulate adenylyl cyclase (ac)/cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (camp) signaling. the hypothesis was tested that ongoing modulation and sustained amplification in the ac/camp/phosphorylated camp related element binding protrein (pcreb) signaling pathway contributes to hyperexcitability and neuronal plasticity in g ... | 2007 | 17307183 |
| [in vivo development of trichinella spiralis in rats]. | the causative agent is trichinella spiralis which lives in the intestines in adult form or in skeletal muscles in larval form. after ingestion of raw or undercooked infected meat that contains larvae of trichinella, these larvae enter the blood and the lymphatic circulation. they usually settle in the skeletal muscles and develop further. this study was conducted in the department of parasitology of the dokuz eylul university, school of medicine. the aim of this experimental study was to develop ... | 2006 | 17309030 |
| epidemiology, histopathology, and muscle distribution of trichinella t9 in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) and wildlife of japan. | the prevalences of trichinella t9 in trapped raccoons (procyon lotor) and several other potential mammalian reservoirs in hokkaido, wakayama, and nagasaki prefectures were investigated. muscle samples were collected from 2003 to 2006 from 1,080 raccoons, 113 raccoon dogs including 2 species (nyctereutes procyonoides albus and n. p. viverrinus), 41 wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax), 14 martens (martes melampus), 10 badgers (meles meles), 5 siberian weasels (martes sibirica coreana), 7 mink (mus ... | 2007 | 17310398 |
| irritable bowel syndrome in persons who acquired trichinellosis. | the postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs) frequently follows bacterial infections. since people suffering from pi-ibs and trichinella spiralis-infected mice develop similar findings, this animal model has been successfully used for pi-ibs studies; however, ibs has never been studied in humans after trichinellosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the ibs symptoms in people who had acquired trichinellosis. | 2007 | 17313500 |
| binding and repression of translation of the cognate mrna by trichinella spiralis thymidylate synthase differ from the corresponding interactions of the human enzyme. | 2007 | 17326266 | |
| carrier-specificity of a phosphorylcholine-binding antibody requires the presence of the constant domains and is not dependent on the unique vh49 glycine or vh30 threonine residues. | bacterially-produced antibody fragments, such as single-chain fv (scfv) which comprises the variable regions of the light (vl) and heavy (vh) chains joined together by a short flexible linker, are useful as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. we previously constructed a scfv fragment from a hybridoma antibody (mab2) but it unexpectedly lacked the unique carrier specificity of the native antibody. thus, it bound indiscriminately to various phosphorylcholine (pc)-associated antigens, whereas the hy ... | 2007 | 17331532 |
| [study on genetic approach in the detection of cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients]. | to establish genetic method in detecting cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia which often coinfected with aids patients. | 2006 | 17343184 |
| [serum il-12 level in mice infected with trichinella spiralis]. | kunming mice were infected by feeding 150+/-5 larvae of trichinella spiralis, established was also a normal control group. blood was collected from the ophthalmic venous plexus respectively on 7 d, 21 d, 35 d and 49 d after infection and il-12 in the serum was detected by elisa. the level of il-12 in serum decreased in groups of 7 d, 21 d, and 35 d, with a significant difference to the control (p<0.01). however, there was no significant difference between 49d group and control (p>0.05), suggesti ... | 2006 | 17366986 |
| application of giemsa stain for easy detection of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae. | the application of giemsa technique to stain compressed diaphragm samples obtained from rodents experimentally infected with trichinella spiralis is described. diaphragm samples from rats heavily infected with 20 muscle larvae per gram of body weight (20 ml/gbw) were cut into several pieces and stained with giemsa; on the other hand, whole diaphragms from slightly infected mice (1 ml/gbw) were also stained with giemsa. besides, muscle samples were also stained with giemsa. observation at 10 x ma ... | 2007 | 17374981 |
| larval viability and serological response in horses with long-term trichinella spiralis infection. | the horse is considered an aberrant host for the nematode parasite trichinella spiralis, and many aspects of the biology and epidemiology of trichinella infection in the horse are poorly understood. it has been reported that experimentally-infected horses produce a transient serological response to infection and that muscle larvae are cleared more rapidly than in parasite-adapted hosts such as the pig and humans. however, limited numbers of animals have been studied, and both the longevity of la ... | 2007 | 17386976 |
| trichinella spiralis reinfection: macrophage activity in balb/c mice. | the role of macrophages and their products--nitric oxide (no) and superoxide anion (o(2) (-))--were examined in balb/c mice reinfected with trichinella spiralis. mice were infected twice with 400 t. spiralis larvae; the secondary infection was performed 60 days after the primary one. adult t. spiralis in intestines were detected from 5 to 20 days postprimary infection (dpi), and postreinfection (dpri), but the intensity of worm expulsion was greater and quicker after the reinfection. the highest ... | 2007 | 17393182 |
| concurrent infection with trichinella spiralis and other helminths in pigs. | the aim of this study was to investigate possible influence of different helmintosis in the development of trichinella spiralis in experimental infected pigs. forty-two iberian pigs were allocated to six groups. three groups were single inoculated with ascaris suum, metastrongylus apri or t. spiralis, respectively. two groups were co-infected with t. spiralis and a. suum or t. spiralis and m. apri, respectively, while the last group included uninfected control pigs. clinical signs were only obse ... | 2007 | 17400390 |
| trichinella spiralis-outbreak in the slovak republic. | trichinellosis is a zoonosis caused by nematode worms of the genus trichinella and acquired through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat or meat products that harbour parasite larvae. the present report was designed to evaluate the course and circumstances surrounding the trichinellosis outbreak that occurred due to consumption of pork from a backyard pig in the southwest area of slovakia in 2001. | 2007 | 17401712 |
| viability and infectivity of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae in frozen horse tissue. | many aspects of the biology and epidemiology of trichinella infection in the horse are poorly understood, including survival of trichinella spp in horse muscle. in this study, we have assessed the freeze tolerance of t. spiralis in horse meat stored at 5, -5, and -18 degrees c for 1 day to 24 weeks. results demonstrate a steady reduction in the number of live ml recovered from the cold stored meat samples. on day 1, recovery of live larvae had been reduced by 18.6%, 50.1%, and 37.2%, and by 4 we ... | 2007 | 17418492 |
| a survey of trichinella spiralis in wild carnivores in southwestern quebec. | in 1982-1983, 144 muscle samples from 11 different species of wild carnivores from southwestern quebec, canada, were examined for the presence of trichinella spiralis larvae, using direct microscopic examination and the peptic digestion method. two red foxes (vulpes vulpes) (out of 29) and one pine marten (martes americana) (out of 56) were found positive, giving a 2.1% prevalence for the whole sample. | 1985 | 17422546 |
| role of rats in the transmission of trichinella spiralis spiralis to swine. | 1987 | 17422870 | |
| cytokine modulation of muscarinic receptors in the murine intestine. | the extent to which gut motility and smooth muscle contractility are altered by intestinal inflammation depends on the nature of the underlying immune activation. the muscarinic receptor on smooth muscle plays a critical role in mediating acetylcholine-driven motor function. we examined the ability of cytokines to influence muscarinic receptor characteristics on intestinal longitudinal muscle and related the findings to studies on carbachol-induced contraction. cells were isolated from longitudi ... | 2007 | 17431212 |
| [biology, species biodiversity and distribution of trichinella nematodes]. | from the time of the discovery of trichinella larvae in 1835 until the middle of the next century it was commonly assumed that all trichinellosis was caused by a single species trichinella spiralis. this species is an intracellular parasite in both a larva and an adult stage. the l1 larvae live in a modified skeletal muscles. the adult worms occupy a membrane-bound portion of columnar epitelium, living as intramulticellular parasite. more than century later t. spiralis have been reported from mo ... | 2006 | 17432238 |
| [methods and tools for parasite differentiation within the genus trichinella]. | this review summarizes the major biological, biochemical and molecular methods which have been developed during last 20 years to distinguish parasites of the genus trichinella. from the time of the discovery of trichinella in 1835 until the 1970, it was assumed that trichinellosis was caused by a single species of parasite, trichinella spiralis. many biological parameters have been compared to differentiate the parasite, such as host specificity, geographical distribution, reproductive abilities ... | 2006 | 17432239 |