Publications

multiplex genome editing by natural transformation.	editing bacterial genomes is an essential tool in research and synthetic biology applications. here, we describe multiplex genome editing by natural transformation (mugent), a method for accelerated evolution based on the cotransformation of unlinked genetic markers in naturally competent microorganisms. we found that natural cotransformation allows scarless genome editing at unprecedented frequencies of ∼50%. using dna substrates with randomized nucleotides, we found no evidence for bias during ...	2014	24889608
deciphering the origin of the 2012 cholera epidemic in guinea by integrating epidemiological and molecular analyses.	cholera is typically considered endemic in west africa, especially in the republic of guinea. however, a three-year lull period was observed from 2009 to 2011, before a new epidemic struck the country in 2012, which was officially responsible for 7,350 suspected cases and 133 deaths. to determine whether cholera re-emerged from the aquatic environment or was rather imported due to human migration, a comprehensive epidemiological and molecular survey was conducted. a spatiotemporal analysis of th ...	2014	24901522
both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids on o-linked glycoproteins act as functional receptors for porcine sapovirus.	sapovirus, a member of the caliciviridae family, is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans and pigs. currently, the porcine sapovirus (psav) cowden strain remains the only cultivable member of the sapovirus genus. while some caliciviruses are known to utilize carbohydrate receptors for entry and infection, a functional receptor for sapovirus is unknown. to characterize the functional receptor of the cowden strain of psav, we undertook a comprehensive series of protein-ligand bioch ...	2014	24901849
the highly conserved bacterial rnase ybey is essential in vibrio cholerae, playing a critical role in virulence, stress regulation, and rna processing.	ybey, a highly conserved protein, is an rnase in e. coli and plays key roles in both processing of the critical 3' end of 16 s rrna and in 70 s ribosome quality control under stress. these central roles account for ybey's inclusion in the postulated minimal bacterial genome. however, ybey is not essential in e. coli although loss of ybey severely sensitizes it to multiple physiological stresses. here, we show that ybey is an essential endoribonuclease in vibrio cholerae and is crucial for virule ...	2014	24901994
the purifying trend in the chromosomal integron in vibrio cholerae strains during the seventh pandemic.	chromosomal integron (ci) arrays in vibrio spp. are generally large and display great variation. here we determined the sequence of ci array in a toxigenic o139 vibriocholerae strain and compared it with the arrays from the genome of different o1 biotypes available in genbank. then pcr scanning was used to determine the ci array variations in 83 epidemic o139 strains and subsequently these variations were compared with that found in toxigenic o1 el tor strains in our previous work. few differenc ...	2014	24905599
the first case of bacteraemia due to non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae in a type 2 diabetes mellitus patient in mainland china.	bacteraemia due to non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae is rarely documented in mainland china. we report such a case in a 70-year-old male with type 2 diabetes mellitus. the clinical features, phenotypic analyses, and presence of a panel of known virulence genes in the isolated strain are described. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bacteraemia due to this strain in a t2dm patient without other coexisting underlying diseases in mainland china.	2014	24905769
distribution of virulence-associated genes and genetic relationships in non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae aquatic isolates from china.	non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae is naturally present in aquatic ecosystems and has been linked with cholera-like diarrhea and local outbreaks. the distribution of virulence-associated genes and genetic relationships among aquatic isolates from china are largely unknown. in this study, 295 aquatic isolates of v. cholerae non-o1/o139 serogroups from different regions in china were investigated. only one isolate was positive for ctxb and harbored a rare genotype; 10 (3.4%) isolates carried several type ...	2014	24907334
establishing a list of qualifying pathogens under the food and drug administration safety and innovation act. final rule.	the food and drug administration (fda or agency) is issuing a regulation to establish a list of "qualifying pathogens'' that have the potential to pose a serious threat to public health. this final rule implements a provision of the generating antibiotic incentives now (gain) title of the food and drug administration safety and innovation act (fdasia). gain is intended to encourage development of new antibacterial and antifungal drugs for the treatment of serious or life-threatening infections, ...	2014	24908687
atomic resolution crystal structure of vclmwptp-1 from vibrio cholerae o395: insights into a novel mode of dimerization in the low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase family.	low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (lmwptp) is a group of phosphotyrosine phosphatase ubiquitously found in a wide range of organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals. dimerization in the lmwptp family has been reported earlier which follows a common mechanism involving active site residues leading to an enzymatically inactive species. here we report a novel form of dimerization in a lmwptp from vibrio cholera 0395 (vclmwptp-1). studies in solution reveal the existence of the dime ...	2014	24909685
characterization of the vibrio cholerae extracellular matrix: a top-down solid-state nmr approach.	bacterial biofilms are communities of bacterial cells surrounded by a self-secreted extracellular matrix. biofilm formation by vibrio cholerae, the human pathogen responsible for cholera, contributes to its environmental survival and infectivity. important genetic and molecular requirements have been identified for v. cholerae biofilm formation, yet a compositional accounting of these parts in the intact biofilm or extracellular matrix has not been described. as insoluble and non-crystalline ass ...	2015	24911407
sequence and expression divergence of an ancient duplication of the chaperonin groesel operon in vibrio species.	heat-shock proteins are molecular chaperones essential for protein folding, degradation and trafficking. the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus encodes a copy of the groesel operon in both chromosomes and these genes share <80 % similarity with each other. comparative genomic analysis was used to determine whether this duplication is prevalent among vibrionaceae specifically or gammaproteobacteria in general. among the vibrionaceae complete genome sequences in the database (31 species), seven vibr ...	2014	24913685
challenges in mucosal vaccines for the control of infectious diseases.	the mucosal surface is the largest route through which pathogens enter the human body. to control the outbreak of mucosal infectious diseases, we must use our knowledge of the mucosal immune system to create vaccines that elicit protective mucosal and systemic immunity. mucosal vaccines have advantages over traditional injectable vaccines in that they not only induce effective mucosal immune responses, but they also do not cause physical or psychological discomfort. mucosal vaccines currently li ...	2014	24914172
isolation and screening of probiotic candidates from marron, cherax cainii (austin, 2002) gastrointestinal tract (git) and commercial probiotic products for the use in marron culture.	six strains of bacteria including bacillus mycoides (a10) and shewanella species (a12) isolated from healthy marron intestine, bacillus species (pm1), bacillus subtilis (pm3), bacillus sp. (pm4) and bacillus sp. (aq) from commercial probiotic products were investigated for probiotic potential in marron culture. antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated pm3 and pm4 were susceptible to all nine antibiotics evaluated. a10, a12 and aq were resistant to class penicillins, whereas pm1 was resistant to ...	2015	24917311
high prevalence of toxin producing enteropathogenic vibrios among estuarine crab in ganges delta of west bengal, india.		2014	24927645
rs1 satellite phage promotes diversity of toxigenic vibrio cholerae by driving ctx prophage loss and elimination of lysogenic immunity.	in el tor biotype strains of toxigenic vibrio cholerae, the ctxϕ prophage often resides adjacent to a chromosomally integrated satellite phage genome, rs1, which produces rs1ϕ particles by using ctx prophage-encoded morphogenesis proteins. rs1 encodes rstc, an antirepressor against the ctxϕ repressor rstr, which cooperates with the host-encoded lexa protein to maintain ctxϕ lysogeny. we found that superinfection of toxigenic el tor strains with rs1ϕ, followed by inoculation of the transductants ...	2014	24935981
occurrence of vibrio and salmonella species in mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) collected along the moroccan atlantic coast.	this study reports the occurrence of different vibrio and salmonella species in 52 samples of mytilus galloprovincialis collected from four sites along the atlantic coast between agadir and essaouira (anza, cap ghir, imssouane and essaouira). the level of escherichia coli (e. coli) was also determined to evaluate the degree of microbial pollution in the investigated areas. in this study three methods were used : afnor nf en iso 6579 v08-013 for salmonella spp., the provisional method routinely u ...	2014	24936389
ompu as a biomarker for rapid discrimination between toxigenic and epidemic vibrio cholerae o1/o139 and non-epidemic vibrio cholerae in a modified maldi-tof ms assay.	cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by vibrio cholerae. outbreaks are caused by a genetically homogenous group of strains from serogroup o1 or o139 that are able to produce the cholera toxin. rapid detection and identification of these epidemic strains is essential for an effective response to cholera outbreaks.	2014	24943244
antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera.	cholera is an acute watery diarrhoea caused by infection with the bacterium vibrio cholerae, which if severe can cause rapid dehydration and death. effective management requires early diagnosis and rehydration using oral rehydration salts or intravenous fluids. in this review, we evaluate the additional benefits of treating cholera with antimicrobial drugs.	2014	24944120
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of wines and winery byproducts in relation to their flavonoid content.	grapes produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading phytopathogens. these metabolites include numerous phenolic compounds that are also active against human pathogens. grapes are used to produce a variety of wines, grape juices, and raisins. grape pomace, seeds, and skins, the remains of the grapes that are a byproduct of winemaking, also contain numerous bioactive compounds that differ from those found in grapes and wines. this overview surveys an ...	2014	24945318
a novel peptidoglycan binding protein crucial for pbp1a-mediated cell wall biogenesis in vibrio cholerae.	the bacterial cell wall, which is comprised of a mesh of polysaccharide strands crosslinked via peptide bridges (peptidoglycan, pg), is critical for maintenance of cell shape and survival. pg assembly is mediated by a variety of penicillin binding proteins (pbp) whose fundamental activities have been characterized in great detail; however, there is limited knowledge of the factors that modulate their activities in different environments or growth phases. in vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera, ...	2014	24945690
influence of very short patch mismatch repair on sos inducing lesions after aminoglycoside treatment in escherichia coli.	low concentrations of aminoglycosides induce the sos response in vibrio cholerae but not in escherichia coli. in order to determine whether a specific factor present in e. coli prevents this induction, we developed a genetic screen where only sos inducing mutants are viable. we identified the vsr gene coding for the vsr protein of the very short patch mismatch repair (vspr) pathway. the effect of mismatch repair (mmr) mutants was also studied. we propose that lesions formed upon aminoglycoside t ...	2014	24946128
cholera.	vibrio cholerae is a comma-shaped, gram-negative rod that produces an enterotoxin, which causes an acute-onset diarrheal disease ranging in severity from mild to life threatening. worldwide, there are an estimated 3?5 million cases per year, with more than 100,000 deaths. the disease remains a significant cause of death and illness in sub-saharan africa, southeast asia (especially bangladesh and india), and haiti, and the infection should be recognized by the special operations forces (sof) medi ...	2014	24952048
γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides from the seeds of prinsepia utilis.	γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides (prinsepicyanosides a-e) were isolated alongside 11 known compounds from seeds of prinsepia utilis royle. their structures were determined by detailed analysis of nmr and ms spectroscopic data. the relative configuration of prinsepicyanoside c was established by cu-kα x-ray crystallography. prinsepicyanoside a, osmaronin, and 4-(hydroxylmethyl)-5h-furan-2-one exhibited borderline antibacterial activity against salmonella gallinarum, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio ...	2014	24952469
structure of the vipa/b type vi secretion complex suggests a contraction-state-specific recycling mechanism.	the bacterial type vi secretion system is a multicomponent molecular machine directed against eukaryotic host cells and competing bacteria. an intracellular contractile tubular structure that bears functional homology with bacteriophage tails is pivotal for ejection of pathogenic effectors. here, we present the 6 å cryoelectron microscopy structure of the contracted vibrio cholerae tubule consisting of the proteins vipa and vipb. we localized vipa and vipb in the protomer and identified structur ...	2014	24953649
occurrence in mexico, 1998-2008, of vibrio cholerae ctx+ el tor carrying an additional truncated ctx prophage.	the seventh cholera pandemic caused by vibrio cholerae o1 el tor (et) has been superseded in asia and africa by altered et possessing the cholera toxin (ctx) gene of classical (cl) biotype. the cl biotype of v. cholerae was isolated, along with prototypic and altered et, during the 1991 cholera epidemic in mexico and subsequently remained endemic until 1997. microbiological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses of clinical and environmental v. cholerae isolated in mexico between 1998 and 2008 re ...	2014	24958870
identification of genes induced in vibrio cholerae in a dynamic biofilm system.	the facultative human pathogen vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe secretory diarrheal disease cholera, persists in its aquatic reservoirs in biofilms during interepidemic periods. biofilm is a likely form in which clinically relevant v. cholerae is taken up by humans, providing an infective dose. thus, a better understanding of biofilm formation of v. cholerae is relevant for the ecology and epidemiology of cholera as well as a target to control the disease. most previous studies ...	2014	24962154
outbreak of vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype ogawa, biotype el tor strain--la huasteca region, mexico, 2013.	on september 2 and 6, 2013, mexico's national system of epidemiological surveillance identified two cases of cholera in mexico city. rectal swab cultures from both patients were confirmed as toxigenic vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype ogawa, biotype el tor. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and virulence gene amplification (ctxa, ctxb, zot, and ace) demonstrated that the strains were identical to one another but different from strains circulating in mexico previously. the strains were indist ...	2014	24964882
triplex reverse transcription-pcr for detecting viable toxigenic vibrio cholerae in water samples in thailand.	abstract. detection of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1/o139 in aquatic environment is difficult to achieve using the culture method. for direct detection of viable toxigenic v. cholerae in aquatic environment, we developed a triplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr, targeting genes for the outer membrane protein (ompw), cholera toxin a (ctxa) and toxin-coregulated pilli (tcpa) and compared the assay with the culture method. after enrichment of the bacteria-containing filters in alkaline peptone water ...	2014	24968678
dimethyl sulphoxide and ca2+ stimulate assembly of vibrio cholerae ftsz.	we cloned, overexpressed and purified vibrio cholerae ftsz protein for the first time. we used several complementary techniques to probe and compare the comparative assembly properties of recombinant vibrio cholerae ftsz (vcftsz) and escherichia coli ftsz (ecftsz). we observed that vcftsz polymerized at a slower rate than ecftsz and interestingly its polymerization was highly dependent on the presence of ca(2+) ion. furthermore, dmso specifically modulated the polymerization of vcftsz, promoted ...	2014	24970042
vibrio metoecus sp. nov., a close relative of vibrio cholerae isolated from coastal brackish ponds and clinical specimens.	a gram-staining-negative, curved-rod-shaped bacterium with close resemblance to vibrio cholerae, the aetiological agent of cholera, was isolated over the course of several years from coastal brackish water (17 strains) and from clinical cases (two strains) in the united states. 16s rrna gene identity with v. cholerae exceeded 98 % yet an average nucleotide identity based on genome data of around 86 % and multi locus sequence analysis of six housekeeping genes (mdh, adk, gyrb, reca, pgi and rpob) ...	2014	24972615
high prevalence and diversity of pre-ctxφ alleles in the environmental vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 strains in the zhujiang river estuary.	toxigenic conversion of environmental vibrio cholerae strains through lysogenic infection by the phage ctxφ is an important step in the emergence of new pathogenic clones. the precursor form of the ctxφ phage, pre-ctxφ, does not carry the cholera toxin gene. during our investigation, we frequently found pre-ctxφ prophages in non-toxigenic isolates in the serogroups of o1 and o139 strains in the zhujiang estuary. we observed high amounts of sequence variation of rstr and giii(ctx) in the pre-ctxφ ...	2014	24983529
safety and immunogenicity of a live oral recombinant cholera vaccine va1.4: a randomized, placebo controlled trial in healthy adults in a cholera endemic area in kolkata, india.	a live oral cholera vaccine va 1.4 developed from a non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain using ctxb gene insertion was further developed into a clinical product following cgmp and was evaluated in a double-blind randomized placebo controlled parallel group two arm trial with allocation ratio of 1∶1 for safety and immunogenicity in men and women aged 18-60 years from kolkata, india.	2014	24983989
epidemiology of pathogenic enterobacteria in humans, livestock, and peridomestic rodents in rural madagascar.	among the families of enteric bacteria are globally important diarrheal agents. despite their potential for zoonotic and environmental transmission, few studies have examined the epidemiology of these pathogens in rural systems characterized by extensive overlap among humans, domesticated and peridomestic animals. we investigated patterns of infection with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, shigella spp., salmonella enterica, vibrio cholerae, and yersinia spp. (enterocolitica, and pseudotuberculo ...	2014	24983990
genetic and mutational characterization of the small alarmone synthetase gene relv of vibrio cholerae.	in vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, products of three genes, rela, spot and relv, govern nutritional stress related stringent response (sr). sr in bacteria is critically regulated by two intracellular small molecules, guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate (pppgpp) and guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) (ppgpp), collectively called (p)ppgpp or alarmone. evolution of relv is unique in v. cholerae because other gram-negative bacteria carry only rela and spot genes. recent reports s ...	2014	24987103
b-cell epitope of beta toxin of clostridium perfringens genetically conjugated to a carrier protein: expression, purification and characterization of the chimeric protein.	beta toxin (btx) is the prime virulence factor for the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type c strain, known to cause necrotic enteritis and enterotoxaemia in mammalian species. the existing vaccines targeting btx are formaldehyde inactivated culture filtrates of clostridium. these filtrates raise antigenic load in the host leading to nonspecific and poor responses. the present study aimed to overcome these drawbacks and generate a chimeric protein carrying in silico identified b-cell epi ...	2014	24996028
the length of glycine-rich linker in dna-binding domain is critical for optimal functioning of quorum-sensing master regulatory protein hapr.	hapr is a quorum-sensing master regulatory protein in vibrio cholerae. though many facts are known regarding its structural and functional aspects, much still can be learnt from natural variants of this wild-type protein. while unraveling the underlying cause of functional inertness of a natural variant (haprv2), the significance of a conserved glycine residue at position 39 in a glycine-rich linker in dna-binding domain comes into light. this work aims at investigating how the length of glycine ...	2014	24997084
bacterial periplasmic sialic acid-binding proteins exhibit a conserved binding site.	sialic acids are a family of related nine-carbon sugar acids that play important roles in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. these sialic acids are incorporated/decorated onto lipooligosaccharides as terminal sugars in multiple bacteria to evade the host immune system. many pathogenic bacteria scavenge sialic acids from their host and use them for molecular mimicry. the first step of this process is the transport of sialic acid to the cytoplasm, which often takes place using a tripartite atp-indep ...	2014	25004958
crystallization and preliminary analysis of the nqra and nqrc subunits of the na+-translocating nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae.	the na+-translocating nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (na+-nqr) from vibrio cholerae is a membrane protein complex consisting of six different subunits nqra-nqrf. the major domains of the nqra and nqrc subunits were heterologously expressed in escherichia coli and crystallized. the structure of nqra1-377 was solved in space groups c222₁ and p2₁ by sad phasing and molecular replacement at 1.9 and 2.1 å resolution, respectively. nqrc devoid of the transmembrane helix was co-expressed with apbe to i ...	2014	25005105
association between giardia duodenalis and coinfection with other diarrhea-causing pathogens in india.	giardia duodenalis, is often seen as an opportunistic pathogen and one of the major food and waterborne parasites. some insights of giardia infestation in a diarrhoea-prone population were investigated in the present study. our primary goal was to understand the interaction of this parasite with other pathogens during infection and to determine some important factors regulating the diarrhoeal disease spectrum of a population. giardia showed a steady rate of occurrence throughout the entire study ...	2014	25009820
the two cis-acting sites, pars1 and oric1, contribute to the longitudinal organisation of vibrio cholerae chromosome i.	the segregation of bacterial chromosomes follows a precise choreography of spatial organisation. it is initiated by the bipolar migration of the sister copies of the replication origin (ori). most bacterial chromosomes contain a partition system (par) with pars sites in close proximity to ori that contribute to the active mobilisation of the ori region towards the old pole. this is thought to result in a longitudinal chromosomal arrangement within the cell. in this study, we followed the duplica ...	2014	25010199
molecular simulation of n-acetylneuraminic acid analogs and molecular dynamics studies of cholera toxin-neu5gc complex.	cholera toxin (ct) is an ab5 protein complex secreted by the pathogen vibrio cholera, which is responsible for cholera infection. n-acetylneuraminic acid (neunac) is a derivative of neuraminic acid with nine-carbon backbone. neunac is distributed on the cell surface mainly located in the terminal components of glycoconjugates, and also plays an important role in cell-cell interaction. in our current study, molecular docking and molecular dynamic (md) simulations were implemented to identify the ...	2015	25011464
assembly and stability of salmonella enterica ser. typhi tolc protein in pope and dmpe.	in this work we assessed the suitability of two different lipid membranes for the simulation of a tolc protein from salmonella enterica serovar typhi. the tolc protein family is found in many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria including vibrio cholera and pseudomonas aeruginosa and acts as an outer membrane channel for expulsion of drug and toxin from the cell. in s. typhi, the causative agent for typhoid fever, the tolc outer membrane protein is an antigen for the pathogen. the lipid environment ...	2014	25011632
draft genome sequence of environmental vibrio cholerae 2012el-1759 with similarities to the v. cholerae o1 classical biotype.	vibrio cholerae 2012el-1759 is an environmental isolate from haiti that was recovered in 2012 during a cholera outbreak. the genomic backbone is similar to that of the prototypical v. cholerae o1 classical biotype strain o395, and it carries the vibrio pathogenicity islands (vpi-1 and vpi-2) and a cholera toxin (ctx) prephage.	2014	25013135
low detection of vibrio cholerae carriage in healthcare workers returning to 12 latin american countries from haiti.	summary this investigation was undertaken to characterize the prevalence of intestinal vibrio cholerae in healthcare workers (hcws) returning from haiti due to the ongoing cholera epidemic. eight hundred and fifty asymptomatic hcws of the cuban medical brigade, who planned to leave haiti, were studied by laboratory screening of stool culture for v. cholerae. a very low percentage (0.23%) of toxigenic v. cholerae serogroup o1, serotype ogawa was found. to the best of our knowledge, this study rep ...	2015	25016919
establishing an enteric bacteria reference laboratory in sierra leone.	in 2012, sierra leone experienced its worst cholera outbreak in over 15 years affecting 12 of the country's 13 districts. with limited diagnostic capability, particularly in bacterial culture, the cholera outbreak was initially confirmed by microbiological testing of clinical specimens outside of sierra leone. during 2012 - 2013, in direct response to the lack of diagnostic microbiology facilities, and to assist in investigating and monitoring the cholera outbreak, diagnostic and reference servi ...	2014	25022309
development and assessment of molecular diagnostic tests for 15 enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhoea: a multicentre study.	childhood diarrhoea can be caused by many pathogens that are difficult to assay in the laboratory. molecular diagnostic techniques provide a uniform method to detect and quantify candidate enteropathogens. we aimed to develop and assess molecular tests for identification of enteropathogens and their association with disease.	2014	25022434
cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of nepal reveal clonal transmission of multi-drug resistant vibrio cholerae o1.	although endemic cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality each year in nepal, lack of information about the causal bacterium often hinders cholera intervention and prevention. in 2012, diarrheal outbreaks affected three districts of nepal with confirmed cases of mortality. this study was designed to understand the drug response patterns, source, and transmission of vibrio cholerae associated with 2012 cholera outbreaks in nepal.	2014	25022982
novel bacterial adp-ribosylating toxins: structure and function.	bacterial adp-ribosyltransferase toxins (bartts) transfer adp-ribose to eukaryotic proteins to promote bacterial pathogenesis. in this review, we use prototype bartts, such as diphtheria toxin and pertussis toxin, as references for the characterization of several new bartts from human, insect and plant pathogens, which were recently identified by bioinformatic analyses. several of these toxins, including cholix toxin (chxa) from vibrio cholerae, spya from streptococcus pyogenes, hopu1 from pseud ...	2014	25023120
occurrence of virulence genes among vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from treated wastewaters.	pathogenic vibrio species are an important cause of foodborne illnesses. the aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrio species in the final effluents of a wastewater treatment plant and the risk that they may pose to public health. during the 1-year monitoring, a total of 43 vibrio strains were isolated: 23 vibrio alginolyticus, 1 vibrio cholerae, 4 vibrio vulnificus, and 15 vibrio parahaemolyticus. the pcr investigation of v. parahaemolyticus and v. chole ...	2014	25023745
shift in phenotypic characteristics of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) isolated from diarrheal patients in bangladesh.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea. over the last decade, from 1996 to 2012, changes in the virulence antigen properties of etec such as heat labile (lt) and heat stable (st) toxins, colonization factors (cfs), and 'o'-serogroups have been observed. the aim of this prospective study was to compare changes in antigenic profiles of etec strains isolated from a 2% surveillance system at the icddr,b hospital in dhaka, bangladesh between 200 ...	2014	25032802
use of plant extracts to control and treat ab5 enterotoxin-related diarrhea.	plants contain a broad spectrum of small molecules with potential antimicrobial properties. here, we review the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts against enterotoxic bacteria encoding ab5 toxins, including vibrio cholerae, shigella dysenteriae and enterotoxic escherichia coli strains. several plant extracts have strong antimicrobial effects and the potential to boost oral rehydration therapy, which is the first line of treatment for acute diarrhea.	2014	25033656
draft genome sequencing of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolates collected in the russian federation from imported cholera cases.	we report the draft genome sequencing of five vibrio cholerae o1 el tor clinical isolates collected in the russian federation from imported cholera cases in 2006, 2010, and 2012. in the initial phylogenetic analysis, one isolate clustered with the haiti/nepal-4 group.	2014	25035324
diarrhoea in slum children: observation from a large diarrhoeal disease hospital in dhaka, bangladesh.	to determine and compare socio-demographic, nutritional and clinical characteristics of children under five with diarrhoea living in slums with those of children who do not live in slums of dhaka, bangladesh.	2014	25039966
discovery of a bifunctional acyltransferase responsible for ornithine lipid synthesis in serratia proteamaculans.	ornithine lipids (ols) are phosphorus-free membrane lipids that can be formed by many bacteria but that are absent from archaea and eukaryotes. a function for ols in stress conditions and in host-bacteria interactions has been shown in some bacteria. some bacterial species have been described that can form ols, but lack the known genes (olsba) involved in its biosynthesis, which implied the existence of a second pathway. here we describe the bifunctional protein olsf from serratia proteamaculans ...	2015	25040623
sulfonamides with potent inhibitory action and selectivity against the α-carbonic anhydrase from vibrio cholerae.	by using n-α-acetyl-l-lysine or gaba scaffolds and the conversion of the terminal amino group to the guanidine one, benzenesulfonamides incorporating water solubilizing moieties were synthesized. the new compounds were medium potency inhibitors of the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) isoforms i and ii, and highly effective, nanomolar inhibitors of the pathogenic bacterial α-ca from vibrio cholerae. these sulfonamides possess good selectivity for inhibiting the bacterial over the mam ...	2014	25050173
[comparative resistance of typical and genetically altered vibrio cholerae biovar el tor strains to the effect of unfavorable environmental factors].	carry out comparative analysis of survival of typical strains and genovariants of v. cholerae biovar el tor imported in different years to the territory of russian federation, in the absence of nutrients and under the conditions of temperature stress.	2014	25051691
[algorithm of toxigenic genetically altered vibrio cholerae el tor biovar strain identification].	development of an algorithm of genetically altered vibrio cholerae biovar el tor strai identification that ensures determination of serogroup, serovar and biovar of the studied isolate based on pheno- and genotypic properties, detection of genetically altered cholera el tor causative agents, their differentiation by epidemic potential as well as evaluation of variability of key pathogenicity genes.	2014	25051695
[vntr-genotyping of vibrio cholerae strains isolated from objects in the territory of russian federation in 2012].	vntr-typing of vibrio cholerae strains isolated in the territory of russian federation in 2012.	2014	25051696
[proteome mass-spectrometric analysis and typing of vibrio cholerae strains isolated in the territory of russian federation in 2010 - 2012].	conduction of a comparative proteomic mass-spectrometric (ms) analysis using a personal database of v. cholerae protein mass-spectra and genetic vntr-typing of cholera causative agent strains.	2014	25051705
the sodium pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na⁺-nqr), a unique redox-driven ion pump.	the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) is a unique na(+) pumping respiratory complex found only in prokaryotes, that plays a key role in the metabolism of marine and pathogenic bacteria, including vibrio cholerae and other human pathogens. na(+)-nqr is the main entrance for reducing equivalents into the respiratory chain of these bacteria, catalyzing the oxidation of nadh and the reduction of quinone, the free energy of this redox reaction drives the selective translocat ...	2014	25052842
vibrio cholerae utilizes direct srna regulation in expression of a biofilm matrix protein.	vibrio cholerae biofilms contain exopolysaccharide and three matrix proteins rbma, rbmc and bap1. while much is known about exopolysaccharide regulation, little is known about the mechanisms by which the matrix protein components of biofilms are regulated. vrra is a conserved, 140-nt srna of v. cholerae, whose expression is controlled by sigma factor σe. in this study, we demonstrate that vrra negatively regulates rbmc translation by pairing to the 5' untranslated region of the rbmc transcript a ...	2014	25054332
analysis of bacterial pathogens causing acute diarrhea on the basis of sentinel surveillance in shanghai, china, 2006-2011.	acute diarrhea is the most common infectious disease worldwide and its causes vary from one region to another. we aimed to analyze the spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of pathogens from 22,386 outpatients with acute diarrhea on the basis of surveillance data from shanghai, china, during 2006-2011. the following 8 pathogens were isolated and identified using standard methods: salmonella, shigella, vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, enteropathogenic escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic ...	2014	25056071
critical analysis of compositions and protective efficacies of oral killed cholera vaccines.	two cholera vaccines, sold as shanchol and dukoral, are currently available. this review presents a critical analysis of the protective efficacies of these vaccines. children under 5 years of age are very vulnerable to cholera and account for the highest incidence of cholera cases and more than half of the resulting deaths. both shanchol and dukoral are two-spaced-dose oral vaccines comprising large numbers of killed cholera bacteria. the former contains vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 cells, and th ...	2014	25056361
the population structure of vibrio cholerae from the chandigarh region of northern india.	cholera infection continues to be a threat to global public health. the current cholera pandemic associated with vibrio cholerae el tor has now been ongoing for over half a century.	2014	25058483
[phenotypic diversity of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains identified in china].	to understand the phenotypic diversity of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains isolated from different provinces in china during the last 50 years.	2014	25059371
cranberry extract standardized for proanthocyanidins promotes the immune response of caenorhabditis elegans to vibrio cholerae through the p38 mapk pathway and hsf-1.	botanicals are rich in bioactive compounds, and some offer numerous beneficial effects to animal and human health when consumed. it is well known that phytochemicals in cranberries have anti-oxidative and antimicrobial activities. recently, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that cranberry phytochemicals may have potential benefits that promote healthy aging. here, we use caenorhabditis elegans as a model to show that water-soluble cranberry extract standardized to 4.0% proanthocyan ...	2014	25062095
antimicrobial peptide resistance of vibrio cholerae results from an lps modification pathway related to nonribosomal peptide synthetases.	the current pandemic el tor biotype of o1 vibrio cholerae is resistant to polymyxins, whereas the previous pandemic strain of the classical biotype is polymyxin sensitive. the almefg operon found in el tor v. cholerae confers >100-fold resistance to polymyxins through the glycylation of lipopolysaccharide. here, we present the mechanistic determination of initial steps in the almefg pathway. we verify that almf is an aminoacyl carrier protein and identify alme as the enzyme required to activate ...	2014	25068415
preparation and immunogenicity of conjugate based on hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide antigen of vibrio cholerae o139.	a glycoconjugate construct was based on attachment of v. cholerae o139 hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide (lps) to carboxylated bovine serum albumin (cbsa) via its amino group. the immunological properties of the glycoconjugate were tested using balb/c mice, injected subcutaneously without any adjuvant three times at 2 weeks interval. the immunogenicity of the conjugate was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, testing of anti-lps igg, igm, and iga antibodies. the conjugate elicited ...	2014	25070088
water-related infrastructure in a region of post-earthquake haiti: high levels of fecal contamination and need for ongoing monitoring.	we inventoried non-surface water sources in the leogane and gressier region of haiti (approximately 270 km(2)) in 2012 and 2013 and screened water from 345 sites for fecal coliforms and vibrio cholerae. an international organization/non-governmental organization responsible for construction could be identified for only 56% of water points evaluated. sixteen percent of water points were non-functional at any given time; 37% had evidence of fecal contamination, with spatial clustering of contamina ...	2014	25071005
water sources as reservoirs of vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1 strains in bepanda, douala (cameroon): relationship between isolation and physico-chemical factors.	cholera has been endemic in douala since 1971. most outbreaks start from bepanda, an overcrowded neighbourhood with poor hygiene and sanitary conditions. we investigated water sources in bepanda as reservoirs of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, determined its antibiotic susceptibility and some physico-chemical characteristics that could maintain the endemicity of this organism in bepanda.	2014	25073409
effects of flrbc on flagellar biosynthesis of shewanella oneidensis.	as a most conserved complex molecular machine made up of a large number of structural subunits, the flagellum is under tight regulation by hierarchical arrangements. although variations in polar flagellar systems are found, most of them are restricted to multiple-copy components, such as flagellins and stators. therefore, these features are regarded to be peripheral relative to the comprehensive conservation. in this study, however, we present evidence to show that the difference in highly conse ...	2014	25074236
serological surveillance development for tropical infectious diseases using simultaneous microsphere-based multiplex assays and finite mixture models.	a strategy to combat infectious diseases, including neglected tropical diseases (ntds), will depend on the development of reliable epidemiological surveillance methods. to establish a simple and practical seroprevalence detection system, we developed a microsphere-based multiplex immunoassay system and evaluated utility using samples obtained in kenya.	2014	25078404
[retrospective macrorestrictive analysis of the vibrio cholerae eltor strains isolated at epidemic complications in the far east of russia].	the retrospective study of the clonal structure of 24 vibrio cholerae eltor strains isolated at epidemic complications in the far east of russia was carried out on the basis of the macrorestrictive analysis of the genome dna using noti and sfii endonucleases. it was found that clonal (by amplification profiling data) toxigenic strains (n = 23) were characterized by variability of noti/sfii-generated restriction profiles. the v. cholerae eltor isolated in yuzhno-sakhalinsk outbreak were different ...	2014	25080816
structural basis of nucleoside and nucleoside drug selectivity by concentrative nucleoside transporters.	concentrative nucleoside transporters (cnts) are responsible for cellular entry of nucleosides, which serve as precursors to nucleic acids and act as signaling molecules. cnts also play a crucial role in the uptake of nucleoside-derived drugs, including anticancer and antiviral agents. understanding how cnts recognize and import their substrates could not only lead to a better understanding of nucleoside-related biological processes but also the design of nucleoside-derived drugs that can better ...	2014	25082345
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of a ribokinase from vibrio cholerae o395.	ribokinase (rk) is one of the principal enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, catalyzing the reaction of d-ribose and adenosine triphosphate to produce ribose-5-phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (adp). to provide further insight into the catalytic mechanism, the rbsk gene from vibrio cholerae o395 encoding ribokinase was cloned and the protein was overexpressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3) and purified using ni(2+)-nta affinity chromatography. crystals of v. cholerae rk (vc-rk) and of its comp ...	2014	25084391
caenorhabditis elegans recognizes a bacterial quorum-sensing signal molecule through the awcon neuron.	in a process known as quorum sensing, bacteria use chemicals called autoinducers for cell-cell communication. population-wide detection of autoinducers enables bacteria to orchestrate collective behaviors. in the animal kingdom detection of chemicals is vital for success in locating food, finding hosts, and avoiding predators. this behavior, termed chemotaxis, is especially well studied in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans. here we demonstrate that the vibrio cholerae autoinducer (s)-3-hydroxy ...	2014	25092291
dna-rescuable allosteric inhibition of aptamer ii ligand affinity by aptamer i element in the shortened vibrio cholerae glycine riboswitch.	glycine riboswitches contain two aptamers and turn on the expression of downstream genes in bacteria. although full-length glycine riboswitches were shown to exhibit no glycine-binding cooperativity, the truncated glycine riboswitches were confirmed to bind two glycine molecules cooperatively. thorough understanding of the ligand-binding cooperativity may shed light on the molecular basis of the cooperativity and help design novel intricate biosensing genetic circuits for application in syntheti ...	2014	25092436
comparative genomics of 274 vibrio cholerae genomes reveals mobile functions structuring three niche dimensions.	vibrio cholerae is a globally dispersed pathogen that has evolved with humans for centuries, but also includes non-pathogenic environmental strains. here, we identify the genomic variability underlying this remarkable persistence across the three major niche dimensions space, time, and habitat.	2014	25096633
modeling of scale-dependent bacterial growth by chemical kinetics approach.	we applied the so-called chemical kinetics approach to complex bacterial growth patterns that were dependent on the liquid-surface-area-to-volume ratio (sa/v) of the bacterial cultures. the kinetic modeling was based on current experimental knowledge in terms of autocatalytic bacterial growth, its inhibition by the metabolite co2, and the relief of inhibition through the physical escape of the inhibitor. the model quantitatively reproduces kinetic data of sa/v-dependent bacterial growth and can ...	2014	25105169
a rapid quantitative activity assay shows that the vibrio cholerae colonization factor gbpa is an active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase.	the discovery of the copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (lpmos) has revealed new territory for chemical and biochemical analysis. these unique mononuclear copper enzymes are abundant, suggesting functional diversity beyond their established roles in the depolymerization of biomass polysaccharides. at the same time basic biochemical methods for characterizing lpmos, such as activity assays are not well developed. here we describe a method for quantification of c1-oxidized chitoo ...	2014	25109775
piezoresistive microcantilever-based dna sensor for sensitive detection of pathogenic vibrio cholerae o1 in food sample.	pathogenic vibrio cholerae produces a cholera toxin which is the cause of a severe diarrheal disease called "cholera". available detection methods, including standard bacteriological test and immuno-based detection, are specific to the suspected pathogenic v. cholerae o1 and o139, but they are not specific to the cholera toxin producible strain. this work combined the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of cholera toxin gene, ctxa gene, and microcantilever-based dna sensor to improve the sensitivity ...	2015	25113053
bacterial shedding in household contacts of cholera patients in dhaka, bangladesh.	multiple vibrio cholerae infections within the same household are common. household contacts of patients with cholera were observed with daily clinical assessments and collection of rectal swab cultures for nine days after presentation of the index case. during the follow-up period, 71 (24%) of 294 household contacts developed a positive v. cholerae rectal swab, signifying bacterial shedding. the average length of bacterial shedding was 2.0 days (95% confidence interval 1.7-2.4). however, 16 (5% ...	2014	25114012
two cases of bacteriemia caused by nontoxigenic, non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae isolates in ho chi minh city, vietnam.	the toxigenic bacterium vibrio cholerae belonging to the o1 and o139 serogroups is commonly associated with epidemic diarrhea in tropical settings; other diseases caused by this environmental pathogen are seldom identified. here we report two unassociated cases of nonfatal, nontoxigenic v. cholerae non-o1, non-o139 bacteremia in patients with comorbidities in ho chi minh city, vietnam, that occurred within a 4-week period.	2014	25122858
occurrence of the three major vibrio species pathogenic for human in seafood products consumed in france using real-time pcr.	vibrio spp. have emerged as a serious threat to human health worldwide. vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus are of particular concern as they have been linked to gastrointestinal infections and septicemia associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. we developed hydrolysis probe-based real-time pcr systems with an internal amplification control for the detection of these species. we applied these systems to a total of 167 fresh or frozen crustacean, f ...	2014	25128747
pathogenic vibrios in environmental, seafood and clinical sources in germany.	bacteria of the family vibrionaceae naturally occur in marine and estuarine environments. only few species of vibrionaceae are associated with human cases of gastroenteritis, ear and wound infections, caused by ingestion of seafood or contact with vibrio containing water. increasing consumption of seafood (fish, fishery products and shellfish) poses a possible source of vibrio infections in germany. additionally, there is a growing concern that abundances of pathogenic vibrios may increase in ge ...	2014	25129553
alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities.	with reports of pandrug-resistant bacteria causing untreatable infections, the need for new antibacterial therapies is more pressing than ever. alkaloids are a large and structurally diverse group of compounds that have served as scaffolds for important antibacterial drugs such as metronidazole and the quinolones. in this review, we highlight other alkaloids with development potential. natural, semisynthetic and synthetic alkaloids of all classes are considered, looking first at those with direc ...	2014	25130096
structure-guided reprogramming of human cgas dinucleotide linkage specificity.	cyclic dinucleotides (cdns) play central roles in bacterial pathogenesis and innate immunity. the mammalian enzyme cgas synthesizes a unique cyclic dinucleotide (cgamp) containing a 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage essential for optimal immune stimulation, but the molecular basis for linkage specificity is unknown. here, we show that the vibrio cholerae pathogenicity factor dncv is a prokaryotic cgas-like enzyme whose activity provides a mechanistic rationale for the unique ability of cgas to produc ...	2014	25131990
acquisition and evolution of sxt-r391 integrative conjugative elements in the seventh-pandemic vibrio cholerae lineage.	sxt-r391 integrative conjugative elements (ices) are self-transmissible mobile genetic elements able to confer multidrug resistance and other adaptive features to bacterial hosts, including vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. ices are arranged in a mosaic genetic structure composed of a conserved backbone interspersed with variable dna clusters located in conserved hot spots. in this study, we investigated ice acquisition and subsequent microevolution in pandemic v. cholerae. ninety ...	2014	25139901
dna transport across the outer and inner membranes of naturally transformable vibrio cholerae is spatially but not temporally coupled.	the physiological state of natural competence for transformation allows certain bacteria to take up free dna from the environment and to recombine such newly acquired dna into their chromosomes. however, even though conserved components that are required to undergo natural transformation have been identified in several naturally competent bacteria, our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of the dna uptake process remains very limited. to better understand these mechanisms, we investigated the ...	2014	25139903
circulating mucosal associated invariant t cells are activated in vibrio cholerae o1 infection and associated with lipopolysaccharide antibody responses.	mucosal associated invariant t (mait) cells are innate-like t cells found in abundance in the intestinal mucosa, and are thought to play a role in bridging the innate-adaptive interface.	2014	25144724
fecal contamination of drinking water supplies in and around chandigarh and correlation with acute gastroenteritis.	acute gastroenteritis due to vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic e. coli is a common problem faced in the hot and humid summer months in north india. the study was undertaken to evaluate drinking water supplies for fecal coliforms, v. cholerae and enterotoxigenic e. coli in urban, semiurban and rural areas in and around chandigarh and correlate with occurrence of acute gastroenteritis occurring from the same region. drinking water sample were collected from various sources from april to october ...	2012	25145069
effect of water storage in silver container on the viability of enteric bacterial pathogens.	silver is one of the heavy metals traditionally played major role in the human life. it is used in the form of ornaments or as containers to store or drink water and other consumable liquids. the study was designed to observe the effect of water storage in silver containers on enteric pathogens. three sets of sterile silver, stainless steel and glass metal screw capped containers were filled with non-chlorinated sterilized well water. one each of the three sets was inoculated with enteric pathog ...	2012	25145073
isolation of vibrio cholera el tor inaba from lemna minor and eichhornia crassipens roots in veracruz, mexico.	during epidemic periods, the strain vibrio cholera el tor has been isolated from the aquatic macrophyte roots of eichhornia crassipens and lemna minor, suggesting that aquatic plants could be environmental reservoirs through either a non-specific association or a commensalism relationship. therefore, it is important to understand v. cholera reservoirs in order to establish prevention strategies against this pathogen.	2014	25147681
genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance among intestinal bacteria.	integrons are the major reasons of multidrug resistance (mdr) among enteropathogenic bacteria. occurrence of horizontal gene transfer between integron-carrying microorganisms and other enteric bacteria may increase the rate of emergence of integron-associated antibiotic resistance.	2014	25147720
initiator protein dimerization plays a key role in replication control of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2.	rctb, the initiator of replication of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2 (chr2), binds to the origin of replication to specific 12-mer sites both as a monomer and a dimer. binding to 12-mers is essential for initiation. the monomers also bind to a second kind of site, 39-mers, which inhibits initiation. mutations in rctb that reduce dimer binding increase monomer binding to 12-mers but decrease monomer binding to 39-mers. the mechanism of this paradoxical binding behavior has been unclear. using delet ...	2014	25159619
evolutionary consequences of intra-patient phage predation on microbial populations.	the impact of phage predation on bacterial pathogens in the context of human disease is not currently appreciated. here, we show that predatory interactions of a phage with an important environmentally transmitted pathogen, vibrio cholerae, can modulate the evolutionary trajectory of this pathogen during the natural course of infection within individual patients. we analyzed geographically and temporally disparate cholera patient stool samples from haiti and bangladesh and found that phage preda ...	2014	25161196
water bags as a potential vehicle for transmitting disease in a west african capital, bissau.	street vendors of chilled packaged water have an increasing role in meeting the drinking water demand of people on the move in developing nations. hygienic conditions can be questionable, and water quality screening scarce or non-existent.	2015	25164169
changing characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in children younger than five years in urban bangladesh.	childhood rotavirus diarrhea is still one of the major public health challenges. the present study aimed to determine changing characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in under-5 children at two periods of time.	2014	25171098
computer based screening for novel inhibitors against vibrio cholerae using nci diversity set-ii: an alternative approach by targeting transcriptional activator toxt.	cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by vibrio cholerae and remains as a major health risk in developing countries. the emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant v. cholerae strains during the past two decades is now a major problem in the treatment of cholera and have created the urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic agents. targeting transcriptional factor is now a novel approach to tackle the development of multi-drug resistant strain. in the recent year virtual high ...	2014	25172449
killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges.	cholera is still a major global health problem, affecting mainly people living in unsanitary conditions and who are at risk for outbreaks of cholera. during the past decade, outbreaks are increasingly reported from more countries. from the early killed oral cholera vaccine, rapid improvements in vaccine development occurred as a result of a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, pathogenesis of cholera infection and immunity. the newer-generation oral killed cholera vaccines ha ...	2014	25177492