Publications

[influenza b outbreaks in the ground self-defense force, january through march, 1961].		1962	13915207
[influenza b and a2 epidemics in norway during the 1st months of 1961].		1962	13952721
[identification of atypical strains of a virus probably belonging to influenza b isolated during the 1962 epidemic].		2016	13978103
laboratory studies of influenza virus type b infections in children.		1963	14023650
influenza virus b as cause of acute croup syndrome.		1964	14067457
myxoviruses associated with acute laryngotracheobronchitis in toronto, 1962-63.	between november 1962 and march 1963, myxoviruses were isolated from 95 of 224 children (40.5%), most of whom were aged less than three years, who were admitted to the hospital for sick children, toronto, with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (tracheitis or croup). viral isolates included 87 strains of parainfluenza-1, five of parainfluenza-3, and three of influenza a2. an epidemic of influenza a2 afflicted toronto during march 1963, at which time this virus was isolated from tracheitis patients.m ...	1963	14098888
strain specific complement-fixation differentiation of influenza b viruses isolated in tissue culture.		1963	14120357
enzymatic variants of influenza virus. iii. function of neuraminidase in the viral growth cycle.	padgett, billie l. (university of wisconsin, madison), and duard l. walker. enzymatic variants of influenza virus. iii. function of neuraminidase in the viral growth cycle. j. bacteriol. 87:363-369. 1964.-multiplication of a slowly reacting enzymatic variant of influenza b virus, strain lee, was compared with that of parent virus in ovo. at 35 c, although their final yields were equal, variant virus reached its peak concentration in the allantoic fluids later than parent virus. at 39 c, multipli ...	1964	14151058
induction of partial specific heterotypic immunity in mice by a single infection with influenza a virus.	schulman, jerome l. (cornell university medical college, new york, n.y.), and edwin d. kilbourne. induction of partial specific heterotypic immunity in mice by a single infection with influenza a virus. j. bacteriol. 89:170-174. 1965.-mice infected 4 weeks previously with influenza a virus were found to be partially immune when challenged with influenza a2 virus. this partial immunity was demonstrated by reduced titers of pulmonary virus, decreased mortality, and less extensive lung lesions. a s ...	1965	14255658
a twenty-one-year experience with antigenic variation among influenza b viruses.		1965	14265902
properties of hemagglutinins of influenza virus type b.		1965	14304762
reactivation of non-infective virus in a cortisone-injected host.	the administration of cortisone to chick embryos inoculated with large quantities of inactive influenza b virus results in a rate of viral increase greater than is concommittantly observed with inocula of comparable infectivity which are devoid of inactive particles. thus, more than a mere negation of autointerference is effected. it is concluded that in the presence of cortisone reactivation has occurred of non-infective virus to a state in which it can participate in viral synthesis. cortisone ...	1955	14354111
[the viruses of the 1952-3 influenza epidemic].	the results of antigenic studies of the viruses received at the world influenza centre from the 1952-3 influenza epidemic are described. as in 1950-1, two main antigenic groups of influenza a viruses could be distinguished. one group, called liverpool, contained strains closely related to 1950-1 liverpool strains. the other, called scandinavian, contained strains related to but not identical with 1950-1 scandinavian viruses. altogether, 175 scandinavian, 33 liverpool, and 4 influenza b virus str ...	1954	14364180
studies with influenza virus b of recent human origin. i. adaptation to the mouse lung.		1955	14367824
studies with influenza virus b of recent human origin. ii. genetic interaction with mil strain of influenza b virus.		1955	14367825
epidemic influenza b and c in navy recruits, 1953-1954. i. antigenic studies on influenza virus, type b.		1955	14371656
epidemic influenza b and c in navy recruits, 1953-1954. ii. antigenic studies on influenza virus, type c.		1955	14371657
comparison of the pathogenesis of newcastle disease virus and influenza b virus in chicken embryos.		1960	14425334
meningoencephalitis due to influenza virus b.		1960	14425918
influenza b at fort yukon: report of an outbreak, 1961.		1962	14471738
serious respiratory tract illness as a result of asian influenza and influenza b infections in children.		1962	14484063
[studies on the influenza b epidemic in kyushu district, especially in kumamoto district, in the spring of 1961].		1962	14493467
evolution of surface and nonstructural-1 genes of influenza b viruses isolated in the province of québec, canada, during the 1998-2001 period.	after 2 minor winter seasons, influenza b viruses were predominantly isolated in the province of quebec, canada, during the 2000-2001 season representing 74% of laboratory-confirmed influenza viruses. we performed an antigenic study of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein and a molecular characterization of the ha1 region, nonstructural-1 (ns1) and neuraminidase (na)/nb genes of 20 influenza b strains isolated in the province of quebec during the 1998-2001 period. our isolates were compared to recent ...	2003	14501190
comparison of conventional viral cultures with direct fluorescent antibody stains for diagnosis of community-acquired respiratory virus infections in hospitalized children.	because of the widespread availability of rapid viral antigen testing, many institutions never adopted a routine practice of ordering viral cultures to detect community-acquired respiratory viruses (crvs). the ease of performing complete viral studies in our on site laboratory allowed us to assess the clinical implications of the absence of conventional culture results in previously healthy hospitalized children with crv infections.	2003	14506369
update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, may-september 2003.	during may-september 2003, influenza a(h3n2) viruses circulated worldwide and were associated with mild to moderate levels of disease activity. influenza a(h1) and b viruses were reported less frequently. in north america, isolates of influenza a(h3n2), a(h1), and b were identified sporadically. this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states and worldwide during may-september 2003. influenza activity in north america typically peaks during december-march, which underscores the ne ...	2003	14508440
emergence of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses: epidemiological study.	at present, three licensed antiviral influenza agents are available in japan: amantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir. these antiviral agents can be used for controlling and preventing influenza, but they are not a substitute for vaccination. amantadine is an antiviral drug with activity against influenza a viruses, but not influenza b viruses. persons who have influenza a infection and who are treated with amantadine can shed sensitive viruses early in the course of treatment and later shed drug ...	2003	14513385
influenza. introduction.		2003	14515908
viral characteristics of influenza.		2003	14515914
are the 2-isomers of the drug rimantadine active anti-influenza a agents?	there is a lack of information in the medical chemistry literature concerning the anti-influenza a activity of the drug rimantadine's 2-isomer (2-rimantadine). we now present results showing that, although 2-adamantanamine (2-amantadine) 3 is only moderately active, some 2-rimantadine analogues are effective anti-influenza a virus agents in vitro. the 2-rimantadine analogues and their spirocyclobutane and spirocyclopentane congeners were synthesized through interesting routes. the 2-rimantadine ...	2003	14521332
management of influenza symptoms in healthy adults.	to determine the cost-effectiveness of rapid diagnostic testing and empiric antiviral therapy for healthy adults with symptoms of influenza.	2003	14521643
influenza virus and cns manifestations.	neurological involvement during influenza infection has been described during epidemics and is often consistent with serious sequelae or death. an increasing incidence of influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy has been reported in japan, mainly in children. a variety of other clinical cns manifestations, such as reye's syndrome, acute necrotising encephalopathy (ane), and myelitis as well as autoimmune conditions, such as guillain-barre's syndrome, may occur during the course of influe ...	2003	14522059
neuraminidase inhibitors slightly beneficial for shortening flu symptoms.		2003	14529590
incidence of influenza in finnish children.	influenza is an important cause of respiratory illness in children, but data on virologically confirmed influenza infections in children treated as outpatients are limited.	2003	14551475
burden of influenza in children: preliminary data from a pilot survey network on community diseases.	the burden of influenza and its clinical presentation are both poorly documented in french children.	2003	14551477
influenza b virus ns2, a nuclear export protein, directly associates with the viral ribonucleoprotein complex.	in influenza a virus and influenza b virus, the ns2 protein (nuclear export protein) has been proposed to mediate the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of viral ribonucleoprotein (vrnp) by forming ns2-vrnp complexes. while the binding interactions of ns2 in these complexes have been well characterized for influenza a virus, much less is known about influenza b virus ns2 (b/ns2). in this report, we developed a specific antiserum against b/ns2 protein and demonstrated that b/ns2 was synthesized late i ...	2003	14551812
characterization of hela cells persistently infected with influenza virus b/lee/40 with respect to telomerase activity and apoptosis.	the purpose of this study was to examine telomerase activity and apoptotic changes in hela cells persistently infected with influenza viruses b/lee/40 (he/le cells).	2003	14555852
influenza b pneumonia with staphylococcus aureus superinfection associated with parvovirus b19 and concomitant agranulocytosis.	an 11-year-old patient with anamnestic fever for 3 days and signs of upper respiratory tract infection underwent fulminant staphylococcus aureus pneumonia with concomitant agranulocytosis. from autopsia influenza b virus and parvovirus b19 were detected by nucleic acid amplification technique (nat). specific igg but no igm points to preexisting parvovirus b19 infection. whether in this case agranulocytosis can be interpreted as early manifestation of reactivated parvovirus b19 infection is under ...	2003	14556063
a case-control study of influenza vaccine effectiveness among malaysian pilgrims attending the haj in saudi arabia.	to determine influenza vaccine effectiveness against clinically defined influenza-like illness among malaysian pilgrims attending the haj in saudi arabia.	2003	14563225
[the 2002/2003 influenza season in the netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2003/2004 season].	as in the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 seasons, the influenza epidemic in the 2002/2003 season started late (week 7 of 2003) and was only moderate in size. influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses were detected in equal numbers among patients of general practitioners and these two viruses were therefore equally responsible for the epidemic. however, h3n2 viruses dominated isolates taken from hospitals. in haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assays most of the h3n2 viruses proved highly reactive with antiserum ...	2003	14574782
response to influenza vaccination in community and in nursing home residing elderly: relation to clinical factors.	intramuscular (im) influenza vaccines are about 50% effective in preventing respiratory illness among the elderly. the aim of this study was to identify factors associated with immune response to influenza vaccination among nursing home and community-residing elderly. 114 nursing home (nhe) and 62 community residing elderly (ce) were vaccinated with a commercial im vaccine. serum antibodies were evaluated by hia, and the impact of subjects' clinical characteristics on seroconversion was determin ...	2003	14580873
[risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in bogota, 2001].	severity of acute respiratory infection is higher in developing countries, especially among the socioeconomically underprivileged. viral pneumonias are more common, especially among children. a prospective hospital-based case control study was undertaken in bogota between november 2000 and august 2001, aimed to identify factors related to severe low acute respiratory infection (slari). cases were limited to children aged between 2 months and 5 years who filled who criteria for slari. controls we ...	2003	14582331
[the use of bromelain in obtaining the subviral particles of influenza a and b viruses].	subviral particles of modern strains of influenza a viruses, i.e. a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2), reassortant x-31 (subtype h3n2) and b/sichuan/379/99, were obtained by using two preparations of bromeline ("sigma co., catalogues' nos. b2252 and b5144). a selective ability of bromeline b5144 was detected to the proteolytic splitting of hemagglutinin of influenza a and b viruses. an influence of enzyme b5144 produced on influenza b viruses brought about an appearance of subvir ...	2003	14598475
reassortants in recent human influenza a and b isolates from south east asia and oceania.	from 2000 to 2002, human influenza a and b viruses that were genetic reassortants of contemporary circulating human strains, were isolated in south east asia and oceania. similar to reports from other regions, a(h1n2) isolates were found to be reassortants of circulating a(h3n2) viruses that had acquired only the haemagglutinin gene of an a(h1n1) virus. some of these reassortants from thailand and singapore predate those previously recorded during the winter of 2001-2002 in europe and the middle ...	2003	14609628
[influenza activity in japan, 2002/03 season].	influenza epidemic in 2002/03 season in japan was second largest among recent 10 seasons. both influenza a(h3) and b viruses circulated widely this season. nationally, influenza a(h3) viruses predominated during the first half of the season, but after the week ending february 16, influenza b viruses were reported more frequently than influenza a viruses. influenza a(h3n2) isolates were reported to be similar to a/panama/2007/99, the h3n2 component of the 2002/03 influenza vaccine. antigenic char ...	2003	14619424
[classification and genome structure of influenza virus].	influenza a and b viruses contain eight negative-strand rna segments, while influenza c virus contains seven, each of which encodes 1 or 2 proteins. the rna segments possess untranslated regions(utrs) at 3' and 5' ends. the utrs are composed of highly conserved terminal nucleotides and segment-specific nonconserved nucleotides located adjacent to the open reading frame of the viral rnas. they are responsible for transcription, translation, and replication of viral rna. we recently found that the ...	2003	14619426
[neuraminidase inhibitor, anti-influenzal agent--mechanism of action, and how to use clinically].	neuraminidase inhibitor has changed the treatment of influenza dramatically. the drug is effective for both influenza a and b whereas amantadine, another anti-influenzal agent, inhibits influenza a virus infection but not b. neuraminidase inhibitor blocks the process of release of influenza virus from infected cells and inhibit the virus transmission to the neighboring cells. neuraminidase inhibitor improves the symptoms of influenza and shortens the duration of illness. it is emphasized that th ...	2003	14619441
active surveillance for respiratory virus infections in adults who have undergone bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.	community-acquired respiratory virus (rv) infections are an important cause of disease in immunocompromised adults with cancer. to investigate the viral etiology, incidence, clinical presentation, and outcome of rv infections in an outpatient cohort of adult bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant (sct) recipients, we monitored 62 outpatient volunteers from january 1 to april 30, 2001. a nasopharyngeal aspirate was collected from subjects when they reported new respiratory symptoms ...	2003	14625580
influenza in the world. 1 october 2002-30 september 2003.		2003	14631597
aggregate content influences the th1/th2 immune response to influenza vaccine: evidence from a mouse model.	during the 2000-2001 season, a newly identified oculo-respiratory syndrome (ors) was detected across canada as an adverse effect to one influenza vaccine. the implicated vaccine contained a higher than expected proportion of unsplit and aggregated influenza virions. clinical and epidemiologic features of ors were suggestive of type 2-like influences on the immune response. we hypothesized that the implicated vaccine from the 2000-2001 season would induce greater th2-like polarization relative to ...	2004	14635022
heterocyclic rimantadine analogues with antiviral activity.	2-(1-adamantyl)pyrrolidines 6, 7, 2-(1-adamantyl)piperidines 10, 12a-c, 15a,b and 2-(1-adamantyl)hexahydroazepines 19, 21, 22 were synthesized and tested for their antiviral activity against influenza a, b viruses and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). the synthetic procedure followed for the preparation of the parent piperidine 10 represents a general method for the synthesis of 2-alkyl- or cycloalkyl-substituted piperidine alkaloids. parent aminoadamantanes 6, ...	2003	14642592
life events, perceived stress and antibody response to influenza vaccination in young, healthy adults.	chronic stress has been associated with impaired response to influenza vaccination in the elderly. this study investigated whether mild, intermittent stress experienced by young, healthy adults has a similar effect.	2003	14642989
influenza.	although most influenza infections are self-limited, few other diseases exert such a huge toll of suffering and economic loss. despite the importance of influenza, there had been, until recently, little advance in its control since amantadine was licensed almost 40 years ago. during the past decade, evidence has accrued on the protection afforded by inactivated vaccines and the safety and efficacy in children of live influenza-virus vaccines. there have been many new developments in vaccine tech ...	2003	14643124
[community acquired pneumonia and influenza in children].	children without chronic or serious medical conditions are at increased risk for hospitalization during influenza seasons, mainly with respiratory tract infections. but influenza virus infections frequently remain undiagnosed, even in hospitalized patients. we prospectively studied the rate of concomitant and preceding influenza infections in children hospitalized with a community acquired pneumonia (cap).	2003	14643533
cocirculation and evolution of two lineages of influenza b viruses in europe and israel in the 2001-2002 season.	forty-nine influenza b virus isolates collected in belgium, finland, spain, and israel during the 2001-2002 winter season were categorized into either of two lineages, b/yamagata/16/88 or b/victoria/2/87, based on the phylogenetic studies of ha1 sequences. the data trace the geographic spread of b/victoria/2/87-like viruses and support the emergence of b/hong kong/1351/02-like viruses, possibly due to selective advantages of reassortment.	2003	14662979
inhibition of rantes expression by indirubin in influenza virus-infected human bronchial epithelial cells.	the human bronchial epithelial cells are the primary sites of influenza virus infection. in this study, the effect of indirubin on the expression of the chemokine regulated on activation, normal t cell expressed and secreted (rantes) by the influenza virus-infected h292 human epithelial cell line was examined. the expression of rantes mrna was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the concentration of rantes production was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorben ...	2004	14667939
update: influenza activity--united states, 2003-04 season.	influenza began circulating in the united states unusually early this season, and influenza activity nationwide is expected to increase. cases of severe disease, including deaths, have been reported in children. this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states during the weeks ending october 4-december 6, 2003. during the week ending december 6, influenza activity was reported to cdc as widespread in 24 states. the early season and the unusually high and persistent demand for vacci ...	2003	14668710
detection of influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus during asthma attacks in children older than 2 years old.	viral upper respiratory tract infections (urti) have been correlated with the onset of asthma attacks in children and viral identification was reported in 14-49 % of nasal samples. the aim of the present study was to detect influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in older children during acute asthma attacks.	2003	14670285
antiviral activity of hop constituents against a series of dna and rna viruses.	we investigated whether crude hop extracts and purified hop components representing every major chemical class of hop compound have antiviral activity. these hop constituents were tested for antiviral activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) as a surrogate model of hepatitis c virus (hcv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), influenza a virus (flu-a), influenza b virus (flu-b), rhinovirus (rhino), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), yellow fever virus (yfv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), hepa ...	2004	14670594
vaccinations may induce diabetes-related autoantibodies in one-year-old children.	vaccinations have been discussed as one among many environmental candidates contributing to the immune process that later may lead to type 1 diabetes. abis (all babies in southeast sweden) is a prospective cohort study following a nonselected birth cohort of general population. in a randomly selected sample collection from 4400 children, gada and ia-2a have been determined at the age of 1 year. the information on vaccinations was collected from questionnaires answered by the parents and was rela ...	2003	14679101
5'-nor carbocyclic ribavirin.	an efficient synthesis of 5'-nor carbocyclic ribavirin (4) is described in 13 steps from conveniently available (+)-(ir,4s)-4-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl acetate (6). compound 4 was evaluated against the following viruses: herpes simplex type 1 and 2, vaccinia, cowpox, smallpox, ebola, hepatitis b, hepatitis c, adenovirus type 1, influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2), influenza b, parainfluenza type 3, pichinde, punta toro a, respiratory syncytial, rhinovirus type 2, venezuelan equine encephalitis, yellow ...	2003	14680022
effect of a single mutation in neuraminidase on the properties of influenza b virus isolates.	two strains of influenza b virus were isolated in vero cells. subclones with improved efficiency of plaque formation were selected. the activity of the neuraminidase (na) of the two subclones compared to their respective isolates dropped 20- and 100-fold, respectively. both subclones had a common mutation in segment 6 leading to a change from asp to asn at position 457 in the na. this mutation destroyed a salt bridge of the contact surface between the monomers, thereby causing the loss in enzyma ...	2004	14689282
coexistent yellow nail syndrome and selective antibody deficiency.	yellow nail syndrome (yns) is a rare, often underdiagnosed condition of unknown origin. the clinical features of the syndrome include yellow nails, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, pleural effusion, and lymphoedema. despite the frequent occurrence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in patients with yns, comprehensive analysis of their humoral immunity has not been previously reported.	2003	14692436
influence of antigenic drift on the intensity of influenza outbreaks: upper respiratory tract infections of military conscripts in finland.	a total of 102,600 upper respiratory infections (uri) were recorded among young military conscripts in the finnish defence forces during the study period from october 1991 to march 1994. this period covered three outbreaks caused by h3n2-subtype influenza a virus and one outbreak of influenza b. during the 1991/92 outbreak caused by a/beijing/353/89-like virus, the calculated influenza a incidence was 2,206/10,000 men. during the 1992/93 outbreak when influenza b was the predominant virus, a new ...	2004	14695670
direct and total effectiveness of the intranasal, live-attenuated, trivalent cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine against the 2000-2001 influenza a(h1n1) and b epidemic in healthy children.	the efficacy of the intranasal, live-attenuated, trivalent cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) against influenza a(h3n2) and b infections in healthy persons is established, but its effectiveness against natural influenza a(h1n1) infection is unknown.	2004	14706961
update: influenza activity--united states, december 21, 2003-january 3, 2004.	the number of states reporting widespread influenza activity decreased during december 21, 2003-january 3, 2004. during the latest reporting week, ending january 3, health departments in 38 states, the district of columbia, and new york city reported widespread influenza activity. nine states reported regional activity, one state reported local activity, and one state and guam reported sporadic activity. the percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ili) decreased in all survei ...	2004	14712179
cell-based assay for the determination of temperature sensitive and cold adapted phenotypes of influenza viruses.	the determination of temperature sensitive (ts) and cold adapted (ca) phenotype for influenza a and b strains has been conducted traditionally using embryonated chicken eggs. as attempts are made to move away from the use of eggs in the manufacturing process of influenza vaccines, it will become useful to develop cell-based assays to support cell culture-based vaccine production. in this study, mdck cells have been evaluated as a tool for determining the ts and ca phenotypes associated with live ...	2004	14715309
phenotypic drug susceptibility assay for influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors.	a flow cytometric (fluorescence-activated cell sorter [facs]) assay was developed for analysis of the drug susceptibilities of wild-type and drug-resistant influenza a and b virus laboratory strains and clinical isolates for the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors oseltamivir carboxylate, zanamivir, and peramivir. the drug susceptibilities of wild-type influenza viruses and those with mutations in the hemagglutinin (ha) and/or na genes rendering them resistant to one or more of the na inhibitors were ...	2004	14715540
multiplex real-time pcr assay for detection of influenza and human respiratory syncytial viruses.	a multiplex real-time pcr assay was developed with a lightcycler instrument for detection of influenza viruses a and b and the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). detection of each viral product and of an internal control was based on determination of specific melting temperatures by the lightcycler software. the lower limit of detection in the multiplex pcr assay was found to be 50 copies for each viral target. in an evaluation of nasopharyngeal samples collected from hospitalized childre ...	2004	14715730
neuraminidase inhibitors in patients with underlying airways disease.	influenza virus infection accounts for significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures among persons worldwide. approximately 20,000 to 40,000 people in the us die each year as a result of influenza. individuals most susceptible to adverse outcomes include the elderly and those with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), heart disease, renal failure, malignancy, or immunosuppression. prior to the aids epidemic, underlying respiratory disease was the greatest risk fac ...	2002	14720062
spotlight on zanamivir in influenza.	zanamivir is a potent competitive inhibitor of the neuraminidase glycoprotein, which is essential in the infective cycle of influenza a and b viruses. zanamivir (10 mg by inhalation via the diskhaler twice daily, or 10 mg inhaled plus 6.4 mg intranasally 2 or 4 times daily, for 5 days) reduced the median time to alleviation of major influenza symptoms by up to 2.5 days compared with placebo. significant reductions of 1 to 2.5 days versus placebo were observed with inhaled zanamivir in phase iii ...	2002	14720068
influenza vaccine--outmaneuvering antigenic shift and drift.		2004	14724300
heterogeneous influenza activity across europe during the winter of 2002-2003.	influenza activity varied across europe during the 2002-2003 season both in terms of the intensity of clinical activity and the circulating virus types/subtypes. influenza b was generally predominant in the 'western' parts of europe (portugal, spain, the united kingdom and ireland) and influenza a (h3n2) in the 'central' and 'eastern' areas (germany, italy, denmark, switzerland, poland, slovenia, the slovak republic, the netherlands). a number of countries experienced mixed seasons, first experi ...	2003	14724332
the use of near patient tests in influenza surveillance: swiss experience and eiss recommendations.	surveillance requires time for analysis and for the communication to physicians. in order to reduce this delay, a new surveillance system based on the use of a near patient test (npt) has been evaluated. the high specificity of npt together with the rapidity in obtaining the results, make these tests attractive for surveillance of influenza epidemic in community practice. such surveillance has been used in several countries including switzerland. four different seasons - between 1999 and 2003 - ...	2003	14724333
update: influenza activity--united states, january 4-10, 2004.	the number of states reporting widespread influenza activity continued to decrease during the reporting week of january 4-10, 2004. health departments in 20 states and new york city reported widespread influenza activity. a total of 24 states reported regional activity, three states reported local activity, and sporadic activity was reported by two states, the district of columbia, guam, and puerto rico. the percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ili) continued to decrease i ...	2004	14724560
influenza dna vaccine: an update.		2004	14733788
microsphere-based duplexed immunoassay for influenza virus typing by flow cytometry.	we have developed a rapid, duplexed microsphere-based immunoassay for the characterization of influenza virus types that has the potential to overcome many of the limitations of current detection methods. the assay uses microspheres of two sizes, each coupled to an influenza type a- or type b-specific monoclonal antibody (mab), to capture influenza viruses in the sample. a cocktail of fluorescently labeled, influenza-specific polyclonal antibodies then binds the captured viruses. the sandwich co ...	2004	14736414
detection of differential expression of mouse interferon-alpha subtypes by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers.	specific primers for nine mouse interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) subtypes, namely, ifn-alpha1, ifn-alpha1-9, ifn-alpha2, ifn-alpha4, ifn-alpha5, ifn-alpha7, ifn-alpha6/8, ifn-alpha11, and ifn-alphab, were designed and evaluated on poly(i).poly(c)-induced and influenza virus-infected l929 cells. specificity of the primers was confirmed in a cross-polymerase chain reaction (cross-pcr). ifn-alpha1, ifn-alpha1-9, ifn-alpha4, ifn-alpha6/8, ifn-alpha11, and ifn-alphab were found to be induced in l929 cell ...	2004	14736428
update: influenza activity--united states, january 11-17, 2004.	the number of states reporting widespread influenza activity continued to decrease during the reporting week of january 11-17, 2004. health departments in five states reported widespread influenza activity. a total of 31 states and new york city reported regional activity, eight states reported local activity, and sporadic activity was reported by six states, the district of columbia, guam, and puerto rico. the percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ili) continued to decreas ...	2004	14737063
the influenza b virus nonstructural ns1 protein is essential for efficient viral growth and antagonizes beta interferon induction.	we analyzed the functions of the influenza b virus nonstructural ns1-b protein, both by utilizing a constructed mutant virus (delta ns1-b) lacking the ns1 gene and by testing the activities of the protein when expressed in cells. the mutant virus replicated to intermediate levels in 6-day-old embryonated chicken eggs that contain an immature interferon (ifn) system, whereas older eggs did not support viral propagation to a significant extent. the delta ns1-b virus was a substantially stronger in ...	2004	14747551
[seropositivity against atypical pneumonia agents demonstrated in patients with community-acquired pneumonia].	the aim of this study was to investigate the igg and igm antibody positivities against atypical pneumonia agents in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap), and to compare the results with the controls. the serum samples which were collected from 53 adult patients and 20 healthy donors have been investigated by a commercial indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa, pneumo-slide, vircell sl, spain) in which nine different antigens were fixed onto a slide. in both of the study groups. igg an ...	2003	14748261
update: influenza activity--united states, january 18-24, 2004.	the number of states reporting widespread influenza activity continued to decrease during the reporting week of january 18-24, 2004. one state health department reported widespread activity. a total of 20 states reported regional activity, 19 states and new york city reported local activity, and sporadic activity was reported by nine states, the district of columbia, guam, and puerto rico. the percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ili) remained the same during the week endi ...	2004	14749616
the ion channels coded by viruses.	pathogenicity and virulence are multifactorial traits, depending on interaction of viruses with susceptible cells and organisms. the ion channels coded by viruses, viroporins, represent only one factor taking part in the cascade of interactions between virus and cell, leading to the entry of virus, replication and to profound changes in membrane permeability. the m2 protein from influenza a virus forms proton-selective, ph-regulated channel involved in regulating vesicular ph, a function importa ...	2003	14750442
immune responses to influenza immunization in children receiving maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.	to compare the immune responses to influenza vaccine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) receiving maintenance chemotherapy with those in healthy children.	2004	14752792
[properties of influenza virus b isolated during the epidemic of 1949 in slovakia].		1950	14792603
comparison of influenza b virus strains from the 1950 epidemic with strains from earlier epidemics.		1950	14797746
adaptation of influenza b virus to mice by use of certain adjuvants.		1950	14808242
auto-interference associated with influenza b virus.		1950	14808303
[investigations on adaptation of influenza virus b (lee) in the mouse].		1950	14815377
[investigation on an outbreak of influenza b in school; clinical report].		1950	14816274
studies on host-virus interactions in the chick embryo-influenza virus system. v. simultaneous serial passage of the agents of influenza a and b in relation to variations in the growth cycle of influenza b virus.	the combined passage of influenza a and b viruses in series, as reported by sugg and magill, has been confirmed. when the mixed passage materials were not too highly diluted both agents could be traced through 10 transfers. growth curve experiments revealed that both agents developed independently, as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition tests in the presence of specific immune sera against one or the other type. however, the hemagglutinin titers of the 2 viruses in the mixed series were alwa ...	1951	14888813
studies of the antigenic composition of influenza b viruses.		1952	14925819
[various characteristics of the influenza b virus isolated in milan in 1951].		1951	14934824
design and performance testing of quantitative real time pcr assays for influenza a and b viral load measurement.	the antiviral effect of anti-influenza drugs such as zanamivir may be demonstrated in patients as an increased rate of decline in viral load over a time course of treatment as compared with placebo. historically this was measured using plaque assays, or culture enhanced enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ce-elisa).	2004	14962787
influenza-b-virus-induced eye and brain malformations during early chick embryogenesis and localization of the viral rna in specific areas.	influenza is prevalent worldwide, and the teratogenic effects of influenza infection have been suspected to occur within the developing central nervous system. we herein report the sequelae of influenza b viral infection during early chick embryogenesis. chick embryos at hamburger-hamilton stage 9 were infected by an in ovo injection under the blastoderm of influenza b virus (b/taiwan/25/99). at 48 h after infection, gross malformations of the eye and brain, ranging from 25 to 58% of 168 infecte ...	2004	14966377
inactivated influenza virus vaccines in children.	healthy children aged < or =2 years have hospitalization rates during influenza periods 12 times those of older children and comparable to rates in the elderly population. in 2003, killed influenza vaccines were "recommended" for children with high-risk conditions and were "encouraged" for children aged 6-23 months. studies involving several thousand children show that split-virus vaccines are safe and immunogenic in healthy children aged > or =6 months and in high-risk children. in children age ...	2004	14986252
a new modified dna enzyme that targets influenza virus a mrna inhibits viral infection in cultured cells.	dna enzymes are rna-cleaving single-stranded dna molecules. we designed dna enzymes targeting the pb2 mrna translation initiation (aug) region of the influenza a virus (a/pr/8/34). the modified dna enzymes have one or two n3'-p5' phosphoramidate bonds at both the 3'- and 5'-termini of the oligonucleotides, which significantly enhanced their nuclease resistance. these modified dna enzymes had the same cleavage activity as the unmodified dna enzymes, determined by kinetic analyses, and reduced inf ...	2004	14988000
vaccines. shifting tactics in the battle against influenza.		2004	14988531
surveillance of childhood influenza virus infection: what is the best diagnostic method to use for archival samples?	despite the clinical importance of influenza virus in pediatric respiratory infections, the optimal set of diagnostic tests to use when conducting studies using archival samples is not clear. in this study, we compared diagnostic tests for influenza virus in 75 children younger than 5 years of age who presented with symptomatic respiratory infection during one of four influenza seasons, had negative viral cultures for other respiratory pathogens, and had both an archival nasal aspirate obtained ...	2004	15004072
mek inhibition impairs influenza b virus propagation without emergence of resistant variants.	influenza a and b viruses are still a major worldwide threat. we demonstrate that influenza b virus infection induces signaling via the raf/mek/erk cascade, a process required for efficient virus production. expression of dominant-negative raf and erk mutants or treatment with a mek inhibitor (u0126) strongly impaired viral propagation, while selective activation of the pathway resulted in increased virus titers. mek inhibition appears to interfere with a distinct viral nuclear export process. m ...	2004	15013748
the puzzling picture of acute necrotizing encephalopathy after influenza a and b virus infection in young children.	acute necrotizing encephalopathy is a complication of influenza a and b virus infection in young children, especially in japan. the disease is characterized by high fever, convulsions and coma. a prominent feature of this central nervous system disease is bilateral thalamic necrosis, documented by magnetic resonance imaging. the pathogenesis of the virus-associated brain pathology has not yet been elucidated. there is considerable circumstantial evidence that influenza immunization may decrease ...	2004	15014302