Publications

a dot enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (dot elisa): comparison with standard fluorescent antibody test (fat) for the diagnosis of rabies in animals.	a modified enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (dot elisa) is described for visual detection of rabies antigen in animals. the test materials were dotted onto the nitrocellulose paper and allowed to react with rabies antiserum. the bound antigen--anti-body were reacted with a peroxidase conjugated antirabbit immunoglobulin. positive reactions were easily visualized as brown dots after enzyme degradation of the substrate. a total of 400 specimens from various geographical locations were tested with ...	1995	8549116
immune effector mechanisms required for protection to rabies virus.	genetically engineered mice with targeted mutations in genes encoding immunologically relevant molecules were used to elucidate the role of different immune effector mechanisms in protection against a rabies virus (rv) infection. in vaccinated animals challenged with a highly virulent strain of rv, antibodies were crucial in protection. in naive mice challenged with an attenuated strain of the virus that does not cause disease in adult fully immunocompetent mice but kills rag mice that lack func ...	1995	8553540
polymerase activity of in vitro mutated rabies virus l protein.	the large (l) protein of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses is the multifunctional catalytic component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex. to address the role of conserved rabies virus (rv) l protein sequences predicted to be involved in rna polymerase activity, a reverse genetics approach was applied that allows intracellular reconstitution of transcriptionally active rv rnps from plasmid-encoded proteins. artificial rv model genomes encoding bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltran ...	1995	8553554
dog bites.		1995	8570458
mapping and characterization of a sequential epitope on the rabies virus glycoprotein which is recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, rg719.	we have established a murine hybridoma cell line rg719 which produces a rabies virus-neutralizing igm-type monoclonal antibody (referred to as mab rg719). immunoblot analysis indicated that the antibody recognized a sequential epitope of g protein. among four rabies virus strains tested, the antigenicity to mab rg719 was absent from the nishigahara strain, while the other three strains (hep, era and cvs) reacted to the mab. studies with deletion mutants of the g protein indicated that the epitop ...	1995	8577283
an experimental rabies vaccine produced with a new bhk-21 suspension cell culture process: use of serum-free medium and perfusion-reactor system.	an experimental rabies vaccine was prepared from the bhk-21 cell line adapted to culture in suspension using bioreactors. a new serum-free medium (mdss2) (merten et al., cytotechnology, 1994, 14, 47) developed for the culture of various cell lines and for the production of several biologicals, was used for cell culture and virus production. the pv-paris/bhk-21 rabies virus strain (adapted to the bhk-21 grown in monolayer) was adapted to bhk-21 cells cultivated in suspension and in the serum-free ...	1995	8578811
comparison of the polymerases (l genes) of spring viremia of carp virus and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus.	we have determined the partial nucleotide sequences of the polymerase genes of the fish rhabdoviruses, spring viremia of carp virus (svcv) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). at this point we have deduced the amino acid sequences and analysed the first 1,400 amino acids comprising two thirds of the polymerase genes of svcv and ihnv. we have compared sequence similarities of svcv and ihnv polymerases with other rhabdovirus and paramyxovirus polymerases. the svcv polymerase showed ...	1995	8581012
efficacy of sad (berne) rabies vaccine given by the oral route in two species of jackal (canis mesomelas and canis adustus).	eight black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) and seven side-striped jackals (canis adustus) were given sad (berne) rabies vaccine by direct oral instillation. three different vaccine doses were used: 10(6.3), 10(6.8) and 10(7.5) median tissue culture infectious doses. two additional jackals were given vaccine in chicken heads. one group of jackals was challenged with a lethal dose of jackal-derived rabies virus 1 mo after vaccination and a second group 12 mo after vaccination. all 17 vaccinated ...	1995	8592368
[efficacy of the administration of serum amd vaccine for the antirabies treatment of experimentally-infected sheep].	the objectives of this study were to examine the humoral immune response of sheep to experimental infection with an isolate of rabies virus from a fox, to analyse the efficacy of vaccination as a method of post-infection treatment, and to find a suitable animal model to evaluate new procedures for human vaccination following infection. a total of 47 sheep were used. initially, 26 sheep received an intramuscular injection of a suspension of virus (titre: 10(6.8) 50% lethal dose for mice by the in ...	1995	8593402
from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies-- connecticut, 1995.		1996	8596246
human diploid-cell rabies vaccine: efficacy of four doses.		1996	8598794
studies on human anti-rabies immunization in brazil. i--evaluation of the 3 + 1 pre-exposure vaccination schedule under field conditions.	the currently used pre-exposure anti-rabies immunization schedule in brazil is the one called 3+1, employing suckling mouse brain vaccine (3 doses on alternate days and the last one on day 30). although satisfactory results were obtained in well controlled experimental groups using this immunization schedule, in our routine practice, vna levels lower than 0.5 iu/ml are frequently found. we studied the pre-exposure 3+1 schedule under field conditions in different cities on the state of são paulo, ...	1995	8599065
studies on human anti-rabies immunization in brazil. ii--preliminary evaluation of the 2-1-1 schedule for human pre-exposure anti-rabies immunization, employing suckling mouse brain vaccine.	this study reports preliminary results of virus neutralizing antibody (vna) titers obtained on different days in the course of human anti-rabies immunization with the 2-1-1 schedule (one dose is given in the right arm and one dose in the left arm at day 0, and one dose is applied on days 7 and 21), recommended by who for post-exposure treatment with cell culture vaccines. a variant schedule (double dose on day zero and another on day 14) was also tested, both employing suckling mouse brain vacci ...	1995	8599066
budding of rabies virus particles in the absence of the spike glycoprotein.	budding of enveloped viruses from cellular membranes is believed to de pend on the presence of transmembrane spike proteins interacting with cytoplasmic virus components. to address the mechanism of rhabdovirus budding, we generated rabies virus mutants deficient for the glycoprotein g or the g cytoplasmic tail. we found that spikeless rhabdovirus particles were released from cells infected with the g-deficient mutant, demonstrating that a viral surface protein is not required to drive the buddi ...	1996	8601317
brazilian researcher protests against 'plagiarism' fine.		1996	8602227
human rabies--california, 1995.	in september and november 1995, two men in california died from infection with bat-associated variants of rabies virus. this report summarizes the investigations of these cases.	1996	8604213
rabies postexposure prophylaxis--connecticut, 1990-1994.	in connecticut, the first case of animal rabies associated with the ongoing raccoon rabies epizootic was identified in march 1991; since then, cases of animal rabies have been confirmed in all eight counties of the state. because of heightened awareness of the potential for rabies and the nearly always fatal outcome of this disease, the numbers of persons in connecticut receiving rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) was suspected to have increased substantially during 1990-1994. in connecticut, ...	1996	8606682
human rabies--connecticut, 1995.	on october 3, 1995, a 13-year-old girl who resided in greenwich, connecticut, died from rabies virus infection. this was the first case of human rabies reported in a connecticut resident since 1932. this report summarizes the investigation of this case which indicated a bat as the probable source of her exposure.	1996	8609874
a replication-defective human adenovirus recombinant serves as a highly efficacious vaccine carrier.	in this manuscript, an e1 and e3 deleted adenoviral recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) under the control of the cytomegalovirus early promoter was tested for induction of a rabies virus-specific immune response in mice. the construct was found to induce neutralizing antibodies and cytolytic t cells to rabies virus. mice vaccinated with the adenoviral construct either by the systemic route or by application into the airways were protected against a subsequent infecti ...	1996	8623532
the amino acid at the x position of an asn-x-ser sequon is an important determinant of n-linked core-glycosylation efficiency.	n-linked glycosylation is a common form of protein processing that can profoundly affect protein expression, structure, and function. n-linked glycosylation generally occurs at the sequon asn-x-ser/thr, where x is any amino acid except pro. to assess the impact of the x amino acid on core glycosylation, rabies virus glycoprotein variants were generated by site-directed mutagenesis with each of the 20 common amino acids substituted at the x position of an asn-x-ser sequon. the efficiency of core ...	1996	8626433
immunodominant epitopes defined by a yeast-expressed library of random fragments of the rabies virus glycoprotein map outside major antigenic sites.	nineteen yeast colonies secreting rabies virus glycoprotein (g) peptides immunoreactive with polyclonal anti-rabies virus sera were selected from a random expression library. the peptides, around 80 amino acids long, spanned amino acids 54-494 of the g protein. these peptides, together with two constructions including, respectively, immunodominant sites ii and iii, were analysed for their immunoreactivity with 40 anti-g protein monoclonal antibodies (mabs) composed of 12 mabs that reacted with s ...	1996	8627238
rabies and mortality in ethiopian wolves (canis simensis).	between october 1991 and february 1992, 41 of 53 known adult and subadult ethiopian wolves (canis simensis) in five adjacent packs in the bale mountains national park, ethiopia, died or disappeared. brain smears from two carcasses were positive for rabies by the immunofluorescence test, and rabies virus was isolated from the brains by mouse inoculation. based on monoclonal antibody tests on the mouse brains, we identified the virus as a minor variant of the serotype 1 rabies viruses found in dom ...	1996	8627941
maintenance of a microparasite infecting several host species: rabies in the serengeti.	whether and how microparasites such as rabies persist in their host populations are among the fundamental questions of infectious disease epidemiology. rabies is fatal disease of all mammalian species, but not all mammalian species can maintain the infection as reservoirs. the approach to control depends on which of the affected species do act as reservoirs. bringing together old and new data, we examine here the role of wild and domestic animals in maintaining rabies in the serengeti region of ...	1995	8632923
characterization of a unique variant of bat rabies virus responsible for newly emerging human cases in north america.	the silver-haired bat variant of rabies virus (shbrv) has been identified as the etiological agent of a number of recent human rabies cases in the united states that are unusual in not having been associated with any known history of conventional exposure. comparison of the different biological and biochemical properties of isolates of this virus with those of a coyote street rabies virus (cosrv) revealed that there are unique features associated with shbrv. in vitro studies showed that, while t ...	1996	8643632
alteration of interleukin-1 alpha production and interleukin-1 alpha binding sites in mouse brain during rabies infection.	we have evaluated the effect of rabies virus infection on interleukin-1 alpha (il-1 alpha) production and its receptors in mouse brain. study of virus dissemination in the central nervous system (cns) showed a massive infection of main brain structures from day 4 post infection (p.i.) up to the agony stage on day 6 p.i. at the same time, il-1 alpha concentrations increased in cortical and hippocampal homogenates, whereas no change was detected in serum. in non-infected mice, il-1 alpha binding s ...	1996	8645096
rabies virus m protein expressed in escherichia coli and its regulatory role in virion-associated transcriptase activity.	rabies virus m protein was expressed in escherichia coli in the form of a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (mbp) and purified by amylose affinity column chromatography after extraction. in order to investigate the possible regulatory role of m protein in viral transcription, an assay system for rabies virion-associated transcriptase activity was established by using the ribonucleoprotein (rnp) cores prepared from purified virions. analysis of the products of the transcription assay sy ...	1996	8645103
use of a single anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody to detect rabies antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.		1996	8650907
[protective effect in mice of the live rabies vaccine produced using the göttingen bioreactor].	for the control of urban rabies in developing countries, the sad-virusstrain was used in the göttingen two-step bioreactorsystem as a model-virus for oral vaccine production. the quality of the antigen had been tested by challenge. in the bioreactorsystem, controlled by computer, a high standard of cell quality and cell density up to 6 x 10(6) cells/ml had been maintained. the high cell quality is correlated to high proliferation of rabies virus. virus titres up to 10(8.5) pfu/ml were reached. t ...	1995	8651900
the development and use of a vaccinia-rabies recombinant oral vaccine for the control of wildlife rabies; a link between jenner and pasteur.	to improve both safety and stability of the oral vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies, a recombinant vaccinia virus, which expresses the immunizing g protein of rabies virus has been developed by inserting the cdna which codes for the immunogenic glycoprotein of rabies virus into the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of the copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus. the efficacy of this vaccine was tested by the oral route, primarily in foxes. the immunity conferred, a minimum of 12 m ...	1996	8666066
rabies superantigen as a vbeta t-dependent adjuvant.	recently we reported evidence that nucleocapsid (nc) of rabies virus is a vbeta8-specific exogenous superantigen (sag) in humans and a vbeta6-specific sag in balb/c mice. nc was also found to stimulate rabies vaccination by enhancing the rabies neutralizing antibody response. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that the stimulating effect of nc and its sag properties are linked. to do this, we studied the effect of rabies sag on the immune response to an unrelated antigen, the influenza viru ...	1996	8666920
[development of an optimal scheme for calculating results of the use of an immunoenzyme test-system for determining the antigenic activity of a cultured antirabies vaccine].	ninety-eight lots of commercial antirabies vaccine manufactured by immunopreparat research and production amalgamation have been tested using enzyme immunoassay system for the detection of rabies virus antigens. comparison of different variants of interpreting and expressing the results helped define the optimal method for assessment of vaccine titer and reference values: optical density value equal to 0.2 is taken as the cut-off. antigenic activity of the vaccine may be expressed in internation ...	1996	8669141
eradication of rabies, using a rec-dna vaccine.		1996	8672287
rapid dot enzyme immuno assay for the quantitation of rabies antibodies.	a rapid dot enzyme immuno assay (dot elisa) for rabies antibody estimation has been standardized in which nitrocellulose sheet has been used as a solid support absorbing a commercial tissue culture rabies vaccine as antigen. the test was compared with a standard plate elisa test. the results were comparable and the student "t' test for proportion revealed that plate elisa test is significantly better (p 0.05) when compared to dot elisa for the number of sera with titre < 0.5 iu/ml and in the cas ...	1995	8690480
ionizing radiation modulates the spread of an apathogenic rabies virus in mouse brain.	ionizing radiation has been shown to affect a broad range of viral diseases including neurotropic infections through an immunosuppression mechanism. in the present study we have investigated the effect of ionizing radiation on the characteristics of neurotropic infection by rabies virus, which has the unusual feature of infecting almost exclusively neurons. in order to analyze better the effect produced, the study concerned the spread of an apathogenic rabies virus variant in mouse brain. irradi ...	1996	8691037
highly stable expression of a foreign gene from rabies virus vectors.	a reverse genetics approach was applied to generate a chimeric nonsegmented negative strand rna virus, rabies virus (rv) of the rhabdoviridae family, that expresses a foreign protein. dna constructs containing the entire open reading frame of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene and an upstream rv cistron border sequence were inserted either into the nontranslated pseudogene region of a full-length cdna copy of the rv genome or exchanged with the pseudogene region. after in ...	1996	8692989
[annual testing of immunity in foxes after oral rabies immunization].	ten young foxes were orally immunized with a "rabies vaccine for oral immunization of foxes--lysvulpen por. a.u.v.," batch 69 10 93, commercially manufactured by the company bioveta, s.r.o. at ivanovice in haná. the vaccine contained 1.8 x 10 of rabies vaccination virus, strain sad-bern, in a vaccination dose. three foxes were used as control animals without vaccination. blood samples were taken before the beginning of the experiment in all test foxes, and then in three-month intervals. the last ...	1996	8693662
immunogenicity and relative attenuation of different vaccinia-rabies virus recombinants.	immunogenicity and relative attenuation were examined for the following tian tan strain vaccinia-rabies recombinant viruses: 1) ngc-1, which coexpresses the glycoprotein (g) and nucleocapsid protein (n) of the rabies virus challenge virus standard (cvs) strain; 2) nc-1, which expresses the cvs n; 3) gc-2, gc-3, gc-4, and gc-5, which express cvs g via promoters from different vaccinia strains or from different vaccinia genome loci; 4) ga-1, which expresses the g of rabies virus strain ag; and 5) ...	1996	8712923
cluster of rabies cases of probable bat origin among red foxes in prince edward island, canada.	between 15 november and 13 december 1993, three cases of rabies of probable bat origin were confirmed in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from the same area of prince edward island, canada, previously thought to be free of rabies in terrestrial mammals. such clusters have rarely been described in north america.	1996	8722290
hyperimmune antirabies sera titration by standard mouse neutralization and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests, comparing results of different laboratories.	to determine the rabies antibody level of twenty-four hyperimmune equine sera, standard mouse neutralization (smn) and couterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) tests were carried out, both at the instituto butantan (ib) and instituto panamericano de proteccíon de alimentos y zoonosis (inppaz). statistical analysis has shown a correlation (r) of 0.9317 between the smn and cie performed at the ib, while at the inppaz it scored 0.974. comparison of cie data of both laboratories yielded a correlation of 0. ...	1995	8729754
[rabies in insectivorous (mollossidae) bats of southeastern brazil].	four rabid bats belonging to three species of molossidae (one molossus molossus, one nyctinomops laticaudatus and two n. macrotis) were captured in the state of s. paulo, southeastern brazil. three of these bats were found during the day in unusual, visible places and the other came flying through a window in the evening. a descriptive table containing data on 19 similar cases, belonging to eight species, is presented and suggests that bats with atypical behavior must dearly be suspected of bein ...	1995	8731280
genetic immunization.	genetic immunization, the latest addition to the field of vaccinology, has shown, in a number of animal models, to be an efficacious approach to induce protective immunity to infectious diseases. the advantages of dna vaccines are their ease of construction, the low expanse of mass production, their high temperature stability, and their ability to induce a full spectrum of exceptionally long-lasting immune responses including cytolytic t cells. their potential disadvantages are putative safety i ...	1996	8733914
serological survey for orthopoxvirus infection of wild mammals in areas where a recombinant rabies virus is used to vaccinate foxes.	several fox vaccination campaigns against rabies have been undertaken in belgium by using a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus distributed in baits in the field. however, foxes and other wild animals that may ingest the baits could be infected at the same time by another orthopoxvirus, such as cowpox virus, which circulates in wildlife. recombination between the two viruses could therefore occur. a serological survey for antibodies to orthopoxvirus, and particularly to cowpox virus, was undertake ...	1996	8734505
genetic characterization of rabies field isolates from venezuela.	twenty samples from cases of rabies in humans and domestic animals diagnosed in venezuela between 1990 and 1994 and one sample from a vampire bat collected in 1976 were characterized by reactivity to monoclonal antibodies against the viral nucleoprotein and by patterns of nucleotide substitution in the nucleoprotein gene. three antigenic variants were found: 1, 3, and 5. antigenic variant 1 included all samples from dogs and humans infected by contact with rabid dogs. unique substitutions permit ...	1996	8735118
human safety and immunogenicity of a canarypox-rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine: an alternative poxvirus vector system.	avian poxvirus recombinants undergo abortive replication in nonavian cells, yet can achieve expression of extrinsic gene products. canarypox-vectored vaccines have been innocuous and immunogenic in several mammalian species. alvac-rg, a canarypox recombinant expressing the rabies glycoprotein gene, was inoculated intramuscularly into adult volunteers on days 0, 28, and 180. sequential cohorts received 10(3.5), 10(4.5), and 10(5.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses (tcid50); additional volunteer ...	1996	8735555
molecular characterization of carrier rabies isolates.	we compared the genomes of nine dog rabies virus isolates using two molecular methods. the viruses used in the comparison included three ethiopian rabies strains from carrier dogs, a street strain from a rabid dog from the same geographic area, two saliva isolates made from an experimentally infected carrier dog, the virus isolated from the tonsil of this carrier dog at necropsy, and two laboratory strains. we produced overlapping polymerase chain reaction (pcr) segments spanning 97% of the geno ...	1996	8738172
evaluation of the safety of two attenuated oral rabies vaccines, sag1 and sag2, in six arctic mammals.	the safety of two attenuated oral rabies vaccines was evaluated in mink and in five species of rodents which occur in the arctic. a 0.03 ml sample of liquid vaccine was installed directly into the mouth of voles and lemmings and 0.1 ml into the mouth of arctic ground squirrels and mink. animals were euthanized at 36 and 46 days postexposure; brain tissue was analyzed by fat and serum by rffit. no rabies deaths occurred in 47 animals tested. four animals representing three rodent species seroconv ...	1996	8744551
[pre- and postgestational vaccination].	vaccination is one of the most important methods to prevent infectious diseases, it consist of application of an inactive but immunogenic antigen, with the objective of simulating a natural infection and originate an immunological response. important vaccines used in women's reproductive age are: 1) antirubella, if the woman has not serum antibodies against rubella virus; 2) tetanus toxoid is indicated in all pregnant women which had not been vaccinated against tetanus in the last ten years; 3) ...	1996	8756191
early events in rabies virus infection of the central nervous system in skunks (mephitis mephitis).	twenty-four striped skunks were inoculated intramuscularly (long digital extensor muscle of right pelvic limb) with street rabies virus. groups of two clinically normal skunks were killed at various times after inoculation; skunks that developed rabies were killed in early stages of the clinical signs. four clinically normal skunks (numbered 1-4) had slight infection in lumbar spinal ganglia, spinal cord and brain. these four skunks were used for detailed immunohistochemical (rabies antigen) stu ...	1996	8773152
the effects of post-translational side-chain modifications on the stimulatory activity, serum stability and conformation of synthetic peptides carrying t helper cell epitopes.	peptides 31d and vf13, corresponding to the rabies virus nucleo- and glycoproteins, respectively, vigorously stimulate t helper cells of the appropriate specificity. earlier we showed how internal and external glycosylation affects the major histocompatibility complex molecule (mhc)-binding ability and conformation of these t-cell epitopes (otvos et al. (1994) biochim. biophys. acta 1224, 68-76; otvos et al. (1995) biochim. biophys. acta 1267, 55-64). in the current report, we examined the t-hel ...	1996	8781544
immunogenicity, efficacy and safety of an oral rabies vaccine (sag-2) in dogs.	a study of immunogenicity and efficacy of street alabama gif (sag-2) attenuated rabies virus vaccine in laboratory beagles was conducted. four groups of ten dogs each received either 1.0 ml of sag-2 orally on the tongue or 1.5 ml in baits. on day 180 postvaccination, all dogs were challenged with a street rabies virus. the antibody response in groups that received the vaccine directly on the tongue was higher than in those vaccinated with baits, but the difference between groups was not statisti ...	1996	8782341
rabies vaccine potency control: comparison of elisa systems for antigenicity testing.	potency control of inactivated rabies vaccines for human and veterinary application is usually undertaken by vaccination-challenge tests (e.g. the mouse potency test). for practical and ethical reasons there is an urgent need to replace in vivo potency control procedures, at least in part, by reliable methods of in vitro potency testing. quantitative elisa systems for potency control were developed using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed to the glycoprotein (gp) and to the nucleoprotein (np) ...	1996	8783156
induction of immunoreactive interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the brains of rabies virus infected rats.	interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf alpha) are important cytokines in the development of brain inflammation during pathological process. during rabies virus infection, the level of these proinflammatory cytokines are enhanced in the brain. in the present study we determined the cellular localization of these two cytokines by immunocytochemistry in brains of rats infected with rabies virus, at different time-intervals of the disease (day 1, 3, 4, 5 and at final sta ...	1996	8784259
development and evaluation of alternative testing methods for the in vivo nih potency test used for the quality control of inactivated rabies vaccines.	the potency control of rabies vaccines is routinely performed in a vaccination-challenge test (nih test), which induces substantial distress and suffering in laboratory mice. although, according to the recommendations by the who, partial replacement of this in vivo potency test by in vitro antigenicity testing is permitted, no internationally accepted alternative testing method is yet available. in the present study, we focussed on the use of monoclonal antibody-based elisa systems for the quant ...	1996	8785943
rabies: interactions between neurons and viruses. a review of the history of negri inclusion bodies.	the first clear-cut description of a virus-nerve cell interaction was made by adelchi negri in 1903 with the detection of cytoplasmic bodies (negri bodies) in subsets of neurons in the brain from rabies-infected animals. a biographical sketch of negri is given here; he was born in perugia, italy, in 1875 and died in pavia in 1912. in 1900 negri became assistant to camillo golgi, who encouraged him to study rabies-infected brains with histological techniques. the report of intraneuronal bodies de ...	1996	8804019
the glycoprotein genes and gene junctions of the fish rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus and hirame rhabdovirus: analysis of relationships with other rhabdoviruses.	the nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein genes and all of the internal gene junctions of the fish pathogenic rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus (svcv) and hirame rhabdovirus (hirrv) have been determined from cdna clones generated from viral genomic rna. the svcv glycoprotein gene sequence is 1588 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes a 509 amino acid (aa) protein. the hirrv glycoprotein gene sequence comprises 1612 nt, coding for a 508 aa protein. in sequence comparisons of 15 rhabdoviru ...	1996	8806175
studies on unusual cytoplasmic structures which contain rabies virus envelope proteins.	we investigated unusual structures produced in bhk-21 cells infected with rabies virus (hep-flury strain). sellers' staining of the cells revealed, in addition to negri body-like structures (inclusion bodies), production of a fuchsin-stained cytoplasmic structure (fcps) which encircled the nucleus. the frequency of the fcps-forming cells increased as replication progressed. the fcps was different from the inclusion body because the former contained the viral glycoprotein (g) and matrix protein ( ...	1996	8811013
purification of a secreted form of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein: comparison of two affinity tags.	expression of recombinant eukaryotic proteins in transfected mammalian cell lines has become an important approach for the characterization of the structure and function of these proteins. however, it is often difficult to recover and purify the recombinant proteins. therefore, the use of fusion proteins incorporating epitope or affinity tags has become more widespread. in this paper, we directly compare two affinity tags, the hexahistidyl tag and the biotin peptide mimetic, strep-tag, for use i ...	1996	8812859
characterization of a human adenovirus 5: rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine reisolated from orally vaccinated skunks.	an infectious recombinant human adenovirus which carries the rabies glycoprotein gene and accompanying sv40 control elements can be given orally to skunks to immunize them against rabies. we have looked for adenovirus in the feces and oral fluids of animals that have been given this recombinant and have obtained 111 virus positive samples from 16 test animals. dna from these virus isolates was examined for possible mutations. one possible insertion mutation was detected by smai restriction endon ...	1995	8825855
[titration of rabies antibodies with the rapid fluorescence focus inhibition test].	antirabies virus neutralization antibodies in sera and/or transudates modified rffit method by smith et al. (1973). sera were titrated on lab-tek 8 chamber tc slides. sera and/or transudates (content of pleural cavity) as well as the challenge virus strain (vaccination strains of the rabies virus vnukovo-32/107th passage and/or cvs 11/paris) were incubated at 37 degrees c during 90 minutes subsequently bhk-21/c13 cell culture was added. the cultures were fixed after 24 to 48 hours and stained wi ...	1996	8830448
current issues in rabies prevention in the united states health dilemmas. public coffers, private interests.	over the last 100 years, rabies in the united states has changed dramatically. more than 90% of all animal rabies cases reported annually to the cdc now occur in wildlife, whereas before 1960 the majority were in domestic animals. the principal rabies hosts today are wild carnivores and bats infected with several viral variants. annual human deaths have fallen from more than a hundred at the turn of the century to one to two per year despite major outbreaks of animal rabies in several geographic ...	1996	8837628
failure of postexposure treatment of rabies in children.	five failures of postexposure treatment of rabies in small children with multiple severe bites on the face and head are discussed. all had received rabies immune globulin and a potent tissue-culture vaccine. however, not all wounds had been infiltrated with immune globulin. surgical closure prior to wound injection with immune globulin was performed in three cases. another patient had wounds sutured after an intramuscular injection of immune globulin, without wound infiltration.	1996	8838177
virus-encoded superantigens.	superantigens are microbial agents that have a strong effect on the immune response of the host. their initial target is the t lymphocyte, but a whole cascade of immunological reactions ensues. it is thought that the microbe engages the immune system of the host to its own advantage, to facilitate persistent infection and/or transmission. in this review, we discuss in detail the structure and function of the superantigen encoded by the murine mammary tumor virus, a b-type retrovirus which is the ...	1996	8840782
inhibition of rabies virus infection by an oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to rabies virus genomic rna.	to develop antirabies virus-specific agents, eight oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) complementary to either rabies virus genomic rna (negative polarity) or rabies virus transcripts (mrna) were synthesized and tested for their activity to inhibit rabies virus infection in cell cultures. it was found that the odn rh+1 complementary to rabies virus genomic rna blocked almost completely rabies virus infection at concentrations as low as 2 microm, whereas odn complementary to viral transcripts did poorly ...	1996	8843322
poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres as carriers for peptide vaccines.	peptides carrying an immunodominant t-helper cell epitope delineated from the rabies virus nucleoprotein either alone or in combination with a linear b-cell epitope from the same protein were incorporated into three different formulations of poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) which were distinct in their composition, and consequently in their peptide release rates. in vitro peptides incorporated into any of the plg formulations stimulated a peptide-specific t-cell line. upon subcutaneous immuni ...	1996	8843629
in vivo and in vitro trans-cleavage activity of hepatitis c virus serine proteinase expressed by recombinant baculoviruses.	by the use of recombinant baculoviruses, the trans-cleavage of hepatitis c virus (hcv) non-structural polyprotein was studied. the viral serine proteinase encoded by the ns3 gene was expressed efficiently in insect cells infected with a baculovirus recombined with hcv cdna corresponding to amino acids 1046-1243 and the signal sequence of the rabies virus g protein. coinfection studies showed the in vivo trans-cleavage activity of the expressed protein by the use of a recombinant producing ns5 as ...	1995	8847507
rabid black bears in ontario.		1996	8853885
stability of recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine in veterinary use.	wildlife vaccination depends on vaccines which can be orally administered by a baiting system. therefore only two possibilities exist: either the use of attenuated strains of viruses, or recombinant vector viruses. as far as rabies is concerned, the choice of the recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus was made because it was safer and more stable. an in vitro stability study of the recombinant product compared to wild rabies virus at different temperatures (4 degrees c, 20 degrees c, 37 degrees c, 45 ...	1996	8854024
polygenic control of antibody production and correlation with vaccine induced resistance to rabies virus in high and low antibody responder mice.	the amplification of "high" (h) and "low" (l) multispecific antibody responses achieved respectively by h and l lines of selection gp represents a valuable tool in the genetic study of host-infection interactions. these lines were obtained by bidirectional selective breeding for high (hgp) or low (lgp) antibody production to natural complex antigens. hgp and lgp parental lines and reciprocal f1 hybrids, as well as their f2 segregants and backcrosses were submitted to immunization and challenge w ...	1996	8856022
maternal antibodies against rabies in thai puppies. a preliminary study.	serum antibodies to rabies virus were measured in 32 thai puppies before primary vaccination. only five showed evidence of rabies antibody by elisa testing and they had no rabies virus neutralizing activity detectable by rffit. immunologic ignorance of these young dogs leaves a large part of the canine population susceptible to rabies. this could be one reason for the failure of canine rabies control efforts in thailand.	1996	8867400
applications of pox virus vectors to vaccination: an update.	recombinant pox viruses have been generated for vaccination against heterologous pathogens. amongst these, the following are notable examples. (i) the engineering of the copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus to express the rabies virus glycoprotein. when applied in baits, this recombinant has been shown to vaccinate the red fox in europe and raccoons in the united states, stemming the spread of rabies virus infection in the wild. (ii) a fowlpox-based recombinant expressing the newcastle disease vi ...	1996	8876138
specific infection of cd4+ target cells by recombinant rabies virus pseudotypes carrying the hiv-1 envelope spike protein.	a recombinant rabies virus (rv) mutant deficient for the surface spike glycoprotein (g) gene was used to study the incorporation of envelope proteins from hiv-1 expressed from transfected plasmids. a hybrid hiv-1 protein in which the cytoplasmic domain was replaced with that of rv g was incorporated into the virus envelope and rescued the infectivity of the rv mutant. the rv(hiv-1) pseudotype viruses could infect only cd4+ cells, and their infectivity was neutralized specifically by anti-hiv-1 s ...	1996	8876141
the antigen-specific cell-mediated immune response in mice is suppressed by infection with pathogenic lyssaviruses.	responsiveness of t cells (rtc) was studied in balb/c mice intramuscularly infected with various lyssaviruses. after infection by this peripheral route, two types of viruses could be classified according to their effects: 1) pathogenic viruses, including fixed rabies pasteur virus (serogenotype 1) and wild viruses belonging to serogenotype 1 (from a rabid fox in france and from a cow infected by a vampire bat in brazil) or to serogenotype 5 (european bat lyssavirus 1); and 2) non-pathogenic viru ...	1996	8880998
substitutions in the hla-dr alpha chain differentially affect dr7-restricted t-cell recognition of rabies virus antigen.	to investigate the functional roles of dr alpha residues in t-cell recognition, 20 mutants of the dr alpha chain were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. these dr alpha mutants were expressed with wt dr(beta 1*0701) on mouse l cells and used as apc for four dr7-restricted t-cell clones specific for rabies virus antigens. the results indicate that the dr alpha residues are differentially involved in recognition of rabies virus antigen by different t-cell clones. mutations in the floor of th ...	1996	8882408
vaccine-associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in the dog.	vaccination has been incriminated as a trigger of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (imha) in dogs and in people, but evidence to support this association is lacking. in a controlled retrospective study, idiopathic imha was identified in 58 dogs over a 27-month period. when compared with a randomly selected control group of 70 dogs (presented for reasons other than imha) over the same period, the distribution of cases versus time since vaccination was different (p < .05). fifteen of the dogs (26% ...	1996	8884713
no rabies detected in voles and field mice in a rabies-endemic area.	brain samples were collected from 514 voles and wild mice in estonia, and examined for rabies. the samples were tested with antigen elisa, and 8.6% of them additionally by virus isolation assay. the results were negative. our data show that in areas of north-eastern europe, where rabies is endemic in raccoon dogs and red foxes, populations of smaller mammals may remain free of rabies.	1996	8885709
rabies virus binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit demonstrated by virus overlay protein binding assay.	a virus overlay protein binding assay was used to study binding of 125i-labelled rabies virus to the acetylcholine receptor (achr) from torpedo californica electric organ membranes. after gel electrophoresis of electric organ membranes and transfer of proteins to nitrocellulose, 125i-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin, a curaremimetic neurotoxin, bound to a 40 kda band and 125i-labelled rabies virus bound to 51 kda and 40 kda bands. binding of rabies virus to the 40 kda band was inhibited by unlabelled ...	1996	8887475
use of elisa for in vitro potency test of rabies vaccines for animal use.	the use of elisa for the potency test of inactivated rabies vaccines for animal use was evaluated. sandwich elisa was developed, using monoclonal antibodies which enabled to recognize the glycoprotein (g-protein) of rabies virus and showed a protective effect in mice. soluble g-protein which displays an elisa activity but a low immunogenicity was removed by gel filtration before elisa was carried out. the elisa titres of the first fraction of vaccines separated by gel filtration were correlated ...	1996	8889055
improvement of virus safety of a s/d-treated factor viii concentrate by additional dry heat treatment at 100 degrees c.	in order to increase the virus safety of a solvent/detergent-treated factor viii concentrate in regard to non-lipid coated viruses and to respond to the continuous discussion about reports on hepatitis a transmission by factor viii preparations, we have investigated the effect of a terminal dry heat treatment (30 min 100 degrees c) on hav and various other viruses. by this treatment hepatitis a virus was inactivated below detectable level after a few minutes (> 5.3 log10). other rna viruses such ...	1996	8889059
rabies encephalitis in a patient with aids: a clinicopathological study.	a 46-year-old man was bitten by a dog in mali; anti-rabies vaccination was incomplete. three months later he was admitted to hospital with fever and diarrhea. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serology was positive and cd4 count was 70/mm3. his status worsened rapidly with confusion hydrophobia and hypersialorrhea. despite anti-rabies serotherapy and vaccination, he died suddenly 12 days after admission. immunofluorescence on cerebral tissue samples established rabies encephalitis. neuropatholo ...	1996	8891075
identification of amino acids controlling the low-ph-induced conformational change of rabies virus glycoprotein.	the glycoprotein (g) of rabies virus assumes at least three different conformations: the native state detected at the viral surface above ph 7, the activated state involved in the first step of the fusion process, and the fusion-inactive conformation (i). a new category of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which recognized specifically the i conformation at the viral surface has recently been described. these mabs (17a4 and 29ec2) became neutralizing when the virus was preincubated at acidic ph to in ...	1996	8892855
investigation of rabies virus strains in mexico with a panel of monoclonal antibodies used to classify lyssavirus.	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a panel of eight antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies developed in europe to assess rabies virus strains isolated from various animal species in geographically diverse areas of mexico. fifty-one rabies-positive brain tissue samples from animals and humans were examined. material from these samples was used to infect mice, whose brain tissue was subsequently tested by indirect immunofluorescence using the monoclonal antibodies described a ...	1996	8919723
the design of strain-specific polymerase chain reactions for discrimination of the racoon rabies virus strain from indigenous rabies viruses of ontario.	since its recognition as a discrete epizootic in florida in the early 1950s, the raccoon strain of rabies virus (rv) has spread over almost the entire eastern seaboard of the us and now threatens to enter the southernmost regions of canada. to characterise this rv strain in more detail, nucleotide sequencing of the n and g genes, encoding the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein, respectively, of representative isolates has been undertaken. this sequence information generated a conserved restriction m ...	1996	8919819
rabies diagnosis and the central veterinary laboratory.		1996	8931297
detection of rabies virus antigen in animals by avidin-biotin dot elisa.	an avidin-biotin dot elisa test was standardized to detect rabies viral antigens from the brain of rabies-suspected animals. this test was compared with the direct fluorescent antibody test (fat). the advantages of the avidin-biotin dot elisa are discussed. the incorporation of avidin-biotin into a conventional elisa is a step forward in improving the available rabies antigen detection procedures as this technique is more sensitive, highly specific and exploits the great affinity of avidin for b ...	1996	8946699
ten-year survey of british bats for the existence of rabies.	in 1985, a notable increase in the number of recorded cases of rabies in european bats was observed, indicating a possible spread of the rabies virus in these bats. because of concern that the disease could be introduced into the united kingdom by bats crossing from mainland europe, a programme of screening dead bats for the presence of rabies and rabies-related viruses was initiated at the rabies research and diagnostic unit at the central veterinary laboratory. over a period of 10 years (janua ...	1996	8950819
rabies among african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in the masai mara, kenya.	a pack of african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) ranging to the north of the masai mara national reserve in southwestern kenya was monitored from 1988 to 1989. during a 6-week period (august 1-september 13, 1989), 21 of 23 members of this pack died. seven carcasses were retrieved, of which 4 were suitable for necropsy and histopathologic examination. gross findings varied among individuals and included multiple bite wounds, synovitis, lymphadenopathy, submandibular, cervical, and vocal cord edema, bl ...	1996	8953525
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1995.	in 1995, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,877 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. nearly 92% (7,247 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (630 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases decreased 4.2% from that of 1994 (8,230 cases). most of the decline was the result of 17.1% fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons in areas of the northeast, where rabies is now e ...	1996	8960176
new aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the united states.		1996	8964034
superantigen related to rabies.		1996	8966658
potency of veterinary rabies vaccines in the netherlands: a case for continued vigilance.	commercial rabies vaccines, used by veterinarians in the netherlands, were collected for testing in the mouse potency test. of the six vaccines tested, two were clearly below the minimal requirements for potency of 1.0 iu. of these six vaccines the rabies virus glycoprotein (gp) and nucleoprotein (np) contents were determined in an antigen competition elisa. the gp content proved to correlate well with the potency found in the mouse potency test (r = 0.95, p < 0.01), whereas no such correlation ...	1996	8972063
the role of somatic mutation in the generation of the protective humoral immune response against vesicular stomatitis virus.	during most clinically relevant infections with cytopathic viruses, neutralizing antibodies are generated early, i.e., within the first week of infection. as early as 4 days after immunization of mice with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), a cytopathic virus closely related to rabies virus, hybridomas could be isolated that secreted virus-neutralizing iggs. such antibodies were devoid of somatic mutations, showed high binding avidities (approximately 10(9) m-1), and used v gene fragments predomi ...	1996	8986722
antibody responses to the hepatitis c virus e2 protein: relationship to viraemia and prevalence in anti-hcv seronegative subjects.	a small proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection show no serological responses to the hcv polypeptides incorporated in commercial iii generation immunoassays. to determine whether sera from these subjects contain antibodies to the highly immunoreactive second envelope polypeptide e2, which is not included in current anti-hcv assays, we studied 59 anti-hcv negative subjects who were found consistently to be hcv rna positive by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). controls ...	1997	8986942
canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of ferrets as a model for testing morbillivirus vaccine strategies: nyvac- and alvac-based cdv recombinants protect against symptomatic infection.	canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of ferrets causes an acute systemic disease involving multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, lymphoid system, and central nervous system (cns). we have tested candidate cdv vaccines incorporating the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin (ha) proteins in the highly attenuated nyvac strain of vaccinia virus and in the alvac strain of canarypox virus, which does not productively replicate in mammalian hosts. juvenile ferrets were vaccinated twice wit ...	1997	8995676
mapping the neutralizing epitopes on the glycoprotein of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus.	twelve neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the fish rhabdovirus, infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), were used to select 20 mab escape mutants. the nucleotide sequence of the entire glycoprotein (g) gene was determined for six mutants representing differing cross-neutralization patterns and each had a single nucleotide change leading to a single amino acid substitution within one of three regions of the protein. these data were used to design nested pcr primers to ampl ...	1996	9000094
a new family of carriers (biovectors) enhances the immunogenicity of rabies antigens.	biovectors (bv) are a new family of protein carriers. they are nanoparticles of polymerized polysaccharides substituted with phosphate residues and surrounded by covalently bound lipid molecules (palmitic acid). the effect of bv was tested on the immunogenicity of rabies antigens. biovectors enhanced the production of antibody induced by both rabies glycoprotein and ribonucleoprotein. moreover, they enhanced the protective activity of an experimental rabies vaccine composed of inactivated and pu ...	1996	9004445
duration of immunity in foxes vaccinated orally with era vaccine in a bait.	red foxes (vulpes vulpes) vaccinated orally with the era strain of rabies vaccine in a bait were challenged after 83 mo. ten of 11 foxes that had seroconverted following vaccination resisted challenge with a virulent rabies virus which produced clinical signs of rabies in 6 of 6 unvaccinated foxes. five of 11 vaccinated animals retained titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibody throughout the period. although 6 of 11 had no detectable antibody at the time of challenge, 5 of these 6 resisted c ...	1997	9008799
[rabies virus isolation in insectivorous bat lasyurus borealis].		1996	9008928
mapping of monoclonal antibody epitopes of the rabies virus p protein.	thirty-six monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for the rabies virus p phosphoprotein were obtained from mice immunized with recombinant p (pv strain) produced in e. coli. all mabs reacted against the corresponding rabies virus protein by elisa and by western blot analysis and revealed the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions in rabies virus infected cells. the epitopes of seven mabs were mapped by testing their reactivity with protein fragments expressed from deletion mutants in transfected cell ...	1997	9010294
[immunogenicity of the avirulent strain rv194-2 of the rabies virus in mice].	rv194-2 rabies virus, an avirulent mutant of cvs strain, induces an inapparent infection limited to the central nervous system (cns) in adult mice inoculated intracerebrally. this fact suggest that immune response of the host is able to eliminate the virus in cns. for this reason, we have studied the induction of interferon and the humoral immune responses in balb/c mice after rv194-2 inoculation. these mice presented high levels of interferon in the plasma and in the brain, with elevated levels ...	1996	9011884
safety study of the sag2 rabies virus mutant in several non-target species with a view to its future use for the immunization of foxes in europe.	the safety of the sag2 virus, a low virulence mutant of the sad strain, was investigated in ten species of mammals and seven species of birds liable to consume vaccine baits. these species are the western hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus), the meadow vole (microtus arvalis), the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), the water vole (arvicola terrestris), the field mouse (apodemus flavicollis or a. sylvaticus), the norway rat (rattus norvegicus), the european badger (meles meles), the domestic ferret ...	1996	9014291