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detection of african swine fever virus dna in blood samples stored on fta cards from asymptomatic pigs in mbeya region, tanzania.the aim of the study was to assess whether blood samples collected onto fta(®) cards could be used in combination with real-time pcr for the detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) dna in samples from resource-poor settings under the assumption that asymptomatically (sub-clinically) infected pigs may be present. blood samples were collected from clinically healthy pigs from mbeya region, tanzania. the blood samples were stored on fta(®) cards and analysed by real-time pcr assays in duplica ...201523472656
hemoglobin subunit beta interacts with the capsid protein and antagonizes the growth of classical swine fever virus.the capsid (c) protein of the flaviviridae family members is involved in nucleocapsid formation and virion assembly. however, the influence of c protein-interacting partners on the outcome of pestivirus infections is poorly defined. in this study, hemoglobin subunit beta (hb) was identified as a c protein-binding protein by glutathione s-transferase pulldown and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis of pk-15 cells, which are permissive cells for classical swine fever virus (csfv). coimmunoprecip ...201323487454
development and partial validation of a recombinant e2-based indirect elisa for detection of specific igm antibody responses against classical swine fever virus.detecting classical swine fever virus specific antibody responses is critical for prevention and control of csf. in this study, a δe2-based indirect elisa was developed to detect specific igm antibodies against csfv. the optimized conditions that were determined experimentally are: a δe2 antigen concentration of 0.5 μg/ml, a serum sample dilution of 1/100 incubated at 37°c for 1.5 h, and a hrp conjugated rabbit anti-pig igm dilution of 1/50,000 incubated at 37°c for 1 h. three hundred clinical s ...201323500647
intra-host variation structure of classical swine fever virus ns5b in relation to antiviral therapy.classical swine fever (csf) is one of most important diseases of the suidea with severe social economic consequences in case of outbreaks. antivirals have been demonstrated, in recent publications, to be an interesting alternative method of fighting the disease. however, classical swine fever virus is an rna virus which presents a challenge as intra-host variation and the error prone rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) could lead to the emergence/selection of resistant variants hampering further ...201323511203
evaluation of classical swine fever virus antibody detection assays with an emphasis on the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals.the aim of this study was to evaluate the general characteristics of commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) to detect antibody against classical swine fever (csf), as well as to assess their potential use as accompanying marker tests able to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (diva). the chekit* csf-sero and the herdchek* csfv ab, both of which detect antibodies against the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv), had the highest sensitivity. both ...201223520753
multiplex pcr for the simultaneous detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, and porcine circovirus in pigs.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was designed for the simultaneous detection of three viruses involved in reproductive and respiratory failure in pigs: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). each target produced a specific amplicon with a size of 718 bp (prrsv), 288 bp (csfv), or 466 bp (pcv-2). the sensitivity of the multiplex pcr using purified plasmid constructs containing the specific v ...201323524252
suppression of immune responses in pigs by nonstructural protein 1 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is characterized by a delayed and defective adaptive immune response. the viral nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) of the prrs virus (prrsv) is able to suppress the type i interferon (ifn) response in vitro. in this study, recombinant adenoviruses (rads) expressing nsp1 (rad-nsp1), glycoprotein 5 (gp5) (rad-gp5), and the nsp1-gp5 fusion protein (rad-nsp1-gp5) were constructed, and the effect of nsp1 on immune responses was investigated in pigs. pi ...201223543950
[study on using nsp2 protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hun4-f112) to express e2 neutralizing epitope of classical swine fever virus].establishment of recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) with co-expression e2 epitope of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a crucial step to develop a genetic engineered vaccine against prrsv and csfv. reverse genetic manipulation could be adopted as a com monly used technique. in this study, we focus on using nonessential regions of nsp2 (aa480-532 and aa508-532) as viral vector to express e2 epitope of csfv. a neutralizing epitope of classical swine fever v ...201323547375
analysis of classical swine fever virus rna replication determinants using replicons.self-replicating rnas (replicons), with or without reporter gene sequences, derived from the genome of the paderborn strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv) have been produced. the full-length viral cdna, propagated within a bacterial artificial chromosome, was modified by targeted recombination within escherichia coli. rna transcripts were produced in vitro and introduced into cells by electroporation. the translation and replication of the replicon rnas could be followed by the accumulati ...201323580431
viroporin activity and membrane topology of classic swine fever virus p7 protein.viroporins are a group of viral proteins that participate in viral replication cycles, including modification of membrane permeability and promotion of viral release. although biological data have been accumulated on viroporion-like proteins of other viruses belonging to family flaviviridae, the viroporin activity and membrane topology of p7 protein from classical swine fever virus (csfv), a member of the genus pestivirus of the family flaviviridae, are largely unknown. in this study, sequence a ...201323583663
identification and characterization of mimotopes of classical swine fever virus e2 glycoprotein using specific anti-e2 monoclonal antibodies.classical swine fever virus (csfv) shares high nucleic acid and amino acid sequence homology with the other members of the pestivirus genus, namely bovine viral diarrhea virus and border disease virus. all three viruses are able to infect swine and generate cross reactive antibodies, which is problematic during differential diagnosis for classical swine fever (csf). toward the development of a new generation of csf specific diagnostic tools, monoclonal antibodies specific for csfv were mapped us ...201323583685
bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections in pigs.cattle are the natural hosts of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), which causes mucosal disease, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections, and reproductive problems in cattle. however, bvdv can also infect goats, sheep, deer, and pigs. the prevalence of bvdv infection in pig herds has substantially increased in the last several years, causing increased economic losses to the global pig breeding industry. this article is a summary of bvdv infections in pigs, including a historical overv ...201323587625
hyper-enhanced production of foreign recombinant protein by fusion with the partial polyhedrin of nucleopolyhedrovirus.to enhance the production efficiency of foreign protein in baculovirus expression systems, the effects of polyhedrin fragments were investigated by fusion expressing them with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp). recombinant viruses were generated to express egfp fused with polyhedrin fragments based on the previously reported minimal region for self-assembly and the krkk nuclear localization signal (nls). fusion expressions with polyhedrin amino acids 19 to 110 and 32 to 110 lead to l ...201323593321
complete genome sequences of classical swine fever virus strains isolated from wild boars in south korea.classical swine fever is a disease that is devastating the pig industry worldwide. here, we report the complete genome sequences of two classical swine virus strains (yc11wb and pc11wb), isolated from korean wild boars in 2011. both strains belong to subgenotype 2.1b. the complete genome sequences of pc11wb and yc11wb are more similar to that of strain zj0801 (isolated in china) than to that of the sw03 strain isolated from domestic pigs in south korea.201323599291
detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o by elisa using a monoclonal antibody.an elisa assay with monoclonal antibody (melisa) was used to type serotype o of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). all fmdv serotype o reference strains were positive by melisa, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes asia 1, c, and a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. furthermore, fmdv serotype o positive samples were able to be detected by melisa. this assay may be particularly suitable ...201323600506
quantification of airborne african swine fever virus after experimental infection.knowledge on african swine fever (asf) transmission routes can be useful when designing control measures against the spread of asf virus (asfv). few studies have focused on the airborne transmission route, and until now no data has been available on quantities of asf virus (asfv) in the air. our aim was to validate an air sampling technique for asf virus (asfv) that could be used to detect and quantify virus excreted in the air after experimental infection of pigs. in an animal experiment with t ...201323608475
phylogenetic analysis using e2 gene of classical swine fever virus reveals a new subgenotype in china.outbreaks of classical swine fever (csf) have caused serious economic consequences in china. phylogenetic analysis based on full-length e2 gene sequences showed that five classical swine fever virus (csfv) isolates collected from hunan province in 2011 and 2012, together with seven other isolates from neighboring provinces, guangdong (5) and guangxi (2), could be classified as a new subgenotype 2.1c, which may have been endemic in the south of china for at least fourteen years. subgenotype 2.1c ...201323608662
[metagenomics-based detection of swine viruses].extreme varieties of viruses exist in the environment and animals, some of which are unknown. however, many unknown viruses are barely detected by means of conventional virus isolation and pcr assay.201323627112
characterization and expression of e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus in a eukaryotic expression system.classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important office international des epizooties (oie) list a disease of swine characterized by high fever and multiple haemmorhages. the e2 glycoprotein of csfv is immunogenic and induces neutralizing antibodies against csfv. in the present study, complete coding region of the e2 gene from indian virulent field isolate (mathura) was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and subsequently cloned into a mammalian expressio ...201023637481
molecular characterization of classical swine fever virus involved in the outbreak in mizoram.classical swine fever is the most insidious and devastating disease of pigs and wild boars. the virus is closely related to the other members of the genus pestivirus. the outbreak recorded in mizoram, india was strategically important as the state shares porous international boundary with east asian countries. both immunodiagnostic and molecular techniques were used to confirm the involvement of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in this outbreak. sandwich elisa and direct fat could detect csfv ...201023637482
antigen targeting to apc: from mice to veterinary species.antigen delivery to receptors expressed on antigen presenting cells (apc) has shown to improve immunogenicity of vaccines in mice. an enhancement of cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl), helper t cell or humoral responses was obtained depending on the type of apc and the surface molecule targeted. although this strategy is being also evaluated in livestock animals with promising results, some discrepancies have been found between species and pathogens. the genetic diversity of livestock animals, the dif ...201323648645
transmission rate of african swine fever virus under experimental conditions.african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal, viral disease of swine. no vaccine is available, so controlling an asf outbreak is highly dependent on zoosanitary measures, such as stamping out infected herds and quarantining of affected areas. information on asf transmission parameters could allow for more efficient application of outbreak control measures. three transmission experiments were carried out to estimate the transmission parameters of two asf virus isolates: malta'78 (in two doses) an ...201323664069
numerical taxonomy of the genus pestivirus: new software for genotyping based on the palindromic nucleotide substitutions method.the genus pestivirus from the family flaviviridae is represented by four established species; bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (bvdv-1); bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (bvdv-2); border disease virus (bdv); and classical swine fever virus (csfv); as well a tentative species from a giraffe. the palindromic nucleotide substitutions (pns) in the 5' untranslated region (utr) of pestivirus rna has been described as a new, simple and practical method for genotyping. new software is described, also named pn ...201323684846
prospects for development of african swine fever virus vaccines.african swine fever virus is a large dna virus which can cause an acute haemorrhagic fever in pigs resulting in high mortality. no vaccine is available, limiting options for control. the virus encodes up to 165 genes and virus particles are multi-layered and contain more than 50 proteins. pigs immunised with natural low virulence isolates or attenuated viruses produced by passage in tissue culture and by targeted gene deletions can be protected against challenge with virulent viruses. cd8+ cells ...201323689892
simplified serum neutralization test based on enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged classical swine fever virus.the neutralization immunofluorescence test (nift), currently used for detecting neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against classical swine fever virus (csfv), is time-consuming. here, a simplified neutralization test based on enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp)-tagged csfv (egfp-nt) was developed for direct detection of anti-csfv nabs without immunostaining. the relative sensitivity and specificity between egfp-nt and nift or blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were both 100%. t ...201323698523
rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus, influenza a virus and classical swine fever virus by high-speed real-time rt-pcr.high sensitivity, minor risk of cross-contamination and in particular the rapid reaction time make quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays well suited for outbreak investigations as well as for monitoring epidemics of pathogens. in this study qpcr assays for three highly contagious animal diseases, namely foot-and-mouth-disease (fmd), influenza a (ia) and classical swine fever (csf) have been developed. furthermore, an amplification control targeting 18s ribosomal rna was ...201323702025
deletion of virulence associated genes from attenuated african swine fever virus isolate our t88/3 decreases its ability to protect against challenge with virulent virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes an acute haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs against which there is no effective vaccine. the attenuated asfv strain our t88/3 has been shown previously to protect vaccinated pigs against challenge with some virulent strains including our t88/1. two genes, dp71l and dp96r were deleted from the our t88/3 genome to create recombinant virus our t88/3δdp2. deletion of these genes from virulent viruses has previously been shown to reduce asfv virulence in dom ...201323725691
phytochemical analysis and in-vitro anti-african swine fever virus activity of extracts and fractions of ancistrocladus uncinatus, hutch and dalziel (ancistrocladaceae).african swine fever (asf), a highly contagious fatal acute haemorrhagic viral disease of pigs currently has no treatment or vaccination protocol and it threatens the pig industry worldwide. recent outbreaks were managed by farmers with ethnoveterinary preparations with various claims of effectiveness.201323777548
molecular modeling and pharmacophore elucidation study of the classical swine fever virus helicase as a promising pharmacological target.the classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a major pathogen of livestock and belongs to the flaviviridae viral family. even though there aren't any verified zoonosis cases yet, the outcomes of csfv epidemics have been devastating to local communities. in an effort to shed light to the molecular mechanisms underlying the structural and drug design potential of the viral helicase, the three dimensional structure of csfv helicase has been modeled using conventional homology modeling techniques and t ...201323781407
efficient sensing of infected cells in absence of virus particles by plasmacytoid dendritic cells is blocked by the viral ribonuclease e(rns.).plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) have been shown to efficiently sense hcv- or hiv-infected cells, using a virion-free pathway. here, we demonstrate for classical swine fever virus, a member of the flaviviridae, that this process is much more efficient in terms of interferon-alpha induction when compared to direct stimulation by virus particles. by employment of virus replicon particles or infectious rna which can replicate but not form de novo virions, we exclude a transfer of virus from the d ...201323785283
involvement of the reparative dna polymerase pol x of african swine fever virus in the maintenance of viral genome stability in vivo.the function of the african swine fever virus (asfv) reparative dna polymerase, pol x, was investigated in the context of virus infection. pol x is a late structural protein that localizes at cytoplasmic viral factories during dna replication. using an asfv deletion mutant lacking the pol x gene, we have shown that pol x is not required for virus growth in vero cells or swine macrophages under one-step growth conditions. however, at a low multiplicity of infection, when multiple rounds of replic ...201323824796
preliminary mapping of non-conserved epitopes on envelope glycoprotein e2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and 2.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) belongs together with classical swine fever virus (csfv) and border disease virus (bdv) to the genus pestivirus in the flaviviridae family. bvdv has been subdivided into two different species, bvdv1 and bvdv2 based on phylogenetic analysis. subsequent characterization of both strains revealed major antigenic differences. because the envelope glycoprotein e2 is the most immunodominant protein for all pestiviruses, the present study focused on epitope mapping by ...201323838147
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of porcine hokovirus.hokoviruses have recently been detected as pathogens belonging to the family parvoviridae, which comprises porcine hokovirus (phov) and bovine hokovirus (bhov). in this study, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for the rapid, specific and sensitive detection of phov. a set of four primers specific for six regions within the phov vp1/2 genes was designed using online software. the reaction temperature and time were optimized at 65°c and 60 min, respectively. lamp p ...201323850717
a nanoparticle-assisted pcr assay to improve the sensitivity for rapid detection and differentiation of wild-type pseudorabies virus and gene-deleted vaccine strains.nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) is a novel method for the rapid amplification of dna and has been adopted for the detection of virus because of its simplicity, rapidity, and specificity. a nanopcr assay was developed to detect and differentiate wild-type and gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (prv). three pairs of primers for nanopcr developed in this study were selected from conserved regions of prv, producing specific amplicons of 431 bp (gb), 316 bp (ge), and 202 bp (gg ...201323872268
molecular tracing of classical swine fever viruses isolated from wild boars and pigs in france from 2002 to 2011.there were three outbreaks of classical swine fever (csf) in north-eastern france between 2002 and 2011. the first two occurred in april 2002 in the moselle department, in a wild boar and pig herd, respectively, while the third occurred in april 2003, in the bas-rhin department, in a wild boar. a survey was subsequently implemented in wild boar and domestic pig populations, during which 43 csf viruses (csfvs) were genetically characterized to provide information on virus sources, trace virus evo ...201323891170
prevalence of swine viral and bacterial pathogens in rodents and stray cats captured around pig farms in korea.in 2008, 102 rodents and 24 stray cats from the areas around 9 pig farms in northeast south korea were used to determine the prevalence of the following selected swine pathogens: ten viral pathogens [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), rotavirus, classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), pseudorabies ...201323892461
anti-influenza a virus activity of uridine derivatives of 2-deoxy sugars.influenza viruses are important pathogens that cause respiratory infections in humans and animals. apart from vaccinations, antiviral drugs play a significant role in controlling spread of the disease. influenza a virus contains two membrane glycoproteins on the external part of viral envelope: hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na), which are crucial for productive infection in target cells. in the present work, two derivatives of tunicamycin - uridine derivatives of 2-deoxy sugars (designat ...201323911991
molecular characterization and phylogenetic study of african swine fever virus isolates from recent outbreaks in uganda (2010-2013).african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal and economically significant disease of domestic pigs in eastern africa particularly in uganda where outbreaks regularly occur. sequence analysis of variable genome regions have been extensively used for molecular epidemiological studies of african swine fever virus (asfv) isolates. by combining p72, p54 and pb602l (cvr), a high level resolution approach is achieved for viral discrimination. the major aim of this study therefore, was to investigate th ...201323914918
characterization of the swine u6 promoter for short hairpin rna expression and its application to inhibition of virus replication.expression of short hairpin rnas (shrnas) by the rna polymerase type iii u6 promoter is an effective and widely used strategy for rna interference (rnai) which is a sequence-specific gene silencing mechanism. the u6 promoters from human, mouse, and swine were cloned, respectively for constructing various shrna expression vectors. the transcription efficiency of each u6 promoter was analyzed for its activity to drive expression of shrna targeting enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) mrna in ...201323916945
development and validation of a multiplex, real-time rt pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of classical and african swine fever viruses.a single-step, multiplex, real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was developed for the simultaneous and differential laboratory diagnosis of classical swine fever virus (csfv) and african swine fever virus (asfv) alongside an exogenous internal control rna (ic-rna). combining a single extraction methodology and primer and probe sets for detection of the three target nucleic acids csfv, asfv and ic-rna, had no effect on the analytical sensitivity of the assay and the new triplex rt-pcr was ...201323923045
comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions of african swine fever virus: proposal for a new classification and molecular dating of the virus.african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal disease of domestic pigs caused by the only known dna arbovirus. it was first described in kenya in 1921 and since then many isolates have been collected worldwide. however, although several phylogenetic studies have been carried out to understand the relationships between the isolates, no molecular dating analyses have been achieved so far. in this paper, comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions were made using newly generated, publicly available s ...201323936068
assessment of the phenotype and functionality of porcine cd8 t cell responses following vaccination with live attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) and virulent csfv challenge.vaccination with live attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) induces solid protection after only 5 days, which has been associated with virus-specific t cell gamma interferon (ifn-γ) responses. in this study, we employed flow cytometry to characterize t cell responses following vaccination and subsequent challenge infections with virulent csfv. the cd3(+) cd4(-) cd8(hi) t cell population was the first and major source of csfv-specific ifn-γ. a proportion of these cells showed evidence for ...201323966552
a portable reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a trans-boundary viral disease of livestock, which causes huge economic losses and constitutes a serious infectious threat for livestock farming worldwide. early diagnosis of fmd helps to diminish its impact by adequate outbreak management. in this study, we describe the development of a real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (rt-rpa) assay for the detection of fmd virus (fmdv). the fmdv rt-rpa design targeted the 3d gene of fmdv and ...201323977101
autocatalytic cleavage within classical swine fever virus ns3 leads to a functional separation of protease and helicase.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a positive-stranded rna virus belonging to the genus pestivirus within the flaviviridae family. pivotal for processing of a large portion of the viral polyprotein is a serine protease activity within nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) that also harbors helicase and ntpase activities essential for rna replication. in csfv-infected cells, ns3 appears as two forms, a fully processed ns3 of 80 kda and the precursor molecule ns2-3 of 120 kda. here we report the identi ...201323986594
detection and differentiation of classical swine fever virus strains c and shimen by high-resolution melt analysis.differentiation of classical swine fever virus (csfv) strains is crucial for the development of effective vaccination programs and in epidemiological investigations. most of current detection methods do not discriminate between wild-type csfv strains and those used in vaccines. in this study, method involving high-resolution melt (hrm) curve analysis for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of the c and shimen strains of csfv was developed. a specific fragment of the ns2 gene was ampli ...201323994467
application of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to monitoring infection of classic swine fever virus and determining optimal harvest time in large-scale production.due to the non-cytopathogenic replication of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in cell culture, large-scale production of csfv using bioreactor system remains the problem of monitoring the time of maximum virus production for optimal harvest. in this study, we proposed the application of real-time quantitative pcr assay to monitoring the progress of csfv infection and yield determination in large scale. the region of ns5b of csfv responsible for csfv genome replication was used for the designat ...201324021314
classical swine fever virus triggers rig-i and mda5-dependent signaling pathway to irf-3 and nf-κb activation to promote secretion of interferon and inflammatory cytokines in porcine alveolar macrophages.classical swine fever (csf) caused by csf virus (csfv) is a highly contagious disease of pigs. the rna helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda-5) are differentially involved in the detection of various rna viruses. in present study, we investigated the roles of rig-i and mda-5 in eliciting antiviral and inflammatory responses to csfv shimen strain in porcine alveolar macrophages (pams).201324034559
a one-step rt-pcr assay to detect and discriminate porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in clinical specimens.outbreaks of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) have led to large economic losses and, subsequently, have drawn great attention to its diagnosis and prevention. to facilitate rapid discrimination of hp-prrsv from classical prrsv (c-prrsv), we developed a one-step rt-pcr assay. primer specificities were evaluated with rna extracted from 8 viral strains and our results revealed that the primers had a high specificity for prrsv. the assay sensitivity wa ...201324035936
african swine fever virus: on the move and dangerous. 201324038277
abortion in sows experimentally infected with african swine fever virus: clinical features.thirteen sows between 38 and 92 days of pregnancy were exposed oronasally to african swine fever virus (1979 dominican republic isolate) to determine whether infection would affect their reproductive performance. abortions occurred in sows in all stages of pregnancy. of 11 sows, 7 aborted 5 to 8 (6.1 +/- 0.90) days after inoculation or 0 to 3 (1.4 +/- 0.98) days after fever development. abortions occurred soon after clinical signs of infection first developed and viremia titers peaked. swelling ...198424049897
future directions for the development of chlamydomonas-based vaccines.besides serving as a valuable model in biological sciences, chamydomonas reinhardtii has been used during the last decade in the biotechnology arena to establish models for the low cost production of vaccines. antigens from various pathogens including plasmodium falciparum, foot and mouth disease virus, staphylococcus aureus, classical swine fever virus (csfv) as well as some auto-antigens, have been produced in c. reinhardtii. although some of them have been functionally characterized with prom ...201324053395
pathogenesis of highly virulent african swine fever virus in domestic pigs exposed via intraoropharyngeal, intranasopharyngeal, and intramuscular inoculation, and by direct contact with infected pigs.to investigate the pathogenesis of african swine fever virus (asfv), domestic pigs (n=18) were challenged with a range (10(2)-10(6) 50% hemadsorbing doses (had50)) of the highly virulent asfv-malawi strain by inoculation via the intraoropharyngeal (iop), intranasopharyngeal (inp), or intramuscular (im) routes. a subsequent contact challenge experiment was performed in which six iop-inoculated donor pigs were allowed to have direct contact (dc) with six naïve pigs for exposure times that varied f ...201324076499
increase in chemokines cxcl10 and ccl2 in blood from pigs infected with high compared to low virulence african swine fever virus isolates.modulation of the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in whole blood was compared following infection of pigs with high and low virulence isolates of african swine fever virus. levels of mrnas for ccl2, ccl3l1, ccl4, cxcl10, ccr1 and ccr5 were significantly increased in at least one time point following infection in two experiments and ccl5, ccr9 and cxcr4 mrna were significantly increased in one of the experiments. the results showed that greatest fold increases in mrnas for cxcl10 ...201324083897
a sensitive and specific nanoparticle-assisted pcr assay for rapid detection of porcine parvovirus.a novel nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) assay to detect porcine parvovirus (ppv) is described here. primers for this assay were designed based on the conserved region of the nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) gene of ppv, which encodes one of the nonstructural proteins. the sensitivity of the ppv nanopcr assay was measured by using diluted recombinant plasmids in which the ppv ns1 gene had been inserted. the detection limit was 5.6 × 10(1) copies μl(-1) for the ppv nanopcr a ...201424117951
the structure of classical swine fever virus n(pro): a novel cysteine autoprotease and zinc-binding protein involved in subversion of type i interferon induction.pestiviruses express their genome as a single polypeptide that is subsequently cleaved into individual proteins by host- and virus-encoded proteases. the pestivirus n-terminal protease (n(pro)) is a cysteine autoprotease that cleaves between its own c-terminus and the n-terminus of the core protein. due to its unique sequence and catalytic site, it forms its own cysteine protease family c53. after self-cleavage, n(pro) is no longer active as a protease. the released n(pro) suppresses the inducti ...201324146623
classical swine fever virus infection modulates serum levels of inf-α, il-8 and tnf-α in 6-month-old pigs.several studies have highlighted the important role of cytokines in disease development of classical swine fever virus (csfv) infection. in the present study, we examined the kinetics of 7 porcine cytokines in serum from pigs infected with 3 different csfv strains. based on the clinical picture in 6-month-old danish pigs, the strains used for inoculation were classified as being of low (bergen), low to moderate (eystrup) and moderate to high (lithuania) virulence. the cytokines interferon-alpha ...201324148871
infection of mouse bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells with classical swine fever virus c-strain promotes cells maturation and lymphocyte proliferation.in this study, the interactions of classical swine fever virus (csfv) c-strain and the virulent gslz strain with mouse bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells (bm-imdcs) were investigated for the first time. both the c-strain and the virulent gslz strain could effectively infect and replicate in mouse bm-imdcs. c-strain-infected bm-imdcs showed a greatly enhanced degree of maturation, and could effectively promote the expansion and proliferation of allogeneic naive t cells. the c-strain ind ...201324169497
beta-actin interacts with the e2 protein and is involved in the early replication of classical swine fever virus.the e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is involved in viral infection and induction of neutralizing antibodies. little is known about how e2 interacts with host cells. to understand the cellular factors involved in viral replication cycle, e2 was used as bait in yeast two-hybrid screens, resulting in the identification of β-actin as a potential e2-interacting partner. e2-β-actin interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, gst pulldown, laser confocal and bimolecular f ...201424184320
hepatitis-c-virus-like internal ribosome entry sites displace eif3 to gain access to the 40s subunit.hepatitis c virus (hcv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) messenger rnas contain related (hcv-like) internal ribosome entry sites (iress) that promote 5'-end independent initiation of translation, requiring only a subset of the eukaryotic initiation factors (eifs) needed for canonical initiation on cellular mrnas. initiation on hcv-like iress relies on their specific interaction with the 40s subunit, which places the initiation codon into the p site, where it directly base-pairs with eif2-b ...201324185006
pore-forming activity of pestivirus p7 in a minimal model system supports genus-specific viroporin function.viroporins are small integral membrane proteins functional in viral assembly and egress by promoting permeabilization. blocking of viroporin function therefore constitutes a target for antiviral development. classical swine fever virus (csfv) protein p7 has been recently regarded as a class ii viroporin. here, we sought to establish the determinants of the csfv p7 permeabilizing activity in a minimal model system. assessment of an overlapping peptide library mapped the porating domain to the c-t ...201424189547
[progress in new-type vaccines against classical swine fever].classical swine fever (csf), an acute and highly contagious disease of swine, is caused by classical swine fever virus. csf is one of the most devastating diseases to the pig industry worldwide and results in serious economic losses. currently prophylactic vaccination is still an important strategy for the control of csf. live attenuated vaccines (such as c-strain) are safe and effective. however, there are significant changes in the clinical features of csf, displaying concurrent typical and at ...201324195355
the challenges of classical swine fever control: modified live and e2 subunit vaccines.classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important, highly contagious disease of swine worldwide. csf is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), and domestic pigs and wild boars are its only natural hosts. the two main strategies used to control csf epidemic are systematic prophylactic vaccination and a non-vaccination stamping-out policy. this review compares the protective efficacy of the routinely used modified live vaccine (mlv) and e2 subunit vaccines and summarizes the factors ...201424211665
innate immunity correlates with host fitness in wild boar (sus scrofa) exposed to classical swine fever.constitutive humoral immunity (chi) is thought to be a first-line of protection against pathogens invading vertebrate hosts. however, clear evidence that chi correlates with host fitness in natural conditions is still lacking. this study explores the relationship between chi, measured using a haemagglutination-haemolysis assay (hahl), and resistance to classical swine fever virus (csfv) among wild boar piglets. the individual dynamics of hahl during piglet growth was analysed, using 423 serum sa ...201324260286
efficient generation of recombinant rna viruses using targeted recombination-mediated mutagenesis of bacterial artificial chromosomes containing full-length cdna.infectious cdna clones are a prerequisite for directed genetic manipulation of rna viruses. here, a strategy to facilitate manipulation and rescue of classical swine fever viruses (csfvs) from full-length cdnas present within bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) is described. this strategy allows manipulation of viral cdna by targeted recombination-mediated mutagenesis within bacteria.201324262008
autophagy enhances the replication of classical swine fever virus in vitro.autophagy plays an important role in cellular responses to pathogens. however, the impact of the autophagy machinery on classical swine fever virus (csfv) infection is not yet confirmed. in this study, we showed that csfv infection significantly increases the number of autophagy-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells at the ultrastructural level. we also found the formation of 2 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems upon virus infection, including lc3-i/lc3-ii conversion and atg12-atg5 conjug ...201324262968
a promising multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of swine. it is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), one of the members of the genus pestivirus of the flaviviridae family. the development of a safe and effective vaccine against the csf is critical to pandemic control, this article shows a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine can protect pigs from csfv challenge. that was composed as following: two copies each of glycoprotein e2 residues 693-707, ...201424269058
prokaryotic expression and purification of highly soluble partial glycoprotein erns of indian strain of classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) or hog cholera, caused by a positive stranded rna virus belonging to the genus pestivirus of the flaviviridae family, is highly contagious and fatal disease of pigs. we report the novel design of construct for production of highly soluble glycoprotein erns fragment using prokaryotic expression system. a truncated fragment of the erns gene (coding for aa 109-170) denoted as 'erns-ag' was subcloned and expressed as hexa-histidine tag fusion on both terminus of protein i ...201224293833
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay combined with a lateral flow dipstick for rapid and simple detection of classical swine fever virus in the field.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious viral disease and may cause heavy economic loss to farmers. the rapid, simple and accurate diagnosis of the disease at the frontline, for example on the farms of concern is crucial for disease control. this study describes the development and evaluation of a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay coupled with lateral flow dipstick (lfd) for the detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv). this rt-lamp-lfd assay combines the ...201424300833
how dna polymerase x preferentially accommodates incoming datp opposite 8-oxoguanine on the template.the modified base 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (oxog) is a common dna adduct produced by the oxidation of dna by reactive oxygen species. kinetic data reveal that dna polymerase x (pol x) from the african swine fever virus incorporates adenine (datp) opposite to oxog with higher efficiency than the non-damaged g:c basepair. to help interpret the kinetic data, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of pol x/dna complexes, in which the template base opposite to the incoming dntp (dctp, d ...201324314086
prevalence of african swine fever virus in apparently healthy domestic pigs in uganda.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious viral disease which can cause up to 100% mortality among domestic pigs leading to serious socio-economic impact on people's livelihoods. asf is endemic in uganda and there is paucity of information on the epidemiology of the disease. the major aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and prevalence of african swine fever virus (asfv) in apparently healthy slaughter pigs at wambizi slaughterhouse in kampala city, uganda. we also estimated the ...201324369729
porcine circovirus type 2 decreases the infection and replication of attenuated classical swine fever virus in porcine alveolar macrophages.recently, it has been noted that porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection adversely affects the protective efficacy of lapinized philippines coronel (lpc) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv), in pigs. in order to investigate the possible mechanisms of the pcv2-derived interference, an in vitro model was established to study the interaction of lpc virus (lpcv) and pcv2 in porcine alveolar macrophages (ams). the results showed that pcv2 reduced the lpcv infection ...201424370262
proteome-wide screening reveals immunodominance in the cd8 t cell response against classical swine fever virus with antigen-specificity dependent on mhc class i haplotype expression.vaccination with live attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccines induces a rapid onset of protection which has been associated with virus-specific cd8 t cell ifn-γ responses. in this study, we assessed the specificity of this response, by screening a peptide library spanning the csfv c-strain vaccine polyprotein to identify and characterise cd8 t cell epitopes. synthetic peptides were pooled to represent each of the 12 csfv proteins and used to stimulate pbmc from four pigs rendered ...201324376799
n pro of bungowannah virus exhibits the same antagonistic function in the ifn induction pathway than that of other classical pestiviruses.bungowannah virus is the most divergent atypical pestivirus that had been detected up to now, and does not fit into any of the four approved species: bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1) and type 2 (bvdv-2), classical swine fever virus (csfv) and border disease virus (bdv). however, the presence of n(pro) and e(rns) coding regions, which are unique to pestiviruses, provides clear evidence of a pestivirus. nevertheless, the amino acid identity of bungowannah virus n(pro) and bvdv-1 n(pro) ...201424398226
correlation of cell surface marker expression with african swine fever virus infection.the expression of surface markers on african swine fever virus (asfv) infected cells was evaluated to assess their involvement in infection. previous findings indicated cd163 expression was correlated with asfv susceptibility. however, in this study the expression of porcine cd163 on cell lines did not increase the infection rate of these cells indicating other factors are likely to be important in determining susceptibility to infection. on adherent porcine bone marrow (pbm) cells the expressio ...201424398227
efficacy of marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf against challenge with classical swine fever virus isolates of different genotypes.classical swine fever (csf) is among the most important viral disease of domestic and feral pigs and has a serious impact on animal health and pig industry. in most countries with industrialized pig production, prophylactic vaccination against csf is banned, and all efforts are directed towards eradication of the disease, e.g. by culling of infected herds and animal movement restrictions. nevertheless, emergency vaccination remains an option to minimize the socio-economic impact of outbreaks. fo ...201424411658
interaction of csfv e2 protein with swine host factors as detected by yeast two-hybrid system.e2 is one of the envelope glycoproteins of pestiviruses, including classical swine fever virus (csfv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). e2 is involved in several critical functions, including virus entry into target cells, induction of a protective immune response and virulence in swine. however, there is no information regarding any host binding partners for the e2 proteins. here, we utilized the yeast two-hybrid system and identified fifty-seven host proteins as positive binding partners ...201424416391
microbiological identification and analysis of swine lungs collected from carcasses in swine farms, china.the primary objective of this 3 years study was to determine the prevalence of porcine pathogens of the lungs of swine in swine farms in southern china. a total of 5,420 samples were collected from 200 swine farms. the bacterium that was most commonly isolated was streptococcus suis, with 10.24 % of the samples being positive, 114 lungs (2.1 %) were positive for pseudorabies virus and 263 (4.85 %) were positive for classical swine fever virus; much lower than positive for prrsv (15.1 %, p = 0.02 ...201324426158
development of colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of mycoplasma suis in porcine plasma.a one-step immunochromatographic assay using gold nanoparticles coated with polyclonal antibody (pab) against mycoplasma suis (m. suis) was developed in this study for the detection of m. suis in porcine plasma. the colloidal gold was prepared by the reduction of gold salt with sodium citrate coupled with pab against m. suis. the pab was produced by immunizing the balb/c mice with recombinant msg1 (rmsg1) protein from m. suis expressed in escherichia coli. the optimal concentrations of the captu ...201424434494
enhancing expression of the classical swine fever virus glycoprotein e2 in yeast and its application to a blocking elisa.classical swine fever virus (csfv) infection is a severe swine disease, often causing large economic losses. a pichia pastoris yeast-expressed csfv glycoprotein e2 (ye2) has been shown to induce a protective immune response against the virus. to improve the expression level of ye2, the first codon of e2 gene, arg (cgg), which is the least used in p. pastoris, was optimized to the most favorite codon aga. the yield of e2 protein was remarkably increased in the codon optimized strain (n342). three ...201424468422
screening of cellular proteins that interact with the classical swine fever virus non-structural protein 5a by yeast two-hybrid analysis.classical swine fever virus (csfv), the pathogen of classical swine fever (csf), causes severe hemorrhagic fever and vascular necrosis in domestic pigs and wild boar. a large number of evidence has proven that non-structural 5a (ns5a) is not only a very important part of viral replication complex, but also can regulate host cell's function; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. in the current study, aiming to find more clues in understanding the molecular mechanisms of csf ...201424499791
in vitro inhibition of the replication of classical swine fever virus by porcine mx1 protein.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative pathogen of classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease of swine. mx proteins are interferon-induced dynamin-like gtpases present in all vertebrates with a wide range of antiviral activities. although zhao et al. (2011) have reported that human mxa can inhibit csfv replication, whether porcine mx1 (pomx1) has anti-csfv activity remains unknown. in this study, we generated a cell line designated pk-15/egfp-pomx1 which expressed porc ...201424500530
cytokine and immunoglobulin isotype profiles during cp7_e2alf vaccination against a challenge with the highly virulent koslov strain of classical swine fever virus.cp7_e2alf is a promising marker vaccine candidate against classical swine fever (csf). to better understand the mechanisms of protection, cytokine and isotype-specific antibody profiles were investigated in cp7_e2alf vaccinated pigs before and after challenge with the highly virulent csfv strain "koslov" at 14 days or 6 months post-vaccination. the interference of vaccination with csfv pathogeny-related cytokine responses, previously described following a moderately virulent challenge, was confi ...201424530018
the untranslated regions of classic swine fever virus rna trigger apoptosis.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes a broad range of disease in pigs, from acute symptoms including high fever and hemorrhages, to chronic disease or unapparent infection, depending on the virus strain. csfv belongs to the genus pestivirus of the family flaviviridae. it carries a single-stranded positive-sense rna genome. an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) in the 5' untranslated region (utr) drives the translation of a single open reading frame encoding a 3898 amino acid long polypept ...201424533157
mapping quantitative trait loci for the lysozyme level and immunoglobulin g blocking percentage of classical swine fever virus.increased disease resistance through improved general immune capacity would be beneficial for the welfare and productivity of farm animals. classical swine fever (csf) is a contagious disease in farm animals. the immunoglobulin g (igg) blocking percentage of csf virus (csfv) in serum is an essential diagnostic parameter in veterinary practice. in addition, lysozymes are a part of the innate immune system. to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) for igg blocking percentage of csfv and lysozyme ...201424535855
the role of noncoding regions of classical swine fever virus c-strain in its adaptation to the rabbit.classical swine fever (csf) is a devastating disease of swine caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). c-strain, a modified live vaccine against csf, was developed through hundreds of passages of a highly virulent csfv in the rabbit in china in the mid-1950s. to identify the role of noncoding regions (ncrs) of c-strain in its adaptation to the rabbit, we generated and evaluated a series of chimeric viruses derived from c-strain and the highly virulent shimen strain. the results demonstrated ...201424553098
first assessment of classical swine fever marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf for oral immunization of wild boar under field conditions.oral vaccination against classical swine fever (csf) is a potent tool to control disease outbreaks in wild boar. so far, vaccination campaigns have been carried out using live attenuated vaccines that do not allow serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). although this drawback is acceptable for wild boar, the use of marker vaccines would facilitate studies on disease and vaccination dynamics. recently, the csf marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf was assessed for ora ...201424565752
autocatalytic activity and substrate specificity of the pestivirus n-terminal protease npro.pestivirus n(pro) is the first protein translated in the viral polypeptide, and cleaves itself off co-translationally generating the n-terminus of the core protein. once released, n(pro) blocks the host׳s interferon response by inducing degradation of interferon regulatory factor-3. n(pro׳)s intracellular autocatalytic activity and lack of trans-activity have hampered in vitro cleavage studies to establish its substrate specificity and the roles of individual residues. we constructed n(pro)-gfp ...201424606708
how a low-fidelity dna polymerase chooses non-watson-crick from watson-crick incorporation.a dogma for dna polymerase catalysis is that the enzyme binds dna first, followed by mgdntp. this mechanism contributes to the selection of correct dntp by watson-crick base pairing, but it cannot explain how low-fidelity dna polymerases overcome watson-crick base pairing to catalyze non-watson-crick dntp incorporation. dna polymerase x from the deadly african swine fever virus (pol x) is a half-sized repair polymerase that catalyzes efficient dg:dgtp incorporation in addition to correct repair. ...201424617852
diva vaccine properties of the live chimeric pestivirus strain cp7_e2gif.live modified vaccines to protect against classical swine fever virus (csfv), based on chimeric pestiviruses, have been developed to enable serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). in this context, the chimeric virus cp7_e2gif vaccine candidate is unique as it does not include any csfv components. in the present study, the diva vaccine properties of cp7_e2gif were evaluated in comparison to the conventional live attenuated riemser c-strain vaccine. sera and tonsil ...201424629779
a new nanopcr molecular assay for detection of porcine bocavirus.nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) is a novel method for the rapid amplification of dna and has been used for the detection of virus. for detection of porcine bocavirus (pbov), a sensitive and specific nanopcr assay was developed with a pair of primers that were designed based on ns1 gene sequences available in genbank. under the optimized conditions of the pbov nanopcr assay, the nanopcr assay was 100-fold more sensitive than a conventional pcr assay. the lower detection ...201424642242
identification and epidemiology of a rare hobi-like pestivirus strain in bangladesh.the genus pestivirus of the family flaviviridae consists of four recognized species: bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (bvdv-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2 (bvdv-2), classical swine fever virus and border disease virus. a new putative pestivirus species tentatively named as either 'hobi-like pestivirus' or bvdv-3 has recently been identified in brazil, italy and thailand. despite reports of serological evidence of bvdv in bangladesh, the types of the virus circulating in cattle have not been id ...201424650238
substituted 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridines: a novel chemical class of pestivirus inhibitors that targets a hot spot for inhibition of pestivirus replication in the rna-dependent rna polymerase.2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (bbp/csfa-0) was identified in a cpe-based screening as a selective inhibitor of the in vitro bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) replication. the ec50-values for the inhibition of bvdv-induced cytopathic (cpe) effect, viral rna synthesis and the production of infectious virus were 0.3±0.1μm, 0.05±0.01μm and 0.3±0.04μm, respectively. furthermore, bbp/csfa-0 inhibits the in vitro replication of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) with an ec50 of 0.33±0.25μm. b ...201424680957
the csfv dnachip: a novel diagnostic assay for classical swine fever virus.a novel assay, the csfv dnachip, was developed to clearly and rapidly discriminate three genotypes of classical swine fever virus (csfv). total rna was extracted from clinical samples and then subjected to a one-step reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using cy3-labeled primers from the 5' non-coding region (ncr) of csfv. amplicons were hybridized to the csfv dnachip and fluorescence scanning was performed for detection of csfv. a cut-off fluorescence intensity value of 5000 ...201424698761
detection and genetic analysis of porcine bocavirus in different swine herds in north central china.porcine bocavirus (pbov) has been reported to be associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and pneumonia in pigs. in this study, a survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of pbov in slaughter pigs, sick pigs, asymptomatic pigs and classical swine fever virus (csfv) eradication plan herds in five provinces of china (henan, liaoning, shandong, hebei and tianjin) by means of pcr targeting ns1 gene of pbov. among the total of 403 tissue samples, 11.41% were positive for pbov ...201424701194
synthesis and antiviral activity of a novel glycosyl sulfoxide against classical swine fever virus.a novel compound-2″,3″,4″,6″-tetra-o-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-2',3',6'-tri-o-acetyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(5-nitro-2-pyridyl) sulfoxide-designated gp6 was synthesized and assayed for cytotoxicity and in vitro antiviral properties against classical swine fever virus (csfv) in this study. we showed that the examined compound effectively arrested csfv growth in swine kidney cells (sk6) at a 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of 5 ± 0.12 μg/ml without significant toxicity for mammalian ...201424721828
clinical presentation resembling mucosal disease associated with 'hobi'-like pestivirus in a field outbreak.the genus pestivirus of the family flaviviridae consists of four recognized species: bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (bvdv-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2 (bvdv-2), classical swine fever virus (csfv) and border disease virus (bdv). recently, atypical pestiviruses ('hobi'-like pestiviruses) were identified in batches of contaminated foetal calf serum and in naturally infected cattle with and without clinical symptoms. here, we describe the first report of a mucosal disease-like clinical present ...201624735072
first isolation of border disease virus in japan is from a pig farm with no ruminants.the first isolation of border disease virus (bdv) in japan was from a pig farm of the farrow-to-finishing type that kept no small ruminants or cattle. the infection was detected in the course of sero-surveillance for classical swine fever virus (csfv) in japan. the infected pigs had no clinical symptoms of csfv or other disease; nevertheless, a high sero-positive rate of 58.5% was identified. a persistently infected pig with the bdv was found and suspected to be the cause of sero-prevalence in t ...201424735918
npro of classical swine fever virus contributes to pathogenicity in pigs by preventing type i interferon induction at local replication sites.classical swine fever (csf) caused by csf virus (csfv) is a highly contagious disease of pigs. the viral protein npro of csfv interferes with alpha- and beta-interferon (ifn-α/β) induction by promoting the degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3). during the establishment of the live attenuated csf vaccine strain gpe-, npro acquired a mutation that abolished its capacity to bind and degrade irf3, rendering it unable to prevent ifn-α/β induction. in a previous study, we showed that th ...201424742209
vaccination influences the evolution of classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever is a serious, economically damaging disease caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). the csfv is composed of two clades, according to phylogenetic estimates. attenuated live vaccine such as hclv, has been widely used to protect pigs from csfv, but the influence of vaccination on the evolution of csfv has not been studied. we conducted a systemic analysis of the impact of vaccination on the evolution of csfv by comparing vaccine-related and non-vaccine-related csfv grou ...201424747964
arboviruses pathogenic for domestic and wild animals.the objective of this chapter is to provide an updated and concise systematic review on taxonomy, history, arthropod vectors, vertebrate hosts, animal disease, and geographic distribution of all arboviruses known to date to cause disease in homeotherm (endotherm) vertebrates, except those affecting exclusively man. fifty arboviruses pathogenic for animals have been documented worldwide, belonging to seven families: togaviridae (mosquito-borne eastern, western, and venezuelan equine encephaliliti ...201424751197
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