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the epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection in hiv-positive and hiv-negative high-risk women in kigali, rwanda.abstract:201122136570
[retrospective analysis of laboratory examinations focusing on infectious agents in case of reproductive failure in swine herds.]objective: the detection rate of various viral and bacterial agents causing reproductive failure in sows was analysed. material and methods: samples from abortion/uterus (n=714), sera from weak born piglets (n=317), cervical swabs (n=881) and urogenital organs from slaughtered sows (n=416) that had been submitted between january 2006 and june 2009 were included in this analysis. various pcr assays were run to detect prrsv, pcv2, ppv, chlamydia spp. and leptospira spp. other bacterial agen ...201122138800
amoebal host-range, host-free survival and disinfection susceptibility of environmental chlamydiae as compared to chlamydia trachomatis.the term "chlamydia-like organisms" encompasses obligate intra-cellular bacterial species phylogenetically close to chlamydiaceae. most are associated with free-living amoebae and several could be responsible for respiratory tract infections and abortion in human and animals. despite increasing concern about their pathogenic role, the prevalence, biodiversity, and ecology of chlamydia-related bacteria still remain largely unknown. in this study, six members of the chlamydiales were tested, inclu ...201122141597
prevalence of genital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas in men younger than 40 years-of-age with acute epididymitis.objectives:  acute epididymitis is often associated with urethritis. mycoplasma genitalium and ureaplasma urealyticum have been considered as pathogens of urethritis. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of these microorganisms in men with acute epididymitis. method:  a total of 56 men younger than 40 years-of-age with acute epididymitis were enrolled in the present study between january 2006 and june 2010. first-void urine specimens were subjected to culture of aerobic b ...201122142497
Antimicrobial resistance in sexually transmitted infections in the developed world: implications for rational treatment.Public health control of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is dependent on the delivery of effective therapy and so will be compromised by the emergence of resistance. The scope of the problem and the implications for treatment that follow are discussed in this review.201222143116
effect of inflammatory response on in vivo competition between two chlamydial variants in the guinea pig model of inclusion conjunctivitis.in order to study the interaction of variants in in vivo infection, we employed an azithromycin-resistant mutant (az(2)) and its wild-type parent (sp(6)) in the guinea pig model of chlamydia caviae conjunctival infection. when each strain was inoculated individually into conjunctiva, both attained the same level of growth, but az(2) elicited less pathology. however, when equal numbers of the two strains were inoculated together into the guinea pig conjunctiva, sp(6) produced a significantly grea ...201122144478
chlamydia trachomatis infection control programs: lessons learned and implications for vaccine development.chlamydia trachomatis control efforts that enhance detection and treatment of infected women may paradoxically increase susceptibility of the population to infection. conversely, these surveillance programs lower incidences of adverse sequelae elicited by genital tract infection (e.g., pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy), suggesting enhanced identification and eradication of c. trachomatis simultaneously reduces pathogen-induced upper genital tract damage and abrogates formation o ...201122144851
[immunogenic properties and molecular-genetic features of native and inactivated chlamydia trachomatis mt-2a serovariant d strain].aim. study of antibody genesis after introduction of native and inactivated chlamydia trachomatis mt-2a strain into balb/c mice and analysis of molecular-genetic features of omp a gene that is responsible for its immunogenicity.201122145350
[diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia trachomatis infections].nucleic acid amplification tests are now considered the method of choice to detect chlamydia trachomatis. these assays have highest sensitivity and also high specificity, comparable to culture. first-void urine is the preferred specimen for urogenital infections of males, whereas vaginal and cervical swabs are at least as effective for testing female lower genital tract infections. chlamydia point-of-care tests may produce results rapidly without special equipment but lack diagnostic accuracy an ...201122146894
vaccination to protect against infection of the female reproductive tract.infection of the female genital tract can result in serious morbidities and mortalities from reproductive disability, pelvic inflammatory disease and cancer, to impacts on the fetus, such as infant blindness. while therapeutic agents are available, frequent testing and treatment is required to prevent the occurrence of the severe disease sequelae. hence, sexually transmitted infections remain a major public health burden with ongoing social and economic barriers to prevention and treatment. unfo ...201222149343
trachoma and antibiotic use: the 'a' in safe.trachoma, a chronic conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. in recognition of this public health problem, the world health assembly has targeted the year 2020 to eliminate blinding trachoma, and a multifaceted strategy (safe) is recommended, including antibiotics for treatment of infection. trachoma is a disease of entire communities, and the pool of infection resides largely in preschool age children. thus, for endemic communities, ...201222149616
Synergistic bactericidal effects and mechanisms of low intensity ultrasound and antibiotics against bacteria: A review.Low intensity ultrasonic therapy is always an important research area of ultrasonic medicine. This review concentrates on low intensity ultrasound enhancing bactericidal action of antibiotics against bacteria in vitro and in vivo, including planktonic bacteria, bacterial biofilms, Chlamydia, and bacteria in implants. These literatures show that low intensity ultrasound alone is not effective in killing bacteria, while the combination of low intensity ultrasound and antibiotics is promising. Low ...201122153228
chlamydophila psittaci subclinical infection in chronic polyarthritis.recent evidence indicates that chlamydophila psittaci (cp) may establish chronic infections, which may promote autoimmunity and/or b cell lymphoproliferation.201122153301
periodic presumptive treatment of curable sexually transmitted infections among sex workers: recent experience with implementation.curable sexually transmitted infections (stis) are common occupational hazards for female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries. yet, most infections are asymptomatic and sensitive screening tests are rarely affordable or feasible. periodic presumptive treatment (ppt) has been used as a component of sti control interventions to rapidly reduce sti prevalence.201222156895
the effects of injectable hormonal contraceptives on hiv seroconversion and on sexually transmitted infections.: to investigate the association between hormonal contraceptives and risk of hiv-1 seroconversion and prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections.201122156970
evaluation of screening tests for detecting chlamydia trachomatis: bias associated with the patient-infected-status algorithm.in recent years, the evaluation of nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) for detecting chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhea is based on a methodology called the patient-infected-status algorithm (pisa). in the simplest version of pisa, 4 test-specimen combinations (comparator tests) are used to define the gold standard. if a person shows a positive result by any 2 or more of these 4 comparator tests, the person is classified as infected; otherwise, the person is considered to be unin ...201222157304
identification of antigen-specific antibody responses associated with upper genital tract pathology in mice infected with chlamydia muridarum.urogenital infection with c. trachomatis in some women can lead to upper genital tract pathologies such as hydrosalpinx, potentially affecting fertility. in the current study, 27 of 40 mice intravaginally infected with c. muridarum developed visible hydrosalpinges in the oviduct while the remaining 13 did not although all infected mice displayed a similar infection time course. antisera from the 40 mice recognized 130 out of 257 c. muridarum proteins as antigens and 17 as immunodominant antigens ...201122158739
Diagnostic test characteristics of tests for ocular chlamydia after mass azithromycin distributions.Purpose:Although trachoma control programs frequently use the World Health Organization's simplified grading system for trachoma to monitor the clinical response after repeated mass azithromycin treatments, the programmatic relevance of this evaluation after multiple rounds of antibiotic treatments is unclear.Methods:Three rounds of annual mass azithromycin were distributed to 12 villages in Ethiopia. Twelve months after the third treatment, children were assessed for follicular trachomatous inf ...201122159017
how to deal with double partial verification when evaluating two index tests in relation to a reference test?research into the diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests is often hampered by single or double partial verification mechanisms, that is, not all patients have their disease status verified by a reference test, neither do all patients receive all tests under evaluation (index tests). we show methods that reduce verification bias introduced when omitting data from partially tested patients. adjustment techniques are well established when there are no missing index tests and when the reference test ...201122161741
[the choice of the targets and the search for their inhibitors by means of computer simulation for the development of innovative preparations to treat of chronic bacterial infections].persistence is a form of interaction of pathogenic bacteria with a host aimed to promote their long-term survivalby means of inactivation of the host's protective systems via modulation of intracellular signal pathways. persistent forms of a pathogen are refractory to traditional antibiotic therapy and cause chronic infectious diseases. directed search for protein targets and new antibacterial drugs using computer simulation and experimental testing for the development of innovative preparations ...201122168035
enhanced upper genital tract pathologies by blocking tim-3 and pd-l1 signaling pathways in mice intravaginally infected with chlamydia muridarum.abstract:201122168579
empiric treatment of sexually transmitted infections in a pediatric emergency department: are we making the right decisions?objective: limited recommendations address empiric versus delayed treatment of pediatric patients for sexually transmitted infections (stis). this study investigates how frequently empiric sti treatment correlated with subsequent positive test results in an urban, high-risk pediatric emergency department (ped). methods: a retrospective chart review was performed on patients 18 years and younger who presented to an urban ped and had testing for neisseria gonorrhea (gc) and chlamydia trachomatis ( ...201122169584
localization and characterization of the hypothetical protein ct440 in chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells.the inclusion membrane proteins play potentially important roles in chlamydial biology and pathogenesis. here we localized and characterized the hypothetical protein ct440 in chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells. the open reading frame (orf) encoding the ct440 protein from the c. trachomatis serovar d genome was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pgex-6p and expressed as a glutathione-s-transferase (gst) fusion protein in e. coli xl1-blue. the ct440 fusion protein was used to immunize ...201122173312
[chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia: two atypical case reports.]we report on 2 recent and misleading cases of infants hospitalized for chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia: the first one, 29 days old, had a clinically relevant presentation but was born by caesarean section; the second one, 43 days old, presented with acute respiratory distress. microbiological diagnosis was achieved by the specific detection of c. trachomatis by molecular biology from a nasopharyngeal sample. these 2 clinical cases illustrate the need to systematically look for c. trachomatis dur ...201122177592
risk factors for ocular chlamydia after three mass azithromycin distributions.an important component of the world health organization's comprehensive trachoma elimination strategy is the provision of repeated annual mass azithromycin distributions, which are directed at reducing the burden of ocular chlamydia. knowledge of characteristics associated with infection after mass antibiotic treatments could allow trachoma programs to focus resources to those most likely to be infected with ocular chlamydia.201122180804
ongoing sexually transmitted disease acquisition and risk-taking behavior among us hiv-infected patients in primary care: implications for prevention interventions.to better understand the factors associated with hiv- and sexually transmitted disease (std)-transmitting behavior among hiv-infected persons, we estimated std prevalence and incidence and associated risk factors among a diverse sample of hiv-infected patients in primary care.201222183836
high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in hiv-infected men during routine outpatient visits in the netherlands.in the netherlands, no guidelines exist for routine sexually transmitted infection (sti) screening of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected men having sex with men (msm). we assessed prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic sti.201222183837
recalibrating the gram stain diagnosis of male urethritis in the era of nucleic acid amplification testing.criteria for diagnosis of male urethritis based on a gram-stained smear (gss) of urethral discharge were developed before the era of nucleic acid amplification testing (naat) for neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) and chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and may be too stringent when considering the higher sensitivity of naat.201222183839
Cost Savings and Increased Efficiency Using a Stratified Specimen Pooling Strategy for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Idaho Chlamydia trachomatis-Neisseria gonorrhoeae specimens from July 2009 were pooled by stratified specimen pooling, an approach that removes high-risk specimens from the pooling population and pools low-risk specimens to maximize pooling efficiency. This approach reduced pool positivity rates by 8%, repeated tests by 9%, and saved 47.4% in direct costs.201222183846
the slippery slope: lubricant use and rectal sexually transmitted infections: a newly identified risk.use of lubricant products is extremely common during receptive anal intercourse (rai) yet has not been assessed as a risk for acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (stis).201222183849
type-specific human papillomavirus infections among young heterosexual male and female sti clinic attendees.baseline genotype-specific human papillomavirus (hpv) prevalence rates and associated risk factors per gender enable future assessment of the impact of vaccination on hpv dynamics.201222183851
Reactive Arthritis Associated With Proctitis Due to Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar L2b.We report the first case of reactive arthritis associated with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) proctitis in Australia. Since 2004, LGV proctitis has emerged as an important infection worldwide in men who have sex with men. While reactive arthritis is usually associated with serovars D to K of Chlamydia trachomatis, association with LGV serovars is historically rare. Screening for chlamydial infection should be considered in this group if they present with an acute arthritis otherwise the conditio ...201222183852
Direct fluorescent antibody assay and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.To identify Chlamydia trachomatis via polymerase chain reaction and a direct fluorescent antibodyassay in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis while comparing the efficacies of both tests for detectingChlamydia trachomatis in these conditions.201122189723
Immunopathogenesis in Chlamydia trachomatis Infected Women.We examine the Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) immunopathogenesis on the basis of the complex interaction between host immune response and virulence microorganism factors. Ct infection can be asymptomatic or may produce an inflammation elicited and preserved by reinfections or persistent infections. We discuss the host polymorphisms that, with their anti- or proinflammatory effects, determine the course of the disease. We also took into account the inflammation process following the Chlamydia illness ...201122191045
the utility and cost of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae screening of a male infertility population.objective: to determine the utility and cost of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) screening in infertile males. design: cohort study. setting: canadian tertiary-level male infertility clinic and university-affiliated laboratories. patient(s): 5,588 male infertility patients. intervention(s): ct and ng testing on 8,972 urine and semen samples. main outcome measure(s): prevalence of ct and ng infection in infertile males versus general male population in canada over 8 years ...201122192351
Comparison of annual versus twice-yearly mass azithromycin treatment for hyperendemic trachoma in Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial.BACKGROUND: In trachoma control programmes, azithromycin is distributed to treat the strains of chlamydia that cause ocular disease. We aimed to compare the effect of annual versus twice-yearly distribution of azithromycin on infection with these strains. METHODS: We did a cluster-randomised trial in 24 subdistricts in northern Ethiopia, which we randomly assigned to receive annual or twice-yearly treatment for all residents of all ages. Random assignment was done with the RANDOM and SORT functi ...201122192488
bacterial vaginosis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic: a longitudinal analysis of possible causal links.purpose: interactions between bacterial vaginosis (bv) and inflammatory sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea and chlamydial infection, are not well understood. furthermore, evidence regarding the sexual transmission of bv is equivocal. methods: we assessed associations between incident bv and incidences of gonorrhea and/or chlamydial infection ("gonorrhea/chlamydia"), as well as similarities in associations for the two processes, among 645 female patients at a sexually transmitted ...201122192490
Testing the fathers: carrying out HIV and STI tests on partners of pregnant women.ObjectivesOpt out antenatal HIV testing has significantly reduced mother to child transmission of HIV, but seroconversion during pregnancy from undiagnosed HIV positive male partners remains a risk. The authors report on a pilot initiative for sexual health and HIV screening for male partners of women attending antenatal ultrasound examination at Homerton Hospital, London.MethodsMen attending with their female partners for routine ultrasound examination between 1 August 2010 and 31 January 2011 ...201122199134
chlamydia trachomatis re-infections in a population-based cohort of women.objectivesre-infection with chlamydia may increase subsequent reproductive morbidity in women. the authors sought to identify characteristics associated with re-infection.methodsa cohort of all women aged 10-49 years with a notification of genital chlamydia in the australian state of new south wales during 1999-2008 was defined. probabilistic linkage was used to identify women with repeat notifications in the same period. the risk of repeat notification was examined according to age and other ch ...201122199135
hiv/std pattern and its associated risk factors among male std clinic attendees in china: a foci for hiv intervention.abstract:201122200257
linearity and nonlinearity in hiv/sti transmission: implications for the evaluation of sexual risk reduction interventions.a mathematical model of hiv/sexually transmitted infections (sti) transmission was used to examine how linearity or nonlinearity in the relationship between the number of unprotected sex acts (or the number of sex partners) and the risk of acquiring hiv or a highly infectious sti (such as gonorrhea or chlamydia) affects the utility of sexual behavior change measures as indicators of the effectiveness of hiv/sti risk-reduction interventions. findings indicate that the risk of acquiring hiv throug ...201122201639
chlamydia pneumoniae entry into epithelial cells by clathrin-independent endocytosis.a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, chlamydia pneumoniae, is a common respiratory pathogen. here, we examined the invasion and attachment of c. pneumoniae k6 into nonphagocytic hl epithelial cell line by manipulating host plasma membranes by using cholesterol-depleting methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (mβcd) and cholesterol-loading mβcd complexed cholesterol (chol-mβcd). the invasion was attenuated by mβcd-treatment while chol-mβcd augmented the attachment and invasion. in addition, the in ...201122203235
new challenges for vaccination to prevent chlamydial abortion in sheep.ovine enzootic abortion (oea) is caused by the obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium chlamydia abortus. oea remains a common cause of infectious abortion in many sheep-rearing countries despite the existence of commercially available vaccines that protect against the disease. there are a number of confounding factors that influence the uptake and use of these vaccines, which includes an inability to discriminate between infected and vaccinated animals (diva) using conventional serologic ...201122209689
low prevalence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections in hiv-infected heterosexuals visiting an hiv clinic in the netherlands.two-hundred-and-forty-five heterosexual hiv-infected patients (58% females; median age 41 years) were screened for asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections (sti) during a routine visit at a large hiv outpatient clinic in the netherlands. high-risk sexual behaviour was rare and sti prevalence was low: three chlamydia trachomatis infections and one case of syphilis were diagnosed. these results suggest that in the netherlands screening for sti during routine visits is currently not needed for ...201122210633
chlamydia pneumoniae induces a pro-inflammatory phenotype in murine vascular smooth muscle cells independently of elevating reactive oxygen species.nadph oxidases (nox) are reactive oxygen species (ros) -generating enzymes that play important physiological roles in host defence and redox signalling. however, nox activity is upregulated in the vascular wall during atherosclerosis and contributes to plaque formation by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. the bacterium, chlamydia pneumonia, has been detected in vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) of human atheroma. we hypothesised that c. pneumoniae infection of vsmcs causes nox acti ...201122211630
two-dimensional informative array testing.array-based group-testing algorithms for case identification are widely used in infectious disease testing, drug discovery, and genetics. in this article, we generalize previous statistical work in array testing to account for heterogeneity among individuals being tested. we first derive closed-form expressions for the expected number of tests (efficiency) and misclassification probabilities (sensitivity, specificity, predictive values) for two-dimensional array testing in a heterogeneous popula ...201122212007
the role of chlamydia and chlamydophila infections in reactive arthritis.chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydophila pneumoniae are human pathogens; the former being the etiologic agent for trachoma as well as a prevalent sexually transmitted bacterium, while c. pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia. patients with reactive arthritis show evidence of present or past chlamydial infection. chlamydia spp., has been strongly implicated as a triggering factor for reactive arthritis. we describe the simultaneous occurrence of c. pneum ...201222214635
systematic selection of screening participants by risk score in a chlamydia screening programme is feasible and effective.objectivessystematic screening for chlamydia trachomatis by individual invitation can be optimised by filtering participants on risk profile, excluding people at no or low risk. the authors investigated this technique in a large-scale chlamydia screening programme in the netherlands in one rural region where relatively low prevalence was expected (<2%).methodsinvitees were alerted by personal letter to log in to http://www.chlamydiatest.nl and fill in an 8-item questionnaire. only invitees with ...201222215696
flotillin-1/reggie-2 contributes to chlamydia pneumoniae growth and associates with bacterial inclusion.chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens replicating only inside the eukaryotic host. here we studied the effect of human flotillin-1 protein on chlamydia pneumoniae growth in hl and a549 epithelial cell lines. rna interference was applied to disrupt flotillin-1-mediated endocytosis. host associated bacteria were detected by quantitative pcr, and c. pneumoniae growth was evaluated by inclusion counts. c. pneumoniae attachment to host cells was unaffected, but bacterial intracellular growt ...201222215737
chlamydia trachomatis and pregnancy.chlamydia trachomatis infection seems to have little impact on the outcome of pregnancy. if transmitted to the newborn during delivery, this pathogen can cause conjunctivitis or, occasionally, neonatal pneumonia. amoxicillin (a 7-day course) is the antibiotic of choice for pregnant women with c. trachomatis cervicitis or urethritis. there is no evidence that other antibiotics are safer or more effective. doxycycline and fluoroquinolones are contraindicated during pregnancy. the possible benefits ...201122216551
chlamydia trachomatis as a probable cofactor in human papillomavirus infection in aboriginal women from northeastern argentina.objectives: high-risk types of human papillomavirus (hpv) are strongly associated with cervical cancer (cc), and chlamydia trachomatis (ct), the most frequent sexually transmitted bacterial infection (stbi) worldwide, seems to be a risk factor for hpv infection and for cc. it is also known that both agents are more prevalent in vulnerable communities where lack of adequate primary health care is a cause for concern. the aim of this work was to determine the impact of ct and hpv infections in wom ...201122218516
[influence of commune alpine pasturing on the seroconversion of chlamydia abortus in the region of vorarlberg].in total, 796 serum samples of sheep on commune alpine pastures in the region of vorarlberg were investigated by a commercial elisa kit for antibodies against chlamydia abortus, the agent of ovine enzootic abortion. the aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence within this region and to compare these results with the seroprevalence in the neighboring canton graubünden as well as to obtain data on the seroconversion after alpine pasturing. therefore, 421 samples were collected before a ...201222222898
gonorrhoea or chlamydia in a us military hiv-positive cohort.objectivesto investigate the epidemiology and risk factors of gonorrhoea (gc) or chlamydia (ct) coinfection in an hiv-positive us military cohort, focusing on the time after participants' knowledge of hiv diagnosis.methodsthe authors analysed data from 4461 participants enrolled in the us military natural history study cohort for gc or ct infection ≥6 months after their hiv-positive test.resultsduring a mean follow-up of 7.08 years, 482 (11%) participants acquired a gc or ct infection. of these, ...201222223813
difference in risk behaviors and std prevalence between street-based and establishment-based fsws in guangdong province, china.the major mode of hiv/aids transmission in china is now heterosexual activities, but risk for hiv and sexually transmitted diseases (stds) may differ among different strata of female sex workers (fsws). respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit 320 fsws in guangdong province, china. the respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and tested for hiv, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. the street-based fsws had lower education levels, a higher proportion supporting their f ...201222228068
treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), one of the most common infections in nonpregnant women of reproductive age, remains an important public health problem. it is associated with major long-term sequelae, including tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. in addition, treatment of acute pid and its complications incurs substantial health care costs. prevention of these long-term sequelae is dependent upon development of treatment strategies based on knowledge of the mi ...201122228985
vaccination of healthy and diseased koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) with a chlamydia pecorum multi-subunit vaccine: evaluation of immunity and pathology.chlamydial infections represent a major threat to the long-term survival of the koala and a successful vaccine would provide a valuable management tool. vaccination however has the potential to enhance inflammatory disease in animals exposed to a natural infection prior to vaccination, a finding in early human and primate trials of whole cell vaccines to prevent trachoma. in the present study, we vaccinated both healthy koalas as well as clinically diseased koalas with a multi-subunit vaccine co ...201222230583
biochemical characterisation of the chlamydial murf ligase, and possible sequence of the chlamydial peptidoglycan pentapeptide stem.chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacteria that do not synthesise detectable peptidoglycan although they possess an almost complete arsenal of genes encoding peptidoglycan biosynthetic activities. in this paper, the murf gene from chlamydia trachomatis was shown to be capable of complementing a conditional escherichia coli mutant impaired in udp-murnac-tripeptide:d: -ala-d: -ala ligase activity. recombinant murf from c. trachomatis was overproduced and purified from e. coli. it exhibited ...201222231476
virulence determinants in the obligate intracellular pathogen chlamydia trachomatis revealed by forward genetic approaches.chlamydia trachomatis, a pathogen responsible for diseases of significant clinical and public health importance, remains poorly characterized because of its intractability to routine molecular genetic manipulation. we have developed a combinatorial approach to rapidly generate a comprehensive library of genetically defined mutants. chemical mutagenesis, coupled with whole-genome sequencing (wgs) and a system for dna exchange within infected cells, was used to generate chlamydia mutants with dist ...201222232666
plac8-dependent and inducible no synthase-dependent mechanisms clear chlamydia muridarum infections from the genital tract.chlamydia trachomatis urogenital serovars replicate predominantly in genital tract epithelium. this tissue tropism poses a unique challenge for host defense and vaccine development. studies utilizing the chlamydia muridarum mouse model have shown that cd4 t cells are critical for clearing genital tract infections. in vitro studies have shown that cd4 t cells terminate infection by upregulating epithelial inducible no synthase (inos) transcription and no production. however, this mechanism is not ...201222238459
evolution of chlamydia trachomatis.we know surprisingly little about the evolutionary origins of chlamydia trachomatis. it causes both ocular (trachoma) and sexually transmitted infections in humans, it is an obligate intracellular pathogen, and there are only a few "isolates" that have been well characterized. from the first few genomes analyzed, it seems that the c. trachomatis genome is highly conserved. the genomes possess high synteny and, in some cases, the sequence variation between genomes is as little as 20 snps. recent ...201122239534
evidence that the β subunit of <i>chlamydia trachomatis</i> ribonucleotide reductase is active with the manganese ion of its manganese(iv)/iron(iii) cofactor in site 1.the reaction of a class i ribonucleotide reductase (rnr) begins when a cofactor in the β subunit oxidizes a cysteine residue ∼35 å away in the α subunit, generating a thiyl radical. in the class ic enzyme from chlamydia trachomatis (ct), the cysteine oxidant is the mniv ion of a mniv/feiii cluster, which assembles in a reaction between the mnii/feii complex of β and o2. the hetero-dinuclear nature of the cofactor raises the question of which site, 1 or 2, contains the mniv ion. because site 1 is ...201222242660
chlamydia trachomatis trends in the united states among persons 14 to 39 years of age, 1999-2008.: we report the first population-based assessment of national trends in chlamydia prevalence in the united states.201222249296
who participates in the dutch chlamydia screening? a study on demographic and behavioral correlates of participation and positivity.background:: in the netherlands, an internet-based chlamydia screening implementation was initiated in 3 regions, aiming to reduce population prevalence by annual testing and treatment of people aged 16 to 29 years. we studied who was reached in the first screening round by relating participation and chlamydia positivity to sociodemographic and sexual risk factors. methods:: data from the 2008/2009 screening round were analyzed (261,025 screening invitations, 41,638 participants). participation ...201222249297
access to health services and sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of relocating african american public housing residents: an association between travel time and infection.background:: high incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted infection (sti) in blacks have been attributed to multiple factors. however, few articles have discussed spatial access to healthcare as a driver of disparities. the objective of this analysis was to evaluate the relationship between travel time to a healthcare provider and the likelihood of testing positive for 1 of 3 stis in a sample of adults living in public housing. methods:: one hundred and eight black adults in atlanta, ga ...201222249300
modulation of mica on the surface of chlamydia trachomatis-infected endocervical epithelial cells promotes nk cell-mediated killing.chlamydia trachomatis serovars d-k are obligate intracellular bacteria that have tropism for the columnar epithelial cells of the genital tract. c. trachomatis infection has been reported to induce modifications in immune cell ligand expression on epithelial host cells. in this study, we used an in vitro infection model that resulted in a partial infection of c. trachomatis-exposed primary-like immortalized endocervical epithelial cells (a2en). using this model, we demonstrated that expression o ...201222251247
lack of effective anti-apoptotic activities restricts growth of parachlamydiaceae in insect cells.the fundamental role of programmed cell death in host defense is highlighted by the multitude of anti-apoptotic strategies evolved by various microbes, including the well-known obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia (chlamydophila) pneumoniae. as inhibition of apoptosis is assumed to be essential for a successful infection of humans by these chlamydiae, we analyzed the anti-apoptotic capacity of close relatives that occur as symbionts of amoebae and might ...201222253735
chlamydia trachomatis in the age of the genome: application of molecular genotyping to improve our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of chlamydia genital tract disease. 201122256335
high human immunodeficiency virus incidence in a cohort of rwandan female sex workers.measurement of human immunodeficiency virus(hiv) incidence among female sex workers in rwanda is a key part of preparing for hiv prevention trials.201122256340
the molecular anatomy of human hsp60 and its similarity with that of bacterial orthologs and acetylcholine receptor reveal a potential pathogenetic role of anti-chaperonin immunity in myasthenia gravis.heat-shock protein 60 (hsp60) is ubiquitous and highly conserved being present in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, including pathogens. this chaperonin, although typically a mitochondrial protein, can also be found in other intracellular sites, extracellularly, and in circulation. thus, it can signal the immune system and participate in the development of inflammation and immune reactions. both phenomena can be elicited by human and foreign hsp60 (e.g., bacterial groel), when released into the blood ...201222258649
comparison of three assays for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae in surepath pap samples and the role of pre and post-cytology testing.chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) are common sexually transmitted infections and, there is interest in screening surepath liquid-based pap (l-pap) samples with aptima combo 2 (ac2), amplicor (amp) and probetec et (pt) assays. surepath l-pap samples and a cervical swab (cs) were collected from 394 women attending health clinics in hamilton and toronto, on. l-pap samples were tested in the three assays prior to processing for cytology and the cs sample was tested by ac2. th ...201222259215
chlamydia infection status, genotype, and age-related macular degeneration.to evaluate whether chlamydia (c.) infections are associated with age-related macular degeneration (amd) and to assess if this association is influenced by the complement factor h (cfh) y402h or the high temperature requirement a serine peptidase 1 (htra1) rs11200638 risk genotypes.201222259222
retention of clinical trial participants in a study of nongonococcal urethritis (ngu), a sexually transmitted infection in men.nongonococcal urethritis (ngu), an inflammation of the urethra not caused by gonorrhea, is the most common urethritis syndrome seen in men in the united states. it is a sexually transmitted infection commonly caused by chlamydia trachomatis, a pathogen which occurs more frequently in african-american men compared to white men. the purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to retention of study participants in a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial that evaluated four treatmen ...201222261236
the impact of a brief motivational intervention on unprotected sex and sex while high among drug-positive emergency department patients who receive sti/hiv vc/t and drug treatment referral as standard of care.this randomized, controlled trial, conducted among out-of-treatment heroin/cocaine users at an emergency department visit, tests the impact on sexual risk of adding brief motivational intervention (b-mi) to point-of-service testing, counseling and drug treatment referral. 1,030 enrollees aged 18-54 received either voluntary counseling/testing (vc/t) with drug treatment referral, or vc/t, referral, and b-mi, delivered by an outreach worker. we measured number and proportion of non-protected sex a ...201222261830
identification of a new nanornase in bartonella.in escherichia coli, only one essential oligoribonuclease (orn) can degrade oligoribonucleotides of five residues and shorter in length (nanorna). in bacillus subtilis, nrna and nrnb, which do not have any sequence similarity with orn, have been identified as functional analogs of orn. sequence comparisons did not allow identifying orn, nrna, or nrnb homologues in the genomes of the chlamydia/cyanobacteria and alphaproteobacteria family members. screening a genomic library from bartonella birtle ...201222262096
dendrimer-enabled modulation of gene expression in chlamydia trachomatis.the obligate intracellular bacterium chlamydia trachomatis is an important human pathogen. the genome of this organism is small but encodes many genes of currently unknown function that are thought to be involved in virulence. lack of a system for genetic manipulation has been a key challenge to advancing understanding the molecular genetics underlying virulence for this bacterium. we developed a dendrimer-enabled system for transformation of c. trachomatis and we use it to demonstrate the effic ...201222263556
heterocyclic urea derivatives and methods of use thereof (wo2010142978).a series of ureido derivatives incorporating a highly derivatized quinolone scaffold were prepared by a succession of original steps. the lead molecules of these compounds are the quinolone antibacterials of the nalidixic acid/ciprofloxacin type and they target, similar to these clinically used agents, the dna gyrase/topoisomerase iv of pathogenic bacteria. these new quinolones are claimed to act as efficient antibacterials against a large number of drug-resistant bacteria such as staphylococcus ...201222264034
nucleotide and phylogenetic analyses of the chlamydia trachomatis ompa gene indicates it is a hotspot for mutation.abstract: background: serovars of the human pathogen chlamydia trachomatis occupy one of three specific tissue niches. genomic analyses indicate that the serovars have a phylogeny congruent with their pathobiology and have an average substitution rate of less than one nucleotide per kilobase. in contrast, the gene that determines serovar specificity, ompa, has a phylogenetic association that is not congruent with tissue tropism and has a degree of nucleotide variability much higher than other g ...201222264291
first detection of chlamydia trachomatis lgv biovar in the czech republic, 2010-2011. 201222264863
severe maternal morbidity in ectopic pregnancy is not associated with maternal factors but may be associated with quality of care.objective: to study the association between patient-related risk factors and severe maternal morbidity in women with tubal ectopic pregnancy (ep). furthermore, to identify substandard care factors in clinical care management of ep. design: case-control study. setting: not applicable. patient(s): case subjects were from the lemmon study, a prospective nationwide cohort study. control subjects were from the esep study, an international multicenter randomized controlled trial. intervention(s): case ...201222264999
transactional sexual relationships, sexually transmitted infection risk, and condom use among young black women in peri-urban areas of the western cape province of south africa.background: transactional sexual behavior has been demonstrated as an important factor underlying the hiv epidemic in sub-saharan africa. the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between having a history of transactional sexual relationships with condom use and sti risk. methods: participants completed a behavioral questionnaire in isixhosa and provided self-collected vaginal swabs which were tested for chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhea, and trichomonas vaginalis. multinom ...201222265179
structural characterization of a novel chlamydia pneumoniae type iii secretion-associated protein, cpn0803.type iii secretion (t3s) is an essential virulence factor used by gram-negative pathogenic bacteria to deliver effector proteins into the host cell to establish and maintain an intracellular infection. chlamydia is known to use t3s to facilitate invasion of host cells but many proteins in the system remain uncharacterized. the c. trachomatis protein ct584 has previously been implicated in t3s. thus, we analyzed the ct584 ortholog in c. pneumoniae (cpn0803) and found that it associates with known ...201222272312
two-day dosing versus one-day dosing of azithromycin in children with severe trachoma in tanzania.purpose: to determine whether 2-day dosing of azithromycin may improve the efficacy of azithromycin dosing in children with severe trachoma. methods: fifty children with severe trachoma (defined as either trachoma intense or follicular trachoma with ten or more follicles) were enrolled from five villages in kongwa, tanzania. enrollment occurred within 1 month and within the same district as the historical control population of 99 children with severe trachoma, all of whom received 1-day dosing ...201222273357
chlamydial infections in term and preterm neonates.the aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and morbidities of chlamydia trachomatis infections in newborn infants. tissue culture and direct immunofluorescence (dif) tests were used to detect the presence of nasopharyngeal c. trachomatis infection in 35 preterm and 21 healthy term neonates. all infants were followed up clinically for 3 months, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis for serum antichlamydial igg and igm was performed on day 15 and week 6. tissue culture and/o ...201222274150
epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections, hiv, and related high-risk behaviors among female sex workers in guangxi autonomous region, china.this study assessed the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (stis), hiv, and associated risk factors among female sex workers (fsws) in guangxi autonomous region, china. a cross-sectional study of 488 fsws was conducted using a structured questionnaire to collect sociodemographic and behavioral information. biological specimens from subjects were sampled to detect various stis and hiv infection. among fsws, the prevalence rates of syphilis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trach ...201222274163
self-reported sexual behaviour among adolescent girls in uganda: reliability of data debated.to compare self-reported information about sexual behaviour in a research interview to information retrieved during a clinical consultation.201122275928
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