Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| user friendly cloning coupled with chitin-based natural transformation enables rapid mutagenesis of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is a bacterial contaminant of shellfish and causes highly lethal sepsis and destructive wound infections. a definitive identification of virulence factors using the molecular version of koch's postulates has been hindered because of difficulties in performing molecular genetic analysis of this opportunistic pathogen. for example, conjugation is required to introduce plasmid dna, and allelic exchange suicide vectors that rely on sucrose sensitivity for counterselection are not e ... | 2009 | 19502446 |
| protein assembly onto cationic supported bilayers. | cationic supported bilayers on latex are useful to isolate and immobilize oppositely charged proteins as a monomolecular layer over a range of low protein concentrations and particle number densities. cholera toxin (ct) from vibrio cholerae, an 87 kda ab5 hexameric protein and bovine serum albumin (bsa) self-assembled on dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (dodab) supported bilayers with high affinity yielding highly organized and monodisperse particulates at 5 x 10(9) particles/ml, over a range ... | 2009 | 19504885 |
| randomized placebo controlled human volunteer trial of a live oral cholera vaccine va1.3 for safety and immune response. | a live oral cholera vaccine developed from a non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain va1.3 was tested in a double-blind randomized placebo controlled study for safety and immunogenicity in 304 men aged between 16 and 50 years from kolkata, india. a dose of 5 x 10(9)cfu (n=186) or a placebo (n=116) containing the diluent buffer was administered. the vaccine did not elicit adverse events except in two vaccine recipients with mild diarrhoea and vomiting. none excreted the vaccine strain. vib ... | 2009 | 19523608 |
| overexpression of vpss, a hybrid sensor kinase, enhances biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae causes the disease cholera and inhabits aquatic environments. one key factor in the environmental survival of v. cholerae is its ability to form matrix-enclosed, surface-associated microbial communities known as biofilms. mature biofilms rely on vibrio polysaccharide to connect cells to each other and to a surface. we previously described a core regulatory network, which consists of two positive transcriptional regulators, vpsr and vpst, and a negative transcriptional regulator h ... | 2009 | 19525342 |
| detection of virulence-associated and regulatory protein genes in association with phage typing of human vibrio cholerae from several geographical regions of the world. | vibrio cholerae o1, o139 and occasionally non-o1/non-o139 serogroups are most often responsible for epidemic and pandemic cholera. this study used genotypic patterns of pcr-based detection of virulence-associated and regulatory protein genes, along with phage typing, to characterize 86 v. cholerae strains. thirty-eight of 53 o1 biotype el tor strains harboured both tcpa classical and tcpa el tor genes, and three el tor strains lacked the v. cholerae o1-specific gene (vc-o1); three o139 strains c ... | 2009 | 19528176 |
| antigen-specific memory b-cell responses to vibrio cholerae o1 infection in bangladesh. | cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae, is a noninvasive dehydrating enteric disease with a high mortality rate if untreated. infection with v. cholerae elicits long-term protection against subsequent disease in countries where the disease is endemic. although the mechanism of this protective immunity is unknown, it has been hypothesized that a protective mucosal response to v. cholerae infection may be mediated by anamnestic responses of memory b cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. to char ... | 2009 | 19528207 |
| [molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae phage-type 6b epidemic isolates from 1998 to 2001 in sichuan province]. | to investigate the molecular characteristics of phage-type 6b isolates emerging in 1998-2001 cholera epidemics in sichuan province. | 2009 | 19534996 |
| cell envelope perturbation induces oxidative stress and changes in iron homeostasis in vibrio cholerae. | the vibrio cholerae type ii secretion (t2s) machinery is a multiprotein complex that spans the cell envelope. when the t2s system is inactivated, cholera toxin and other exoproteins accumulate in the periplasmic compartment. additionally, loss of secretion via the t2s system leads to a reduced growth rate, compromised outer membrane integrity, and induction of the extracytoplasmic stress factor rpoe (a. e. sikora, s. r. lybarger, and m. sandkvist, j. bacteriol. 189:8484-8495, 2007). in this stud ... | 2009 | 19542276 |
| genetic analysis of activation of the vibrio cholerae cpx pathway. | the cpx two-component system is thought to mediate envelope stress responses in many gram-negative bacteria and has been implicated in the pathogenicity of several enteric pathogens. while cues that activate the escherichia coli cpx system have been identified, the nature of the molecular signals that stimulate this pathway is not well understood. here, we investigated stimuli that trigger this system in vibrio cholerae, a facultative pathogen that adapts to various niches during its life cycle. ... | 2009 | 19542291 |
| benthic ecology of vibrio spp. and pathogenic vibrio species in a coastal mediterranean environment (la spezia gulf, italy). | we carried out a 16-month in situ study to investigate the ecology of vibrio spp. and pathogenic vibrio species in coastal sediments of the mediterranean sea, employing multiple-regression analysis to reveal the major environmental factors controlling their occurrence in the benthic environment. in addition, association between vibrios and sediment-inhabiting meiofauna, which is a major component of benthic ecosystems, was investigated. culturable and total vibrio spp. estimates by most-probable ... | 2009 | 19543938 |
| hospital-based surveillance of enteric parasites in kolkata. | diarrhoea is the second leading cause of illness and death in developing countries and the second commonest cause of death due to infectious diseases among children under five in such countries. parasites, as well as bacterial and viral pathogens, are important causes of diarrhoea. however, parasitic infections are sometimes overlooked, leading after a period of time to an uncertain aetiology. in this paper we report the prevalence of giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica and cryptosporidium sp ... | 2009 | 19545355 |
| intranasal administration of proteoliposome-derived cochleates from vibrio cholerae o1 induce mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. | conservative estimates place the death toll from cholera at more than 100,000 persons each year. a particulate mucosal vaccine strategy combining antigens and immune stimulator molecules from vibrio cholerae to overcome this problem is described. proteoliposomes extracted from v. cholerae o1 were transformed into cochleates (afco2, adjuvant finlay cochleate 2) through a calcium inducible rotary dialysis method. light microscopy was carried out and tubules of 16.25+/-4.57 microm in length were ob ... | 2009 | 19545630 |
| evaluation of a highly discriminating multiplex multi-locus variable-number of tandem-repeats (mlva) analysis for vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera and may be used in bioterror actions due to the easiness of its dissemination, and the public fear for acquiring the cholera disease. a simple and highly discriminating method for connecting clinical and environmental isolates of v. cholerae is needed in microbial forensics. twelve different loci containing variable numbers of tandem-repeats (vntrs) were evaluated in which six loci were polymorphic. two multiplex reactions containing pcr primer ... | 2009 | 19555725 |
| comparative evolutionary analysis of the major structural subunit of vibrio vulnificus type iv pili. | type iv pili contribute to virulence in vibrio vulnificus, the bacterium responsible for the majority of fatal seafood-related infections. here, we performed within- and between-species evolutionary analysis of the gene that encodes the major structural subunit of the pilus, pila, by comparing it with pild and gyrb, the genes encoding the type iv prepilin peptidase and beta subunit of dna gyrase, respectively. although the diversity in pild and gyrb is similar to each other and likely to have ac ... | 2009 | 19556347 |
| rna colony blot hybridization method for enumeration of culturable vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus bacteria. | a species-specific rna colony blot hybridization protocol was developed for enumeration of culturable vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus bacteria in environmental water samples. bacterial colonies on selective or nonselective plates were lysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the lysates were immobilized on nylon membranes. a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe targeting a phylogenetic signature sequence of 16s rrna of v. cholerae and v. mimicus was hybridized to rrna molecules immobilized ... | 2009 | 19561182 |
| transcutaneous immunization with a synthetic hexasaccharide-protein conjugate induces anti-vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide responses in mice. | antibodies specific for vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccaride (lps) are common in humans recovering from cholera, and constitute a primary component of the vibriocidal response, a serum complement-mediated bacteriocidal response correlated with protection against cholera. in order to determine whether transcutaneous immunization (tci) with a v. cholerae neoglycoconjugate (cho-bsa) comprised of a synthetic terminal hexasaccharide of the o-specific polysaccharide of v. cholerae o1 (ogawa) conjugated w ... | 2009 | 19563890 |
| bicarbonate induces vibrio cholerae virulence gene expression by enhancing toxt activity. | vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. the two biotypes of v. cholerae o1 capable of causing cholera, classical and el tor, require different in vitro growth conditions for induction of virulence gene expression. growth under the inducing conditions or infection of a host initiates a complex regulatory cascade that results in production of toxt, a regulatory protein that directly activates transcription of the genes encodi ... | 2009 | 19564378 |
| sialic acid catabolism confers a competitive advantage to pathogenic vibrio cholerae in the mouse intestine. | sialic acids comprise a family of nine-carbon ketosugars that are ubiquitous on mammalian mucous membranes. however, sialic acids have a limited distribution among bacteria and are confined mainly to pathogenic and commensal species. vibrio pathogenicity island 2 (vpi-2), a 57-kb region found exclusively among pathogenic strains of vibrio cholerae, contains a cluster of genes (nan-nag) putatively involved in the scavenging (nanh), transport (dctpqm), and catabolism (nana, nane, nank, and naga) o ... | 2009 | 19564383 |
| expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray studies of vibrio cholerae pseudopilin epsh. | epsh is a minor pseudopilin protein of the vibrio cholerae type ii secretion system. a truncated form of epsh with a c-terminal noncleavable his tag was constructed and expressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized by sitting-drop vapor diffusion. a complete data set was collected to 1.71 a resolution. the crystals belonged to space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 53.39, b = 71.11, c = 84.64 a. there were two protein molecules in the asymmetric unit, which gave a ma ... | 2009 | 19574644 |
| single dose azithromycin versus ciprofloxacin for cholera in children: a randomized controlled trial. | to compare the clinical and bacteriological success of single dose treatment with azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in children with cholera. | 2010 | 19578229 |
| genetic determinants of virulence, antibiogram and altered biotype among the vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from different cholera outbreaks in india. | cholera diarrhea is still a major health challenge for a large part of globe. global replacement of vibrio cholerae classical biotype by el tor biotype, emergence of o139 serogroup and rapid spread of antibiotic resistant strains indicate the continuous evolution in v. cholerae. in this study, 114 v. cholerae o1 serotype ogawa isolates, collected from different cholera outbreaks in different regions of india between 2004 and 2007 were subjected to biochemical, immunological and molecular charact ... | 2010 | 19580888 |
| [five years of cholera surveillance in ivory coast during social and political crisis, 2001 to 2005]. | for an efficient struggle against infectious diseases with epidemic potential, the cdte d'ivoire set up a precocious alert system in 2001 with a main objective: to detect epidemics of cholera, measles, yellow fever and meningitis and to provide necessary information for their control and their prevention. during the 2001 to 2005 period, the country was marked by military and political crisis which occurred in 2002; the country had to face up to a reappearance of cholera. how did it evolve in suc ... | 2009 | 19583033 |
| antimicrobial activity of elephant garlic oil against vibrio cholerae in vitro and in a food model. | vibrio cholera is a major foodborne pathogen in thailand. it is present in raw and lightly cooked foods, and it causes cholera. natural products inhibiting it can be used to improve the safety of foods. in this study, elephant garlic oil was studied for its major diallyl sulfide content and its antimicrobial activity against v. cholerae. the oil had a very low concentration of diallyl monosulfides (1.62%) in comparison with the other diallyl sulfides (25.09% for diallyl disulfide, 16.04% for dia ... | 2009 | 19584531 |
| proteins involved in difference of sorbitol fermentation rates of the toxigenic and nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae el tor strains revealed by comparative proteome analysis. | the nontoxigenic v. cholerae el tor strains ferment sorbitol faster than the toxigenic strains, hence fast-fermenting and slow-fermenting strains are defined by sorbitol fermentation test. this test has been used for more than 40 years in cholera surveillance and strain analysis in china. understanding of the mechanisms of sorbitol metabolism of the toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains may help to explore the genome and metabolism divergence in these strains. here we used comparative proteomic ana ... | 2009 | 19589152 |
| characterization of two outer membrane proteins, flgo and flgp, that influence vibrio cholerae motility. | vibrio cholerae is highly motile by the action of a single polar flagellum. the loss of motility reduces the infectivity of v. cholerae, demonstrating that motility is an important virulence factor. flrc is the sigma-54-dependent positive regulator of flagellar genes. recently, the genes vc2206 (flgp) and vc2207 (flgo) were identified as being regulated by flrc via a microarray analysis of an flrc mutant (d. c. morris, f. peng, j. r. barker, and k. e. klose, j. bacteriol. 190:231-239, 2008). flg ... | 2009 | 19592588 |
| two different mechanisms of ampicillin resistance operating in strains of vibrio cholerae o1 independent of resistance genes. | autoagglutinable strains of vibrio cholerae o1 (seven nonfimbriate strains and one fimbriate strain) were transformed to obtain resistance to ampicillin. two distinct mechanisms were found in these strains. one was operating in nonfimbriate strains by reducing ompu protein production and the other was operating in a fimbriate strain (bgd17) by newly overproducing cpxp protein. the twitching motility in the fimbriate bgd17 strain disappeared depending on the production of cpxp protein, suggesting ... | 2009 | 19594624 |
| fully automated protein purification. | obtaining highly purified proteins is essential to begin investigating their functional and structural properties. the steps that are typically involved in purifying proteins can include an initial capture, intermediate purification, and a final polishing step. completing these steps can take several days and require frequent attention to ensure success. our goal was to design automated protocols that would allow the purification of proteins with minimal operator intervention. separate methods h ... | 2009 | 19595984 |
| special articles: the bacteriological examination of feces for vibrio cholerae. | 1911 | 19599642 | |
| on spatially explicit models of cholera epidemics. | we generalize a recently proposed model for cholera epidemics that accounts for local communities of susceptibles and infectives in a spatially explicit arrangement of nodes linked by networks having different topologies. the vehicle of infection (vibrio cholerae) is transported through the network links that are thought of as hydrological connections among susceptible communities. the mathematical tools used are borrowed from general schemes of reactive transport on river networks acting as the ... | 2010 | 19605400 |
| three-dimensional structure of the detergent-solubilized vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) heptamer by electron cryomicroscopy. | vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) is a pore-forming toxin that inserts a lytic water-filled channel into susceptible host membranes. assembly of the toxin on cell surfaces may be enhanced by two tandem lectin domains, in addition to direct interactions with lipids and cholesterol within the membrane itself. we used single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryoem) to generate a low-resolution molecular structure of the detergent-solubilized vcc oligomer to 20a resolution. after confirming a heptame ... | 2010 | 19616104 |
| secondary acylation of vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide requires phosphorylation of kdo. | the lipopolysaccharide of vibrio cholerae has been reported to contain a single 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) residue that is phosphorylated. the phosphorylated kdo sugar further links the hexa-acylated v. cholerae lipid a domain to the core oliogosaccharide and o-antigen. in this report, we confirm that v. cholerae possesses the enzymatic machinery to synthesize a phosphorylated kdo residue. further, we have determined that the presence of the phosphate group on the kdo residue is nece ... | 2009 | 19617350 |
| dna binding proteins of the filamentous phages ctxphi and vgjphi of vibrio cholerae. | the native product of open reading frame 112 (orf112) and a recombinant variant of the rstb protein, encoded by vibrio cholerae pathogen-specific bacteriophages vgjphi and ctxphi, respectively, were purified to more than 90% homogeneity. orf112 protein was shown to specifically bind single-stranded genomic dna of vgjphi; however, rstb protein unexpectedly bound double-stranded dna in addition to the single-stranded genomic dna. the dna binding properties of these proteins may explain their requi ... | 2009 | 19617366 |
| high-throughput sequencing reveals suppressors of vibrio cholerae rpoe mutations: one fewer porin is enough. | analyses of suppressor mutations have been extremely valuable in understanding gene function. however, techniques for mapping suppressor mutations are not available for most bacterial species. here, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to identify spontaneously arising suppressor mutations that enabled disruption of rpoe (which encodes sigma(e)) in vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera. the alternative sigma factor sigma(e), which is activated by envelope stress, promotes expression of ... | 2009 | 19620211 |
| structural and molecular mechanism for autoprocessing of martx toxin of vibrio cholerae at multiple sites. | the multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxin of vibrio cholerae causes destruction of the actin cytoskeleton by covalent cross-linking of actin and inactivation of rho gtpases. the effector domains responsible for these activities are here shown to be independent proteins released from the large toxin by autoproteolysis catalyzed by an embedded cysteine protease domain (cpd). the cpd is activated upon binding inositol hexakisphosphate (insp(6)). in this study, we demonstrate ... | 2009 | 19620709 |
| field evaluation of crystal vc rapid dipstick test for cholera during a cholera outbreak in guinea-bissau. | to evaluate performance characteristics and ease of use of the new commercially available crystal vc rapid dipstick (vc) test (span diagnostics, india) for vibrio cholerae o1 and o139. | 2009 | 19624473 |
| insights into the biosynthesis of the vibrio cholerae major autoinducer cai-1 from the crystal structure of the plp-dependent enzyme cqsa. | cqsa is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cholerae autoinducer-1 (cai-1), the major vibrio cholerae autoinducer engaged in quorum sensing. the amino acid sequence of cqsa suggests that it belongs to the family of alpha-oxoamine synthases that catalyse the condensation of an amino acid to an acyl-coa substrate. here we present the apo- and plp-bound crystal structures of cqsa and confirm that it shares structural homology with the dimeric alpha-oxoamine synthases, including a conserved pl ... | 2009 | 19631226 |
| genetics of susceptibility to infection with enteric pathogens. | this review examines recent developments in human genetic susceptibility to enteropathogens that cause infectious diarrhea. | 2009 | 19633551 |
| backbone and side chain 1h, 15n and 13c assignments for the reduced form of the oxidoreductase protein dsba from vibrio cholerae. | we have determined 13c/15n/1h assignments for the reduced and oxidised forms of vibrio cholerae dsba (vcdsba). these form the basis for ongoing studies aimed at characterising the dynamics observed in the different redox forms of this bacterial oxidoreductase enzyme. | 2007 | 19636831 |
| [bacteriological load of the fishes cynoscion squamipinnis and lutjanus gutattus in the marketing chain, costa rica]. | bacteriological load of the fishes cynoscion squamipinnis and lutjanus gutattus in the marketing chain, costa rica. to determine the bacteriological quality of fishery products in the different stages from commercialization, monthly samples were taken during march 2004 and february 2006 from a costa rica marketing chain. microbiological analyses were made to determine total coliforms (ct), faecal coliforms (cf), escherichia coli (ec), aerobic total count (rta), salmonella sp., staphylococcus aur ... | 2009 | 19637687 |
| [cholera in senegal from 2004 to 2006: lessons learned from successive outbreaks]. | between october 2004 and march 2006, a series of cholera outbreaks occurred in the west african nation of senegal. the purpose of this study was to describe and analyze these outbreaks as a basis for prevention and control. a total of 29556 cases were reported during the 18-month epidemic. the attack rate ranged from 0.6 to 100 per 10(4) inhabitants depending on region. the epidemic unfolded in three phases. the first phase (11 weeks) was promptly contained using basic control measures such as p ... | 2008 | 19639824 |
| survival and growth of salmonella and vibrio in som-fak, a thai low-salt garlic containing fermented fish product. | fermentation of raw fish is a common process in asia for improvement of shelf life and safety, however, little is known about the survival of pathogenic bacteria in these products. raw fish may be contaminated with salmonella and vibrio species. the purpose of this study was to determine survival and potential growth of salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden, s. enterica serovar enteritidis, vibrio cholerae and v. parahaemolyticus as influenced by the preservation parameters (sodium chloride, g ... | 2009 | 19640599 |
| calcium is essential for the major pseudopilin in the type 2 secretion system. | the pseudopilus is a key feature of the type 2 secretion system (t2ss) and is made up of multiple pseudopilins that are similar in fold to the type 4 pilins. however, pilins have disulfide bridges, whereas the major pseudopilins of t2ss do not. a key question is therefore how the pseudopilins, and in particular, the most abundant major pseudopilin, gspg, obtain sufficient stability to perform their function. crystal structures of vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, and enterohemorrhagic escheric ... | 2009 | 19640838 |
| the dimer formed by the periplasmic domain of epsl from the type 2 secretion system of vibrio parahaemolyticus. | the type 2 secretion system (t2ss), occurring in many gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for the transport of a diversity of proteins from the periplasm across the outer membrane into the extracellular space. in vibrio cholerae, the t2ss secretes several unrelated proteins including the major virulence factor cholera toxin. the t2ss consists of three sub-assemblies, one of which is the inner membrane complex which contains multiple copies of five proteins, including the bitopic membrane prot ... | 2009 | 19646531 |
| differential expression of enteric neuroimmune-network in invasive and acute watery diarrhoea. | we aimed to evaluate the changes of nerve morphology and distribution of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the rectum of shigella flexneri-infected patients and in the duodenum of vibrio cholerae o1-infected patients. nerve morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor (ngf), neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry. ultrastructural analysis of intestinal biopsy revealed persisting axons degene ... | 2010 | 19650770 |
| genetic determination of essential residues of the vibrio cholerae actin cross-linking domain reveals functional similarity with glutamine synthetases. | actin cross-linking domains (acds) are distinct domains found in several bacterial toxins, including the vibrio cholerae martx toxin. the acd of v. cholerae (acd(vc)) catalyses the formation of an irreversible iso-peptide bond between lysine 50 and glutamic acid 270 on two actin molecules in an atp- and mg/mn(2+)-dependent manner. in vivo, cross-linking depletes the cellular pool of g-actin leading to actin cytoskeleton depolymerization. while the actin cross-linking reaction performed by these ... | 2009 | 19656298 |
| molecular analysis of vca1008: a putative phosphoporin of vibrio cholerae. | the phob/phor-dependent response to inorganic phosphate (pi)-starvation in vibrio cholerae o1 includes the expression of vc0719 for the response regulator phob, vca0033 for an alkaline phosphatase and vca1008 for an outer membrane protein (omp). sequences with high identity to these genes have been found in the genome of clinical and environmental strains, suggesting that the pi-starvation response in v. cholerae is well conserved. vca1008, an uncharacterized omp involved in v. cholerae pathogen ... | 2009 | 19659744 |
| n9l and l9n mutations toggle hha binding and hemolysin regulation by escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae h-ns. | proteins of the hha/ymoa family co-regulate with h-ns the expression of virulence factors in enterobacteriaceae. vibrio cholerae lacks hha-like proteins and its h-ns (vch-ns) is unable to bind hha, in spite of the conservation of a key residue for hha binding by escherichia coli h-ns (ech-ns). exchange of the residues in position 9 between vch-ns and ech-ns strongly reduces hha binding by ech-ns and introduces it in vch-ns. these mutations strongly affect the repression of the hemolysin operon i ... | 2009 | 19660457 |
| cholera vaccine will reduce antibiotic use. | 2009 | 19661401 | |
| carbohydrate-based anti-adhesive inhibition of vibrio cholerae toxin binding to gm1-os immobilized into artificial planar lipid membranes. | we have studied 'food grade' sialyloligosaccharides (sos) as anti-adhesive drugs or receptor analogues, since the terminal sialic acid residue has already been shown to contribute significantly to the adhesion and pathogenesis of the vibrio cholerae toxin (ctx). gm1-oligosaccharide (gm1-os) was immobilized into a supporting popc lipid bilayer onto a surface plasmon resonance (spr) chip, and the interaction between uninhibited ctx and gm1-os-popc was measured. sos inhibited 94.7% of the ctx bindi ... | 2009 | 19665695 |
| vibrio cholerae lexa coordinates ctx prophage gene expression. | the filamentous bacteriophage ctx phi transmits the cholera toxin genes by infecting and lysogenizing its host, vibrio cholerae. ctx phi genes required for virion production initiate transcription from the strong p(a) promoter, which is dually repressed in lysogens by the phage-encoded repressor rstr and the host-encoded sos repressor lexa. here we identify the neighboring divergent rstr promoter, p(r), and show that rstr both positively and negatively autoregulates its own expression from this ... | 2009 | 19666711 |
| a comparative genomics, network-based approach to understanding virulence in vibrio cholerae. | our views of the genes that drive phenotypes have generally been built up one locus or operon at a time. however, a given phenotype, such as virulence, is a multilocus phenomenon. to gain a more comprehensive view of the genes and interactions underlying a phenotype, we propose an approach that incorporates information from comparative genomics and network biology and illustrate it by examining the virulence phenotype of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor n16961. we assessed the associations among the vi ... | 2009 | 19666715 |
| [gene expression differences of toxigenic and nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae strains in mannitol fermentation medium and luria-bertani broth]. | to analyze gene expression differences of toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of el tor vibrio cholerae growing separately in mannitol fermentation medium and lb (luria-bertani) broth. | 2009 | 19673408 |
| [analysis of exoproteins of el tor vibrio cholerae by 2de and maldi-tof-ms/ms]. | our aim is to analyze the exoproteins of the epidemic strain and nonepidemic strain of el tor vibrio cholerae. | 2009 | 19673410 |
| presence of high numbers of transcriptionally active helicobacter pylori in vomitus from bangladeshi patients suffering from acute gastroenteritis. | helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent human bacterial pathogens; however, its transmission pathways remain unknown. new infections of h. pylori during outbreaks of gastroenteritis have been suggested previously, and to explore this transmission route further h. pylori was quantified in vomitus and diarrheal stool of patients suffering from acute gastroenteritis in dhaka, bangladesh. | 2009 | 19674127 |
| epidemiology & antibiograms of vibrio cholerae isolates from a tertiary care hospital in chandigarh, north india. | cholera is endemic in chandigarh and its surrounding areas. this retrospective study was undertaken over a period of nine years (january 1999-december 2007) from a tertiary care hospital in north india to understand the changing epidemiology aspects and antibiotic resistance patterns in vibrio cholerae isolates. | 2009 | 19675394 |
| use of stabilized luciferase-expressing plasmids to examine in vivo-induced promoters in the vibrio cholerae vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr. | live, attenuated vibrio cholerae vaccines can induce potent immune responses after only a single oral dose. the strategy of harnessing these strains to present antigens from heterologous pathogens to the mucosal immune system shows great promise. to fully realize this possibility, v. cholerae strains must be created that stably express antigens in vivo in sufficient quantity to generate an immune response. in vivo-induced promoters have been shown to increase the stability and immunogenicity of ... | 2009 | 19678844 |
| el tor cholera with severe disease: a new threat to asia and beyond. | during epidemics of cholera in two rural sites (bakerganj and mathbaria), a much higher proportion of patients came for treatment with severe dehydration than was seen in previous years. v. cholerae o1 isolated from these patients was found to be el tor in its phenotype, but its cholera toxin (ct) was determined to be that of classical biotype. whether the observed higher proportion of severe dehydration produced by the el tor biotype was due to a shift from el tor to classical ct or due to othe ... | 2010 | 19678971 |
| vibrio cholerae non-o1 non-o139 infection in an immunocompromised patient returning from spain, july 2009. | we describe a severe gastroenteritis with non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae in an immunocompromised patient returning from a holiday in spain in july 2009. predisposing factors and possible cholera enterotoxin production could explain the unusually grave symptomatology. patient recovered after doxycyclin treatment. | 2009 | 19679033 |
| bacterial quorum-sensing network architectures. | quorum sensing is a cell-cell communication process in which bacteria use the production and detection of extracellular chemicals called autoinducers to monitor cell population density. quorum sensing allows bacteria to synchronize the gene expression of the group, and thus act in unison. here, we review the mechanisms involved in quorum sensing with a focus on the vibrio harveyi and vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing systems. we discuss the differences between these two quorum-sensing systems and t ... | 2009 | 19686078 |
| acid residues in the transmembrane helices of the na+-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae involved in sodium translocation. | vibrio cholerae and many other marine and pathogenic bacteria possess a unique respiratory complex, the na(+)-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr), which pumps na(+) across the cell membrane using the energy released by the redox reaction between nadh and ubiquinone. to function as a selective sodium pump, na(+)-nqr must contain structures that (1) allow the sodium ion to pass through the hydrophobic core of the membrane and (2) provide cation specificity to the translocation system. ... | 2009 | 19694431 |
| spermidine regulates vibrio cholerae biofilm formation via transport and signaling pathways. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the devastating diarrheal disease cholera, can form biofilms on diverse biotic and abiotic surfaces. biofilm formation is important for the survival of this organism both in its natural environment and in the human host. development of v. cholerae biofilms are regulated by complex regulatory networks that respond to environmental signals. one of these signals, norspermidine, is a polyamine that enhances biofilm formation via the nsps/mbaa signaling system. ... | 2009 | 19694812 |
| escherichia coli autoinducer-2 uptake network does not display hysteretic behavior but ai-2 synthesis rate controls transient bifurcation. | analysis of different architectures of quorum sensing networks has been the center of attention in recent times. the approach employs mathematical models to uncover the factors behind the dynamics. quorum sensing networks mostly display autoregulation such as pseudomonas aeruginosa and vibrio cholerae. however, escherichia coli autoinducer-2 (ai-2) synthesis does not display autoinduction (i.e. autoregulation). this and other features have raised questions about the actual function of ai-2 insid ... | 2010 | 19695305 |
| vibrio cholerae proteome-wide screen for immunostimulatory proteins identifies phosphatidylserine decarboxylase as a novel toll-like receptor 4 agonist. | recognition of conserved bacterial components provides immediate and efficient immune responses and plays a critical role in triggering antigen-specific adaptive immunity. to date, most microbial components that are detected by host innate immune system are non-proteinaceous structural components. in order to identify novel bacterial immunostimulatory proteins, we developed a new high-throughput approach called "epsia", expressed protein screen for immune activators. out of 3,882 vibrio cholerae ... | 2009 | 19696891 |
| cholera outbreak secondary to contaminated pipe water in an urban area, west bengal, india, 2006. | outbreaks of cholera are common in west bengal. in april 2006, garulia municipality reported a cluster of diarrhea cases. we investigated this cluster to identify the etiological agent, source of transmission and propose control measures. we defined a case of diarrhea as occurrence of > or =3 loose/watery stools a day among the residents of garulia since april 2006. we searched for cases of diarrhea in health care facilities and health camp. we conducted a gender- and age-matched case-control st ... | 2009 | 19696991 |
| quorum sensing regulation of the two hcp alleles in vibrio cholerae o1 strains. | the type vi secretion system (t6ss) has emerged as a protein secretion system important to several gram-negative bacterial species. one of the common components of the system is hcp, initially described as a hemolysin co-regulated protein in a serotype o17 strain of vibrio cholerae. homologs to v. cholerae hcp genes have been found in all characterized type vi secretion systems and they are present also in the serotype o1 strains of v. cholerae that are the cause of cholera diseases but seemed t ... | 2009 | 19701456 |
| memory t-cell responses to vibrio cholerae o1 infection. | vibrio cholerae o1 can cause diarrheal disease that may be life-threatening without treatment. natural infection results in long-lasting protective immunity, but the role of t cells in this immune response has not been well characterized. in contrast, robust b-cell responses to v. cholerae infection have been observed. in particular, memory b-cell responses to t-cell-dependent antigens persist for at least 1 year, whereas responses to lipopolysaccharide, a t-cell-independent antigen, wane more r ... | 2009 | 19703973 |
| presence of dfr6 gene cassette in superintegron of non-o1/non-o139 strain of vibrio cholerae. | 2009 | 19704128 | |
| coordinated regulation of virulence by quorum sensing and motility pathways during the initial stages of vibrio cholerae infection. | pathogenic bacteria, such as vibrio cholerae, must be capable of adapting to diverse living conditions, especially when transitioning from life in environmental reservoirs to life in a host. the abilities to sense arrival at a site suitable for colonization or infection and to respond with appropriate alterations in gene expression are crucial for a pathogen's success. recently, we have shown that v. cholerae is able to recognize that it has reached its colonization site in the small intestine b ... | 2008 | 19704787 |
| immunolocalization and challenge studies using a recombinant vibrio cholerae ghost expressing trypanosoma brucei ca(2+) atpase (tbca2) antigen. | human african trypanosomiasis is a neglected disease caused by trypanosoma brucei spp. a parasite cation pump (ca(2+) atpase; tbca2) essential for survival and cation homeostasis was identified and characterized. it was hypothesized that targeting this pump using a vibrio cholerae ghost (vcg)-based vaccine could protect against murine t. brucei infection. mrna and protein expression of tbca2 was differentially expressed in blood and insect stages of parasites and immunolocalized in the pericellu ... | 2009 | 19706905 |
| improved specific detection of vibrio cholerae in environmental water samples by culture on selective medium and colony hybridization assay with an oligonucleotide probe. | we developed a rapid and efficient method based on culture on selective medium and colony hybridization assay for the detection of vibrio cholerae in estuarine water samples. a 22-oligonucleotide sequence of the 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer region was labeled with digoxigenin and evaluated for specificity and sensitivity by dot blot and colony hybridization with collection strains and environmental and clinical isolates. no isolates of species other than v. cholerae hybridized with the oligonu ... | 2002 | 19709209 |
| pathogenic potential of aeromonas hydrophila isolated from surface waters in kolkata, india. | members of the genus aeromonas (family aeromonadaceae) are medically important, gram-negative, rod-shaped micro-organisms and are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. aeromonas species are increasingly recognized as enteric pathogens; they possess several virulence factors associated with human disease, and represent a serious public health concern. in the present study, putative virulence traits of aeromonas hydrophila isolates collected from different natural surface waters of kolkata, india, w ... | 2009 | 19713362 |
| transcriptomics of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infection. individual variation in intestinal gene expression correlates with intestinal function. | acute secretory diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young animals and humans. deaths result from excessive fluid and electrolyte losses. the disease is caused by non-invasive bacteria such as vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli which produce enterotoxins, however, much less is known about the role of individual host responses. here we report the response of intact porcine small intestinal mucosa to infection with enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec). jejunal segments in four pigle ... | 2010 | 19716242 |
| the vibrio cholerae flagellar regulatory hierarchy controls expression of virulence factors. | vibrio cholerae is a motile bacterium responsible for the disease cholera, and motility has been hypothesized to be inversely regulated with virulence. we examined the transcription profiles of v. cholerae strains containing mutations in flagellar regulatory genes (rpon, flra, flrc, and flia) by utilizing whole-genome microarrays. results revealed that flagellar transcription is organized into a four-tiered hierarchy. additionally, genes with proven or putative roles in virulence (e.g., ctx, tcp ... | 2009 | 19717600 |
| enteric bacterial pathogen detection in southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) is associated with coastal urbanization and freshwater runoff. | although protected for nearly a century, california's sea otters have been slow to recover, in part due to exposure to fecally-associated protozoal pathogens like toxoplasma gondii and sarcocystis neurona. however, potential impacts from exposure to fecal bacteria have not been systematically explored. using selective media, we examined feces from live and dead sea otters from california for specific enteric bacterial pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella, clostridium perfringens, c. difficile an ... | 2010 | 19720009 |
| comparative genomics reveals mechanism for short-term and long-term clonal transitions in pandemic vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a bacterium autochthonous to the aquatic environment, and a serious public health threat. v. cholerae serogroup o1 is responsible for the previous two cholera pandemics, in which classical and el tor biotypes were dominant in the sixth and the current seventh pandemics, respectively. cholera researchers continually face newly emerging and reemerging pathogenic clones carrying diverse combinations of phenotypic and genotypic properties, which si ... | 2009 | 19720995 |
| distribution of class i integron and sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim constin in vibrio cholerae isolated from patients in iran. | the occurrence of drug-resistant vibrio cholerae is being reported with increasing frequency worldwide. spread of resistant strains has been attributed, in part, to class i integrons and sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim-constin (sxt-c). sixty clinical v. cholerae isolates were isolated from four different provinces in iran, which were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing, polymerase chain reaction amplification of class i integron and sxt-c, and sequencing of the amplified fragments. ribo ... | 2009 | 19728775 |
| a multiplatform real-time polymerase chain reaction detection assay for vibrio cholerae. | we report a multiplatform real-time polymerase chain reaction methodology based on genes encoding for the regulatory toxr activator and enterotoxin a protein to determine enterotoxigenic vibrio cholerae types from other vibrios. this assay, which was successfully validated on a collection of 87 bacterial strains, including 63 representatives of v. cholerae and 8 noncholera vibrios provides a rapid tool for detection and identification of cholera. | 2009 | 19729262 |
| structural features of single-stranded integron cassette attc sites and their role in strand selection. | we recently showed that cassette integration and deletion in integron platforms were occurring through unconventional site-specific recombination reactions involving only the bottom strand of attc sites. the lack of sequence conservation among attc sites led us to hypothesize that sequence-independent structural recognition determinants must exist within attc sites. the structural data obtained from a synaptic complex of the vibrio cholerae integrase with the bottom strand of an attc site has sh ... | 2009 | 19730680 |
| changing genotypes of cholera toxin (ct) of vibrio cholerae o139 in bangladesh and description of three new ct genotypes. | we determined the genotype of cholera toxin by amplifying and sequencing the b-subunit in a sequential collection of 90 strains of vibrio cholerae o139 isolated over the past 13 years since its first description in 1992. representative strains isolated during 1993-1997 harboured ctxb of el tor type (genotype 3). twenty-six strains isolated during 1999, 2001, 2005 and three strains isolated in 1998, 2000 and 2002 were identified to belong to new ctxb genotypes 4 and 5, respectively. genotype 5 wa ... | 2009 | 19732141 |
| oxidative and antibacterial activity of mn3o4. | mn(3)o(4) nanoparticles with diameter ca. 10nm were synthesized by the forced hydrolysis of mn(ii) acetate at 80 degrees c. the x-ray diffraction (xrd), fourier transform infra red (ft-ir) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (sem) and energy dispersive x-ray (edx) techniques were employed to study structural features and chemical composition of the nanoparticles. the unique oxidative activity of the mn(3)o(4) nanoparticles was demonstrated in the polymerization and dye degradation reactio ... | 2009 | 19733434 |
| levels of the secreted vibrio cholerae attachment factor gbpa are modulated by quorum-sensing-induced proteolysis. | vibrio cholerae is the etiologic agent of cholera in humans. intestinal colonization occurs in a stepwise fashion, initiating with attachment to the small intestinal epithelium. this attachment is followed by expression of the toxin-coregulated pilus, microcolony formation, and cholera toxin (ct) production. we have recently characterized a secreted attachment factor, glcnac binding protein a (gbpa), which functions in attachment to environmental chitin sources as well as to intestinal substrate ... | 2009 | 19734310 |
| phob regulates motility, biofilms, and cyclic di-gmp in vibrio cholerae. | signaling through the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) is central to the life cycle of vibrio cholerae. however, relatively little is known about the signaling mechanism, including the specific external stimuli that regulate c-di-gmp concentration. here, we show that the phosphate responsive regulator phob regulates an operon, acgab, which encodes c-di-gmp metabolic enzymes. we show that induction of acgab by phob positively regulates v. cholerae motility in vitro and that phob regulate ... | 2009 | 19734314 |
| influence of environmental factors on the presence of vibrio cholerae in the marine environment: a climate link. | evidence indicates that the atmospheric and oceanic processes that occur in response to increased greenhouse gases in the broad-scale climate system may already be changing the ecology of infectious diseases. recent studies have shown that climate also influences the abundance and ecology of pathogens, and the links between pathogens and changing ocean conditions, including human diseases such as cholera. vibrio cholerae is well recognized as being responsible for significant mortality and econo ... | 2007 | 19734600 |
| alterations of outer membrane proteins and virulence genes expression in gamma-irradiated vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus. | gamma-irradiation technology sterilizes microorganisms and thereby prevents decay and improves the safety and shelf stability of food products. in this study we treated the foodborne pathogens vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus with gamma-irradiation (0.5 kgy) to evaluate their adaptative response. outer membrane protein patterns of irradiated bacteria were found altered when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. these modifications were manifested ... | 2009 | 19735197 |
| laboratory-acquired vibrio cholerae o1 infection in austria, 2008. | vibrio cholerae infection is a rare but well-documented cause of laboratory-associated illness. we report on the first case of indigenous cholera documented in austria after more than fifty years. in april 2008, the national reference centre for v. cholerae received an isolate of v. cholerae o1, serotype ogawa, cultured from the stool specimen of a patient consulting a general practitioner because of watery diarrhea. the 23 year old microbiology student had been working with viable v. cholerae f ... | 2010 | 19735275 |
| transfer of cholera toxin genes from o1 to non-o1/o139 strains by vibriophages from california coastal waters. | vibrio cholerae is an important bacterial pathogen that causes global cholera epidemic. although they are commonly found in coastal waters around the world, most environmental isolates do not contain cholera toxin genes. this study investigates vibriophages in southern california coastal waters and their ability to transfer cholera toxin genes. | 2010 | 19735324 |
| identification of an iron-sulfur cluster that modulates the enzymatic activity in nare, a neisseria meningitidis adp-ribosyltransferase. | in prokaryotes, mono-adp-ribose transfer enzymes represent a family of exotoxins that display activity in a variety of bacterial pathogens responsible for causing disease in plants and animals, including those affecting mankind, such as diphtheria, cholera, and whooping cough. we report here that nare, a putative adp-ribosylating toxin previously identified from neisseria meningitidis, which shares structural homologies with escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin and toxin from vibrio cholerae ... | 2009 | 19744927 |
| extraintestinal vibrio infections in mauritius. | few extraintestinal vibrio infections have been reported in the african region. we report 3 cases from mauritius: one case of vibrio alginolyticus otitis externa; one case of soft tissue infection caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus; and one fatal case of non-o1 v. cholerae cellulitis and septicaemia. | 2008 | 19745511 |
| biological properties of the chilean native moss sphagnum magellanicum. | an ethanol extract prepared from the gametophyte chilean native moss sphagnum magellanicum was dried out, weighed and dissolved in distilled water. this extract was then assayed for its antibacterial activity against the g(-) bacteria azotobacter vinelandii, erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, enterobacter aerogenes, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, vibrio cholerae, and the g(+) bacteria staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, and streptococcus type beta. the growth of ... | 2009 | 19746269 |
| structural and kinetic features of family i inorganic pyrophosphatase from vibrio cholerae. | in this paper, kinetic properties of a soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase of family i from vibrio cholerae (v-ppase), intestinal pathogen and causative agent of human cholera, are characterized in detail, and the crystal structure of a metal-free enzyme is reported. hydrolytic activity of v-ppase has been studied as a function of ph, concentration of metal cofactors (mg2+ or mn2+), and ionic strength. it has been found that, despite the high conservation of amino acid sequences for the known bact ... | 2009 | 19747093 |
| a new twist on a classic paradigm: illumination of a genetic switch in vibrio cholerae phage ctx phi. | 2009 | 19749052 | |
| zimbabwe experiences the worst epidemic of cholera in africa. | a severe outbreak of cholera has been reported in zimbabwe since mid 2008, with so far over 92,000 cases and over 4,000 deaths. this outbreak has differed from previous outbreaks in being mainly urban and with a high case-fatality rate. breakdown in the supply of clean water has been the main underlying cause but breakdown in health service delivery in zimbabwe has also contributed to the magnitude and severity of the outbreak. | 2009 | 19755746 |
| cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic. | zimbabwe offers the most recent example of the tragedy that befalls a country and its people when cholera strikes. the 2008-2009 outbreak rapidly spread across every province and brought rates of mortality similar to those witnessed as a consequence of cholera infections a hundred years ago. in this review we highlight the advances that will help to unravel how interactions between the host, the bacterial pathogen and the lytic bacteriophage might propel and quench cholera outbreaks in endemic s ... | 2009 | 19756008 |
| multimeric bivalent immunogens from recombinant tetanus toxin hc fragment, synthetic hexasaccharides, and a glycopeptide adjuvant. | using recombinant tetanus toxin h(c) fragment (rtt-h(c)) as carrier, we prepared multimeric bivalent immunogens featuring the synthetic hexasaccharide fragment of o-ps of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype ogawa, in combination with either the synthetic hexasaccharide fragment of o-ps of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype inaba, or a synthetic disaccharide tetrapeptide peptidoglycan fragment as adjuvant. the conjugation reaction was effected by squaric acid chemistry and monitored in virtually real time b ... | 2010 | 19757026 |
| immune responses following one and two doses of the reformulated, bivalent, killed, whole-cell, oral cholera vaccine among adults and children in kolkata, india: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | immune responses after one and two doses of the reformulated killed oral cholera vaccine were measured in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 77 adults aged 18-40 years and 77 children aged 1-17 years residing in kolkata, india. 65% of adults and 87% of children and 46% of adults and 82% of children exhibited a > or =4-fold rise in serum vibrio cholerae o1 vibriocidal antibody titers from baseline following dose 1 and 2, respectively. responses to v. cholerae o139 were less p ... | 2009 | 19761838 |
| cell biology. expanding functionality within the looking-glass universe. | 2009 | 19762631 | |
| d-amino acids govern stationary phase cell wall remodeling in bacteria. | in all known organisms, amino acids are predominantly thought to be synthesized and used as their l-enantiomers. here, we found that bacteria produce diverse d-amino acids as well, which accumulate at millimolar concentrations in supernatants of stationary phase cultures. in vibrio cholerae, a dedicated racemase produced d-met and d-leu, whereas bacillus subtilis generated d-tyr and d-phe. these unusual d-amino acids appear to modulate synthesis of peptidoglycan, a strong and elastic polymer tha ... | 2009 | 19762646 |
| a novel regulatory protein involved in motility of vibrio cholerae. | the facultative pathogen vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the human intestinal disease cholera. both motility and chemotaxis of v. cholerae have been shown to contribute to the virulence and spread of cholera. the flagellar gene operons are organized into a hierarchy composed of four classes (i to iv) based on their temporal expression patterns. some regulatory elements involved in flagellar gene expression have been elucidated, but regulation is complex and flagellar biogenesis in v. c ... | 2009 | 19767434 |
| quadruplex real-time pcr assay for detection and identification of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 strains and determination of their toxigenic potential. | vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of the aquatic environment. however, its toxigenic strains can cause potentially life-threatening diarrhea. a quadruplex real-time pcr assay targeting four genes, the cholera toxin gene (ctxa), the hemolysin gene (hlya), o1-specific rfb, and o139-specific rfb, was developed for detection and differentiation of o1, o139, and non-o1, non-o139 strains and for prediction of their toxigenic potential. the specificity of the assay was 100% when tested against 70 ... | 2009 | 19767462 |
| cholera and climate: a demonstrated relationship. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is naturally present in the environment and autochthonous to coastal and estuarine ecosystems. v. cholerae is associated with copepods for its survival and multiplication in the natural environment. changes in the density of its reservoir may result in modification of the bacterial population size in the environment. in this context, climate and/or environmental changes will influence the emergence of cholera in human populations. several human pa ... | 2009 | 19768169 |