Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| estimating incubation period with multiple contact days. | multiple contacts with the infectious source may cause inconsistencies in determining the incubation period of a patient and hence the calculation of the mean and variance of the incubation period. a method based on probability distribution to deal with the problem is presented and an example is given for illustration. | 2007 | 17577826 |
| [ligand screening in affinity chromatography and its applications]. | affinity chromatography is one of the most powerful techniques in selective purification and isolation of a great number of compounds. affinity ligand is the most important factor in affinity chromatography, therefore, the selection and the screening of affinity ligand become the first issue to be considered when a novel type of affinity packing or a novel system of affinity chromatography needs to be developed. in combination with the research work of the author' s group, this paper briefly sum ... | 2007 | 17580675 |
| heterologous mva-s prime ad5-s boost regimen induces high and persistent levels of neutralizing antibody response against sars coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by a novel coronavirus (cov), sars-cov. in previous studies, we showed that a sars-cov spike (s) glycoprotein-based modified vaccinia ankara (mva-s) vaccine could induce strong neutralizing antibody (nab) response which might have played a critical role in protecting chinese rhesus monkeys from the pathogenic viral challenge. to date, however, it remains unknown what the minimal level of nab is required to achieve sterile immunity in humans. it ... | 2007 | 17581748 |
| heterologous mva-s prime ad5-s boost regimen induces high and persistent levels of neutralizing antibody response against sars coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by a novel coronavirus (cov), sars-cov. in previous studies, we showed that a sars-cov spike (s) glycoprotein-based modified vaccinia ankara (mva-s) vaccine could induce strong neutralizing antibody (nab) response which might have played a critical role in protecting chinese rhesus monkeys from the pathogenic viral challenge. to date, however, it remains unknown what the minimal level of nab is required to achieve sterile immunity in humans. it ... | 2007 | 17581748 |
| sirnas targeting terminal sequences of the sars-associated coronavirus membrane gene inhibit m protein expression through degradation of m mrna. | sars-associated coronavirus (scov) m protein plays a key role in viral assembly and budding. recent studies revealed that m protein could interact with n protein in the golgi complex. in this study, we showed that scov m protein co-localized in the golgi apparatus with a golgi vector marker. to study m protein function, three candidate small interfering rnas (sirnas) corresponding to m gene sequences were designed, transcribed in vitro, and then tested for their ability to silence m protein expr ... | 2007 | 17590445 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus orf6 antagonizes stat1 function by sequestering nuclear import factors on the rough endoplasmic reticulum/golgi membrane. | the host innate immune response is an important deterrent of severe viral infection in humans and animals. nuclear import factors function as key gatekeepers that regulate the transport of innate immune regulatory cargo to the nucleus of cells to activate the antiviral response. using severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) as a model, we demonstrate that sars-cov orf6 protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (er)/golgi membrane in infected cells, where it binds to and ... | 2007 | 17596301 |
| development of a respiratory virus panel test for detection of twenty human respiratory viruses by use of multiplex pcr and a fluid microbead-based assay. | virology laboratories historically have used direct fluorescent-antibody assay (dfa) and culture to detect six or seven respiratory viruses. following the discovery of five new human respiratory viruses since 2000, there is an increasing need for diagnostic tests to detect these emerging viruses. we have developed a new test that can detect 20 different respiratory virus types/subtypes in a single 5-h test. the assay employs multiplex pcr using 14 virus-specific primer pairs, followed by a multi ... | 2007 | 17596360 |
| type ivb pilus operon promoter controlling expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus nucleocapsid gene in salmonella enterica serovar typhi elicits full immune response by intranasal vaccination. | attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains have been considered to be attractive as potential live oral delivery vector vaccines because of their ability to elicit the full array of immune responses in humans. in this study, we constructed an attenuated s. enterica serovar typhi strain stably expressing conserved nucleocapsid (n) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) by integrating the n gene into the pilv gene, which was under the control of th ... | 2007 | 17596427 |
| open reading frame 8a of the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus not only promotes viral replication but also induces apoptosis. | a unique genomic difference between human and civet severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (sars-covs) is that the former has a deletion of 29 nucleotides from open reading frame (orf) 8a' that results in the generation of orf8a and orf8b. the objectives of the present study were to analyze antibody reactivity to orf8a in patients with sars and to elucidate the function of orf8a. | 2007 | 17597455 |
| pharmacologic treatment of sars: current knowledge and recommendations. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) pandemic caught the world by surprise in 2003 and spread rapidly within a relatively short period of time. hence, randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials on the treatment of sars were not possible. our understanding was obtained from observational, cohort studies, case series and reports. nevertheless, such information is useful in providing clinical management guidelines and directing future research in case sars recurs. early in the pandemic, ... | 2007 | 17597972 |
| a mechanistic view of enzyme inhibition and peptide hydrolysis in the active site of the sars-cov 3c-like peptidase. | the 3c-like main peptidase 3cl(pro) is a viral polyprotein processing enzyme essential for the viability of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). while it is generalized that 3cl(pro) and the structurally related 3c(pro) viral peptidases cleave their substrates via a mechanism similar to that underlying the peptide hydrolysis by chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases (clsps), some of the hypothesized key intermediates have not been structurally characterized. here, we prese ... | 2007 | 17599357 |
| substrate specificity profiling and identification of a new class of inhibitor for the major protease of the sars coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease associated with a high rate of mortality. the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) has been identified as the etiological agent of the disease. although public health procedures have been effective in combating the spread of sars, concern remains about the possibility of a recurrence. various approaches are being pursued for the development of efficacious therapeutics. one promising approach is to develop small molecule ... | 2007 | 17605471 |
| quantitative temporal-spatial distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) in post-mortem tissues. | few post-mortem studies have been performed on patients who have died from severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). no studies have examined how the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) loads in different organs with respect to time, post-mortem. the aim of this study was to determine the quantitative temporal-spatial distribution of sars-cov in the post-mortem tissue samples of seven patients. quantitation of a house-keeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) was undertak ... | 2007 | 17607787 |
| potent cross-reactive neutralization of sars coronavirus isolates by human monoclonal antibodies. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) caused a worldwide epidemic in late 2002/early 2003 and a second outbreak in the winter of 2003/2004 by an independent animal-to-human transmission. the gd03 strain, which was isolated from an index patient of the second outbreak, was reported to resist neutralization by the human monoclonal antibodies (hmabs) 80r and s3.1, which can potently neutralize isolates from the first outbreak. here we report that two hmabs, m396 and s230.15, ... | 2007 | 17620608 |
| induction of t-cell response by a dna vaccine encoding a novel hla-a*0201 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus epitope. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (sars-cov n) is one of the major targets for sars vaccine due to its high potency in triggering immune responses. in this study, we have identified a novel hla-a*0201 restricted epitope, n220 (lalllldrl), of the sars-cov n-protein through bioinformatics analysis. the n-protein peptide n220 shows a high binding affinity towards human mhc class i in t2-cells, and is capable of activating cytotoxic t-cells in human peripheral bl ... | 2007 | 17629360 |
| a massachusetts prototype like coronavirus isolated from wild peafowls is pathogenic to chickens. | coronavirus infection was investigated in apparently healthy wild peafowls in guangdong province of china in 2003, while severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) broke out there. no sars-like coronavirus had been isolated but a novel avian coronavirus strain, peafowl/gd/kq6/2003 (kq6), was identified. sequence analysis revealed that kq6 was an avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a member of coronavirus in group 3. the genome sequence of kq6 had extremely high degree of identity ... | 2007 | 17629993 |
| the s proteins of human coronavirus nl63 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus bind overlapping regions of ace2. | the cellular receptor for human coronavirus nl63 (hcov-nl63), a group i coronavirus, is angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ace2). ace2 is also the receptor for the sars coronavirus (sars-cov), a group ii coronavirus. here we describe the ability of hcov-nl63 to utilize a number of ace2 variants previously characterized as sars-cov receptors. several ace2 variants that reduced sars-cov s-protein association similarly reduced that of hcov-nl63, whereas alteration of a number of solvent-exposed ace2 r ... | 2007 | 17631932 |
| targeting the glycans of glycoproteins: a novel paradigm for antiviral therapy. | several chronic viral infections (such as hiv and hepatitis c virus) are highly prevalent and are a serious health risk. the adaptation of animal viruses to the human host, as recently exemplified by influenza viruses and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, is also a continuous threat. there is a high demand, therefore, for new antiviral lead compounds and novel therapeutic concepts. in this review, an original therapeutic concept for suppressing enveloped viruses is presented tha ... | 2007 | 17632570 |
| towards our understanding of sars-cov, an emerging and devastating but quickly conquered virus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly emerging infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov), which has overwhelmed more than 30 countries claiming nearly 8400 cases with over 800 fatalities. thanks to the unprecedented international collaboration, the whole-genomes of sars-covs were successfully deciphered shortly after the identification of the causative pathogen for outbreak of sars in southern china, in 2003. hitherto, the sars-cov, as a viral paradigm of emerging ... | 2007 | 17640731 |
| intranasal protollin-formulated recombinant sars s-protein elicits respiratory and serum neutralizing antibodies and protection in mice. | the feasibility of developing a prophylactic vaccine against sars was assessed by comparing the immune responses elicited by immunizing mice with a recombinant sars spike glycoprotein (s-protein) formulated with different adjuvants, given by different routes. in both young and aged mice, an intranasal protollin-formulated s-protein vaccine elicited high levels of antigen-specific igg in serum, comparable to those elicited by an intramuscular alum-adsorbed s-protein vaccine. serum antibodies were ... | 2007 | 17640780 |
| the immunity induced by recombinant spike proteins of sars coronavirus in balb/c mice. | the immune effect of two recombinant protein fragments of spike protein in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) was investigated in balb/c mice. two partial spike gene fragments s1 (322 1464 bp) and s2 (2170 2814 bp) of sars coronavirus were amplified by rt-pcr, and cloned into pet-23a prokaryotic expression vector, then transformed into competent escherichia e. coli bl21 (de3)(plyss) respectively. recombinant proteins were expressed and purified by ni2+ immobilized metal ion ... | 2007 | 17641827 |
| chicken single-chain variable fragments against the sars-cov spike protein. | the major concern for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), caused by the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov), is the lack of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. using a phage display technology in a chicken system, high-affinity monoclonal antibody fragments against the sars-cov spike protein were characterized. ten truncated spike protein gene fragments were expressed in escherichia coli cells. following the immunization of chickens with these recombinant spike proteins, two single-chain ... | 2007 | 17643500 |
| bismuth complexes inhibit the sars coronavirus. | 2007 | 17645269 | |
| expression, post-translational modification and biochemical characterization of proteins encoded by subgenomic mrna8 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the most striking difference between the subgenomic mrna8 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus isolated from human and some animal species is the deletion of 29 nucleotides, resulting in splitting of a single orf (orf8) into two orfs (orf8a and orf8b). orf8a and orf8b are predicted to encode two small proteins, 8a and 8b, and orf8 a single protein, 8ab (a fusion form of 8a and 8b). to understand the functions of these proteins, we cloned cdna fragments covering these orfs into expres ... | 2007 | 17645546 |
| amino acid substitutions in the s2 region enhance severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infectivity in rat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-expressing cells. | to clarify the molecular basis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) adaptation to different host species, we serially passaged sars-cov in rat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2)-expressing cells. after 15 passages, the virus (rat-p15) came to replicate effectively in rat ace2-expressing cells. two amino acid substitutions in the s2 region were found on the rat-p15 s gene. analyses of the infectivity of the pseudotype-bearing s protein indicated that the two substitutio ... | 2007 | 17652383 |
| expression of feline angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and its interaction with sars-cov s1 protein. | feline angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (face2) gene was amplified from domestic cat lung with rt-pcr, cloned and sequenced. the complete coding region is 2418bp in length and is the closest to human ace2 among known ace2 homologs of non-primate animals. the n terminal fragment 19- 367 aa was expressed in escherishia coli. both western blotting and elisa demonstrated that face2 could react with sars-cov s1 protein as efficiently as ace2 of vero e6 cells did. | 2008 | 17658563 |
| specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | in this study, 221 phytocompounds were evaluated for activity against anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (sars-cov) activities using a cell-based assay measuring sars-cov-induced cytopathogenic effect on vero e6 cells. ten diterpenoids (1-10), two sesquiterpenoids (11 and 12), two triterpenoids (13 and 14), five lignoids (15-19), curcumin (20), and reference controls niclosamide (21) and valinomycin (22) were potent inhibitors at concentrations between 3.3 and 10 micro ... | 2007 | 17663539 |
| optimization of a dna vaccine against sars. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) first appeared in southern china in november 2002, and then quickly spread to 33 countries on five continents along international air travel routes. although the sars epidemic has been contained, there is a clear need for a safe and effective vaccine should an outbreak of a sars-cov infection reappear in human population. in this study, we tested four dna-vaccine constructs: (1) pll70, containing cdna for the sars-cov spike (s) gene; (2) p ... | 2007 | 17665998 |
| enhancement of murine coronavirus replication by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus protein 6 requires the n-terminal hydrophobic region but not c-terminal sorting motifs. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus encodes several accessory proteins of unknown function. we previously showed that one such protein, encoded by orf6, enhanced the growth of mouse hepatitis virus in tissue culture cells and in mice. protein 6 consists of an n-terminal hydrophobic peptide and a c-terminal region containing intracellular protein sorting motifs. herein, we show that mutation of the hydrophobic region but not the sorting motifs affected the ability of protein 6 to enhanc ... | 2007 | 17670827 |
| the coronavirus spike protein induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and upregulation of intracellular chemokine mrna concentrations. | murine hepatitis virus (mhv) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) are two of the best-studied representatives of the family coronaviridae. during cov infection, numerous cytokines and chemokines are induced in vitro and in vivo. human interleukin 8 and its mouse functional counterpart, cxcl2, are early-expressed chemokines. here we show that sars-cov and mhv induce endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress and cxcl2 mrna transcription during infection in vitro. expression of th ... | 2007 | 17670839 |
| structural proteomics of the sars coronavirus: a model response to emerging infectious diseases. | a number of structural genomics/proteomics initiatives are focused on bacterial or viral pathogens. in this article, we will review the progress of structural proteomics initiatives targeting the sars coronavirus (sars-cov), the etiological agent of the 2003 worldwide epidemic that culminated in approximately 8,000 cases and 800 deaths. the sars-cov genome encodes 28 proteins in three distinct classes, many of them with unknown function and sharing low similarity to other proteins. the structure ... | 2007 | 17680348 |
| immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induced by virus-like particles in mice. | virus-like particles (vlps) represent a promising vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov). in this study, recombinant baculovirus vacs and vacme were constructed to express the s protein and the m and e proteins of sars cov, respectively. electron microscope analysis demonstrated the formation of vlps in vacme and vacs coinfected insect cells. mice immunized four times with vlps developed high antibody titres against sars cov. in addition, vlps elicited cell-medi ... | 2007 | 17680799 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus gene 7 products contribute to virus-induced apoptosis. | the proteins encoded by gene 7 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) have been demonstrated to have proapoptotic activity when expressed from cdna but appear to be dispensable for virus replication. recombinant sars-covs bearing deletions in gene 7 were used to assess the contribution of gene 7 to virus replication and apoptosis in several transformed cell lines, as well as to replication and pathogenesis in golden syrian hamsters. deletion of gene 7 had no effect on sa ... | 2007 | 17686858 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus gene 7 products contribute to virus-induced apoptosis. | the proteins encoded by gene 7 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) have been demonstrated to have proapoptotic activity when expressed from cdna but appear to be dispensable for virus replication. recombinant sars-covs bearing deletions in gene 7 were used to assess the contribution of gene 7 to virus replication and apoptosis in several transformed cell lines, as well as to replication and pathogenesis in golden syrian hamsters. deletion of gene 7 had no effect on sa ... | 2007 | 17686858 |
| selectivity in isg15 and ubiquitin recognition by the sars coronavirus papain-like protease. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease (sars-cov plpro) carries out n-terminal processing of the viral replicase polyprotein, and also exhibits lys48-linked polyubiquitin chain debranching and isg15 precursor processing activities in vitro. here, we used sds-page and fluorescence-based assays to demonstrate that isg15 derivatives are the preferred substrates for the deubiquitinating activity of the plpro. with k(cat)/k(m) of 602,000 m(-1)s(-1), plpro hydrolyzes is ... | 2007 | 17692280 |
| human cd4(+) memory t-lymphocyte responses to sars coronavirus infection. | little is known about cd4(+) t-cell immunity to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus. in two sars patients, we examined the memory cd4(+) t-cell responses to peptides derived from sars coronavirus structural proteins. we generated cd4(+) t-cell lines to 3 peptides from the spike (s) protein and defined their hla restriction. in one patient, the predominant memory cd4(+) t-cell response was directed against an epitope outside the s protein receptor-binding domain. in both pati ... | 2007 | 17692881 |
| coronavirus non-structural protein 1 is a major pathogenicity factor: implications for the rational design of coronavirus vaccines. | attenuated viral vaccines can be generated by targeting essential pathogenicity factors. we report here the rational design of an attenuated recombinant coronavirus vaccine based on a deletion in the coding sequence of the non-structural protein 1 (nsp1). in cell culture, nsp1 of mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), like its sars-coronavirus homolog, strongly reduced cellular gene expression. the effect of nsp1 on mhv replication in vitro and in vivo was analyzed using a recombinant mhv encoding a delet ... | 2007 | 17696607 |
| functional genomics highlights differential induction of antiviral pathways in the lungs of sars-cov-infected macaques. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is likely mediated by disproportional immune responses and the ability of the virus to circumvent innate immunity. using functional genomics, we analyzed early host responses to sars-cov infection in the lungs of adolescent cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) that show lung pathology similar to that observed in human adults with sars. analysis of gene signatures revealed induction of a strong innate immune respons ... | 2007 | 17696609 |
| functional genomics highlights differential induction of antiviral pathways in the lungs of sars-cov-infected macaques. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is likely mediated by disproportional immune responses and the ability of the virus to circumvent innate immunity. using functional genomics, we analyzed early host responses to sars-cov infection in the lungs of adolescent cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) that show lung pathology similar to that observed in human adults with sars. analysis of gene signatures revealed induction of a strong innate immune respons ... | 2007 | 17696609 |
| paper of the year 2006: award to pamela hamill. | 2007 | 17696769 | |
| the membrane protein of sars-cov suppresses nf-kappab activation. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infects many organs, such as lung, liver, and immune organs and causes life-threatening atypical pneumonia, sars causes high morbidity and mortality rates. the molecular mechanism of sars pathogenesis remains elusive. inflammatory stimuli can activate ikappab kinase (ikk) signalsome and subsequently the nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappab), which influences gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) along with other transcription factors. i ... | 2007 | 17705188 |
| priming with sars cov s dna and boosting with sars cov s epitopes specific for cd4+ and cd8+ t cells promote cellular immune responses. | cellular immune response plays an important role in antiviral immunity. in our previous study, immunization of mice with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) spike (s) dna vaccine could induce both humoral and cellular immunity in response to a pool of entire overlapping s peptides. identification of functional dominant epitopes in sars cov s protein for t cells is crucial for further understanding of cellular immune responses elicited by sars cov s dna vaccine. in present st ... | 2007 | 17709158 |
| regulation of cell death during infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other coronaviruses. | both apoptosis and necrosis have been observed in cells infected by various coronaviruses, suggesting that the regulation of cell death is important for viral replication and/or pathogenesis. expeditious research on the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus, one of the latest discovered coronaviruses that infect humans, has provided valuable insights into the molecular aspects of cell-death regulation during infection. apoptosis was observed in vitro, while both apoptosis and necr ... | 2007 | 17714515 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus evades antiviral signaling: role of nsp1 and rational design of an attenuated strain. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemic was caused by the spread of a previously unrecognized infectious agent, the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). here we show that sars-cov could inhibit both virus- and interferon (ifn)-dependent signaling, two key steps of the antiviral response. we mapped a strong inhibitory activity to sars-cov nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) and show that expression of nsp1 significantly inhibited the activation of all three virus-dependent signaling p ... | 2007 | 17715225 |
| specific asparagine-linked glycosylation sites are critical for dc-sign- and l-sign-mediated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by a newly emerged coronavirus (cov) designated sars-cov. the virus utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) as the primary receptor. although the idea is less clear and somewhat controversial, sars-cov is thought to use c-type lectins dc-sign and/or l-sign (collectively referred to as dc/l-sign) as alternative receptors or as enhancer factors that facilitate ace2-mediated virus infection. in this study, the function of dc/l-sign in sars- ... | 2007 | 17715238 |
| structure-based design and synthesis of highly potent sars-cov 3cl protease inhibitors. | 2007 | 17722121 | |
| nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the n-terminal domain of nonstructural protein 3 from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | this paper describes the structure determination of nsp3a, the n-terminal domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) nonstructural protein 3. nsp3a exhibits a ubiquitin-like globular fold of residues 1 to 112 and a flexibly extended glutamic acid-rich domain of residues 113 to 183. in addition to the four beta-strands and two alpha-helices that are common to ubiquitin-like folds, the globular domain of nsp3a contains two short helices representing a feature that has n ... | 2007 | 17728234 |
| regulation of irf-3-dependent innate immunity by the papain-like protease domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a novel coronavirus that causes a highly contagious respiratory disease, sars, with significant mortality. although factors contributing to the highly pathogenic nature of sars-cov remain poorly understood, it has been reported that sars-cov infection does not induce type i interferons (ifns) in cell culture. however, it is uncertain whether sars-cov evades host detection or has evolved mechanisms to counteract innate host defenses. we ... | 2007 | 17761676 |
| [immunisation strategies for the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)]. | most patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) develop antibodies against the sars coronavirus and survive the infection. this suggests that active or passive immunisation might be an effective option in preventing or treating sars. therefore, the development of sars vaccination strategies belongs to the most important targets of sars research. the present study analyses data-bases for the current knowledge on vaccination strategies. both, passive and active immunisation protocols a ... | 2007 | 17763311 |
| 5'-o-masked 2'-deoxyadenosine analogues as lead compounds for hepatitis c virus (hcv) therapeutic agents. | on the basis of our previous study on antiviral agents against the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus, a series of nucleoside analogues whose 5'-hydroxyl groups are masked by various protective groups such as carboxylate, sulfonate, and ether were synthesized and evaluated to develop novel anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv) agents. among these, several 5'-o-masked analogues of 6-chloropurine-2'-deoxyriboside (e.g., 5'-o-benzoyl, 5'-o-p-methoxybenzoyl, and 5'-o-benzyl analogues) were ... | 2007 | 17766124 |
| conductance and amantadine binding of a pore formed by a lysine-flanked transmembrane domain of sars coronavirus envelope protein. | the coronavirus responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) contains a small envelope protein, e, with putative involvement in host cell apoptosis and virus morphogenesis. it has been suggested that e protein can form a membrane destabilizing transmembrane (tm) hairpin, or homooligomerize to form a regular tm alpha-helical bundle. we have shown previously that the topology of the alpha-helical putative tm domain of e protein (etm), flanked by two lysine residues at c and n t ... | 2007 | 17766393 |
| prevention and control of emerging infections: a challenge for the 3rd millennium. | in the last 30 years, several emerging infections due to novel viruses have been identified, from haemorrhagic fever viruses to hiv, from the sars-coronavirus to avian influenza viruses. ecological and genetic changes are important determinants of the emergence of new viral infections, driving to an increase of r0 (the basic reproductive number) through increasing the probability of transmission. the current h5n1 epidemic may be considered a prepandemic paradigm that needs thorough investigation ... | 2007 | 17802926 |
| rapid multiplex nested pcr for detection of respiratory viruses. | respiratory tract infections can be caused by a heterogeneous group of viruses and bacteria that produce similar clinical presentations. specific diagnosis therefore relies on laboratory investigation. this study developed and evaluated five groups of multiplex nested pcr assays that could simultaneously detect 21 different respiratory pathogens: influenza a virus (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1); influenza b virus; parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3, 4a, and 4b; respiratory syncytial virus a and b; human ... | 2007 | 17804659 |
| [three-dimensional structure prediction of the viral protein in the development of anti sars drugs]. | 2007 | 17824221 | |
| pathogenetic mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an acute respiratory disease with significant morbidity and mortality. while its clinical manifestations have been extensively studied, its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. a limited number of autopsy studies have revealed that the lungs and the immune system are the organs that sustain the most severe damage. other organs affected include the kidneys, brain, digestive tract, heart, liver, thyroid gland and urogenital tract. the primary target ... | 2008 | 17825937 |
| bats, civets and the emergence of sars. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was the first pandemic transmissible disease of previously unknown aetiology in the twenty-first century. early epidemiologic investigations suggested an animal origin for sars-cov. virological and serological studies indicated that masked palm civets ( paguma larvata), together with two other wildlife animals, sampled from a live animal market were infected with sars-cov or a closely related virus. recently, horseshoe bats in the genus rhinolophus have b ... | 2007 | 17848070 |
| structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of peptidomimetic sars-cov 3clpro inhibitors. | structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of peptidomimetic severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors are described. these inhibitors were designed and synthesized based upon our x-ray crystal structure of inhibitor 1 bound to sars-cov 3clpro. incorporation of boc-ser as the p(4)-ligand resulted in enhanced sars-cov 3clpro inhibitory activity. structural analysis of the inhibitor-bound x-ray structure revealed high binding ... | 2007 | 17855091 |
| localization and membrane topology of coronavirus nonstructural protein 4: involvement of the early secretory pathway in replication. | the coronavirus nonstructural proteins (nsp's) derived from the replicase polyproteins collectively constitute the viral replication complexes, which are anchored to double-membrane vesicles. little is known about the biogenesis of these complexes, the membrane anchoring of which is probably mediated by nsp3, nsp4, and nsp6, as they contain several putative transmembrane domains. as a first step to getting more insight into the formation of the coronavirus replication complex, the membrane topol ... | 2007 | 17855519 |
| disappearance of antibodies to sars-associated coronavirus after recovery. | 2007 | 17855683 | |
| detectiv: visualization, normalization and significance testing for pathogen-detection microarray data. | dna microarrays offer the possibility of testing for the presence of thousands of micro-organisms in a single experiment. however, there is a lack of reliable bioinformatics tools for the analysis of such data. we have developed detectiv, a package for the statistical software r. detectiv offers powerful yet simple visualization, normalization and significance testing tools. we show that detectiv performs better than previously published software on a large, publicly available dataset. | 2007 | 17868443 |
| discovery of herpesviruses in bats. | seven novel gammaherpesviruses (ghv) and one novel betaherpesvirus were discovered in seven different european bat species (order chiroptera, family vespertilionidae) with a pan-herpesvirus pcr assay, targeting the dna polymerase (dpol) gene. the sequences of six bat ghv were similarly related to members of the gammaherpesvirus genera percavirus and rhadinovirus. the seventh ghv was related to the porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus 1 (genus macavirus). the betaherpesvirus appeared to be a distant ... | 2007 | 17872515 |
| persistent memory cd4+ and cd8+ t-cell responses in recovered severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) patients to sars coronavirus m antigen. | the membrane (m) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a major glycoprotein with multiple biological functions. in this study, we found that memory t cells against m protein were persistent in recovered sars patients by detecting gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) production using elisa and elispot assays. flow cytometric analysis showed that both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells were involved in cellular responses to sars-cov m antigen. furthermore, memory cd8+ t cells displayed ... | 2007 | 17872527 |
| the sars-cov nucleocapsid protein: a protein with multifarious activities. | ever since the discovery of sars-cov in the year 2003, numerous researchers around the world have been working relentlessly to understand the biology of this virus. as in other coronaviruses, nucleocapsid (n) is one of the most crucial structural components of the sars-cov. hence major attention has been focused on characterization of this protein. independent studies conducted by several laboratories have elucidated significant insight into the primary function of this protein, which is to enca ... | 2008 | 17881296 |
| use of antibody avidity assays for diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | an indirect immunofluorescent assay (euroimmun ag, luebeck, germany) was used to investigate the avidity of immunoglobulin g (igg), igm, iga, and total ig (iggam) antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) infections. serial serum samples from eight patients collected during the first, third, and ninth months after the onset of infection were evaluated. it was found that low-avidity igg antibodies were detected in 15/15 (100%), 1/5 (20%), and 0/8 (0%) serum sa ... | 2007 | 17881505 |
| comments to the predecessor of human sars coronavirus in 2003-2004 epidemic. | 2008 | 17884305 | |
| [expression of recombinant spike protein of sars-coronavirus in vaccinia virus and analysis of its immunogenicity]. | a recombinant vaccinia virus (rwr-sars-s)expressing spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus was constructed. the expression of full length recombinant sars spike protein (rss) in hela cells possessing specific reaction ability to chicken anti-sera was confirmed by sds-page and western-blot (190 kd). hela cells infected with rwr-sars-s also showed high sensitivity in detecting specific serum antibody by indirect immunofluoresence assay (ifa). the results above indicated tha ... | 2007 | 17894231 |
| [expression of recombinant spike protein of sars-coronavirus in vaccinia virus and analysis of its immunogenicity]. | a recombinant vaccinia virus (rwr-sars-s)expressing spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus was constructed. the expression of full length recombinant sars spike protein (rss) in hela cells possessing specific reaction ability to chicken anti-sera was confirmed by sds-page and western-blot (190 kd). hela cells infected with rwr-sars-s also showed high sensitivity in detecting specific serum antibody by indirect immunofluoresence assay (ifa). the results above indicated tha ... | 2007 | 17894231 |
| tracking sars. | 2003 | 17896716 | |
| biochemical and genetic analyses of murine hepatitis virus nsp15 endoribonuclease. | the goal of this project was to better define the relationship between the endoribonuclease activity of murine hepatitis virus (mhv) nsp15 (mnsp15) and its role in virus infection. molecular modeling demonstrated that the catalytic residues of mnsp15 are superimposable with its severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ortholog. alanine substitutions at three key residues in the mnsp15 catalytic pocket (h262, h277, and g275) and a double-mutant version (h262p and h277a) generated proteins wi ... | 2007 | 17898055 |
| vaccination of mice with recombinant baculovirus expressing spike or nucleocapsid protein of sars-like coronavirus generates humoral and cellular immune responses. | continuous efforts have been made to develop a prophylactic vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). in this study, two recombinant baculoviruses, vac-n and vac-s, were constructed, which contained the mammalian-cell activate promoter element, human elongation factor 1alpha-subunit (ef-1alpha), the human cytomegalovirus (cmv) immediate-early promoter, and the nucleocapsid (n) or spike (s) gene of bat sars-like cov (sl-cov) under the control of the cmv promoter. m ... | 2008 | 17905435 |
| covdb: a comprehensive database for comparative analysis of coronavirus genes and genomes. | the recent sars epidemic has boosted interest in the discovery of novel human and animal coronaviruses. by july 2007, more than 3000 coronavirus sequence records, including 264 complete genomes, are available in genbank. the number of coronavirus species with complete genomes available has increased from 9 in 2003 to 25 in 2007, of which six, including coronavirus hku1, bat sars coronavirus, group 1 bat coronavirus hku2, groups 2c and 2d coronaviruses, were sequenced by our laboratory. to overco ... | 2008 | 17913743 |
| two-way antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and group 1 animal covs is mediated through an antigenic site in the n-terminal region of the sars-cov nucleoprotein. | in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in humans, causing a global epidemic. by phylogenetic analysis, sars-cov is distinct from known covs and most closely related to group 2 covs. however, no antigenic cross-reactivity between sars-cov and known covs was conclusively and consistently demonstrated except for group 1 animal covs. we analyzed this cross-reactivity by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot analysis using specific ... | 2007 | 17913799 |
| high prevalence of the cd14-159cc genotype in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. | to investigate whether genetic factors of innate immunity might influence susceptibility and/or progression in individuals infected with sars, we evaluated the cd14 gene polymorphism in 198 hong kong blood donors and 152 hong kong severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) patients who were previously genotyped for fcgammariia polymorphisms. the prevalence of the cd14-159cc polymorphism was significantly higher in the patients with severe sars than in the those with mild sars or controls (31% vers ... | 2007 | 17913858 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in vaccinated ferrets. | development of vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is limited by the lack of well-characterized animal models. previous vaccine reports have noted robust neutralizing antibody and inflammatory responses in ferrets, resulting in enhanced hepatitis. | 2007 | 17922397 |
| a novel subset of putative stem/progenitor cd34+oct-4+ cells is the major target for sars coronavirus in human lung. | identification of the nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-infected cells is crucial toward understanding the pathogenesis. using multicolor colocalization techniques, we previously reported that sars(+) cells in the lung of fatally infected patients expressed the only known functional receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and also a binding receptor, liver/lymph node-specific icam-3-grabbing non-integrin (cd209l). in this study, we show that sars-infected cells also express t ... | 2007 | 17923501 |
| the utility of preemptive mass influenza vaccination in controlling a sars outbreak during flu season. | during flu season, respiratory infections can cause non-specific influenza-like-illnesses (ilis) in up to one-half of the general population. if a future sars outbreak were to coincide with flu season, it would become exceptionally difficult to distinguish sars rapidly and accurately from other ilis, given the non-specific clinical presentation of sars and the current lack of a widely available, rapid, diagnostic test. we construct a deterministic compartmental model to examine the potential imp ... | 2007 | 17924722 |
| biochemical characterization of exoribonuclease encoded by sars coronavirus. | the nsp14 protein is an exoribonuclease that is encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). we have cloned and expressed the nsp14 protein in escherichia coli, and characterized the nature and the role(s) of the metal ions in the reaction chemistry. the purified recombinant nsp14 protein digested a 5'-labeled rna molecule, but failed to digest the rna substrate that is modified with fluorescein group at the 3'-hydroxyl group, suggesting a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease activit ... | 2007 | 17927896 |
| the 29-nucleotide deletion present in human but not in animal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses disrupts the functional expression of open reading frame 8. | one of the most striking and dramatic genomic changes observed in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) isolated from humans soon after its zoonotic transmission from palm civets was the acquisition of a characteristic 29-nucleotide deletion. this occurred in open reading frame 8 (orf8), one of the accessory genes unique to the sars-cov. the function of orf8 and the significance of the deletion are unknown. the intact orf8 present in animal and some early human isolates en ... | 2007 | 17928347 |
| protection from infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in a chinese hamster model by equine neutralizing f(ab')2. | to warrant potential clinical testing, the equine anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) f(ab')(2) requires evaluation in as many animal models as possible. in this study, we established a new animal model, the chinese hamster, susceptible to sars-cov infection. sars-cov could propagate effectively and sustain high levels for 1 wk in animal lungs. all animals were protected from sars-cov infection in preventive settings. further, when used therapeutically this antibody led ... | 2007 | 17931120 |
| protection from infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in a chinese hamster model by equine neutralizing f(ab')2. | to warrant potential clinical testing, the equine anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) f(ab')(2) requires evaluation in as many animal models as possible. in this study, we established a new animal model, the chinese hamster, susceptible to sars-cov infection. sars-cov could propagate effectively and sustain high levels for 1 wk in animal lungs. all animals were protected from sars-cov infection in preventive settings. further, when used therapeutically this antibody led ... | 2007 | 17931120 |
| molecular docking identifies the binding of 3-chloropyridine moieties specifically to the s1 pocket of sars-cov mpro. | the 3c-like main proteinase of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus, sars-cov m(pro), is widely considered to be a major drug target for the development of anti-sars treatment. based on the chemical structure of a lead compound from a previous screening, we have designed and synthesized a number of non-peptidyl inhibitors, some of which have shown significantly improved inhibitory activity against sars-cov m(pro) with ic(50) values of approximately 60 nm. in the absence of sa ... | 2008 | 17931870 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. | before the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2003, only 12 other animal or human coronaviruses were known. the discovery of this virus was soon followed by the discovery of the civet and bat sars-cov and the human coronaviruses nl63 and hku1. surveillance of coronaviruses in many animal species has increased the number on the list of coronaviruses to at least 36. the explosive nature of the first sars epidemic, the high mortality, its transient reeme ... | 2007 | 17934078 |
| co-circulation of human metapneumovirus and sars-associated coronavirus during a major nosocomial sars outbreak in hong kong. | the clinico-epidemiological significance of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) detected during the sars outbreak is unknown. | 2007 | 17936066 |
| heptad repeat-derived peptides block protease-mediated direct entry from the cell surface of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus but not entry via the endosomal pathway. | the peptides derived from the heptad repeat (hrp) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (scov) spike protein (shrps) are known to inhibit scov infection, yet their efficacies are fairly low. recently our research showed that some proteases facilitated scov's direct entry from the cell surface, resulting in a more efficient infection than the previously known infection via endosomal entry. to compare the inhibitory effect of the shrp in each pathway, we selected two shrps, which showed ... | 2008 | 17942557 |
| altered pathogenesis of porcine respiratory coronavirus in pigs due to immunosuppressive effects of dexamethasone: implications for corticosteroid use in treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the pathogenesis and optimal treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) are unclear, although corticosteroids were used to reduce lung and systemic inflammation. because the pulmonary pathology of porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) in pigs resembles sars, we used prcv as a model to clarify the effects of the corticosteroid dexamethasone (dex) on coronavirus (cov)-induced pneumonia. conventional weaned pigs (n = 130) in one of four groups (prcv/phosphate-buffered saline [pbs] [n ... | 2007 | 17942563 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry as a target of antiviral therapies. | the identification in 2003 of a coronavirus as the aetiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) intensified efforts to understand the biology of coronaviruses in general and sars coronavirus (sars-cov) in particular. rapid progress was made in describing the sars-cov genome, evolution and lifecycle. identification of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) as an obligate cellular receptor for sars-cov contributed to understanding of the sars-cov entry process, and helped to char ... | 2007 | 17944271 |
| human coronaviruses: what do they cause? | sars-cov, human coronavirus nl63 (hcov-nl63) and hcov-hku1 were first described in 2003, 2004 and 2005 respectively. nevertheless, discovery of three new human coronaviruses does not necessary represent a sudden increase in emerging infections by new coronaviruses. only sars-cov has recently been introduced to the human population; the other two have been circulating in humans for a long time. hcov-hku1 and hcov-nl63 are respiratory coronaviruses, are frequently found during lower and upper resp ... | 2007 | 17944272 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus orf3a protein interacts with caveolin. | the orf3a (also called x1 or u274) gene is the largest unique open reading frame in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus genome and has been proposed to encode a protein with three transmembrane domains and a large cytoplasmic domain. recent work has suggested that the 3a protein may play a structural role in the viral life cycle, although the mechanisms for this remain uncharacterized. here, the expression of the 3a protein in various in vitro systems is shown, it has been localize ... | 2007 | 17947532 |
| conformational reorganization of the sars coronavirus spike following receptor binding: implications for membrane fusion. | the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) spike is the largest known viral spike molecule, and shares a similar function with all class 1 viral fusion proteins. previous structural studies of membrane fusion proteins have largely used crystallography of static molecular fragments, in isolation of their transmembrane domains. in this study we have produced purified, irradiated sars-cov virions that retain their morphology, and are fusogenic in cell culture. we used cryo-electron microscopy and image proces ... | 2007 | 17957264 |
| inhibition of sars coronavirus helicase by bismuth complexes. | a series of bismuth complexes were synthesized and characterized, and most of them exhibited inhibition against the sars coronavirus helicase atpase and duplex-unwinding activities at micromolar concentrations. | 2007 | 17957304 |
| transcriptional profiling of vero e6 cells over-expressing sars-cov s2 subunit: insights on viral regulation of apoptosis and proliferation. | we have previously demonstrated that over-expression of spike protein (s) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) or its c-terminal subunit (s2) is sufficient to induce apoptosis in vitro. to further investigate the possible roles of s2 in sars-cov-induced apoptosis and pathogenesis of sars, we characterized the host expression profiles induced upon s2 over-expression in vero e6 cells by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. possible activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathw ... | 2008 | 17961624 |
| an efficient rna-cleaving dna enzyme can specifically target the 5'-untranslated region of severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (sars-cov). | the worldwide epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2003 was caused by a novel coronavirus called sars-cov. we report the use of dnazyme (catalytic dna) to target the 5'-untranslated region (5'utr) of a highly conserved fragment in the sars genome as an approach to suppression of sars-cov replication. a mono-dna enzyme (dz-104) possessing the 10-23 catalytic motif was synthesized and tested both in vitro and in cell culture. | 2007 | 17966113 |
| mice transgenic for human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 provide a model for sars coronavirus infection. | to establish a small animal model of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), we developed a mouse model of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infection by introducing the human gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hace2) (the cellular receptor of sars-cov), driven by the mouse ace2 promoter, into the mouse genome. the hace2 gene was expressed in lung, heart, kidney, and intestine. we also evaluated the responses of wild-type and transgenic mice to sars-cov inoc ... | 2007 | 17974127 |
| the "sars-unique domain" (sud) of sars coronavirus is an oligo(g)-binding protein. | caused by a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a highly contagious disease associated with significant fatality that emerged in 2003. the molecular cause of the unusually high human pathogenicity of the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) is still unknown. in an effort to characterize molecular components of the virus that are absent in other coronaviruses, all of which are considerably less pathogenic for humans, we recombinantly produced the sars-unique domain (sud) within no ... | 2007 | 17976532 |
| mutation of gly-11 on the dimer interface results in the complete crystallographic dimer dissociation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3c-like protease: crystal structure with molecular dynamics simulations. | sars-cov 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)) is an attractive target for anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) drug discovery, and its dimerization has been extensively proved to be indispensable for enzymatic activity. however, the reason why the dissociated monomer is inactive still remains unclear due to the absence of the monomer structure. in this study, we showed that mutation of the dimer-interface residue gly-11 to alanine entirely abolished the activity of sars-cov 3cl(pro). subsequentl ... | 2008 | 17977841 |
| structural basis of mercury- and zinc-conjugated complexes as sars-cov 3c-like protease inhibitors. | five active metal-conjugated inhibitors (pma, tdt, epdtc, jmf1586 and jmf1600) bound with the 3c-like protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus were analyzed crystallographically. the complex structures reveal two major inhibition modes: hg(2+)-pma is coordinated to c(44), m(49) and y(54) with a square planar geometry at the s3 pocket, whereas each zn(2+) of the four zinc-inhibitors is tetrahedrally coordinated to the h(41)-c(145) catalytic dyad. for anti-sars d ... | 2007 | 17981158 |
| solving the mystery of sars. | 2003 | 17983135 | |
| [bad bats?]. | for many centuries, man is fascinated by bats, the only flying mammals. probably because of their particular immune system, bats can be considered an important reservoir for new emerging viral diseases like sars-coronavirus, marburg fever, ebola fever and nipah virus encephalitis. during closer contact, they can transmit rabies and probably other nonviral infectious diseases. bats get closer to man due to ecological modifications like deforestation, so that transmission of new infectious agents ... | 2007 | 17985603 |
| [preparation and characterization of the epitopes of sars coronavirus spike protein]. | to prepare the recombinant epitopes of sars-cov spike protein and study their antigenic property to spike protein. | 2007 | 17988578 |
| evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics of equine anti-sars-cov f(ab')(2) in macaque. | to warrant potential clinical testing, the equine anti-sars-cov f(ab')(2) requires evaluation in as many animal models as possible and a safety test in a primate model. in this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, tolerance and immunity of this kind of antibody in macaques and rats. results showed that the f(ab')(2) fragments had a normal metabolism in injected animals. the general physiological indexes did not differ between animals injected with anti-sars-cov f(ab')(2) or saline. however, ... | 2007 | 17996696 |